SOCIAL SCIENCE

1. The Egyptians excelled in art and architecture. Illustrate.

* Numerous sculptures, paintings and curvings attest to the artistic
skills of Egyptians.
* Monuments display the engineering architectural and human
resource management skills of the Egyptians.

1. Define the terms Hieroglyphics and Cuneiform with their main features

HISTORY-3
3. EARLY TAMIL SOCIETY AND CULTURE
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Archaeological sites provide evidence of past history - Discuss.
* Archaeological excavations at the early historic sites are the source
of evidence of the activities of
the sangam age.
* By the evidence we came to know how the people were living in
those days.
2. How important are coins as a source of evidence for the study of sangam
age?
* The coins of the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas and the Roman
coins are another important
source of evidence from the sangam age.
* These coins help us to know about the ancient trade, kings and
foreign currency.
3. Agriculture was one of the main sources of subsistence in sangam age.
Give reasons.
* Agriculture was the main factor to fulfill the basic needs of our life.
*Both wet and dry land farming were practiced.
4. Overseas interactions brought glory to ancient Tamilagam. Give
example in support.
* The arrival of Roman ships to the Tamilnadu seashore were known
by the Roman coins found there.
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* Spices including pepper, ivory, and precious stones were exported.

* Gold, silver and copper were imported.
ANSWER IN DETAIL :
1. To what extent do you think the political powers of Tamilagam
influenced Sangam Age Polity?
* Among the political powers of the Sangam Age the Cheras, the
Cholas and the Pandyas occupied
pre-eminent positions.
* They controlled towns, ports and trade.
The Cheras:
Region - Present day Kerala and Western parts of Tamilnadu.
Capital - Vanci. Port – Muciri and Thondi.
Symbol - Bow and arrow.
The Cholas:
Region - Kavery delta and Northern parts of Tamilnadu.
Capital - Uraiyur. Port - Kaveripoompattinam.
Symbol - The tiger.
The Pandyas:
Region – Southern parts of Tamilnadu.
Capital -- Madurai. Port – Korkai.
Symbol – The fish.
2. Indicate how the industries and crafts of the Sangam Age contribute to
their economy.
* Craft production and craft specialization were important aspects of
urbanization.
* Iron manufacturing was an important artisanal activity.
* Gold ornaments, stone ornaments and glass materials improved
their trade.
* The economy was mixed as elaborated in the Thinai concept.
4. INTELLECTUAL AWAKENING AND SOCIO- POLITICAL
CHANGES
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Write about Hinayana and Mahayana.
* Hinayana : They regarded Buddha as their guru. They denied idol
worship. They used the pali
language.
* Mahayana : Buddha was worshipped as God. They made Buddha
images and offered prayers.
They used Sanskrit language.
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2. Elaborate the term “Tri - Ratnas”.

The three principles of Jainism, as known as Tri- Ratnas. They are
* Right Faith.
* Right Knowledge.
* Right Action.
3. What do you know of Ajatasatru ?
* Ajatasatru, the son of Bimbisara was the king of Magatha.
* In his period, Pataliputra was the another capital of Magatha.
4. What does the Edict of Kalinga convey?
* Kalinga Edict is one of the Edicts of Asoka period.
* In this Edict, Ashoka says his honour and sorrow over the deaths
which the war and conquest
caused.
5. Higlight the steps taken by Asoka to spread Buddhism.
* Asoka sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka to preach the doctrines
of Buddha.
* Third Buddhist council was held at Pataliputra by Asoka.

1. Compare and contrast the principles of Jainism and Buddhism.

Similarities:
* Both of them were in favour of non-violence.
* Both were averse to caste system.
* Both religions gave much importance to honest conduct and law of
Karma.
Differences ;
* Jainism believed in the doctrine of severe penance.
Buddhist religion advocated a middle course.
* Jainism didn`t recognize the existence of God at all.
Buddha remained silent about the existence of God
5.THE CLASSICAL WORLD
1. Attempt an account of slavery in Rome.
* Prisoners of war were enslaved in Rome.
* A major source of income to the Rome State was the slave trade.
* Slaves were forced to work in farms.
5. Write about St. Sophia.
* St.Sophia Cathedral was built in mid- Sixth century.
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* The most magnificient building in Europe at that time which was

known for its innovative
architectural techniques
6.THE MIDDLE AGES
2. Impact of Crusades .
* Crusades ended the Feudal relations.
* New trade centres emerged.
* One notable outcome of Crusades was the loss of Prestige suffered
by the Pope and Papacy.
3. How was Feudalism organized in the Middle ages?
* The king was at the head of the Feudal regime.
* Immediately after him were the nobles.
* Third level were the viscounts who had received fief from the
nobles.
* Last and final were the knights and slaves
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write about Crusades and its impact.
* Crusades ended to the feudal system.
* The increasing demand for products of the East led to the expansion
of trade.
* Venice, Genoa and Pisa emerged as an important commercial cities
in the Mediterranean region.
* The elimination of the powerful nobles strengthened the monarchy
in France and England.
* Pope and Papacy lost their power and prestige
7. STATE AND SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Write about the military expenditions of Malik Kafur.
* Malik Kafur was Alauddin Khilji`s slave and commander.
* The purpose of his invasion was to expand his territory, to plunder
the wealth and to destroy the
Hindhu temples.
2. Who founded the Vijayanagar kingdom? Mention the dynasties
that ruled over the kingdom?
* The kingdom was established by the brothers Harihara and Bukka.
Dynasties:
* Sangama dynasty
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* Saluva dynasty
* Tuluva dynasty
* Araveedu dynasty
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss the political changes during 1526-1707 AD.
* In Tamilnadu the Cholas period was enterprising at that time.
* Trade and economy developed. New temples were built.
* The establishment of Vijayanagar empire made a great impact in
Tamilnadu administration.
* The Mughal empire was founded by Babur and established in Delhi.
* The Mughal empire led to the impressive growth in the economy
and trade.
* The advent of the Europeans ended at the beginning of Colonization
of the British in India
3. “Chola period was a enterprising period in this history of
Tamilnadu”- Elucidate.
* The administrative machinery was re-organized during the Chola
rule.
* The basic rule of local administration was the village followed by
the sub-region and district.
* They were responsible for the maintenance of the water resources,
land, temple and local needs.
* Trade and the economy expanded in Chola period.
* The another notable feature was that the great increase in the
construction of the temples and new
techniques were introduced to built them
HISTORY-8 THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE
5. What is Columbian Exchange.
* The movement of plants, animals, technology, culture and strange
disease between the America
and Europe is called Columbian Exchange
2. Examine the outcome of the geographical discoveries.
* The geographical discoveries transform the Europe as a commercial
centre of the world.
* Many new cereals and fruits were exported from America and
imported in Europe.
* Most of the countries in the world followed slavery system.
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* Commercial diseases spread and many of them died during this time.
* The economic system followed during this period has been
described as mercantilism.
9. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
ANSWER IN BRIEF :
1. Who were puritans? Why did they leave England?
* Reforms who led a religions movement to reform the church of
England is called Puritans.
* They could not accept the practices of the Roman Catholic. So they
left England.
2. What do you know about the Quakers?
* Quakers were laying emphasis on the Holy Spirit, rejected outward
rites and an ordained ministry.
* Quakers have the reputation of actively working for peace and
opposing war.
3. Point out the siginificance of “ the Boston Tea Party” ?
* The Boston tea party led to war between the rebellions colonies and
England.
4. Attempt an account of “ September Massacres”.
* The people of Paris killed the supporters of monarchy under their
leader Mart.
* In three days, from September 2 about 1500 suspected dissidents
were put in prison.
5. Explain the composition of “ Three Estates of France “
1. The clergy.
2. The nobles and
3. The commons.
6. Sketch the role of Lafayette in the French Revolution
* Lafayette penned “ The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen “ with the help of
Jefferson and Mirabu.
* This book is about human rights which is applicable for whole
world irrespective of time.
7. What was the background for the storming of Bastille prison ?
* The people of French gathered on a tennis court and started revolt
against the king.
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* The king tried to use force for dispressing the people but his own
soldiers refused to obey his
orders.
* When the King tried to suppress the revolt, it provoked people and
they set free all the prisoners
from Bastile jail.
8. What were the taxes the peasants had to pay in France on the
eve of Revolution ?
I) Tithe ii) taile ( land tax ) iii) gabelle ( salt tax ) iv) labour ( corvee)
2. Highlight the contribution of French philosophers to the
Revolution of 1789.
Voltaire :
* Voltaire was a prolific writer and activist.
* He wrote about the worst condition in France.
* He criticized against church activities.
Rousseau :
* His ideas played an important part in preparing people of France for
the great revolution.
* His famous saying in his book Social Contract, ”Man is born free,
but is everywhere in chains”.
Montesquieu :
* He put forward the theory of Separation of powers
10. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
2. Account for urbanization in England.
* With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, there was however a
general decline in agriculture.
* This resulted in the flow of population.
* England became the workshop of the world
4. What do you know of Louis Renault?
* In 1898 Louis Renault built the quadricycle.
* He began to produce in large quantities under his company, the
Societe Renault Freres.
11. COLONIALISM IN ASIA AND AFRICA
3. State the three phases in the colonialisation of Indian economy.
a) Phase I - Mercantilist Capitalism.
b) Phase II - Industrial Capitalism.
c) Phase III - Financial Capitalism.
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4. Colonel Pennycuick :
* An Army Engineer – Civil Servant - a member of the Madras
Legislative Council.
* When the construction of Mullai Periyar Dam, he could not get
adequate funds from the British
government.
Pennycuick went to England and sold his family property to mobilize
money to fund the project.
Then he completed it in 1895.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss the economic impact of British Rule in India.
* British government created a class of Zamindars or landlords in
India.
* The Ryotwari System was a different revenue system introduced in
India.
* Under this system, the peasant was the proprietor and paid tax on
the land.
* Peasants had to even mortgage or sell their property.
* Major irrigation plans introduced to India for the purpose of
agriculture
GEOGRAPHY
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ANSWER IN BRIEFLY ;
1. Write a brief note on the various spheres of the Earth.
Lithosphere - the solid outer part of the Earth.
Atmosphere - thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth.
Hydrosphere - watery part of the Earth ‘ s surface.
Biosphere - the layer of Earth where life exists.
2. Mention the layers of the interior of the Earth.
* The layers of the interior of the Earth is divided into three. They are
the crust, the mantle and the
core.
3. Define - Plate tectonics.
* The lithosphere is divided into a number of huge slabs of rocks
called Tectonic plates.
* These tectonic plates are divided into major and minor plates.
4. What is Tsunami ?
* Large seismically generated sea waves caused by Earthquakes,
submarine explosions and
landslides. It is called Tsunami.
5. What is a volcano? Mention its major components ?
* A volcano is a vent of the Earth crust through which hot magma
erupt out to the surface from the
Earth ‘s interior.
Components;
* Magma chamber * Vents * Volconic cone * Crater
6. What is an Earthquake and how it occurs ?
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* Earthquakes are generally caused by the sudden vibrations in the

Earth’s crust.
* The point of origin of an earthquake is called focus which generates
a series of elastic waves.
7. What are seismic waves and mention its types ?
* Earthquake generates seismic waves.
Types ;
1. Primary waves 2. Secondary waves 3. Surface waves.
8. Write about the Pacific Ring of Fire.
* The Pacific Ring of Fire is an around the pacific ocean where many
volcanoes are found.
* The Ring of Fire is the most seismically and volcanically active
zone in the world.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Describe the structure of the Earth.
* The structure of the Earth ‘s interior is divided into three layers
namely the crust , the mantles , and
the core.
Crust ;
* Crust is the outer layer of the Earth where we live.
* It is about 5 to 30 Kms.
* It is the solid layer of the Earth.
* The major elements of crust are Silica and Aluminium.
Mantle :
* The interior part beneath the crust is called mantle.
* It is about 2,900 Km thick .
* The major elements of the mantle are Silica and Magnesium.
Core :
* The core is the innermost part of the Earth.
* It is the hottest layer.
* The core is divided into solid inner core and the liquid outer core .
* The major elements of core are Nical and Iron .
2. Write a note on the internal and external processes of Earth.
Internal processes :
* The forces that act from the Earth ‘s interior towards the Earth ‘s
surface are called Internal
processes.
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External processes :
* The forces that act on the surface of the Earth are called External
processes.
* Running water , glacier , wind , waves etc., are some natural agents
on the earth surface .
3. How are volcanoes classified based on the periodicity of their
eruptions ?
* Based on the periodicity of eruptions volcanoes are classified into
I . Active volcano
II. Dormant volcano
III. Extinct volcano
I . Active volcano :
* These volcanoes are constantly eject volcanic lava , gases and
fragmented materials .
Ex., Mount St. Helens in the USA .
II. Dormant volcano :
* These type of volcanoes do not show any sign of volcanic activity
for a long period of time.
Ex., Mt . Fugi, Japan.
III . Extinct volcano :
* Some volcanoes permanently stops its volcanic activity . These are
called dead or Extinct volcanoes.
Ex., Mt . Kilimanjaro , Tanzania .
4. Expain the effects of volcanoes .
( i ) Constructive effects :
* Enrich the soil fertility that promotes agricultural activities.
* These are the most attractive tourist spots of the world.
* Most of the volcanic materials are used as building material.
( ii ) Destructive effects :
* Volcanic eruption causes Earthquake , fast floods , mud slide and
rock fall.
* The large amount of dust and ash makes breathing hard and irritable.
* Volcanic eruption can alter the weather changes
2. LITHOSPHERE - II EXOGENETIC PROCESSES
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ANSWER IN BRIEF :
1. Define weathering.
* Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of
the earth’s crust by their
exposure to atmosphere.
2. What do you mean by biological weathering?
* Biological weathering occurs due to penetration of plants, animals
and some human activities.
3. Mention the three courses of a river with any two land forms
associated to each course.
( i ) The upper course - ‘ V ‘ shaped valleys, gorges.
( ii ) The middle course - Alluvial fans, food plains.
( iii ) The lower course - Deltas, estuaries.
4. What are ox – bow lakers?
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* Meanders in due course of time become almost a complete circle

with narrow necks.
* This in turn gets connected forms a lake.
5. How does a sea cave differ from a sea arch?
* When two caves approach one another from either side of a
headland and unite , they form an arch.
6. List out any four karst topographical areas found in India .
* Guptadham caves _ Western Bihar .
* Robert caves _ Uttarakhand .
* Pandav caves _ Madhya Pradesh .
* Borra caves _ Andhra Pradesh .
7.What do you mean by a hanging valley?
* These are valleys eroded by tributary glacier and that hangs over the
main valley.
8. Define : a ) Moraine b) Drumlin c) Esker
a ) Moraine :
* Landforms formed by the glacial deposits of valley or continental
glaciers are termed as moraines.
b ) Drumlin :
* Drumlins are deposits of glacial moraines that resemble giant
inverted teaspoons or half cut eggs.
c ) Esker :
* Long narrow ridges composed of boulders gravel and sand
deposited by streams of melting water
which run parallel to a glacier are called eskers.
9. Mention the various features formed by wind erosion.
* Mushroom rocks * Inselbergs * Yardangs
10 . What are wave cut platforms?
* Flat surface found at the foot of the sea cliffs are called as wave cut
platforms.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write a note on weathering classify and explain.
* Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of
the earth’ s crust by their
exposure to atmosphere.
There are three types of weathering;
* Physical weathering
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* Chemical weathering
* Biological weathering
Physical weathering ;
* It is the breakdown of rocks due to action of physical force. Ex.,
Heat and Cold.
Chemical weathering ;
* It is the breakdown of rocks due to chemical reactions. Ex.,
Oxidation, Carbonation.
Biological weathering ;
* Biological weathering occurs due to penetration of plants, animals
and some human activities.
2. Explain the erosional landforms formed by underground water.
* Erosional landforms of underground water are :
( i ) Terra Rossa
( ii ) Lappies
( iii ) Sinkhole
( iv ) Caves and Caverns
Terra Rossa :
* Deposition of red clay soil on the surface of the Earth is due to the
dissolution of limestone content
in rocks is called terra rossa.
Lappies :
* When the joins of Limestone rocks are corrugated by ground water ,
long furrows are formed and
these are called Lappies.
Sinkhole :
* A funnel shaped depressions formed due to dissolution of limestone
rocks is called Sinkholes.
Caves and Cavers ;
* Caves are hollows that are formed by the dissolution of limestone
rocks when Carbon di oxide in air
turns into Carbonic acid after its reaction with water.

3. What is glacier? Explain its types .

Glacier :
* A Glacier is a large mass of ice that moves slowly over the land.
Types of Glacier :
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* Glaciers are divided into two types.

( i ) Continental Glacier .
( ii ) Valley Glacier .
Continental Glacier ;
* Thick sheets of ice that covers vast area of a continent is called
Continental Glacier.
Valley Glacier :
* The glacier which takes its origin from a snow covered mountain
range is known as a Valley
Glacier.
4. Describe the depositional work of winds.
Depositional Landforms of wind;
* Deposition occurs when the speed of wind is reduced by the
presence of obstacles like bushes,
forests and rock structures. These sediments carried by wind get
deposited on both the windward and
leeward sides of these obstacles.
* Some of the depositonal landforms are
( i ) Sand dune
( ii ) Barchan
( iii ) Transverse Dunes
( iv ) Longtudinal Dunes
( v ) Loess.
4. ATMOSPHERE

ANSWER IN BRIEF :
1. Define atmosphere.
* The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called the atmosphere.
2. Mention the factors that effect the climate.
* Disaster from Equator * Altitude * Nearness to the sea
* Nature of the prevailing winds * Mountain barrier * Cloud cover
* Ocean currents * Natural vegetation.
3. Write a short note on Lapse rate.
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* The temperature decreases at the rate of 10 c for every 165 mts of

height is known as Lapse rate .
4. What are the processes responsible for heating the atmosphere?
* Radiation , Conduction , Convection and Advection .
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1 . Write a paragraph about the structure of the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is divided into five layers .
( i ) Troposhere
( ii ) Stratosphere
( iii ) Mesosphere
( iv ) Thermosphere
( v ) Exosphere
Troposphere :
* The layer extends upto 8 kms at the poles and upto 18 kms at the
Equator.
* The temperature decreases with increasing height.
Stratosphere :
* This layer extends upto 50 kms.
* Ozone molecules are found in this layer.
Mesosphere :
* This layer extends upto 80 kms.
* Most of the meteors nearing the Earth get ignited here.
Thermosphere :
* It extends upto 600 kms.
* Ionosphere is a layer of the thermosphere that contains ions and free
electrons.
Exosphere :
* This layer merges with the outer space
4. HYDROSPHERE
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What do you mean by the term Hydrosphere?
* Hydrosphere consists of water in various forms found on the Earth.
* It is a collection of all forms of water on the Earth.
2. What is hydrological cycle?
* The Earth’s water is always in motion. This continuous movement
of water on above and below
the Earth `s surface is called the hydrological cycle
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3. Mention the various relief features of ocean floor.

* Continental shelf * Continental slope * Continental rise
* Deep sea plain * Oceanic deep * Oceanic ridge
4. What are the factors that generate the oceanic currents?
* Earth’ s rotation * Prevailing winds * Difference in temperature *
Salinity of ocean
water
5. Write a brief note on sea waves.
* Sea waves are ripples on water caused by the winds that blow over
the sea.
* The height of these waves depends upon on the speed of wind its
duration and the direction
5. BIOSPHERE
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN:

2. What is an ecosystem?
* An ecosystem is a community where all living organisms and non
living organisms interact with
one another.
4. What is meant by loss of biodiversity?
* The extinction of species due to human and natural influences is
called loss of biodiversity
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Explain the various components of ecosystem.
* An ecosystem consists of three basic components. They are
i. Abiotic components
ii. Biotic components.
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iii. Energy components.

I. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:
* It includes the non living, inorganic, physical and chemical factors
in the environment.
Ex., Land, air, water.
II. BIOTIC COMPONENTS:
* Biotic components include plants, animals, and microorganisms. It
can be classified into three
categories:
a) Producers – Plants, algae.
b) Consumers – Goat, lion.
c) Decomposers – Fungus, mushrooms.
III. ENERGY COMPONENTS:
* All organisms in the biosphere use energy to work and convert one
form of energy into another.
* The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for the biosphere as a
whole.
6. MAN A ND ENVIRONMENT
iii) Sustainable Development:
* Sustainable Development is the development that meets the needs
of the present without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs
7. MAPPING SKILL

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What is a map ?
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* A map is a location guide.

* Maps can show either the whole world or a part of the world.
2. What are the components of a map?
* Title * Scale * Direction * Grid system * Project * Legend
* Conventional signs * Symbols .
3. The distance between two cities A and B is 5 km. It is
represented by a line of 5 cm on the map
* Calculate the distance and give the answer in RF.( Representative
Fraction)
1 Km = 100000 cms
5 Kms = 500000 cms.
Distance in RF = Distance on the map / Distance on the ground .
= 5 cm / 5 km
= 5 / 500000
So RF is 5 : 500000 .
4. Mention the few surveying instruments.
* Chain * Prismatic Compass * Plane table * Dumpy level * Abney
level
* Clinometre * Theodolite * GNSS .
5. Define Remote sensing.
* Remote sensing means acquiring information about things / places
from a distance, using a variety
of tools and methods .
6. What are the components of remote sensing?
* Energy source * Transmission path * Target * Sensor.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. What do you mean by the term ‘ Scale of the map’ ? Explain
its classification.
* A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the
actual distance on the ground.
* Scales can be represented in three methods.
1. Statement Scale .
2. The Representative Fraction
3. Linear or Graphical scale method .
Statement scale ;
* The statement scale describes the relationship of map distance to
ground distance in words.
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* It expressed as 1cm = 10 kms.

The Representative Fraction ( R. F )
* It describes the proportion or ratio of the map distance to ground
distance.
Representative Fraction = Distance on the map / Distance on the
ground.
Linear ( or ) Graphical scale :
* In a map, a linear scale is represented by a straight line divided into
equal parts to show what these
markings represent on the actual ground .
2. Write a note on directions with relevant diagram.
* Maps are drawn normally with orientation to north.
* North direction in a map is always towards the North Pole of the
Earth.
* If a person position himself looking at the North Pole, on right will
be the east ;
left will be the west; Back will be the south; These four-main
directions are called the cardinal
directions .
* Direction is usually indicated on a map by a North – South line ,
with the North direction
represented by an arrow head .
3. Explain the major uses of GPS? Explain about any one.
* GPS technology in various applications such as mobile phones,
vehicles, shipping containers and
ATM s .
* The main purpose of GPS is to help in providing accurate transport
data.
* It helps in military searches and rescue persons in wars.
* It can work as a reliable tourist guide.
* GPS helps during accident and rescue efforts , speeding the delivery
of emergency services and
disaster relief .
4. Bhuvan has tremendous uses for scientists , policy makers and
the general public . Justify .
* Due to 3D rendering, it gives the impression of moving through real
space and time .
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* Students can understand subjects from science to history.

* It provides information on nature resources and on disasters.
* Administrators use it for monitoring various developmental
schemes.
* Using Bhuvan connected to Internet, one can explore places of
interest, by entering the names of
places or its co - ordinates ( latitudes and longitudes )
8. DISASTER MANAGEMENT - RESPONDING TO
DISASTERS
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Who are the community `s first responders to disaster ?
* Police officers * Fire fighters * Emergency medical technicians
2. Though Japan has the densest seismic network , Indonesia , has
the most number of
earthquake. Why?
* Indonesia is also in a very active seismic zone since it is larger than
Japan, it has more
earthquakes .
3. How many males and females die per day due to fire in India?
* 42 females and 21 males die every day in India due to fire.
4. What should you do after a Tsunami?
* Stay out of a building if water remains around it.
* First aid should be given if the injury occurs .
* If gas leaks, open a window and get everyone outside quickly.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write a short note on Tsunami .
* A Tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves caused by
earthquakes, underwater landslides and
volcanic eruptions.
* Tsunami can travel 700 – 800 Km per hour with waves 10 – 30 m in
height.
* It causes flooding.
* A Tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy
infrastructure.
2. What do you do if you are indoor during an earthquake?
* Drop to the ground, take cover by getting under a sturdy table and
hold on until the shaking stops .
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* If there is no table or desk, cover the face and head with arms and
crouch in an inside corner of the
building .
* Stay away from glass windows outside doors and walls.
* Stay inside until the shaking stops and then go outside..
3. How do you respond to Tsunami?
* Find out if the living area is in Tsunami hazard areas along the sea –
shore.
* Plan evacuation routes from the place where tsunamis in poses a
risk.
* Use a weather radio to keep informed of local watches and warnings.
* Discuss with family about food safety and precautionary measures
during a tsunami.
4. Write three sentences about what to do during fire.
* Stay calm.
* Leave the building immediately.
* Never use elevators.
* Pull the nearest fire alarm or call 112.
* If there is smoke during your evacuation stay low to the floor
Civics
2. ELECTION , POLITICAL PARTIES AND PRESSURE
GROUPS
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
2. Give the meaning of a political party.
* A political party is an organization formed by a group of people
with a certain ideology to contest
Elections
4. What is a pressure - group
*The term ` Pressure - group ` originated in the USA.
* A pressure group is a group of people who are organized for
promoting and defending for common
interest actively.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss merits and demerits of direct elections ?
Merits :
i) As the voters elect their representatives directly , direct elections
are considered to be a more
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democratic method of election.

ii) It educates people regarding the government activities and helps in
choosing the appropriate
candidates.
iii ) Also , it encourages people to play an active role in politics.
Demerits :
i) Direct elections are very expensive .
ii) Illiterate voters sometimes get misguided by false propaganda.
iii) There are instances in which some political candidates influencing
the voters through payments in
the form of cash, goods or services .
2. What are functions of political parties?
* Parties contest elections. Elections are fought mainly by the
candidates put up by political parties.
* Parties put forward their policies and programs.
* Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
* Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues of
importance.
* Parties function as an important link between people and the
government.
3. What are the functions of pressure groups in India ?
i) Political participation :
* They exert influence on the policies of government precisely by
mobilizing support through
activities such as petitions, marches, demonstration and other forms of
political protest.
ii). Education :
* Many pressure groups devote significant resources by using high -
profile academics, scientists to get
their views across with an emphasis to cultivate expert authority.
iii ) Policy formulation ;
* Many pressure groups are vital sources of information and render
advice to the government and
therefore they are regularly consulted while formulating the policies.
3.HUMAN RIGHTS
ANSWEER IN BRIEF ;
1. What is Human Right?
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* The right inherent to all human beings without any discrimination is

called human right.
2. What are the fundamental right?
The fundamental rights are
* Right to Equality
* Right to freedom.
* Right against Exploitation
* Right to freedom of Conscience and Religion
* Cultural and Educational Rights for Minorities
* Right to Constitutional Remedies
3. what are the Child Rights define by the UNO?
Child Rights defined by UNO
* Rights to life * Right to family environment * Right to education *
Right to benefit from
Social security
* Right against sexual exploitation * Right against sale or trafficking .
4. Write a short note on the Right to Constitutional Remedies.
* A person can adopt constitutional means and approach a court if he
is denied of the Fundamental
Rights.
The court then issues orders to restore the rights to the citizen.
5. Define POSCO
POSCO Act - Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act.
* This act protects the children who are below eighteen years of age
from sexual offences.
6. Why do children need special attention?
* Special care is given for vulnerable children like those affected by
child labor child marriage and
children affected by any abuse.
7. What are the contributions to labor by B. R. Ambetkar?
* Reduction in Factory working Hours.
* Employees State Insurance.
* Minimum Wages.
* Compulsory Recognition of Trade Unions.

8. “ All are equal before law “ . But we have enacted a separate

law for women. – Justify.
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* Women are affected by child marriage, sexual exploitation, female

infanticide and inequality in
society.To stop these activities a separate law is enacted for women.
9. Write about the Right against exploitation.
* Neither a contractor nor an employ can force a worker to work
against their will.
* Employing children below 14 years of age in mines is also
considered to be against the law.
10. Differentiate : Fundamental Rights and Human Rights.
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS
* Fundamental rights includes only those rights
which are basic to a normal life.
* The elemental rights of the citizens of a country
which are listed in the constitution.
* The right inherent to all human beings without
any discrimination.
* The rights that a human being deserves to
survive with respect and freedom.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write a paragraph about UDHR.
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted by the
representatives with different legal and
cultural background from all regions of the world.
* It is a milestone in the history of human rights.
* The Declaration was proclaimed by the UNO in Paris on 10th
December 1948.
* It has been translated in many languages. There are 30 articles in the
UDHR.
* It guarantees as civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights .
* Many of its guarantees have become standard norms today.
2. What are fundamental duties? How would you follow these in
your school premises?
* Fundamental Duties are the form of duties and responsibilities of
every citizen in our constitution.
IN SCHOOL PREMISES ;
* Every student should respect for the school rules.
* Students should respect the National Flag and National Anthem.
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* The unity and integrity should be cherished among students.

* To protect and improve the school natural environment including
plants , trees , and have
compassion on living creatures .
* To safeguard the school property.
3. How does the National Human Rights Commission protect our
rights?
* The National Human Rights Commission is an autonomous body
constituted on 12th October 1993.
The aims of NHRC include;
* To undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.
* To engage in human rights education among various sections of
society.
* To intervene in court proceedings relating to human rights.
* To encourage the effects of NGOs and institutions working in the
field of human rights.

4. What are the benefits for workers provided by labour law?

* Equal wages for equal work.
* Reduction in Factory Working hours.
* Compulsory Recognition of Trade Unions.
* Employment Exchange in India.
* Employment State Insurance.
* Minimum Wages.
* Coal and Mica Mines Provident Fund.
5. How do you enjoy the fundamental rights in your life?
Right to Equality :
* It refers to equality before law and equal protection of law.
Right to Freedom :
* Freedom of Speech , expression and to form associations and unions.
Right against Exploitation ;
* Neither a contractor nor an employer can force a worker to do a job
against their will.
Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion :
* This right give citizens the freedom to follow and practice a religion
of their choice.
Cultural and Educational Right :
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* The constitution gives us the right to preserve , protect and promote

culture.
4. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Unitary Form of Government.
* A unitary system of government or unitary state, is a sovereign state
governed as a single entity.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING ;
1. List out the types of constitution.
i ) Written constitution / Unwritten constitution.
ii ) Federal / Unitary
ii ) Flexible / Rigid.
2. What are the merits of federal government ?
* Division of power between the centre and the states leads to
administrative efficiency.
* Distribution of powers check the despotism of central government.
* More suitable for bigger countries.
* It is good for economic and cultural progress.
3. Write down the differences between unitary form of
government and federal form of
government .

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write about the merits of unitary form of government.
* Suitable for small countries .
* There is no conflict of authority and responsibility.
* It makes prompt decisions and take speedy action.
* A unitary government is less expensive.
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* There is unity, uniformity of law, policy and administration.

2. Write about the President form of government and what is
difference between presidential and
parliamentary form of government

5. LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Name the taxes levied by the village panchayat.
* Property tax * professional tax * House tax * Taxes on drinking
water
* Land tax * Taxes levied on shops .
2. List out salient features of Tamil Nadu Panchayat Raj Acct
1994.
* A three- tier system * Gram Sabha * Reservation of seats for SC /
ST ` s proportionate to their population * One third reservation of
seats for women.
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Name the taxes levied by the village panchayat.
* Property tax * professional tax * House tax * Taxes on drinking
water
* Land tax * Taxes levied on shops .
2. List out salient features of Tamil Nadu Panchayat Raj Acct
1994.
* A three- tier system * Gram Sabha * Reservation of seats for SC /
ST ` s proportionate to their
population * One third reservation of seats for women
2. List out the factors of road accidents.
* Over speed * Drunk and Drive * Distractions of drive * Lack of
proper driving
experience.
3. Which color in the signal means ‘ Stop’?
* Red color in the signal means stop.
4. List out any three road safety rules.
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i) Stop, Look and Cross.

ii ) Pay Attention and Listen to traffic signals.
iii ) Keep Left.
iv ) Avoid Rash Driving.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Explain the factors involved in road accidents.
Drivers : Over speed, violation of rules, fatigue and alcohol.
Pedestrians : Carelessness, crossing at wrong place, joywalkers.
Passengers : Projecting their body parts outside vehicles, travelling
on footboards, catching a running
bus.
Weather : Snow, fog, heavy rainfall, wind storms.
Vehicles : Failure of break, tyre burst, over loading.
2. Explain in detail : The road safety rules .
* Crossing at zebra line.
* Never cross road at bends.
* Know the traffic signals.
* Don`t consume liquor and drive.
* Don`t rush.
* Stop, Look and Cross the road.
ECONOMICS
1. UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT ; PERSPECTIVES ,
MEASUREMENT
AND SUSTAINABILITY
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What do you mean by development?
* Development refers to the progress of a particular field or a
particular person in a particular
direction which differs from time to time, person to person and on
other various factors.
2. What are the indicators of development?
* Net National Product ( NNP )
* Per Capita Income ( PCI )
* Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP )
* Human Development Index ( HDI )
3. Why NNP is not considered as a useful measure to compare a
country’s development with other
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countries?
* Countries have different populations.
* Comparing total income will not be a suggestive way of what an
average person earns.
4. Why human resources is considered as the foremost resource of
any country?
* The term ‘ Human Resources’ refers to the collective abilities of
people which can be utilized in the production sector
7. What is ‘Solar Power’ ?
* Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into
electricity using photovoltaic cells.
2. Describe in detail about environmental policies in India.
* Environmental policies in India have been evolved considerably
over the past three decades.
* These policies have covered a wide range of issues such as
air ,water pollution , waste management
and bio diversity conservation.
* India faces challenges in economic development which has to be
achieved with limited resources,
minimum externalities and with uncertain climate .
* The Supreme Court of India has interpreted and introduced new
changes in environment protection
4. Mention any five environmental acts and their action .
1. National Green Tribunal - Protecting environment and conservation
of forests and other
natural
Act, 2010 resources.
2. Forest ( Conservation ) - Check deforestation and encourage
afforestation of non- forest
areas.
Act, 1980
3. Water ( Prevention and Control - Maintenance, restoration and
insures quality of all types of
Of pollution ) Act , 1974 surface water.
4. The Environment ( Protection ) - Protection and improvement of
the environment.
Act, 1986 .
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2. EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA AND TAMILNADU

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What is labor force of the economy?
* The labor force is defined simply as the people who are willing and
able to work.
* It determines the economic growth.
2. Why are children and old age ( above 60 years ) are not
considered for computation of
workforce ?
* Because they are not physically fit to undertake productive
occupation.
3. What are the three sectors of an economy?
i) Primary sector ii ) Secondary sector iii ) Tertiary sector .
ANSWER IN DETAIL :
1. Explain : ( a ) Primary sector ( b ) Secondary sector ( c)
Tertiary sector.
Primary Sector
* Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing , etc.,
Secondary Sector :
* Manufacturing, small and large scale industries and constructional
activities.
Tertiary Sector :
* Transport, insurance, banking , trade ,communication, government
activities.
2. Explain the employment structure in India.
* In recent years, there has been a change in the employment pattern
and this has helped the
employers to develop more flexible working patterns among their
employees.
* Increasing self – employment.
* Firms using fewer full - time employees and tending to offer more
short - term contracts.
* There has been a growth in part - time employment. This may be
due to lifestyle of the people
3 . MONEY AND CREDIT
7. What is meant by foreign exchange?
* Foreign exchange is a exchange of currency between the countries.
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2. Explain in detail about the role of RBI in the country.

* Reserve Bank of India had a primary function of printing currency
and leading for circulation.
* RBI regulates the circulation of currency in India.
* In India , the Reserve Bank supervises the control of economic
stability and the price .
* Reserve Bank has foreign exchange stocks in India.
* RBI regulates and controls public sector banks, private banks, co -
operative banks.
3. Write in detail about the various functions of money.
* Money should be the accepted medium of exchange in goods and
services in a country.
* Money should be the common and standard unit of calculating a
total consumer goods, products,
services, etc.,
* It acts as a unit of measurement and a standard payments method.
* Money is used as a store of purchasing power . It can be used to
finance future payments.
4. TAMILNADU AGRICULTURE
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Give to examples for each food crops and non – food crops.
* Food crops : Paddy, Sorghum .
* Non- food crops : Coconut tree, Palm tree .
2 . What are the factors responsible for changes in cropping area?
* Rainfall * Available water * Weather * Market price .
3. Who monitors the quality and quantity of ground water?
* The Union Water Board monitors the quality and quantity of ground
water.
4. On What factors does crop cultivation depend. List out the
factors on which the crop cultivation
depend.
* The amount of production depends on 1. Area 2. Productivity of
crops.
5. Differentiate between small and marginal farmers.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
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1. Give a note on the water resources of Tamil Nadu .

* Tamil Nadu receives the required fresh water from northeast and
southwest monsoons.
* Northeast monsoon is a major source of fresh water in Tamil Nadu.
* The rain water is stored in reservoirs, lakes and dams for cultivation.
* When the southwest monsoon rains are high Tamil Nadu gets water
from Cauvery river.
* Open wells and bore wells are another sources of water in Tamil
Nadu.
2. What are the problems faced by using ground water for
agriculture?
* Agriculture in Tamil Nadu is dependent on ground water.
* Using ground water for agriculture creates many hardships too.
* There would be no suffer if the amount of water taken from the
underground and the amount of
water that goes into the underground during the season are equal .
* On the contray as the amount of water taken increase, the ground
water will go down.
* It is resulting in the depletion of ground water which will possibly
leads to dry wells.
3. Discuss about the source of irrigation for agriculture.
* North east monsoon (Oct - Dec ) is a major source of water for
Tamil Nadu.
* The North east monsoon rains are stored in reservoirs , lake and
towns for cultivation.
* 62 % of wells , 24 % of canals and 14 % of lakes are different water
sources for irrigation.
* The area of land that is irrigated from the lakes is very low.
* Tamil Nadu agriculture is mainly dependent on ground water.
5. MIGRATION
2. What are the major factors responsible for female migrants in
India?
* Marriage is the major factors for female migration .
3. Name four districts in Tamil Nadu which record low number of
immigration.
* Cuddalore * Velur * Salem * Namakkal
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5. List out four destinations and percentage of migrants from

Tamil Nadu .
Countries _ Percentage
1. Singapore _ 20 %
2. United Arab Emirates _ 18 %
3. Saudi Arabia _ 16 %
4. USA _ 13 %
6. What does the study reveal about the occupation undertaken
by migrants ?
* The study clearly reveals that they are involved in highly skilled
( IT related professions), low
skilled ( hotels, daily wages ) and semi skilled ( Electrician, plumber).
2. Discuss the patterns of migration.
Inner country movements :
* Rural to Rural . * Rural to Urban * Urban to Rural . * Urban to
Urban .
Distance type movements :
* Short, medium and long distance migration streams .
Circulatory type of movements :
* Long term stable migration and short - term circulatory type of
movements .
3. Elucidate about some of the interesting findings on migration in
Tamil Nadu.
* In Tamil Nadu the extent of migration is much higher in rural areas
compared to urban area .
* A large proportion of female are reported to be migrants compared
to male.
* In Tamil Nadu two out of every five persons is reported to be a
migrant .
* Migrants from Tamil Nadu select the countries like Singapore,
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Quatar and
Australia.
* The poor sections migrates for survival but better offs migrate to
improve their living standards.