REMINDERS TO STUDENTS
DRESS CODE BE ON TIME MUTE MIC TURN CAMERA ON COME PREPARED
SIT STILL FIND A QUIET SPACE BE RESPECTFUL RAISE HAND TO TALK NO EATING
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 1
THE CELL
John Marie P. Famoso
University of San Agustin
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of the laboratory period, the
student shall be able to:
• differentiate between
prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells.
• Identify parts
• Basic understanding of cell
division
QUESTION
What are the 2 basic
types of cells?
Main difference?
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 4
PROKARYOTES
Prokaryotes make up a vast group of very small
unicellular organisms that include bacteria
and archaea. The majority are bacteria.
Although bacteria and archaea look similar,
their chemical composition is different.
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 5
EUKARYOTES
•The eukaryotic cell is typically larger and
structurally more complex than the prokaryotic
cell. eukaryotic organisms include algae, protozoa,
fungi, plants, and animals. Some eukaryotes cause
disease, but others are part of the normal human
microbiome.
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 6
FUNCTIONS
1.Cell metabolism and energy use
2.Synthesis of molecules
3.Communication
4.Reproduction and inheritance
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 7
MAJOR PARTS
•Cells – the basic living unit of all organisms; each
cell is a highly organized unit.
•Organelles – specialized structures in cells that
perform specific functions.
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 8
MAJOR PARTS
•Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance that holds
organelles and is enclosed by cell membrane (aka
plasma membrane).
•Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane - It is the
outermost component of the cell that forms a
selective barrier between intracellular (materials
inside the cell) and extracellular substances
(materials outside the cells).
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 9
QUESTION
Favorite organelle
and why?
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 10
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 11
Organelles Function(s)
•Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli
Nucleus
•Site of RNA synthesis & ribosomal subunit assembly
Ribosomes •Site of protein synthesis
•Has may ribosomes attached
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Site of protein synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic •Site of lipid synthesis
Reticulum •Participates in detoxification
Golgi Apparatus •Modifies CHON structure & packages CHON in secretory vesicles
•Contains materials produced in cell
Secretory Vesicle •Formed by the Golgi Apparatus
•Secreted by exocytosis
Lysosome •Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
Peroxisome •Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Mitochondria •Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis
•Supports cytoplasm
Microtubule
•Assists in cell division and forms components of cilia & flagella
Centrioles •Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division
Cilia •Located on cell surface that move substances over surfaces of certain cells
9/9/2022
Flagella •Proper sperm cells Laboratory 2 12
Microvilli •Increase surface area of certain cells
MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT
John Marie P. Famoso
University of San Agustin
QUESTION
What molecules are
present on/in the cell
membrane?
2 types of diffusion
and difference?
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 14
CELL MEMBRANE
•It is the outermost component of the cell that
forms a selective barrier between intracellular
(materials inside the cell) and extracellular
substances (materials outside the cells).
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 15
CELL MEMBRANE
• Form a double layer that
contains 2 regions:
1.Polar Region – “heads”,
exposed to H2O
(hydrophilic)
2.Nonpolar Region – “tails”,
away from H2O
(hydrophobic)
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 16
CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
•Protective barrier
•Regulate transport in & out of cell (selectively
permeable)
•Allow cell recognition
•Provide anchoring sites for filaments of
cytoskeleton
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 17
CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
•Provide a binding site for enzymes
•Interlocking surfaces bind cells together
(junctions)
•Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 18
HOMEOSTASIS
•Balanced internal condition of cells
•Also called equilibrium
•Maintained by plasma membrane controlling what
enters & leaves the cell
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 19
CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Passive Membrane Transport – does not require
the cell to expend energy (ATP). This includes
diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
•Active Membrane Transport – does require the cell
to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP. This
includes active transport, secondary active
transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 20
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Simple diffusion
• is the movement of particles as a result of
their constant, random motion (O2 or water,
CO2, lipids)
• Net diffusion is the movement of particles
from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration (down or with the
concentration gradient)
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 21
WHAT IS THE SOLUTE? SOLVENT?
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 22
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 23
QUESTION
Difference between
simple diffusion vs
osmosis?
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 24
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 25
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Osmosis
• Diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane
• from an area of more water (
side B = less dissolved solute) to
an area of less water (side A =
more dissolved solute)
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 26
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Osmotic pressure
• Amount of hydrostatic pressure
required to stop osmosis = osmotic
pressure
• Osmosis slows to a stop due to
filtration of water back across
membrane due to hydrostatic
pressure
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 27
DIFFUSION RATES
• Factors that affect rate of diffusion through a membrane
• temperature - temp., motion of particles
• molecular weight - larger molecules move slower
• steepness of conc.gradient - difference, rate
• membrane surface area - area, rate
• membrane permeability - permeability, rate
• Correct diffusion rates are very important to cell survival
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 28
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Facilitated Diffusion –
carrier-mediated, this
moves substances from
a higher to lower
concentration and does
not require energy in the
form of ATP by (Sodium
Ions, Amino acids and
glucose).
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 29
TONICITY
Tonicity - ability of a solution to affect fluid volume
and pressure within a cell depends on concentration
and permeability of solute
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 30
TONICITY
Hypotonic solution
has low concentration of
nonpermeating solutes (high
water concentration). Cells
in this solution would absorb
water, swell and may burst
(lyse)
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 31
TONICITY
Hypertonic solution
has high concentration of
nonpermeating solutes (low
water concentration). Cells
in this solution would lose
water +shrivel (crenate)
Laboratory 2
9/9/2022 32
TONICITY
Isotonic solution
has same concentration of
nonpermeating solutes
(equal water concentration).
Cells in this solution would
be just normal.
Laboratory 2
9/9/2022 33
FILTRATION
• Movement of particles through a selectively permeable
membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
• Hydrostatic pressure - the force exerted on the membrane by
water
• In capillaries, blood pressure forces water, salts, nutrients and
solutes into tissue fluid, while larger particles like blood cells
and protein are held back
• filtration of wastes from the blood occurs in the kidneys
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 34
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•moves substances
from a lower to a
higher concentration
(against to
concentration
gradient) and
requires ATP (Iodine).
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 35
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Cytoplasmic Na+ bind to carrier, carrier hydrolyzes
ATP and changes conformation, releases 3 Na+ in ECF,
binds 2 K+, resumes conformation and releases K+
inside the cell.
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 36
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Secondary Membrane Transport
• uses the energy of one substance
moving down its concentration
gradient to move another
substance across the cell
membrane.
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 37
• In co-transport,
both substances
move in the same
direction; in
counter-transport,
they move in
opposite
directions.
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 38
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
• Vesicular transport (BULK TRANSPORT MECHANISM)
• Transport of large particles or fluid droplets through
membrane in bubblelike vesicles of plasma membrane,
uses ATP
• Exocytosis – vesicular transport out of cell
• Endocytosis – vesicular transport into cell
1. phagocytosis – engulfing large particles by pseudopods
2. pinocytosis – taking in fluid droplets
3. receptor mediated endocytosis – taking in specific
molecules
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 39
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Receptor
mediated
endocytosis
• Involves cell
receptors
attaching to
molecules
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 40
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Receptor mediated endocytosis
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 41
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Receptor mediated endocytosis
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 42
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Receptor mediated endocytosis
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 43
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Exocytosis
• Eliminating or secreting material from cell or
replacement of plasma membrane.
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 44
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Phagocytosis
• movement of solid material into cells (cell-eating)
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 45
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
•Pinocytosis
• Materials
ingested are much
smaller and is in
solution (cell-
drinking)
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 46
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 47
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 48
FUN QUIZ (FQ) TIME!!!!!
•Differentiate active vs passive transport
•What is bulk transport? Give examples
•Enumerate the 3 types of solutions and their
effects to cellular tonicity.
•What is hemolysis?
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 49
THANK YOU
Prepared by: John Marie Famoso
[email protected]
9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 50
