PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO

COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY

HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Residents’ Perception toward the Impacts of Tourism

Activities in Calinog, Iloilo

A Research Paper
Presented to the faculty of the
College of Management and Accountancy
Hospitality and Tourism Management Program
PHINMA University of Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

By

Anasarias, Maricris
Espano, Kate Wendilyn
Puig, Justine Mae
Soria, Angeline

April 25, 2025

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled, “Residents’ Perception toward

the Impacts of Tourism Activities in Calinog, Iloilo”
prepared and submitted by Anasarias, M.,Espano, K.,Puig,
J., & Soria, A. in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree Bachelor ofScience in Hospitality Management
has been examined and is hereby accepted.

_________________________________________ ​ ______________
KESEIAH JIA V. BARON, MHM, CGSP​ ​ ​ ​ Date
Adviser
_________________________________________ ​ ______________
RONETH C. HIPOLITO, MHM, CRP​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Date
Panel Member
_________________________________________ ​ ______________
LEONIE ANN M. QUITO, MBA, CGSP​ ​ ​ ​ Date
Panel Member
_________________________________________ ​ ______________
YANCY D. VILLA, MBA​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Date
Panel Member

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree Bachelor of Science in Hospitality
Management.

_________________________________________ ​ ______________
MICHAEL H. RIOGA, DDM, CHE ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Date
Program Head, Hospitality and Tourism Mgt.

_________________________________________​ ______________
CORINNA P. PARUNGAO, MBM ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Date
Dean, COM

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the

Almighty, for His showers of blessings, guidance, and

protection throughout our research journey.

We would like to express our deep and sincere

gratitude to our research advisers, Ma’am Relanie Jean

Eleana & Ma’am Keseiah Jia Baron, and our mentor, Sir

Roneth Hipolto, for giving us the opportunity to do

research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this

research. Their dynamism, vision, sincerity, and motivation

have deeply inspired us. They taught us the methodology to

carry out the research and to present the research works as

clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and honor to

work under their guidance. We are extremely grateful for

what they have offered to us. We would also like to thank

them for their friendship, empathy, and great sense of

humor.

We are extremely grateful to our parents for their

love, prayers, care, and sacrifices for educating and

preparing us for our future. We are also very much thankful

to our friends and classmates, with their company, this

research becomes light and bearable.

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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DEDICATION

This research paper is lovingly dedicated to our

respective parents who have been our constant source of

inspiration. They have given us the drive and discipline to

tackle any task with enthusiasm and determination. Without

their love and support this research would not have been

made possible.

We also dedicate this research paper to our subject

teachers who never failed to teach and guide us, to our

family who supports us in everything, to our friends who

helped us with this paper, and most of all to the God

Almighty who gives us strength and good health throughout

this research journey.

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PUIG,J. B., SORIA,A. S., ESPANO,K., ANASARIAS,M. C.

“Residents’ Perception toward the Impacts of Tourism
Activities in Calinog, Iloilo”, Unpublished Research,
College of Management and Accountancy, Iloilo City,Iloilo,
October 2023
ABSTRACT

Tourism is a complicated activity with complex impacts

ranging from the economic to socio-cultural, and
influencing the environment. The research paper analyzes
the correlation between residents' perception and impacts
of tourism activities in Calinog. To answer this question,
the adapted questionnaire of Ravikuamar et al(2022) will
examine the perception of 249 total residents of Calinog.
This adapted questionnaire was divided into 2 parts which
will identify demographic profile, and the perception of
the residents to economic, socio-cultural, and
environmental impacts of tourism through 14 statements
answers ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly
disagree”. Respondents will be selected through convenient
sampling. Our results showed that there was no significant
difference among the respondents when classified according
to sex and age but has significance when classified
according to educational attainment. The results of this
study also revealed that the residents viewed tourism as a
dynamic tool which contributes to economic increase and
helps improve the lifestyle of the locals. However, a
driving factor to serious environmental problems. The
implications of this study could be used to help the local
government unit to expand the positive and minimize the
negative impacts of tourism.

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

DEDICATION iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

CHAPTER

I ​ INTRODUCTION 1

Background and

Theoretical Framework of the Study 2

​ Conceptual Framework of the Study 9

​ ​ Statement of the Problem and the

Hypothesis 10

Significance of the study 11

Definition of Terms 12

Scope and Limitation of the Study 13

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

​ ​ Demographic Characteristics 15

​ ​ Economic Impacts 17

​ ​ Socio-cultural Impacts 19

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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​ ​ Environmental Impacts 22

​ ​ Summary of the Related Studies 24

III RESEARCH DESIGN AND​METHODOLOGY

​ ​ Purpose of the Study and Research

​ ​ Design 26
​ ​ Methods 27

​ ​ Data Analysis Procedures 29

IV ​ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Descriptive Analysis 30

Inferential Analysis 36

V​ ​ FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS,

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of the Problems, Method,

And Findings 39

Conclusions 42

Implications 45

Recommendations 46

REFERENCES 47

APPENDICES

​ ​ Appendix A 49

​ ​ Appendix B 50

Appendix C 53

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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CURRICULUM VITAE 56

List of Figure

​ Figure 1. Conceptual Framework ​ ​ ​ 9

List of Tables

​ Table 1. Demographic profile of the

​ ​ Respondents ​ ​ ​ 31
​ Table 2. Residents’ Perception when taken
as a whole 32
Table 3. Mean and SD distribution when
classified according age 34
Table 4. Mean and SD distribution when
classified according sex 34
Table 5. Mean and SD distribution when
classified according educational
Attainment 36
Table 6. Differences in the residents’
perception of tourism impacts
as to sex 37
Table 7. Differences in the residents’
perception of tourism impacts
as to age 37
Table 8. Differences in the residents’
perception of tourism impacts
as to educational attainment​ 38

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Chapter I is divided into (1) Background and

Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the

Problem and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4)

Definition of terms, and (5) Scope and limitation of the

Study.

Part one, Background of the Study and Theoretical

framework of the Study, gives the rationale for the problem

and theoretical framework to discuss the structure that

supports a theory of a research study.

Part two, statement of the problem, presents the gap

between the problems and hypothesis predicts a specific

statement from the gap.

Part three, the significance of the study, presents on

how the study will be beneficial to others.

Part four, the definition of terms, gives descriptive

terms for the words in the study.

Lastly, part five, scope and limitation of the study,

present on specific participants and sites in the study.

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Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study

Tourism as one of the fastest growing industries and a

major contributor to the world’s economy has been playing a

major role in the social, economic, and environmental

aspect of a destination. The number of tourists grew from

over 600 million in 2000 to around one billion by the end

of the second decade of this century, which resulted in a

rise in the consumption of tourism resources—which are

essentially environmental components. The phenomena of

tourism is intimately linked to the environment's biotic,

abiotic, human, economic, social, and cultural elements.

It was the goal of the final decades of the 20th

century to attain a balanced growth of tourism in

accordance with the guidelines that ensure the maintenance

of ecological balance and to prevent resource exploitation,

pollution, and other detrimental effects on the

environment. This is a concept coming to life, or concept

of a useful and practical tourist philosophy, specifically

that of ecotourism and sustainable development: an

application. Analyzing the interaction between a tourist

and tourism is part of the concept of impact. Resource:

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tourism product, which ranges from the act of going to a

tourist site to offering traveler service packages and

events intended to showcase the objective.

More than any other sector of the economy, tourism depends

on the environment, since it serves as the primary resource

and factor that draws tourists. This determines how diverse

tourism activities develop, how high-quality they are, and

components, so promoting, impeding, or even obstructing

their growth.

The resulting state of the environment, tourist

attractions, and polarization elements of visitor traffic

can all be analyzed correlatively to determine induced

impacts, which can have environmental, physical, economic,

or social dimensions. Effective financial control is

attained by using the right approach and management,

information, sector-specific research applications,

environmental and tourism phenomena monitoring, etc.

The interaction between tourism and the environment is

multifaceted, varied, and occurs throughout place and time.

It is vital to evaluate the environmental situation,

dynamic components (increasing tourism forms), and static

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phenomena in order to comprehend how production affects

tourism(Cianga, 2017).

Through tourism demand for different commodities is

increasing and different cultures of the world are

homogenized in one culture. In a real sense the tourism

industry is linked with every sector of the economy of the

world which positively and negatively affects the GDP of

the country. Through the tourism industry many employment

opportunities were generated which play a great role in

poverty reduction and socio-economic improvement of the

world. Tourism improves the trade of the country and also

boosts the industrial sector of the world. There are so

many factors which attract the visitors to their country or

any specific destination which push the tourism industry in

the world. Among these factors natural beautification and

historical places play great role in in tourism industry

development.(Khan et al,2020)

Calinog, Iloilo is an underrated gem, and as you will

see there is always something new to discover. The town

boasts a wealth of exciting destinations. Clean townscapes

and natural wonders, architectural highlights and lovely

man-made attractions, there is something for everyone to

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discover here. The town center is a historic streetscape

and a walk through its streets is a must when visiting

Calinog. History is there to see, touch and experience,

practically everywhere in the area. Walking along the main

streets, or exploring other areas around, you will

encounter a variety of historic sites from different eras,

each one adding an individual piece to a historical mosaic

that spans the centuries. As seen the municipality of

calinog is continuing to develop as a way of achieving

sustainable tourism through improving and building

establishments when it comes to business aspects, and its

infrastructures most especially road renovations and

developments to make countryside sites more

accessible(Iloilo Travel Guide, 2021).

The researchers intended to know what are the

perceptions of the local residents toward tourism

activities in the town of Calinog, Iloilo.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

Within the considerable body of academic research related

to tourism impacts and resident’s attitudes towards

tourism, some models, constituting the beginning of the

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development of a conceptual foundation for the evaluation

of the social impacts, have been developed to help explain

tourism impacts and their relationship with residents’

perceptions. While some of these models focus on the change

in residents’ attitudes towards tourism over time (Dogan,

1989); Doxey, 1975), others have concentrated on the

possible residents’ strategies that comprise a continuum

for responding to tourism impacts (Ap and Cromptom, 1993).

Doxey’s Irridex

Undoubtedly, one of the most significant and earliest

contributions to the development of theoretical models is

this one proposed by Doxey (1975); the Index of Tourist

Irritation or “Irridex”. The Irridex model is a four-stage

theoretical model that attempts to explain host community

responses and to tourism development. The model recognises

that unfavorable impacts of tourism development might lead

to irritation in the community. Such irritation, according

to the author, is determined by the degree of

incompatibility between residents and tourists. The model

basically suggests that with the increase in the number of

tourists and development of tourist destinations,

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residents' perceptions vary from euphoria, to apathy, then

to annoyance, and finally to antagonism.

Dogan’s Framework

Like the general model proposed by Doxey, Dogan (1989)

developed a framework by identifying and reviewing and

reviewing the major consequences of tourism and the

behavioral responses adopted by residents. Unlike Doxey’s

model, Dogan’s framework focuses on response to tourism

impacts rather than attitudes. Such a framework proposes

that a homogeneous community characterized by a particular

response to tourism ultimately become diversified; tourist

development transforms a relatively homogeneous community

to a relatively heterogeneous one. By assuming that to the

extent that the impacts of tourism are perceived as

positive or negative, residents’ reaction takes the form of

acceptance or resistance respectively. Dogan’s (1989) model

proposes resistance, retreatism, boundary maintenance,

revitalization and adoption and adoption as the strategies

that community residents develop to cope with the effects

of tourism.

Ap and Crompton’s Framework

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By examining resident response, rather than attitudes,

tourism impacts, other researchers have attempted to

develop similar frameworks. Such frameworks, however,hold a

narrower orientation. Ap and Crompton (1993), for example,

reported four strategies that comprise a continuum or

continuum for responding to tourism impacts; namely the

embracement withdrawal strategy continuum. Ap and

Crompton’s model was derived from primary qualitative data

from selected communities, and therefore the existing

cultural contrasts within such communities was much less

pronounced than in the macro-level context of Dogan’s

model. According to Ap and Crompton’s framework, residents’

reaction to tourism could be placed on a continuum of four

strategies: embracement, tolerance, adjustment, and

withdrawal.

Dogan’s framework is the most relevant to the aims of

this study, given the model recognises the heterogeneity of

a host population that implies several responses, which

will vary considerably depending on the relationship

between tourists and residents, may simultaneously exist

within a community. We also assume that since tourism

development significantly depends on the interests and

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attitudes of the government, its policies appreciably

determine the dominant response to tourism.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

​ This study was anchored on the researchers’ insights

on residents' perceptions toward tourism activity impacts

in the municipality of Calinog.

​ The antecedent variables including the residents’

profile such as sex, age, and their educational attainment

has been considered in the investigation.

The paradigm below shows the perceived relationship

among the variables of this investigation.

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

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Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis

The main objective of the study was to determine the

relationship between residents’ perception and the impacts

of tourism activities in Calinog, Iloilo.

The following research questions were developed to

guide the study:

1.​ What is the residents’ perception toward the economic,

socio-cultural, and environmental impacts of tourism

activities when residents are taken as a group and

classified according to age, sex, and educational

attainment?

2.​ Is there a significant difference in the residents’

perception toward the impacts of tourism activities in

Calinog, Iloilo when grouped and classified according

to sex, age, and educational attainment?

Hypothesis

1.​ There was no significant difference in the residents’

perception toward the impacts of tourism activities in

Calinog, Iloilo when grouped and classified according

to sex, age, and educational attainment.

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Significance of the study

The study was beneficial to the following individuals

or groups of individuals:

Community. They may find the results of the study

beneficial by providing them a better understanding of the

impacts of tourism activities, and giving them the ideas on

how they could contribute with the maximization or

minimization of the impacts.

Business Sector. Business operators will be aware if

the business industry creates a favorable impact or not in

the economy of the municipality. Through this

awareness,they could adjust, modify, or improve the

business operations and functions.

Local Government. The LGU can provide more practical

ways through various projects and implementations on how

the residents could contribute to the development of

tourism in the town through residents' perspectives.

Future researchers. This study may help future

researchers as their basis or references for their study

which relates to this certain topic.

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Definition of Terms

In order to understand certain concept, the following

various terms were defined according to how they are being

used in this study:

Activity - the condition in which things are happening

or being done; a thing that a person or group does or has

done(Oxford Dictionary).

In this study, it refers to the tourism activities

that are being implemented to support the tourism sector

particularly in economic, socio-cultural, and environmental

aspects in Calinog.

Impacts - the action of one object coming forcibly

into contact with another; have a strong effect on someone

or something(Oxford Dictionary).

In this study, it refers to the economic,

socio-cultural, and environmental impacts of tourism

activities that have been established in the municipality

of Calinog which

Perceive - To become aware of (something) directly

through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing

(Free Dictionary, 2016)

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In this study, it referred to the experience and

opinion of the calinog residents about the impacts of

tourism activities in their town.

Scope and Limitation

This study focused on the perspective of the residents

of Calinog, Iloilo towards the impacts of tourism

activities. The study examined whether the residents’

perceive a positive or negative impact in their town. In

order to determine the residents’ perceptions, the

researchers gathered data through the use of in-person

survey methods using survey questionnaire sheets to provide

results; online survey was also used to gather additional

data with the use of google forms, one of the most widely

used methods for gathering data, allowing a target sample

to respond to the appropriate questions after receiving an

array of survey questions.

The questionnaires are adapted from the previous

study, “Community perception and attitude towards

sustainable tourism and environmental protection measures:

An exploratory study in Muscat, Oman” by Ravikumar et al.

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(2022). Only the residents of Calinog, Iloilo are eligible

to participate in the online surveys that the researchers

will prepare. The statistical tools used in the treatment

of our data are mean and analysis of variance. Significance

at 0.05 alpha level was used as the criterion for

acceptance or rejection of the null hypotheses.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature and studies

relevant to the present study. It was divided into two

parts:(1) Residents’ Perceptions, and (2) Impacts of

Tourism Activities.

Part One, related studies of residents’ perception

based on their demographic characteristics;

Part Two, related studies of impacts of tourism

activities, divided into 3 subtopics a.) Economic Impacts,

b.)Socio-cultural Impacts, and c.) Environmental Impacts

and;

Lastly, sum up the overall information discussed in

the preceding topics as well as the results of the study

previously conducted by different researchers.

Related studies on demographic characteristics as factor to

Residents’ Perception

Demographic variables, especially gender, age, and

education are important factors that influence residents’

perception. In some cases, an important predictor of host

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community perception is the length of residency within the

community (Canizares, 2014). Interesting findings were

obtained (Alhasanat and Hyasat, 2016) among the Jordanian

population from Petra, where the level of education

influenced the perception of tourism, in a way that less

educated people evaluated the tourism activity positively,

while more educated people, negatively. In addition, a

study conducted in Kemer (Turkey) using cluster analysis

obtained five clusters, among which “community public

service focused” was the largest and most female dominant.

Another important finding consisted in the fact that the

older population is favorable to tourism development, but

not interested in environmental issues(Sinclair, 2015).

According to Ravikumar (2022), there are significant

differences among age groups. It was concluded from the

study that there are no significant differences among

different genders with respect to socio-cultural and

environmental impacts. In addition, in his study Yutang

(2016), the results suggested that the only significant

predictor of how locals view tourism development is

economic impact. The relationship between perceptions of

tourism development and tourism impacts was not

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significantly affected by either the resident's demographic

characteristics (i.e., age, gender, length of residence) or

economic dependency. Additionally, there were no

differences in how the residents of the county and the

downtown felt about the effects of tourism or how much

support they had for it.

Impacts of Tourism Activities

Economic Impacts

Tourism has a variety of economic impacts. Tourists

contribute to sales, profits, jobs, tax revenues, and

income in an area. The most direct effects occur within the

primary tourism sectors-lodging, restaurants,

transportation, amusements, and retail trade.(Stynes, 2013)

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries and

also a driving force for so many developed as well as

developing economies. It is the largest source of

employment opportunities and a huge wealth originator and a

greater contributor to the diversified economy. Weaker

regions or regions in decay could be developed through the

tourism sector easily. For the tantalizing economies of the

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South Asian countries, tourism is professed as a dynamic

tool to get rid of the scarcity of development resources,

such as finance and expertise. The findings of the study

suggest that growth in tourism has a major role in economic

growth as well as in creating employment

opportunities(Manzoor, 2019). Empirical and theoretical

studies have discovered that the growth of the tourism

sector has a positive impact on employment. In addition,

its direct effect on travel and tourism can produce

additional employment opportunities through its stimulating

influence in many tourism sectors. The total economic

impact of tourism is healthier when the tourism sector is

encouraged to acquire domestic services and goods.

The information conveys to policymakers that the

association between tourism and capital investment can

promote economic growth in the developing economies. First,

policymakers need to pay a high level of attention to

tourism for attracting maximum numbers of tourists,

especially under the CPEC initiative. Second, priorities

should be given to the appropriate policies to provide

information about the current potential investment

opportunities through fame tours as well as international

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property exhibitions. In this regard, the role of travel

agents and tour operators would be highly critical and

vital as they have direct linkages with international

tourists and tourism organizations. Moreover, foreign

investors should be attracted through policy initiatives

(such as tax incentives, high investment security, and

friendly procedures) to develop the tourism sector by

establishing hotels, food chains, and resorts, which could

result in a higher number of foreign tourists.

Nevertheless, sustainable investment policy should be in

place beforehand for controlling environmental degradation

and the low use of fossil energy consumption for

sustainable developments (Khan, 2020).

Socio-cultural impacts

​ Cultural identity of a region consequently originates

without a reasonable doubt from regions cultural heritage -

tangible and intangible. The heritage is well kept and

centuries long practiced customs, traditions and beliefs

which did shape locals perception of the world, the

surrounding reality, the others and themselves. And that’s

why tourists travel around the world in order to discover

attractive destinations - to get acquainted with other

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people's culture, traditions, nature, etc. For that reason

culture, cultural identity, and cultural heritage do boost

tourist destination attractiveness and are of a huge

importance when new tourist flows, market, and niche must

be acquired. Contemporary tourists are more and more

looking for true experiences, for meeting and getting to

know other people and other cultures.(Stankova and

Vassenska, 2015. The growth of festival tourism generates

cash and jobs because governments, regions, and

destinations are constantly competing with one another to

draw tourists and foreign investment. However, by choosing

the right events, the festival organizers can infuse their

own cultural value into the celebration, enhancing local

customs and culture.

The case study of Zhuang et al (2019) indicates that,

due to changes in the economy brought by the exploitation

of tourism, local people’s values and lifestyles have

changed significantly. The more tourism developed, the more

apparent these changes were. This can be seen in different

areas. Tourism adds new dynamics to traditional rural life

in villages, broadens villagers’ horizons, reduces the

survival pressure of residents, and improves personal

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relationships between villagers. People place less stress

on money and know how to enjoy their lives. Family bonds

loosened, and the political and cultural bonds tightened.

This transformation is exemplified by villagers’ growing

solicitude for the tourism company and increased enthusiasm

for developing tourism. Villagers came together to build a

community characterized by equality, harmony, and amity.

They also benefit directly from the improvement of public

facilities and equipment brought about by tourism

development.

The negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism

development were indicated by overcrowding in tourist sites

and commercialization of culture as the most apparent.

Problems such as parking, discrimina- tion, tourists' lack

of respect in sacred places, insouciant street lamps were

somewhat existing. It is good to note that the Use of

alcohol and prostitution did not exist (Cornell et al,

2019).

The number of students studying overseas is rising

globally, according to statistical data in the study of

Tomasi et al(2020). Numerous studies have demonstrated the

substantial effect of international education tourism, such

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

as the potential for students to participate in local-based

activities, an increase in tourism-related businesses, and

social and economic advantages for the host nation that are

related to the long-term viability of this type of travel.

Additionally, these educated travelers gain both personally

and professionally from their experiences.

Environmental Impacts

The development of a tourist destination may have an

impact on the geological landscape and soil of the tourist

attractions, and destroy the original landscape, such as

the blasting stones, repairing roads, building bridges, and

cableway. When tourists travel in scenic spots, they affect

the air, animals and plants. The impact on animals and

plants is even more serious due to the large number of

tourists. The extensive development mode has led to serious

threats and challenges to conservation and development of

some nature reserves, scenic spots, forest parks,

geological parks, and historical and cultural

heritages(Zhao and Li, 2018).

According to statistics (Cornell et al, 2019), their

positive attitude toward the development of tourism was

lower than their perceived quality of life. It is clear

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

that the majority of the issues caused by the growth of

tourism are environmental in nature. Other environmental

issues like tourist noise, pollution from their vehicles,

and smoking in designated non-smoking areas were also

present in most tourist sites, according to locals, who

felt that littering and vandalism were the most glaring

problems.

In one significant study, the empirical analysis

proposed that hostile environments damage and shrink

tourism developments. It could be argued that due to high

pollution, the natural and heritage landscape may lose its

natural presence and would cause a steep reduction in

tourist arrivals(Khan, 2020). In addition, locals believe

that tourism destroys the local peaceful atmosphere,

reduces the quality of the local environment and littering

of wastes spoils the natural environment, water ways, etc

(Ravikumar, 2022).

According to Raza, et al(2016), The tourism industry’s

primary issue is its reliance on transportation, and this

because of the CO2 emissions, reliance is having an impact

on both the economy and the tourism industry.

Transportation-related activities account for the majority

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

of energy consumption in the tourism industry, and their

use is linked to the burning of fossil fuels and the

subsequent release of greenhouse gasses.

Summary of the related studies

Canizares(2014) in his study states that demographic

variables especially gender, age, and education are

important factors that influence residents’ perception.

Alhasanat and Hyasat(2016) added that the level of

education influenced the perception of tourism, in a way

that less educated people evaluated the tourism activity

positively, while more educated people, negatively. In

contrast to the study of Ravikumar(2022), which states that

there are no significant differences among different

genders with respect to socio-cultural and environmental

impacts. And Yutang(2016) suggested that the only

significant predictor of how locals view tourism

development is economic impact.

Tourism is the largest source of employment

opportunities and a huge wealth originator and a greater

contributor to the diversified economy; and a dynamic tool

to get rid of the scarcity of development resources as

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Manzoor(2019) stated in his study about the impacts of

tourism in the economic sector. Stankova and

Vassenska(2015)highlighted that contemporary tourists are

more and more looking for true experiences, for meeting and

getting to know other people and other cultures when we

talk about the socio-cultural impacts of tourism. While

Cornell et al.(2019), states that overcrowding indicates a

negative impact of tourism. He also concluded that the

majority of the issues caused by the growth of tourism are

the environment in nature. Other environmental issues like

tourist noise, pollution from their vehicles, and smoking

in designated non-smoking areas were also present in most

tourist sites, according to locals, who felt the littering

and vandalism were the most glaring problems.

Ravikumar(2022) in his study also concluded that locals, in

his study, believe that tourism destroys the local peaceful

atmosphere, reduces the quality of the local environment

and littering of wastes spoils the natural environment,

water ways, and etc.

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

CHAPTER III

Research Design and Methodology

​ ​

This chapter consists of three parts: (1) Purpose of

the Study and Research Design, (2) Method, and (3) Data

Analysis Procedure.

Part One, Purpose of the Study and Research Design,

restates the purpose of the study, describes the research

design and the variables used in the study.

Part Two, Method, presents the panel of evaluators,

the data-gathering instrument, and the procedure employed

in the production and evaluation of the final product.

Part Three, Data Analysis Procedure, reports the

statistical tools used in the analysis of the obtained

data.

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

This descriptive study aimed to determine the

residents’ perception toward the impacts of tourism

activities in Calinog.

A descriptive method was employed in the current

investigation. In this research, the researcher used

descriptive analysis as a method of the research.

Descriptive analysis is a fundamental component of this

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

process because of the role it plays in helping us to

observe the world or a phenomenon and, subsequently, in

identifying research questions and generating hypotheses

based on what has been observed(Loeb et al.,2017).

Participants/Respondents Sampling Technique

The participants in this investigation are 249

conveniently selected residents of the municipality of

Calinog, Iloilo using a Convenient Sampling Technique.

Methods

​ This study employed a quantitative approach to obtain

the residents’ perspective toward the impacts of tourism

activities , and data was collected from Calinog, Iloilo.

​ The data for economic, socio-cultural, and

environmental impacts was gathered using an adapted

questionnaire of Ravikumar(2022). The research

questionnaire was divided into 2 parts. The first part is

the Residents’ profile which includes the demographic

characteristics such as sex, age, and educational

attainment. The second part consists of 14 questions about

impacts of tourism activities.​

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

To determine the perception of the residents, the

following scale and their corresponding descriptions was

used:

Description​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Scale

Strongly Agree (SA)​​ ​ ​ 5

Agree (A)​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4

Neutral (N)​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3

Disagree (D)​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2​

Strongly Agree (SD)​​ ​ ​ 1

Before the actual data gathering , the researcher had

secured a permission letter signed by the HTM faculty to

conduct a survey, after we could secure the permission, the

researcher conducted the data-gathering procedures to the

chosen respondents. The researcher conducted the survey

last January 28, 2024.

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Data Analysis Procedures

​ The data that have been collected from this study was

analyzed statistically to provide answers to the problem

adhered to. The statistical Package for Social

Packages(SPSS) software was used to process the data

gathered.

Frequency Count. Frequency count was used to ascertain

what portion of the participants belonged to a class of

category such as sex, age, and educational attainment of

the respondents.

Percentage Analysis. Percentage Analysis was used to

ascertain what portion of the participants belongs to a

class of category such as sex, age, and educational

attainments of the respondents in percentage.

​ Standard Deviation. The standard deviation was

employed to ascertain the homogeneity and heterogeneity of

the participants’ level of perception.

​ Mean. Mean was utilized to ascertain the residents’

perception toward the impacts of tourism activities.
Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H Test.
Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis was used to find out the
significant differences among the demographic variables and
the community perception.

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter IV was divided into two (2) parts: (1) Descriptive

data analyses, and (2) Inferential data analyses.

Part One, Descriptive data analysis, reports the

descriptive data and their respective analysis and

interpretations.

Part two, Inferential data analysis, reports the

inferential data and their respective analysis

interpretations.

Descriptive Analysis

As shown in Table 1, 64.7% of the population aged 18-26 or

161 respondents were 18-26 years old. 21.3% of the

population aged 27-35 or 53 respondents were 27-35 years

old. 10.0% of the population aged 36-44 or 25 respondents

were 36-44 years old. The remaining 4.0% of the population

aged 45 and above or 10 respondents were 45 years old and

above. The total samplings were 249 respondents. 100% of

the respondents were all residents of Calinog.

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Table 2 also showed that 39.4% of the population were

males or 98 male respondents. The remaining 60.6% of the

population were females or 151 female respondents.

The table showed that 9.6% had attained primary

education or 24 total respondents. 41.8% had attained

secondary education or 104 total respondents. 16.1% had

attained vocational education or 40 total respondents.

32.1% had attained tertiary education or 80 total

respondents. The remaining 0.4% or 1 respondent prefered

not to state his/her educational attainment.

Category Frequency Percent

Age
18-26 yo​ ​ ​ 161​ ​ ​ ​ 64.7​​
​ 27-35 yo​ ​ ​ 53​ ​ ​ ​ 21.3
​ 36-44 yo​ ​ ​ 25​ ​ ​ ​ 10.0
​ 45 yo & above​ ​ 10​ ​ ​ ​ 4.0
Sex
​ Male​​ ​ ​ 98​ ​ ​ ​ 39.4
​ Female​ ​ ​ 151​ ​ ​ ​ 60.6
Educational Attainment
​ Primary​ ​ ​ 24​ ​ ​ ​ 9.6
​ Secondary​​ ​ 104​ ​ ​ ​ 41.8
​ Vocational​ ​ 40​ ​ ​ ​ 16.1
​ Tertiary​ ​ ​ 80​ ​ ​ ​ 32.1​

Table 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Residents’ Perception on Economic, Socio-cultural, and

Environmental Impacts

Table 2 indicates that the perception of the respondents

toward impacts when taken as an entire group obtained a

mean score of 4.01 in economic, 3.94 in socio-cultural, and

3.41 in environmental impact interpreted as “very good”.

The obtained standard deviation that ranges from 0.92-1.07

showed that the respondents were homogenous in terms of

their perception.

Category ​ ​ Mean​​ SD​ ​ Interpretation

Economic​​ ​ 4.01​​ 0.99​​ Major Impact

Socio-Cultural​ 3.94​​ 0.92​​ Major Impact
Environmental​​ 3.41​​ 1.07​​ Major Impact

Table 2. Residents’ perception when taken as whole

To interpret the scores, the researchers used the following

scales of means and interpretations:

Scale of Means​​ ​ ​ Interpretation ​ ​ ​

4.26 - 5.00​ ​ ​ ​ Severe Impact​ ​ ​ ​

3.26 - 4.25​ ​ ​ ​ Major Impact​ ​ ​

2.26 - 3.25​ ​ ​​ Moderate Impact​ ​ ​

1.26 - 2.25​ ​ ​ ​ Minor Impact​ ​ ​ ​

1.00 - 1.25​ ​ ​ ​ Insignificant Impact​ ​

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

The data in table 3, revealed that the perception of the

respondents toward economic impact when grouped as a whole

and classified according to age obtained a mean score of

4.01 interpreted as "major impact." Socio-cultural impact

obtained a mean score of 3.93 interpreted as “major

impact”, and environmental impact obtained a mean score of

3.40 interpreted as “major impact”. This further implies

that the residents agree that tourism economic,

socio-cultural, and environmental impacts create changes in

the municipality.

Age​ ​ Ec Descrip S-c ​Descrip En ​ Descrip

​ ​ ​ ​ tion​​ ​ tion​​ ​ tion

18-26y ​ Mean 3.94​ Major ​ 3.90​ Major ​ 3.28 Major

Impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ ​ SD​ 1.05​​ ​ 0.99​​ ​ 1.10

27-35y​ Mean​4.18 Major ​ 3.97​ Major ​ 3.60​ Major

Impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ ​ SD​ 0.29​​ ​ 0.80​​ ​ 1.00

36-44y ​ Mean​4.18 Major ​ 4.16​ Major​ 3.81 Major​

Impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ ​ SD​ 0.48​​ ​ 0.45​​ ​ 0.81

45y-​​ Mean​3.78 Major ​ 3.58​ Major​ 3.43 Major

Impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
above ​ SD​ 1.11​​ ​ 1.06​​ ​ 1.24

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Total​ Mean 4.01 Major ​ 3.93 Major ​ 3.40 Major

Impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ ​ SD​ 0.98​​ ​ 0.92​​ ​ 1.07

Table 3. Mean and S.D. distribution of residents’

perception when classified according to age.

The data in table 4, showed that the perception of the

respondents toward economic impact when grouped as a whole

and classified according to sex obtained a mean score of

4.01 interpreted as "major impact." Socio-cultural impact

obtained a mean score of 3.93 interpreted as “major

impact”, and environmental impact obtained a mean score of

3.40 interpreted as “major impact”.

Sex​ ​ ​ Ec​ Descrip​ S-c​ Descrip​ En Descrip

​ ​ ​ ​ tion​ ​ tion​ ​ tion

Male​ Mean​ 3.95​ Major ​ 3.88 Major ​ 3.43​ Major

​ ​ ​ ​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ SD​​ 0.98​​ ​ 0.90​​ ​ 1.09

Female Mean​ 4.05 Major​ 3.96 Major​ 3.39 Major

​ ​ ​ ​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ SD​​ 0.98​​ ​ 0.93​​ ​ 1.05​

Total Mean​ 4.01 Major ​ 3.93 Major​ 3.40 Major

​ ​ ​ ​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ SD​​ 0.98​​ ​ 0.92​​ ​ 1.07

Table 4. Mean and S.D. distribution of residents’

perception when classified according to sex.

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

The data in table 5, revealed that the perception of the

respondents toward economic impact when grouped as a whole

and classified according to educational attainment obtained

a mean score of 4.01 interpreted as "major impact."

Socio-cultural impact obtained a mean score of 3.93

interpreted as “major impact”, and environmental impact

obtained a mean score of 3.40 interpreted as “major

impact”.

EA​ ​ ​ Ec Descrip​ S-c​ Descrip​ En Descrip

​ ​ ​ ​ tion​​ ​ tion​ ​ tion

Primary Mean 3.55 Major​ 3.36 Major​ 2.86 Moderate

​ ​ ​ ​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ SD 1.15​ ​ ​ 1.01​​ ​ 1.21​

Secon Mean 3.84 Major​ 3.84 Major​ 3.30 Major

dary​​ ​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
​ SD 1.08​ ​ ​ 1.01​​ ​ 1.06

Vocatio Mean 4.05 Major​ 3.99 Major​ 3.56 Major

nal​ ​ ​ ​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
SD 0.68​ ​ ​ 0.63​​ ​ 0.99

Tertia Mean 4.35 Severe​ 4.20 Major​ 3.63 Major

ry​ ​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
SD 0.81​ ​ ​ 0.79​​ ​ 1.00

14​ Mean 4.40 Severe​ 3.50 Major​ 3.66 Major

​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact
SD​

Total Mean 4.01 Major​ 3.93 Major​ 3.40 Major

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

​ ​ ​ ​ impact​ ​ impact​ ​ impact

SD 0.98​ ​ ​ 0.92​​ ​ 1.07

Table 5. Mean and S.D. distribution of residents’

perception when classified according to educational
attainment.

Inferential Data Analysis

Mann-Whitney U test results showed no significant

differences in the perception of the residents to the

economic impact [U = 6866.000; p = 0.334], socio-cultural

impact [U = 6858.000; p = 0.328], and environmental impact

[U = 7185.500, p = 0.669]. The two-tailed probabilities of

0.334, 0.328, and 0.699 are greater than the set alpha

level of 0.05.

​ There’s no statistically significant evidence at

a=0.05 to show that there is a difference in the residents'

perception of tourism impacts between male and female

residents.

Compared ​ ​ Mean ​ U Value ​ Sig. ​​ Interpretation

Means​​ ​ Ranks​​ ​ (2-tailed)

Economic​ ​
Male​​ 119​ 6866.000​ 0.334 Not significant
Female​ 128
Socio-
Cultural
Male​​ 119​ 6858.000​ 0.328 Not significant

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Femal​ 128
Environmental
Male ​ 127​ 7185.500​ 0.699 Not significant
Female​ 123

Table 6, Differences in the residents’ perception of

tourism impacts as to sex.

Kruskal-Wallis H test results showed no significant

differences in the perception of the residents to the

economic impact [H = 3.102; p = 0.376], socio-cultural

impact [H = 2.654; p = 0.448], and environmental impact [H

= 7.451, p = 00.059]. The two-tailed probabilities of

0.376, 0.448, and 0.059 are greater than the set alpha

level of 0.05.

​ There’s no statistically significant evidence at

a=0.05 to show that there is a difference in the residents'

perception of tourism impacts when they are classified to

age.

Sources of​ Degrees of​ H value​ Sig. ​ Interpretations

Variation ​ Freedom ​ ​ (2-tailed)

Economic​ ​ 3​ ​ 3.102​ 0.376​​ Not significant

Socio-
Cultural​ ​ 3​ ​ 2.654​ 0.448​​ Not significant
Environmental​ 3​ ​ 7.541​ 0.059​​ Not significant

Table 7, Differences in the residents’ perception of

tourism impacts as to age.

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Kruskal-Wallis H test results showed a significant

difference in the perception of the residents to the

economic impact [H = 21.899; p = 0.000], socio-cultural

impacts [H = 21.603, p = 0.000], environmental impacts[H =

10.189, p = 0.037]. The two-tailed probabilities of 0.000,

0.000, and 0.037 are less than the set alpha level of 0.05.

​ There is statistically significant evidence at a=0.05

to show that there is a difference in the residents'

perception of tourism impacts when they are classified

according to educational attainment.

Sources of Degree of​ H value ​ Sig.​ Interpretation

Variation Freedom ​ ​ (2-tailed)

Economic​ ​ 4​ ​ 21.899​ 0.000​ Significant

Socio-
Cultural​ ​ 4​ ​ 21.603​ 0.000​ Significant
Environmental​ 4​ ​ 10.189​ 0.037​ Significant

Table 8, Differences in the residents’ perception of

tourism impacts as to educational attainment.

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

CHAPTER V

FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 5 consists of four (4) parts: (1) Summary of

the problems, Method, and Findings; (2) Conclusions; (3)

Implications, and (4) Recommendations.

Part One, Summary of the problems, method, and

findings, discusses the essential points of the study and

the findings.

Part Two, Conclusions, presents the conclusions and

generalizations drawn from the results of the study.

Part Three, Implications, clarifies the relationships

between the findings of the present investigation and the

theories presented in relation to the present study.

Part Four, Recommendations, presents the

recommendations drawn from the results of the study.

Summary of the Problems, Method, and Findings

This study aimed to determine the residents’

perception toward the impacts of tourism activities in

Calinog, Iloilo.

Specifically; the study aimed to answer the following

questions:

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

1. What is the residents’ perception toward the economic,

socio-cultural, and environmental impacts of tourism

activities when residents are taken as a group and

classified according to age, sex, and educational

attainment?

2. Is there a significant difference in the residents’

perception toward the impacts of tourism activities in

Calinog, Iloilo when grouped and classified according to

sex, age, and educational attainment?

In the view of the preceding problems, the following

hypotheses were advanced:

1. There is no significant difference in the residents’

perception toward the impacts of tourism activities in

Calinog, Iloilo when classified according to sex and age,

while there is a significant difference in their perception

when they are classified according to their educational

attainment.

This descriptive study aimed to determine the

residents’ perception toward the impacts of tourism

activities in Calinog, Iloilo. The respondents of this

study were conveniently selected residents of the

municipality of Calinog. There are 249 respondents utilized

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

for this study. The independent variables were the

economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts of

tourism activities, while the dependent variable was the

residents’ perception. The convenient sampling technique

method was employed in the selection of the participants.

The researchers adopted a questionnaire of Ravikumar et al.

(2022) from their study entitled “Community Perception and

Attitude towards Sustainable Tourism and Environmental

Protection Measures in Muscat, Oman” – it was used to

gather the 249 needed data. The research questionnaire was

divided into two parts. The first part, demographic profile

of the respondents which includes their sex, age, and

educational attainment. Part 2, residents’ perception

questionnaire, would include the economic, socio-cultural,

and environmental impacts of tourism activities.

Descriptive statistics employed were frequency count,

percentage analysis, mean, and standard deviation.

For inferential analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal

Wallis Test was used to determine the significant predictor

of residents’ perception.

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This study results revealed the following findings:

1. Generally, the residents perceived tourism produces a

major impact when taken as an entire group in determining

the economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts of

tourism activities in all categories.

2. The respondents revealed that there was no significant

difference in their perception toward the impacts of

tourism activities in Calinog, Iloilo in terms of sex and

age category only. The residents’ perception is shown as

significant when they are classified according to their

educational attainment.

Conclusions

The following were the conclusions derived from the

aforementioned findings of the study:

1. Residents’ perception was that tourism activities have a

major impact in terms of the economic, socio-cultural, and

environmental impacts in calinog. They perceived positively

the impacts of economic and socio-cultural in their

municipality, while perceived negatively the environmental

impacts.

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

2. Respondents do not have a significant difference on

their perception in terms of the economic, socio-cultural,

and environmental impacts of tourism activities when they

are classified according to age and sex, while do have a

significant difference on their perception when they are

classified based on their educational attainment.

Hence, the result of this study confirms the statement

by Stynes about the economic impacts of tourism. According

to Stynes (2013), tourism greatly influences the economy of

an area, these effects occur within the primary tourism

sectors such lodging, restaurants, transportation,

amusements, and retail trade as it contributes to sales,

profits, jobs, tax revenue, and income. The residents of

Calinog believed that tourism greatly affected the economic

increase of their municipality. The study of Zhuang etal.

(2019) about the impacts of tourism on residents of world

cultural heritage sites in China, also supports the result

of this study when it comes to socio-cultural impacts of

tourism. According to their study, the exploitation of

tourism has resulted in changes to the local economy, which

have profoundly altered the values and lives of the

populace. Traditional rural life in villages is given fresh

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

vitality by tourism, which also broadens horizons, lessens

the need for survival, and strengthens bonds between

neighbors. Villagers united to create a community marked by

fairness, peace, and friendship. Furthermore, the study of

Ravikumar(2022), have provided evident support to the

findings of this study when it comes to the perception of

residents on environmental impacts, it was confirmed that

the locals believed that tourism damages environmental

balance—destroys local peaceful atmosphere, reduces quality

of the local environment, and littering of wastes spoils

the natural environment, water ways, etc.

The local residents of Calinog confirmed that tourism

activities as a whole present in the municipality produces

a positive economic impact to people and all

tourism-related stakeholders, which helps the economy grow

in accordance with its capacity. It also helps improve the

life of the people. Tourism has caused overwhelming changes

in their lifestyle which has broadened their perception and

understanding of other cultures and traditions. It made

them more knowledgeable enough to know the importance of

their own practices which enable them to help preserve it.

Nevertheless, they believed that tourism creates serious

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

problems with the environment and local peaceful atmosphere

of the town.

The respondents revealed that there was no significant

difference in their perception toward the impacts of

tourism activities in Calinog, Iloilo in terms of sex and

age category only thus the null hypothesis was accepted.

The residents’ perception is shown as significant when they

are classified according to their educational attainment

thus the null hypothesis in this category was rejected.

Implications

The present investigation found that the local residents’

perception on economic, socio-cultural, and environmental

impacts of tourism had a significant difference when they

are classified according to their educational attainment.

The result of this study had similar results to the theory

of Alhasanat and Hyasat (2016) which stated that education

influenced the perception of tourism, in a way that less

educated people evaluated the tourism activities

positively, while more educated people, negatively.

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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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Recommendations

​ Based on the findings and conclusions of this study,

the following recommendations are advanced

1. In order to continue the development of the economic

increase due to tourism in Calinog, the local government

unit or the LGU should be more supportive in the tourism

activities including providing their legal necessities .

2. Tourism Activities must promote and develop through the

cooperation of government and locals.

3. The local cultures and traditions of the town must be

well kept as well as the preservation of the historical

sites to attract more tourist travelers who are fond of

getting acquainted with other's customs and traditions, in

order to boost the market flow.

4. Local Government Units (LGU) must look thoroughly on how

this waste management should be more effective,

specifically by implementing a functional and effective

solid waste management to prevent a serious problem caused

by irresponsible littering of wastes.

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

References

Yutang, A. (2016) Residents’ Perception of Tourism

Development in Greenville, SC, USA. All Theses. 2418.
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Cañizares, S.M.; Núñez Tabales, J.M.; García, F.; Fernando,

J. Local residents’ attitudes towards the impact of
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Manzoor et al. (2019). The Contribution of Sustainable

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Khan et al. (2020). Revisiting the Dynamics of Tourism,

Economic Growth, and Environmental Pollutants in the
Emerging Economies—Sustainable Tourism Policy
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Cornell, D., Tugade, L , Sagun, R.(2019). Tourism Quality

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COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

of Life (TQOL) and local residents' attitudes towards

tourism development in Sagada, Philippines. Journal
and Development. Available Online
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Stynes, D. (2013). Economic Impacts of Tourism. Retrieved

date January 22, 2024 from Academia.edu (google
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Zhuang, X., Yao, Y., Li, J.(2019). Socio Cultural Impacts

of Tourism on Residents of World Cultural Heritage
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Khan, Hassan, Fahad, Naushad.(2020)Factors affecting

tourism industry and its impacts on the global economy
of the world. Available online papers.ssrn.com

Stankova, M., Vassenska, I.(2015) Tourism & Management

Studies 11 (1), 120-127, 2015. redalyc.org (google
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Tomasi, S., Paviotti, G., Cavicchi, A.(2020). Educational

Tourism and Local Development: The Role of
Universities. Sustainability 2020, 12(17), 6766;
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Zhao, J. and Li, S.(2018). The Impacts of Tourism

Development on the Environment in China.
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Retrieved date January 23, 2024

Raza, rS., Sharif, A., Keung Wong, W., & Karim, M.(2016). ​
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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Appendix A

Permission Letter to the Respondents

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Appendix B
Data – Gathering Instrument

Data Gathering Instrument Questionnaire for residents’

perception was adapted from the survey instrument utilized

by Ravikumar et al (2022) from their study entitled

“Community Perception and Attitude towards Sustainable

Tourism and Environmental Protection Measures”.It is

composed of fourteen(14) items.

QUESTIONNAIRE

The objective of this questionnaire is to collect

information about how residents perceived the impacts of

tourism activities in their municipality.

I.​ Demographic Profile of the respondents

Name:(optional)___________________________________

Sex:( )Male ( )Female

Age:( )18-26yrs ( )27-35yrs

( )36-44yrs ( )45-above

Educational Attainment:

( )Primary ( )Secondary

( )Vocational ( )Tertiary

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

II.​ Impacts of Tourism Activities

Please answer the questionnaire by checking(/) the

appropriate boxes as to your perception of the impacts of

tourism activities in Calinog.

Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Impacts 1 2 3 4 5

Economic

Tourism creates new job opportunities

Tourism provides opportunities to

develop new local businesses

Tourism brings in more investment

Tourism has increased revenues of local

people and economy

Tourism helps in creating new local

entrepreneurs

Socio-cultural

Tourist destinations in Calinog attract

many tourists

Tourism helps to preserve local culture

activities

Able to meet people of different

culture and traditions

Tourism cause change in the traditional

culture among the local people

Tourism improves the quality of life of

the local community

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Tourism improves the quality of

education

Environmental

Tourism development destroys the local

peaceful atmosphere

Tourism development reduces the quality

of the local environment

Littering of wastes spoils the natural

environment, water ways, etc.

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Appendix C

A.​In-person survey documentation with the total number

of 100 respondent

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

B.​Online survey documentation with the total number of

150 respondents

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

CURRICULUM VITAE

Justine Mae Puig

Age: 22 years old
Birthday: August 6,, 2002
Address: Brgy. Dalid, Calinog, Iloilo
Contact: 09107983927
Email: [email protected]

Tertiary:
​ PHINMA - University of Iloilo
​ Rizal St., Iloilo City, Iloilo
(2021-2025)
Secondary:
Senior High School: Notre Dame of Banga
Humanities and Social Sciences(HUMSS)
Brgy. Benitez, Banga, South Cotabato
(2019-2021)
Jr. High School: Rizal (3) National High School
Brgy. Rizal (3), Banga, South Cotabato
(2014-2018)
Primary:
Rizal Elementary School
Brgy. Rizal (3), Banga, South Cotabato
(2009-2014)

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Angeline Soria
Age: 23 years old
Birthday: March 4, 2002
Address: Brgy. Balabag, Sta. Barbara, Iloilo
Contact: 09503497293
Email: angelinesoria22.gmail.com

Tertiary:
​ PHINMA - University of Iloilo
​ Rizal St., Iloilo City, Iloilo
(2021-2025)
Secondary:
Senior High School: Tagsing-Buyo NHS
General Academic System (GAS)
Brgy. Tagsing Sta. Barbara Iloilo
(2019-2021)
Jr. High School: Tagsing-Buyo National High School
Brgy. Tagsing sta. Barbara iloilo
(2014-2018)
Primary:
Balabag-Jibao Elementary School
Brgy. Tagsing sta. Barbara iloilo
(2009-2014)

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Kate Wendilyn Espano

Age: 22 years old
Birthday: November 16, 2002
Address: Delapaz, Banate, Iloilo
Contact: 09476983013
Email: espanokatewendilyn.gmail.com

Tertiary:
​ PHINMA - University of Iloilo
​ Rizal St., Iloilo City, Iloilo
(2021-2025)
Secondary:
Senior High School: Banate National High School
Accountancy Business and Management (ABM)
Banate Iloilo
(2019-2021)
Jr. High School: Dela Paz National High School
Brgy. Delapaz Banate Iloilo
(2014-2018)
Primary:
Juan Sumulong Elementary School
Sumulong St., Brgy San Roque, Antipolo City
(2009-2014)

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 PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTANCY
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Iloilo City

Maricris C. Anasarias
Age: 22 years old
Birthday: March 3, 2002
Address: Brgy. Sinamay, Alimodian, Iloilo
Contact: 09186099593
Email: maricrisanasarias0.gmail.com

Tertiary:
​ PHINMA - University of Iloilo
​ Rizal St., Iloilo City, Iloilo
(2021-2025)
Secondary:
Senior High School: Metro Manila College Inc.
(2019-2021)
Jr. High School: Novaliches High School Inc.
(2015-2018)
Primary:
Nagkaisang Nayon Elementary School

Quezon City

(2009-2014)

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