PRESENTATION-3

Engines, Transmission
and Drivetrains
 CONTENTS
• Engines classification
• Transmission system
• Differential
• Drivetrain
ENGINES

An engine converts one form of

energy into mechanical energy. It
can also refer to a device that
converts one form of energy into
another. It can further be classified
into different categories on
different parameters.
 Based on the type of combustion

• Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): Fuel burns inside the

engine (e.g., petrol/diesel engines).
• External Combustion Engine (ECE): Fuel burns outside the
engine, generating steam to power it (e.g., steam engines).
 working of an ic engine
1. Intake: The engine draws in a mixture of air and fuel (in petrol engines) or just air (in
diesel engines).
2. Compression: The piston compresses the mixture in the combustion chamber,
increasing its temperature and pressure.
3. Combustion: A spark plug ignites the air-fuel mixture in petrol engines, or in diesel
engines, the heat from compression ignites the diesel fuel. This explosion generates a
high-pressure force.
4. Power Stroke: The high-pressure gases push the piston downward, creating
mechanical energy.
5. Exhaust: The burned gases are expelled from the engine, completing the cycle.
working of an ic engine
 working of an ec engine
1. Fuel Combustion: Fuel is burned in a separate chamber (e.g., a boiler) to generate
heat.
2. Heat Transfer: This heat is used to convert water into steam.
3. Steam Expansion: The steam is directed into the engine (e.g., steam turbines or
steam pistons) where it expands and exerts pressure.
4. Mechanical Work: The steam’s pressure drives a piston or rotates a turbine,
producing mechanical energy.
5. Condensation: The used steam condenses back into water, which is recycled to the
boiler.
working of an ec engine
 Key Difference
• In ICE, combustion happens inside the engine (compact, efficient,
widely used in vehicles).

• In ECE, combustion happens outside, with heat energy driving the

engine (used in applications like steam engines and turbines).
 Based on Cylinders
1. Inline Engines:
- All cylinders are arranged in a single straight line along the crankshaft.
- Common in smaller cars due to their compact design.
2. V-Type Engines:
- Cylinders are arranged in two banks forming a "V" shape, sharing a common
crankshaft.
- This design allows for higher power output in a compact layout, commonly used
in sports cars and trucks.
3. Flat or Boxer Engines:
- Cylinders are arranged horizontally in two banks, opposing each other.
- Known for low center of gravity, providing stability (e.g., in some Subaru models).
 Based on Cylinders
4. Radial Engines:
- Cylinders are arranged in a circle around the crankshaft.
- Mostly used in aircraft due to their efficient cooling and high power-to-weight ratio.
5. Opposed-Piston Engines:
- Two pistons share one cylinder and move in opposite directions.
- Used in specific applications, like heavy-duty engines, due to reduced weight and
complexity.
6. W-Type Engines:
- Cylinders are arranged in a W shape for extremely high power output.
- Found in some luxury and high-performance cars, like Bugatti engines.
7. Single Cylinder Engines:
- Have only one cylinder, typically used in motorcycles or small machines for simplicity and
low cost.
Cylinders
 Based on fuel type
• Petrol/Gasoline Engine: Uses petrol as fuel, works on the
Otto cycle.
• Diesel Engine: Uses diesel as fuel, works on the Diesel cycle.
• Gas Engine: Uses gaseous fuels like natural gas or propane.
• Electric Engine: Powered by electricity instead of
conventional fuels.
fuels
 Key Difference
1. Ignition System:
- Petrol Engine: Uses spark plugs for ignition (spark ignition).
- Diesel Engine: Relies on compression ignition; fuel ignites due to high pressure and
temperature.

2. Fuel Used:
- Petrol Engine: Runs on petrol (gasoline).
- Diesel Engine: Runs on diesel fuel.

3. Efficiency:
- Petrol Engine: Generally less fuel-efficient; suitable for lighter vehicles and higher speed
ranges.
- Diesel Engine: Highly fuel-efficient, especially for heavy-duty applications.
 Key Difference
4. Power Delivery:
- Petrol Engine: Delivers smoother power; better for quick acceleration.
- Diesel Engine: Offers more torque; ideal for heavy loads and towing.

5. Cost:
- Petrol Engine: Cheaper upfront but higher fuel costs.
- Diesel Engine: More expensive initially, with lower running costs in the long term.

6. Maintenance:
- Petrol Engine: Easier and less costly to maintain.
- Diesel Engine: Requires robust components; maintenance can be more expensive.
 Based on engine configuration
• Reciprocating (Piston) Engine: Uses pistons moving back and
forth.
• Rotary Engine (Wankel): Uses a rotary motion of a triangular
rotor.
• Turbine Engine: Operates using a rotary turbine (e.g., jet
engines).
 Based on number of strokes

• Two-Stroke Engine: Completes a power cycle in two strokes

of the piston.
• Four-Stroke Engine: Completes a power cycle in four strokes.
 Key Difference
1. Power Cycle Completion:
- Two-Stroke Engine: Completes a power cycle (intake, compression, power, exhaust)
in two strokes of the piston.
- Four-Stroke Engine: Completes a power cycle in four strokes of the piston.

2. Efficiency:
- Two-Stroke Engine: Less fuel-efficient; tends to consume more fuel and oil.
- Four-Stroke Engine: More fuel-efficient due to better combustion control.

3. Power Output:
- Two-Stroke Engine: Provides higher power for its size due to firing every revolution.
- Four-Stroke Engine: Delivers smoother and steadier power, but fires every second
revolution.
 Key Difference
4. Engine Design & Weight:
- Two-Stroke Engine: Compact and lighter; used in motorcycles, chainsaws, and small
machines.
- Four-Stroke Engine: Larger and heavier, common in cars and trucks.

5. Maintenance & Durability:

- Two-Stroke Engine: Requires more frequent maintenance; generally less durable.
- Four-Stroke Engine: Longer lifespan with less frequent maintenance.

6. Lubrication:
- Two-Stroke Engine: Uses oil mixed with fuel for lubrication.
- Four-Stroke Engine: Has a separate oil system for lubrication.
working of 2 stroke
working of 4 stroke
 Based on cooling system

• Air-Cooled Engine: Cooled by air (common in small vehicles).

• Liquid-Cooled Engine: Uses liquid coolant for temperature
regulation.
TRANSMISSION
A transmission is a mechanical
device invented by Louis Renault
which uses a gear set—two or more
gears working together—to change
the speed, direction of rotation, or
torque multiplication/reduction in a
machine. These transmissions are
further classified into a wide range.
 Manual Transmission

• Operated using a clutch and gear stick.

• The driver manually changes gears to adjust speed and
torque. It's simple, durable, and provides greater control.
 Intelligent Manual Transmission
(iMT)
• iMT is a clutchless manual transmission.
• The driver manually shifts gears, but the clutch is operated
electronically using sensors and actuators.
• There’s no clutch pedal, making it easier to drive in traffic.
 Automatic Transmission

• Uses sensors and hydraulic systems to automatically shift

gears based on speed and engine load.
• Easier to use, especially in heavy traffic, but may be less fuel-
efficient than manual systems.
 Semi-Automatic Transmission

• Combines features of manual and automatic systems.

• Allows drivers to switch gears manually without a clutch
pedal, often using paddle shifters.
 Automated Manual Transmission
(AMT)

• AMT is essentially a manual transmission with automated

control over the clutch and gear shifts.
• It uses actuators, sensors, and an electronic control unit
(ECU) to handle the clutch and gear changes.
 Continuously Variable
Transmission (CVT)

• Has no fixed gears, but instead uses a belt and pulley system
to provide seamless acceleration.
• Known for fuel efficiency and smooth driving experience,
though it may not be as sporty.
 Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT)

• Uses two clutches to alternate gears quickly.

• Provides fast gear shifts and improved efficiency, often seen
in performance cars.
 Electric Vehicle Transmission

• EV’s typically use single-speed transmissions as electric

motors deliver high torque across a wide range of speeds.
• Simplifies the driving experience while enhancing efficiency.
DIFFERENTIAL

The differential is a set of gears that

transmits engine power to the
wheels, allowing them to rotate at
different speeds on turns. If your
vehicle has a four-wheel-drive
system, then it more than likely has
a front and rear differential.
 Open Differential
• This type of differential is often found in family sedans and
economy cars.
• It splits the engine torque into two energy outputs to allow
the wheels to rotate at different speeds.
• If one tire loses traction, the other will lose power to
maintain traction.
Open Differential
 Locking Differential
• Sometimes also known as a welded differential, this
differential connects the wheels so they spin at the same
speed.
• This typically makes turning a little more difficult.
• Vehicles that use this type are full-size trucks and Jeep
Wranglers.
Locking Differential
 Limited-Slip Differential

• Offering the best of both worlds, the limited-slip differential

operates as an open differential until slippage occurs, then
the differential will automatically lock.
• This type is found in vehicles like the Nissan 370Z and Mazda
MX-5 Miata.
Limited-Slip Differential
 Torque-Vectoring Differential

• Also known as active differentials, they work in the most

efficient way which results in a truly dynamic, high-
performance driving experience.
• Used by the BMW X5 M or Lexus RC F, the torque-vectoring
differential uses additional gear trains to send a specific
amount of torque to each wheel for added control on turns.
Torque-Vectoring Differential
DRIVETRAIN

A drivetrain works in relation with

transmission, this group of
components that deliver
mechanical power from the prime
mover to the driven components.
These Drivetrain are further
classified into a wide range.
 Front-Wheel Drive (FWD)

• Power is delivered to the front wheels only.

• It's common in passenger cars and offers better traction on
slippery roads, thanks to the engine's weight over the front
wheels.
Front-Wheel Drive (FWD)
 Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD)

• Power goes to the rear wheels.

• It’s popular in sports cars and trucks, providing better
handling and balance, especially for performance driving.
Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD)
 All-Wheel Drive (AWD)

• Power is distributed to all four wheels, either automatically

or continuously.
• It's great for all-weather traction and is commonly found in
SUVs and crossovers.
All-Wheel Drive (AWD)
 Four-Wheel Drive (4WD)

• Similar to AWD but designed for off-road driving.

• It’s usually manually engaged and offers superior
performance in rugged terrains.
Four-Wheel Drive (4WD)
 Key Points
• FWD (Front-Wheel Drive): Power is sent to the front wheels. Best for fuel
efficiency and traction on slippery roads. Common in small cars.

• RWD (Rear-Wheel Drive): Power is sent to the rear wheels. Provides better
handling and balance for performance or heavy-duty vehicles.

• AWD (All-Wheel Drive): Power goes to all four wheels, adjusting automatically
for smooth traction on various road conditions like snow or gravel.

• 4WD (Four-Wheel Drive): Power goes to all four wheels, but usually requires
manual engagement. Ideal for rugged terrain and off-road driving.
THANK YOU
~ LAKSHAY MANOT