IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA)

Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2025, pp. 281~289

ISSN: 2722-2586, DOI: 10.11591/ijra.v14i2.pp281-289  281

Internet of things-based cricket environment system to

maximize egg production and reduce mortality rate

Dominic Miracle Tjandrata1, Suryadiputra Liawatimena1,2

1
Computer Science Department, BINUS Graduate Program - Master of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta,
Indonesia
2
Automotive and Robotics Program, Computer Engineering Department, BINUS ASO School of Engineering, Bina Nusantara
University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The deployment of Internet of things (IoT) technologies presents an
opportunity to improve efficiency in cricket farming. This study
Received Oct 7, 2024 investigates the implementation of an IoT-based system utilizing an
Revised Apr 19, 2025 ESP32 microcontroller, a suite of environmental sensors, and actuators.
Accepted May 27, 2025 The system is supported by a ThingsBoard dashboard for data
visualization and a Telegram bot for notifications. The setup was tested on
a single cricket cage over a 28-day period and compared against a control
Keywords: group. Each cage contained 20 male and 100 female Cliring crickets. Key
parameters analyzed included temperature, humidity, soil moisture, egg
Cricket farming yield, food conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality rate. Findings show that
Environmental control the IoT-enabled cage consistently maintained optimal environmental
Food conversion ratio conditions—temperature (20 to 32 °C), humidity (65% to 85%), and soil
Internet of things moisture (60% to 80%)—unlike the control, which experienced greater
Precision agriculture variability. The IoT cage yielded 87.28 grams of eggs, a 33.33%
improvement over the control's 65.46 grams. Additionally, FCR improved
from 2.53 to 2.01 grams per egg, and mortality rate dropped from 0.816 to
0.708. These results underscore the effectiveness of IoT systems in
enhancing environmental stability, productivity, and survival rates in
small- to medium-scale cricket farming operations.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Dominic Miracle Tjandrata
Computer Science Department, BINUS Graduate Program - Master of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara
University
Jakarta, Indonesia, 11480
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Crickets have emerged as a vital and versatile resource in today’s world. Due to their high protein
and nutrient density, they are widely used as a dietary component for companion animals, including reptiles,
amphibians, avian species, and aquatic pets. More recently, crickets have been recognized as an eco-friendly
protein alternative suitable for human diets, offering a solution to the environmental impacts of traditional
meat production. They also continue to be valued in traditional medicine and as effective bait in fishing
activities [1]–[3].
As the cricket farming industry continues to expand, it presents economic opportunities for small-
and medium-scale entrepreneurs. However, ensuring consistent quality in production remains a significant
barrier that can threaten business viability. One key challenge is maintaining uniform and nutritionally
balanced feed, which is crucial for promoting healthy growth and optimal quality. Resource and logistical

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282  ISSN: 2722-2586

constraints often hinder this consistency [1], [4], [5]. Studies indicate that incorporating cassava and papaya
leaves into feed enhances productivity due to their rich protein content [6]–[8].
Environmental variables, such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture, significantly influence
cricket development and reproductive success. Soil quality is especially important during oviposition,
influencing egg viability and hatching outcomes [9]. Maintaining ideal soil conditions fosters successful
reproduction, which is critical to sustaining population growth [9], [10]. Crickets flourish in environments
with temperatures between 20–32°C, humidity between 65% to 85%, and soil moisture levels ranging from
60% to 80% [9], [11]. Their nocturnal nature also necessitates low-intensity lighting at night [12], [13].
Conversely, poor environmental management during growth phases can lead to increased mortality [14], [15].
IoT technologies provide farmers with tools to precisely monitor and manage such conditions. These
systems enable real-time data exchange among interconnected devices, offering continuous updates and
streamlining essential agricultural operations through automation [16]. Various areas in agriculture, such as
irrigation [17], weather tracking [18], and insect farming [19], have already benefited from IoT applications.
The integration of such systems not only minimizes manual labor but also enhances resource efficiency and
yields. Innovations in precision agriculture have shown how IoT, combined with data analytics, can optimize
inputs and boost productivity [20], [21].
The use of IoT in cricket farming enables the automation of systems like misting to maintain
optimal temperature and humidity, as demonstrated in greenhouse environments [22]. Studies also emphasize
the relevance of IoT in analyzing behavioral patterns in insect farming, highlighting its transformative impact
[23]. Lessons from aquaculture, where IoT tools help monitor water parameters like pH and temperature, can
be adapted to cricket farming [24] These approaches contribute to environmental stability, operational
efficiency, and reduced mortality. Moreover, the scope of IoT in agriculture continues to grow, encompassing
predictive analytics and system optimization to promote sustainability [25], [26].
This study introduces an IoT-integrated solution specifically developed for cricket farming, aiming
to elevate productivity, sustainability, and operational efficiency. A primary contribution lies in the
development and deployment of a tailored monitoring and control system that regulates key environmental
variables—temperature, humidity, and soil moisture—to create optimal conditions for growth and
reproduction. Automated mechanisms for feeding, misting, and climate regulation are incorporated to reduce
labor dependency and enhance consistency.
Additionally, the integration of real-time data acquisition enables proactive management of
environmental conditions, allowing farmers to identify and respond to risks more swiftly. The system’s
design also considers cost-effectiveness and scalability, making it accessible for small- and medium-sized
operations that may not possess advanced technological infrastructure.
Lastly, the study presents a comparative evaluation between conventional and IoT-driven farming
approaches, analyzing differences in growth rate, feed efficiency, and mortality. These findings provide
valuable perspectives into the benefits of technology-driven innovation within insect farming practices. By
addressing existing limitations in cricket farming through IoT integration, this study supports the progress of
intelligent agricultural systems and provides a scalable model for future implementations [27]. The paper
proceeds with a review of relevant literature in section 2, followed by system design in section 3, result
evaluation in section 4, and conclusions and future work in section 5.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This section outlines the materials utilized and the experimental design established to achieve the
study's objectives. A comprehensive description of the cricket cages, the biological subjects, and the
technological components involved is provided to ensure replicability and clarity in the research process.

2.1. Materials
Two identical cages, each measuring 60×30×60 cm, will house the crickets in this study. Each cage
will contain 20 male and 100 female crickets of the Cliring species. Male and female crickets exhibit both
common and unique behaviors. Agonistic behavior, such as threatening and displaying strength, is often
observed in crickets when resources like food, shelter, or mates are limited. Male crickets, in particular, are
known to engage in territorial fights and even cannibalism when housed together in close quarters, which can
influence interactions within the cage and contribute to uneven outcomes in population dynamics and
resource allocation [23]. We will equip one cage with a comprehensive internet of things (IoT) system, while
the second cage will function as a control, without any IoT intervention.
The experimental setup's IoT infrastructure comprises multiple integrated components. The central
processing unit will be an ESP32 microcontroller, which will collect data from various sensors and control
the actuators. A DHT21 sensor will monitor temperature and humidity levels, while a capacitive soil

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IAES Int J Rob & Autom ISSN: 2722-2586  283

moisture sensor will track soil moisture. To regulate these parameters, the system will use a relay to control
actuators, including heating lamps to maintain temperature, a misting pump to adjust air temperature,
humidity, and soil moisture, and an exhaust fan to expel excess humidity. Additionally, the system will send
notifications to the user via a Telegram bot, reminding them to feed the crickets. The system will feed the
crickets cassava leaves every two days, followed by concentrated feed every five days to ensure a balanced
diet that promotes growth and productivity.
The control cage will have identical size and number of crickets to the test cage, but without IoT
instrumentation or automated regulation mechanisms. This setup will enable a side-by-side evaluation to
measure how IoT-driven environmental control affects cricket growth, productivity, and overall well-being.

2.2. Methods
The methodological approach in this research is structured into two separate stages to systematically
evaluate the effectiveness of the IoT-based system. Phase 1 focuses on system development and
configuration, while Phase 2 emphasizes implementation and performance assessment through controlled
experimentation.

2.2.1. Phase 1
In phase 1, the focus will be on the creation and setup of the IoT system. The objective is to design
an operational IoT setup that enables both observation and regulation of environmental variables within the
cricket cage. The system will include the deployment of sensor modules—including a DHT21 for
temperature and humidity readings, and a capacitive probe for soil moisture tracking, and actuators (heating
lamp, misting pump, and exhaust fan) connected to an ESP32 microcontroller.
A ThingsBoard dashboard will display the data collected from the sensors, enabling real-time
monitoring of environmental parameters. Users will be able to manually control the actuators via the
dashboard. Additionally, a Telegram bot will integrate with the system to provide users with notifications and
alerts about cage conditions, actuator status, and reminders to feed the crickets.

2.2.2. Phase 2
Phase 2 will see the implementation of the developed IoT system in the cricket cages, with the aim
of evaluating their efficiency and impact against traditional manual methods. For this comparison, we will
use two identical cages: one equipped with the IoT system and the other serving as a control without IoT
intervention. During this phase, the focus will be on measuring the cage condition, including key variables
like temperature levels, relative humidity, and soil moisture, and two key performance indicators, the food
conversion ratio (FCR) and the mortality rate of the crickets. We will conduct the data collection process for
30 days. We will calculate the FCR using the following formula:
𝐹
𝐹𝐶𝑅 = (1)
𝐸

where F=total feed give (in grams), and E=total egg production (in grams).
This measurement will help determine the efficiency of the automatic feeding system in the IoT-
equipped cage. We will compare this to the manual feeding process in the control cage. We will measure the
mortality rate using the following formula:
𝐷
𝑀= (2)
𝑁

where M=mortality rate, D=number of dead crickets, and N=initial number of crickets.
This measurement will provide insights into the impact of the IoT-based monitoring and control
system on cricket survival rates.
We will analyze the data collected from both cages to assess how the IoT system contributes to
improvements in cricket farming operations. The comparison of results will highlight the potential benefits of
adopting IoT technology, aiming to improve productivity, efficiency, and sustainability in small and medium-
scale cricket farming operations.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents the outcomes of the IoT system development and its implementation in the
cricket farming experiment. The discussion highlights the system's performance, functionality, and its
potential impact compared to traditional manual methods.

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3.1. Phase 1
The IoT system successfully integrated all of its components, including the ESP32 microcontroller,
DHT21 sensor for temperature and humidity, and the capacitive soil moisture sensor. The ESP32 also
successfully controlled the actuators, including the heating lamp, misting pump, exhaust fan, and servo
motors for the automatic feeder. The previously created schematic design in Figure 1 guides the development
of the IoT system.

Figure 1. IoT system schematic design

Due to library limitations, Figure 1 shows a design that substitutes some components with
alternatives. For instance, the DHT22 simulates the DHT21 sensor, and DC motors stand in for the misting
pump and exhaust fan. The soil moisture sensor connects to the ESP32, with its VCC linked to the 3V3 pin to
supply 3.3V, GND to the GND pin for grounding, and the AO pin connected to pin D9 to transmit soil
moisture data. As illustrated in Figure 1, the ESP32 interfaces with the DHT21 sensor, similarly, connecting
its VCC to 3V3, GND to GND, and the data pin to pin D4 for temperature and humidity data. The relay
(RLY) controls three actuators: it links IN1 to pin D3 on the ESP32 to regulate the misting pump (ACT1),
IN2 to pin D2 for the exhaust fan (ACT2), and IN3 to pin D1 for the heating lamp (ACT3). A 5V supply
powers the ESP32 through its VIN pin, while the actuators (ACT1 to ACT5) draw power from a 12V source,
with a shared ground ensuring stable operation.
Figure 2 demonstrates how the ThingsBoard dashboard accurately displayed data from the sensors,
enabling real-time monitoring of both the cage conditions and the actuator status. The Telegram bot
effectively delivered notifications and alerts, providing updates on cage conditions and reminders to feed the
crickets.

3.2. Phase 2
During this stage, we measured the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture in both cages. We
measured the FCR and mortality rate of the crickets in Cage 1 (with an IoT system) and Cage 2 (without an
IoT system) for 28 days. Analyzing these environmental parameters will provide insights into how they
influence the efficiency and health of the cricket farming system.
Figures 3 to 5 show the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture level in cage 1 can maintain the
ideal cage condition for cricket breeding, which is 20-32 °C for temperature, 65% to 85% for humidity, and
60% to 80% for soil moisture. In contrast, the cage condition in Cage 2 is unstable. Cage 2 frequently
experiences temperature, humidity, and soil moisture fluctuations, causing the cage condition to fall outside
the ideal range.

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Figure 2. Dashboard

Figure 3. Temperature measurements

Figure 4. Humidity measurements

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Figure 5. Soil moisture measurements

Based on Figure 6, the enclosure utilizing the IoT system produced 87.28 grams of eggs, while the
enclosure without the IoT system only produced 65.46 grams. In terms of percentage, the increase in egg
production in the IoT-enabled enclosure compared to the non-IoT enclosure reached approximately 33.33%.
Figure 7 illustrates the food conversion ratio (FCR) over the 28-day period for both Cage 1,
equipped with the IoT system, and Cage 2, which lacks the IoT system. Throughout the study period, each
cage received a total of 165.6 grams of feed, and we took weekly FCR measurements to ensure consistent
monitoring. Figure 7 shows that Cage 1's FCR was 2.01 grams/egg, lower than Cage 2's FCR of 2.53
grams/egg. This indicates that the enclosure with the IoT system required less feed to produce a single egg,
thus demonstrating more efficient feed utilization.

Figure 6. Egg production

Figure 7. Food conversion rate

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The stable temperature, humidity, and soil moisture levels maintained by the IoT system in Cage 1
likely created optimal conditions for cricket growth, reducing stress and improving the conversion of feed
into body mass. Research on Grillus Mitratus crickets compared three types of feed combinations: green
mustard, concentrate, and rice bran (P0); green mustard and concentrate (P1); and young cassava stems with
concentrate (P2) [3]. The results showed FCR values of 2.92 (P0), 2.93 (P1), and 3.27 (P2). This comparison
further highlights that the IoT-controlled environment significantly enhances feed efficiency, thereby
increasing egg production in crickets.
Figure 8 presents the mortality rate of crickets in both cages over the same 28-day period, with
weekly measurements. Based on Figure 8, the mortality rate in Cage 1, which utilizes the IoT system, was
0.708, significantly lower than the 0.816 recorded in Cage 2 without the IoT system. This demonstrates that
the controlled environmental conditions provided by the IoT system in Cage 1 can effectively reduce the
mortality rate during the egg-laying period by maintaining stable conditions.

Figure 8. Mortality rate

Research on crickets (Acheta domesticus) fed on wild flowering plants revealed that the diet
composition had a substantial impact on survival outcomes. Crickets provided with common nettle, rough
comfrey, and gypsophila as dietary inputs experienced over 80% mortality within the initial week, leading to
the removal of these feeds from the trial after 14 days. In contrast, those fed with white nettle and control
feed showed a survival rate of 59% after 28 days, albeit with slower weight gain compared to the control
group. These findings indicate that IoT-based environmental regulation in cricket pens can contribute to
reduced mortality. This is because the IoT system kept the conditions stable, which worked better than just
changing the food. While unsuitable feed types led to high mortality rates, IoT systems optimized
environmental control, reducing mortality rates throughout the crickets' growth period [9].

4. CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates the significant benefits of integrating an IoT-based environmental control
system in cricket farming. Cage 1, equipped with the IoT system, achieved stable environmental conditions
that enhanced egg production, feed efficiency, and survival rates compared to Cage 2, which lacked IoT
intervention.
Key findings include a 33.33% increase in egg production, improved FCR (2.01 vs. 2.53 grams per
egg), and a reduced mortality rate (0.708 vs. 0.816). These results highlight the potential of IoT technology to
optimize small- and medium-scale cricket farming practices by ensuring stable and controlled environmental
conditions.
Future work should focus on long-term studies to assess the broader applicability of the IoT system,
testing it across various species and conditions. Incorporating additional features such as light intensity
control, predictive optimization through machine learning, and automation in feeding and waste management
could further enhance system effectiveness and sustainability.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank all parties who have helped directly or indirectly to complete this
research successfully.

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FUNDING INFORMATION
There are no funding agency involved in this research.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT

This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author
contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.

Name of Author C M So Va Fo I R D O E Vi Su P Fu
Dominic Miracle ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Tjandrata
Suryadiputra ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Liawatimena

C : Conceptualization I : Investigation Vi : Visualization

M : Methodology R : Resources Su : Supervision
So : Software D : Data Curation P : Project administration
Va : Validation O : Writing - Original Draft Fu : Funding acquisition
Fo : Formal analysis E : Writing - Review & Editing

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare that there are no known financial, personal, or professional conflicts of interest
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this manuscript. All contributions were made with
full academic independence and integrity.

DATA AVAILABILITY
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding
author, DMT. The data, which contain information that could compromise the privacy of research
participants, are not publicly available due to certain restrictions.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Dominic Miracle Tjandrata is a graduate student from Bina Nusantara

University who focuses his research on implementing internet of things (IoT) technology in
agriculture, specifically within cricket farming systems. He is also active in the fields of AI
and IoT, contributing to the development of tracking systems, face recognition, and OCR
solutions. He can be contacted at [email protected].

Suryadiputra Liawatimena is a distinguished academic and expert in

embedded systems, computer vision, deep learning, the internet of things (IoT), and mind
mapping, holds dual doctoral degrees in computer science (2022) and science education
(2005). Serving as a lecturer since 1990 at Bina Nusantara University, he teaches in the
Computer Systems Department, the master’s Program in Information Technology, and the
Automotive and Robotics Engineering Program at BiNus ASO School of Engineering
(BASE). Currently, he holds the position of S3 lecturer specialist at BASE. A former
National Chair of the Indonesia Section Computer Society Chapter (2016–2019) and an
IEEE senior member since 2017, Dr. Liawatimena plays a pivotal role in advancing AI in
Indonesia as the director of innovation development at KORIKA. His research focuses on
embedded systems, IoT, and deep learning applications for innovative solutions. He can be
contacted via email at [email protected].

Internet of things-based cricket environment system to maximize egg … (Dominic Miracle Tjandrata)