Key Properties Improved

Treatment Type Treatment Method Materials Used RCA Source / Grade Curing Duration Results Limitations Remarks
(write Quantities)
The paper reviews a
range of RCA
treatment methods, Nano-silica and bio-
The studies Properties such as water The review highlights
including physical deposition are
reviewed report absorption were reduced that carbonation
processing (crushing, The reviewed materials RCA is obtained from expensive and less
curing durations by up to 55%, porosity by improves early strength The paper emphasizes the
grinding), carbonation, include recycled various construction scalable. Carbonation
ranging from 3 30%, and compressive and microstructure, need for future experimental
pozzolanic slurry aggregates from and demolition waste may reduce RCA
to 56 days, strength was improved while pozzolanic slurry studies that validate combined
applications, surface concrete, brick, tile, and sources, often alkalinity (pH), which
depending on between 10% and 61%, increases compressive treatments under scalable and
coatings, bio- asphalt sources; containing mixed could compromise
the treatment depending on the strength and durability. real-world conditions. It
deposition, and AI- cement; fly ash; nano- material types. Grades durability in reinforced
type and treatment method used. Combined treatments advocates integrating AI tools
based predictive silica; and bio-agents are typically structures.
method (e.g., Density and long-term show potential but are for treatment planning and
modeling. It discusses such as bacteria and uncontrolled and Inconsistencies in RCA
accelerated durability were also underexplored. AI- structural prediction.
the potential of calcium sources. highly variable. properties and lack of
carbonation vs. positively affected in based models can
combining multiple standardized methods
natural curing). several cases. optimize mix designs.
treatments for were also noted.
enhanced
arnav performance.
This study investigates
the use of recycled The study found that
The compressive strength Increased RCA
coarse aggregates in Portland cement CEM I 25% RCA replacement
All specimens remained around 40–42 content required higher
structural concrete by 52.5R, natural granite had no adverse effect This paper was one of the first
RCA was sourced were moist- MPa for all mixes. Tensile cement content and a
casting full-scale coarse aggregates, on shear strength or to experimentally verify that
from an industrial cured for 14 strength improved slightly reduced water–cement
reinforced concrete recycled coarse ductility. At 50% and RCA can be safely used up to
recycling plant with days and then for the 25% RCA mix (up ratio to maintain target
beams with 0%, 25%, concrete aggregate 100% RCA, reductions 25% replacement in structural
unknown origin and stored in dry to 3.2 MPa). Shear compressive strength.
50%, and 100% RCA (RCA), limestone sand, in stiffness, modulus of beams. It provides critical
highly variable conditions until strength at 25% RCA was RCA’s variability led to
replacement. The and a superplasticizer. elasticity, and structural benchmark data on shear
composition, including testing. Beam 1.68 MPa. Modulus of less predictable crack
water–cement ratio No recycled fine capacity were evident. performance and mix design
concrete and mortar testing occurred elasticity decreased with behavior. Recycled
and cement dosage aggregate was used to Shear behavior modifications for higher RCA
remnants. after standard RCA content, from 33.7 fine aggregates were
were adjusted to avoid durability and improved with stirrup content.
28-day curing. GPa (0% RCA) to 27 GPa excluded due to
maintain consistent shrinkage issues. reinforcement in all
(100% RCA). shrinkage risks.
compressive strength cases.
across all mixes.
Performance varies;
Varied across strength typically 5–20% Inferior properties to
Mix ratio adjustments, RCA, NA, cement, Acceptable strength and Encourages safe and economic
Variety; mostly studies; lower; deformation slightly NAC; variability due to
structural behavior standard concrete durability for structural use of RAC through design
structural C&D waste typically 28 higher; enhancements RCA source and
tests ingredients use with limitations control
days possible through mix properties
Vishal methods
Not specific to Up to 45% RA can be
Data collection from 24
experiment; refers to Varies by country; used in structural Use feasible and Regulatory, perception Advocates for broader use
countries; analysis of
general RA from mostly from demolition N/A concrete depending on encouraged with barriers, inconsistent through policy and public
standards and
demolition, pavements, concrete standards; 10–30% regulation and R&D quality confidence
guidelines
etc. typically safe
Acid handling risks,
Acid treatment (HCl, Varies Best results with
Surface-treated General C and D low water absorption by variability in RCA
Chemical (acid, CO₂), acetic acid), CO₂ (sometimes up compound treatments
recycled coarse concrete; sometimes 15–61%; Compressive source affects
Physical (heat, grinding), carbonation, soaking in to 28 days); (e.g., nano-silica +
aggregates, nano-silica, 50 MPa concrete (from strength increases by outcomes, cost of
Mineral admixtures, nano-silica, fly ash, specific cement), CO₂ curing
fly ash, phosphate lab or demolition 3.8–60% depending on nano-materials,
Composite treatments phosphate, polymer durations given significantly improves
solution, polymer, etc. waste) treatment scalability not fully
solution, etc. for CO₂ curing density and strength
lavish addressed
increased cement
20% RCA: negligible Up to 50% RCA is
Precast structural Precast plant waste, needed at high RCA
7 to 28 days in strength loss; 50% RCA: workable without
focus on using clean, high- Mechanical crushing, concrete waste (greater with clean RCA from ratios; grading may not
moist conditions approx 10% strength significant compromise;
quality precast waste screening than or equal to 25 self-compacting fully meet codes
(20 ± 5°C) reduction; 100% RCA: 100% RCA requires mix
MPa), superplasticizers structural concrete requirement unless
cement requirement high adjustments
blended
 Mixed with RAC viable with low w/c
High-quality C&D At 20% RA: approx 5% Poor durability at high Suggests 0.05–0.1 lower w/c
Varying % RCA substitution dry/saturated RCA in 3 (<0.45); permeability,
Cement, NA, RCA (6– concrete waste; 28, 180, and lower density; Strength w/c and high RA; ratio for RAC than NAC to meet
(0–100%) and phases; tested at 0.65, strength and
20 mm), sand, water manually processed 365 days approx 10% less; higher porosity and aggressive environment
water/cement ratios 0.55, 0.50, and 0.45 carbonation can be
and sieved Carbonation permeability standards
w/c ratios comparable to NAC
Aditiya
Compressive strength
Manual crushing, Structural use possible Early strength loss;
RCA from demolished Demolition debris from drop by approx 10–30% Encourages policy, codes, and
Partial substitution + sieving; mineral at 20–30% RCA; good shrinkage increase at
PCC & RCC, FA, SF, institutional buildings 28 days at higher RA; silica fume awareness for RAC use in
admixture blending admixtures like fly ash economic and >50% RCA; variable
NA, cement in Pune, India improves early and long- Indian construction
& silica fume used sustainability profile RCA quality
term strength
50% cement replaced 28 and 90 days,
RCA, FA, LS, SF, MK, 10% SF improved Concrete suitable for Slow early strength Effective sustainable option for
Cement replacement with with fly ash, limestone, Demolished concrete, temperature
cement, compressive strength to certain structural development with high eco-concrete with correct
mineral admixtures silica flume in various manually processed tracked for first
superplasticizers 30+ MPa in 28 days applications volume FA/LS additives
combinations 24 hours
shaibya water absorption reduced Significant durability
Old RCA from C and D 56 days water
RCA carbonated under RCA, carbonated RCA, by approx 1.1%; enhancement; Time-consuming Promising method for improving
waste and new RCA curing +
Accelerated carbonation 100% CO2 at 0.1 and NA, cement, permeability improved by correlation between treatment, lab-scale RAC durability, needs
from lab-made durability tests
5.0 bar for 24 hours superplastisizer 15–42% depending on water absorption and feasibility upscaling
concrete up to 112 days
type permeability