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The International Atlas of Mars
Exploration

From Spirit to Curiosity

Volume 2: 2004 to 2014

Beginning with the landing of the Spirit and Opportunity

rovers in 2004 and concluding with the end of the Curiosity
primary mission in 2014, this second volume of The
International Atlas of Mars Exploration continues the story
of Mars exploration in spectacular detail. It is an essential
reference source on Mars and its moons, combining
scientific and historical data with detailed and unique
illustrations to provide a thorough analysis of twenty-first-
century Mars mission proposals, spacecraft operations,
landing site selection and surface locations. Combining a
wealth of data, facts and illustrations, most created for this
volume, the atlas charts the history of modern Mars
exploration in more detail than ever before. Like its
predecessor, the atlas is accessible to space enthusiasts, but
the bibliography and meticulous detail make it a
particularly valuable resource for academic researchers and
students working in planetary science and planetary
mapping.

philip j. stooke is a cartographer and imaging expert at

the University of Western Ontario, whose interest in
mapping the Moon and planets began during the Apollo
missions. He has developed novel methods for mapping
asteroids, and many of his asteroid maps are now accessible
from NASA’s Planetary Data System. He has studied
spacecraft locations on the Moon and Mars, notably
locating Viking 2 on Mars. He is the author of many papers
and articles on planetary mapping, planetary geology and
the history of cartography and planetary science. His book
The International Atlas of Lunar Exploration was published
by Cambridge University Press in 2008. This was followed
by The International Atlas of Mars Exploration: The First
Five Decades, published by Cambridge University Press in
2012, which was selected as an Outstanding Academic Title
by the American Library Association in 2013.
Figures 16–19 from Herschel (1784).

The analogy between Mars and the Earth is, perhaps, by far the greatest in the whole solar system. Their diurnal motion
is nearly the same; the obliquity of their respective ecliptics, on which the seasons depend, not very different; of all
the superior planets the distance from Mars to the Sun is by far the nearest alike to that of the Earth; nor will the
length of the martial year appear very different from that which we enjoy, when compared to the surprising duration of
the years of Jupiter, Saturn and the Georgium Sidus . . . From other phaenomena it appears, however, that this planet
is not without a considerable atmosphere; for, besides the permanent spots on its surface, I have often noticed
occasional changes of partial bright belts . . . and also once a darkish one, in a pretty high latitude . . . And these
alterations we can hardly ascribe to any other cause than the variable disposition of clouds and vapours floating in the
atmosphere of that planet. . . . [Mars] has a considerable but moderate atmosphere, so that its inhabitants probably
enjoy a situation in many respects similar to ours.
On the Remarkable Appearances at the Polar Regions of the Planet Mars, the Inclination of Its
Axis, the Position of Its Poles, and Its Spheroidical Figure; With a Few Hints Relating to Its Real
Diameter and Atmosphere. By William Herschel, Esq. F.R.S. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London, Vol. 74 (1784), pp. 233–273.

. . . if Mars be, indeed, untenanted by any forms of life, then these processes going on year after year, and century after
century, represent an exertion of Nature’s energies which appears absolutely without conceivable utility. If one cloud,
out of a hundred of those which shed their waters upon Mars, supplies in any degree the wants of living creatures, then
the purport of those clouds is not unintelligable; but if not a single race of beings peoples that distant world, then
indeed we seem compelled to say that, in Mars at least, Nature’s forces are wholly wasted. Such a conclusion,
however, the true philosopher would not care needlessly to adopt.
Other Worlds than Ours. Richard A. Proctor, B.A., F.R.A.S. New York: D. Appleton and
Company, 1889.
The International Atlas
of Mars Exploration
From Spirit to Curiosity
Volume 2: 2004 to 2014

philip j. stooke
University of Western Ontario
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the
pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international
levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107030930
© Philip J. Stooke 2015
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the
provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of
any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge
University Press.
First published 2015
Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
Stooke, Philip.
The international atlas of mars exploration : From Spirit to Curiosity:
Volume 2: 2004 to 2014/ Philip Stooke.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-107-03093-0 (Hardback)
1. Mars (Planet) – Remote-sensing maps. 2. Mars (Planet) –
Exploration. 3. Mars (Planet) – Maps. 4. Space flight to Mars – Maps.
5. Space flight to Mars – History. I. Title.
G1000.5.M3A4S8 2015
912.990 23–dc23 2012007339
ISBN 978-1-107-12033-4 2-volume Hardback set
ISBN 978-0-521-76553-4 volume 1 Hardback
ISBN 978-1-107-03093-0 volume 2 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites
is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents

Missions and events – chronological list page vi

Foreword by Andrew Chaikin vii
Preface and acknowledgments ix

1. Chronological sequence of missions and events 1

2. Phobos and Deimos 401

3. Updates to Volume 1 422

Mars mission data 429

Bibliography 432
Index 442

v
Missions and events – chronological list

Mars Phobos and Deimos

MER landing site selection page 1 Spirit and Opportunity 401

MER-A (Spirit) 6 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 401
MER-B (Opportunity) 83 Rosetta Mars flyby 401
Vision for Space Exploration 228 Gulliver 404
Balloon mission concept 230 Phobos Sample Return Mission landing site selection 404
Mars sample return concept 230 Phobos Sample Return Mission 406
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 230 Yinghuo-1 409
Netlander 233 Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity) 409
Mars Scout proposals 235 Other Phobos and Deimos mission proposals 409
Low-cost planetary missions 243 Cartographic innovations for Phobos and Deimos 413
Rosetta Mars flyby 244 Human Phobos and Deimos exploration 413
Hydrothermal sites 244 Red Rocks 416
ASI Telesat (Marconi) 246
Human Exploration of Mars (HEM-SAG) 246 Updates to Volume 1
Phoenix landing site selection 264
Phoenix 269 Mariners 3 and 4 422
Dawn Mars flyby 313 Mars 3 422
Cerberus 313 Viking landing site selection 426
Obama space policy 315 Mars Odyssey 426
Phobos Sample Return Mission 315 Mars Express 426
Yinghuo-1 317
MSL landing site selection 317
Mars mission data
Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity) 344

vi
Foreword

As I write these words, an SUV-sized rover called Curi- Stooke also details the explorations of the Martian
osity roams the rusted deserts of Mars, making its way arctic by the Phoenix lander, which touched down there
across the floor of the 154 km diameter crater Gale. With in 2008, and flyby observations from the Dawn and
its bevy of tools, cameras and sensors, it is reaching Rosetta missions. For his chronicles of lander and rover
back billions of years to document what was once a missions, Stooke begins with the selection of their
complex of lakes and streams. On the other side of the landing sites, a painstaking effort to extract the greatest
planet, the smaller rover Opportunity continues its possible scientific return from each mission. Altogether,
exploration of a vast plain called Meridiani, more than this book provides a record of more than a decade of
11 years after it landed there in early 2004 and dis- discoveries that have transformed our understanding of
covered the telltale geologic signature of an ancient, salty our alluring neighbor world. Phil Stooke has taken it
sea. Meanwhile, Opportunity’s twin, Spirit, its explor- upon himself to document, in rich detail, a history that
ations long finished, sits motionless in the Columbia otherwise would likely have gone unrecorded. For that,
Hills, where its own discoveries revealed yet another we owe him a great debt.
place on Mars where water once shaped what is now a
bone-dry world. Andrew Chaikin
Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity are just three of the Author of A Man on the Moon and
robots that have explored Mars in the first decades of the A Passion for Mars
twenty-first century. They will never come home to Earth,
never receive the hero’s welcome they certainly deserve.
But, with this fascinating volume, planetary cartographer
Phil Stooke has done the next best thing. He has woven
their stories into an extraordinarily detailed and compre-
hensive chronicle of Mars exploration.
On these pages we relive the rovers’ explorations as
they made the first overland treks on another planet – sol
by sol, drive by drive, rock by rock. Detailed descrip-
tions are illustrated by Stooke’s own meticulously con-
structed maps based on the rovers’ own images and the
incredibly detailed overhead views from the Mars
Reconnaissance Orbiter. We track the rovers as they
surmount difficulties, including Spirit’s year-long climb
to the summit of Husband Hill, and Opportunity’s
record-setting trek across the dark plains of Meridiani,
where it was stuck for several weeks in a low sand dune.
Through their electronic eyes we see the vast Martian
plains, the distant hills. We see dust devils whirling
across the windswept landscape. We see the small Mar-
tian moons Phobos and Deimos moving across the sky,
even silhouetted against a distant Sun.

vii
Preface and acknowledgments

Preface

Like my previous atlases of space exploration, this book

is about places, in this case places on Mars: where they
are, what they look like, what happened (or might have
happened) there and why they were chosen. It is a
historical atlas, describing and illustrating events primar-
ily through the medium of maps. It is not a book about
science, the geology of Mars, the people who work on
spacecraft and missions, technology or politics. Those
topics may be mentioned in passing here, but can be
explored more fully in the books, journal articles, online
presentations and websites cited throughout the atlas.
This book fills a different niche not well represented
anywhere else, and was in fact created specifically to fill
that void. This is a reference work, not a novel, and if it is
to be followed from beginning to end, the sequence of
illustrations rather than the text might form a more satis-
fying narrative.
The first volume of The International Atlas of Mars
Exploration described missions and events up to the
Mars Express mission and its lander, Beagle 2. The Mars
Express and Mars Odyssey missions were in progress
when that book was compiled, but every other mission
had already concluded. This volume includes two rover
missions that are still active as the book nears comple-
tion, and for which route maps and day-to-day activities
had to be brought as far up to date as possible prior to
publication, compiled as the events were unfolding.
Work on this atlas began as the first volume was
submitted to the publisher in January 2012, prior to the
Curiosity landing and on about sol 2825 for Opportunity.
The Opportunity material prior to that was historical,
based on pre-existing sources. After that, and throughout
the surface mission of Curiosity, maps were updated
every time a rover moved or a feature name became
known. The tables listing activities, necessarily very
abbreviated for such long missions, were based on tabu-
lations in the online Analyst’s Notebooks in NASA’s
Planetary Data System, with additional details taken

ix
x Preface and acknowledgments

from the Science Operations Working Group (SOWG) blogs, tweets and other resources to keep up to date.
documents from the same website. (In some tables, These often provide not just useful details, such as the
underscores are used to turn a proper name into a similar name of a rock on Mars, but also links to publications or
computer filename, as used in the technical documents.) meetings which might otherwise be missed. Perhaps the
Those sources are always many months behind the cur- best example of this is the work of Emily Lakdawalla of
rent activity in each mission, so coverage of both mis- the Planetary Society, whose blog is invaluable. Other
sions ends in the middle of 2014, on sol 3700 for helpful sources of information come from people working
Opportunity and sol 669, the end of the primary mission, on missions, who usually operate under constraints that
for Curiosity. Planning for future missions and other prevent the release of sensitive details but can still say
Mars activities after the launch of Curiosity are not much that is useful.
covered in this volume. Martian coordinates are discussed in the Preface to
In the past, books like my International Atlas of Volume 1. A change in the preferred coordinate system
Lunar Exploration and much of the first Mars volume for Mars occurred gradually around the time of the Mars
were compiled from standard library resources, including Exploration Rover (MER) mission landings, leading to
journal articles, books and technical reports. Access to occasional confusion in the literature. The most signifi-
physical archives such as the collections at the Lunar and cant point in most cases is whether longitudes are meas-
Planetary Institute provided more material, including ured to the east or west from the Prime Meridian. West
unpublished committee minutes and obscure reports dif- longitudes were widely used before MER, east longi-
ficult to find elsewhere. Compiling history as the events tudes after. Confusion can be avoided by always speci-
are happening today is very different, and though those fying a direction with a longitude (e.g. 60 E or 30 W).
traditional sources are still useful, many others also One example of confusion caused by this change is seen
become necessary. in the literature relating to Mars Science Laboratory
The open publication of detailed abstracts (e.g. the (MSL) landing site selection. At the first MSL Landing
Lunar and Planetary Science Conferences, LPSC) to Site Workshop, James Dohm (University of Arizona)
anybody, not just attendees, is very useful. The open and his colleagues promoted a site called Northwest
distribution of conference or workshop presentation files Slope Valleys (Table 43 in this atlas), which is southwest
(e.g. meetings of the Mars Exploration Program Analysis of Tharsis near 146.5 W, but in every written account of
Group, MEPAG, or the Mars Science Laboratory the site selection process and at each subsequent work-
Landing Site Workshops) is invaluable. The past practice shop the site was recorded at 146.5 E.
of a meeting distributing a proceedings volume to its At risk of confusing matters further, I have chosen to
attendees was no doubt useful to the attendees, but is of use west longitudes in Volume 1 and east longitudes
limited help to others looking for facts a decade or two here. The advantage is that the atlas volumes correspond,
later, unless the proceedings find their way into a library more or less, with the contemporary literature.
or appear in a journal. As mentioned above, the Ana- A disadvantage is that they conflict with each other. To
lyst’s Notebook is essential to understanding a mission. help alleviate that potential problem, Table 58 gives
NASA has become very good at making information landing and impact sites for all Mars missions in east
openly available, with the exception of proposals to the longitudes for comparison with Table 80 in Volume 1.
Discovery Program and other completed missions, which I do not indicate north in my maps, but those with grids
are considered proprietary, but some other agencies have are unambiguous and those without (such as Figures 99
a closed culture that severely limits historical study. This and 176) are always shown with north at or near the top.
is beginning to change, especially in Europe, but other Only the close-up images of brush or drill holes (includ-
space agencies are very restricted, which will hamper ing Figures 38 and 189) are shown in the camera’s
space historians as space exploration becomes a global perspective rather than north-up.
endeavour and perhaps more of a commercial activity. Explorers like to assign names to features, and space
Apart from meeting resources, the writer of “real-time” explorers do so as well. Official names of planetary
history must now monitor numerous online forums, surface features are assigned and managed by the
 Preface and acknowledgments xi

Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature of exploration history are listed in Tables 58–60. As in
the International Astronomical Union. Since the days of Volume 1, I make no attempt to distinguish between
Apollo, it has been customary for human or robotic the Mars-wide sols (sol at the Prime Meridian) in which
exploration missions to use names for features and an orbiter event might be recorded and the local sols for a
instrument targets, but these are mostly informal. Never- rover at a particular landing site. Sols for Spirit and
theless, they find their way into the literature and news Curiosity are both about half a sol out of phase with
reports, and should be recorded. I have made a point of Opportunity sols, as they are on opposite sides of the
recording as many as I could in this atlas, but this is not planet.
always straightforward, as there are many inconsistencies Local site maps are often made from reprojected sur-
between sources. Some features are given multiple face panoramas. The larger reprojections (e.g. inside
names (e.g. The Dugout, Eastern Valley and Silica Endurance crater or Duck Bay) are tied to HiRISE geo-
Valley near Home Plate at the Spirit research site), and metric control, but many smaller maps are not and will
all are recorded here so the varied sources can be recon- contain significant distortions caused by relief. Rover
ciled. Some names are used more than once in the same positions in these maps are always fixed relative to
landing region (e.g. Cape Upright on Murray Ridge at surrounding features in the images, not to calculated
the Opportunity research site, used for two imaging coordinates.
targets on sols 3596 and 3689), or repeated between sites
(Home Plate at both Spirit and Opportunity sites, Fig-
ures 30 and 51 in this atlas). Complete consistency with Acknowledgments
every source is not to be expected, but I have attempted
to record everything I could so that inconsistencies can I would like to extend thanks to many people who have
be recognized if not resolved. assisted me during work on this atlas. Matt Golombek
In terrestrial applications the term “soil” has often been and Bruce Banerdt (JPL) helped me with information on
formally restricted to materials with a significant organic the Cerberus network mission site selection process.
component (roots, decaying organic matter, micro- Leslie Tamppari (JPL) and Peter Smith (University of
organisms, etc.), but where the word “soil” is used in this Arizona) provided information or sources for Phoenix
atlas no organic or biological component is implied. landing site selection. Jeff Plescia (Johns Hopkins Uni-
Although Mars does not have Earth-like organic-rich versity Applied Physics Laboratory) helped with the
soils, it also lacks a Moon-like impact-generated regolith, Urey Mars Scout mission section, Robert Grimm
and no other convenient term is obvious (Certini and (Southwest Research Institute) for the Naiades mission
Ugolini, 2013). This was once a cause of conflict, but proposal, Dawn Turney and Scott Murchie (Johns Hop-
the term “soil” is now accepted for Martian surface mater- kins University Applied Physics Laboratory) for CRISM
ials and is often used here. The terms “dune,” “drift” and image coverage information, Michael Ravine (Malin
“ripple” have distinct meanings in aeolian geomorph- Space Science Systems Inc.) for CTX image coverage
ology. I have tried to use the word “dune” only where data and Ari Espinoza (Lunar and Planetary Laboratory,
appropriate, but “drift” and “ripple” may be applied more University of Arizona) for HiRISE information. In
loosely, or even interchangeably, based on sources which Moscow, Irina P. Karachevtseva and colleagues, includ-
are themselves not always consistent. ing Maxim V. Nyrtsov at the Moscow State University
As in my previous Mars atlas, I have adopted the Mars for Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK), helped with
calendar of Clancy et al. (2000) to describe the timing of Phobos and Deimos material and corrected a misunder-
events on Mars. This can be useful when events on standing of mine concerning earlier work on mapping
different missions need to be compared. To help tie Phobos by Professor Lev M. Bugaevsky. Atlanta archi-
mission sols, Earth dates and Mars dates together, tect Chuck Clark allowed me to use two of his maps of
I have specified all three at 100 sol intervals through Deimos to illustrate his innovative cartographic work.
the rover mission descriptions, and at 10 sol intervals In addition to those researchers, I must also thank the
for Phoenix. The dates of many events in Mars endlessly creative and productive members of the online
xii Preface and acknowledgments

forum at www.unmannedspaceflight.com, a constant Science and Exploration. Mahdia Ibrahim helped prepare
source of support, knowledge and wisdom. Preliminary some panoramic images for site location work.
versions of many of my maps of Curiosity activities were Lastly, I extend my thanks to Vince Higgs and col-
first posted there, and some recent maps of Opportunity leagues at Cambridge University Press for their continu-
activities. Members of the forum frequently alert others ing support, and for making the production of this book
to the appearance of a new report, publication or data so straightforward, for me at least.
source, which in itself is a great help in a rapidly
changing field. I particularly appreciate the wonderful
image processing and mosaic or panorama construction
Data sources
done by Damia Bouic, James Canvin, Jan van Driel,
Michael Howard, Ed Truthan, James Sorensen, Iñaci
Most of the data used in the creation of the illustrations in
Docio and others.
this atlas come from NASA planetary missions, and
Rover route maps in this atlas were compiled using
I have processed raw data from NASA’s Planetary Data
several pre-existing maps as a starting point, especially
System or elsewhere to create unique images, rather than
maps by Tim Parker and Fred Calef (JPL), Rongxing Li
relying on standard press release images. I use a map
(Ohio State University) and Larry Crumpler (New
derived for Volume 1 of this atlas from an early chart by
Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science). These
the US Air Force’s Aeronautical Chart and Information
came primarily from mission websites, but also including
Center in Figure 214. I make frequent use of the web-
material posted to www.unmannedspaceflight.com by
accessible global photomosaics produced by USGS (e.g.
members Eduardo Tesheiner, “Pando,” Joe Knapp and
Figures 1 and 2) and Arizona State University (e.g.
Michael Howard. Rover positions marked with a date
Figure 173). All of these raw materials are in the public
label (e.g. 443, meaning sol 443 of that mission) repre-
domain, and are credited in captions.
sent the position at the end of that sol. The rover would
A small number of images require specific credits.
have begun the sol at the previous location along the
I especially thank Irina P. Karachevtseva of the Moscow
route, often making observations there before departing.
State University for Geodesy and Cartography (known
Every rover position was checked by comparing a circu-
by its older Russian acronym MIIGAiK) for allowing me
lar projection of a surface panorama (similar to those in
to use a map of Phobos on a projection designed by
Figures 14 and 46, for example) with a HiRISE image.
Professor Lev M. Bugaevsky (Figure 210A), and Maxim
Routes between those positions are based on tracks vis-
V. Nyrtsov, also of MIIGAiK, for one of his maps of
ible in HiRISE images, or seen in rover images looking
Phobos (Figure 210B). Chuck Clark of Atlanta, GA,
backwards along the traverse. The routes are not gener-
kindly allowed me to use his maps of Deimos in
alized and may be assumed to be precise in most areas.
Figure 210C.
Comparison with older maps will reveal differences, for
All other credits below, listed by mission in roughly
example for Opportunity at Endurance crater where mis-
chronological order, are for specific spacecraft instruments
sion maps using calculated traverses showed the rover on
and their Principal Investigators. Without their dedicated
sol 128 suspended in the thin Martian air over the rim of
work, none of this exploration would be possible.
the crater. The error was caused by not taking wheel slip
into account, but it is corrected here by using HiRISE Viking Orbiters: NASA/JPL and Michael Carr.
images of the fading tracks and comparisons with surface Mars Global Surveyor: Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
imaging. (MOLA): NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and
At the University of Western Ontario, I have been David Smith.
welcomed and assisted frequently by the staff of the 2001 Mars Odyssey: Thermal Emission Imaging
Map and Data Centre, and I have made extensive use System: NASA/JPL/Arizona State University and Philip
of its Serge A. Sauer Map Collection. I have benefited Christensen.
from the support and encouragement of many members, Mars Express: High Resolution Stereo Camera
both faculty and students, of the Centre for Planetary (HRSC): ESA and G. Neukum. OMEGA: Institut
 Preface and acknowledgments xiii

d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France, and Jean-Pierre Rosetta: Comet Infrared and Visible Analyser
Bibring. (CIVA): Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay,
Mars Exploration Rovers: Pancam: NASA/JPL/ France, and Jean-Pierre Bibring. Optical, Spectroscopic,
Cornell University/Arizona State University and James and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS): Max
Bell. Navcam: NASA/JPL. Planck Institute for Solar System Research and Holger
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: CRISM: NASA/JPL/ Sierks.
Johns Hopkins University and Scott Murchie. High Mars Science Laboratory: Navcam: NASA/JPL.
Resolution Imaging Science Experiment: NASA/JPL/ Mastcam: Malin Space Science Systems, Inc. and
University of Arizona and Alfred McEwen. MCS: Michael Malin. Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI):
NASA/JPL and Daniel McCleese. MARCI: Malin Space Malin Space Science Systems, Inc. and Ken
Science Systems, Inc. and Michael Malin. Edgett. ChemCam Remote Micro-Imager (RMI): NASA/
Phoenix: Robotic Arm Camera (RAC): NASA/JPL/ JPL-Caltech/LANL/CNES/IRAP and Roger Wiens.
University of Arizona and Robert Bonitz. Surface Stereo Dawn: Framing Camera: German Aerospace Centre
Imager (SSI): NASA/University of Arizona and Mark (DLR) and Horst Uwe Keller.
Lemmon.
1. Chronological sequence of missions
and events

2003: MER landing site selection circulated on 13 December 2000, new analyses of the
landing process increased the length of the landing
The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission was intended ellipses. Some ellipses that would no longer fit safely
to land two identical rovers at different sites showing between obstacles were eliminated on 21 December.
evidence of past water activity. This description of the These sites are labeled (*) in Table 3.
landing site selection process is based on the extensive The shortlisted sites were illustrated for the workshop
public documentation at the Mars Landing Site website at in maps which differed in several instances from the
NASA Ames Research Center (marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/ earlier site maps depicted in Figures 1 and 2. Three
landingsites/index.html) and a summary by Golombek additional ellipses were drawn adjacent to existing
et al. (2003). Maps and tables released at the time contain ellipses at Gusev (EP55A), at Melas Chasma (VM53A)
minor discrepancies, which are corrected here as noted. and at VM41A in the Valles Marineris outflow area. The
MER landing site selection began in September 2000. first two of these are labeled as alternative ellipses in
Engineering considerations stipulated landings below Figure 3, and all three are appended to Table 3. These
1.3 km elevation for the parachute system and between new maps omitted TM24B and added TM13A/24B and
latitudes 15 S and 5 N (MER-A) and between latitudes VM47A. The EP52B site in Table 3 was illustrated as
5 S and 15 N (MER-B) for solar power. Thermal iner- EP51B, and the Isidis site called IP85B/96B in Table 3
tia data further limited the available area by excluding was now mapped as IP95B/96B, suggesting errors in the
very rocky or dusty regions. The entry procedure and source from which Table 3 was compiled.
accuracy defined the size and orientation of the landing The First Landing Site Workshop was held on 24 and
ellipse. This varied from 80 by 30 km for MER-A at 25 January 2001. After the participants in the meeting
15 S to 360 by 30 km for MER-B at 15 N. The orien- prioritized the shortlisted sites, three lists were drawn up
tation also varied with latitude. The two rover sites had to indicate those sites with the highest priority for further
to be at least 37 of longitude apart to minimize com- study and data collection, those considered of medium
munication conflicts. A Landing Site Steering Commit- priority, and those which could be eliminated (Table 4).
tee headed by Matt Golombek (JPL) made an initial Additional imaging of sites by MGS was helped by an
assessment of possible sites. Maps of the accessible area unusual dynamical situation at this time in which the
were overlaid with ellipses at every location free of ground tracks “walked” in longitude very slowly from
hazards in Viking images. In this way 85 candidate orbit to orbit, making mosaic production easier.
ellipses were defined for MER-A and 100 for MER-B On 30 April 2001 the list of ellipses in Table 5a was
(Tables 1 and 2, Figures 1 and 2). Some pairs of sites have distributed for consideration. The Ganges Chasma site
identical coordinates but different orientations. was eliminated shortly after this list was circulated. Some
Next, a shortlist of high-priority sites was assembled sites which had been eliminated earlier were still on this
from abstracts submitted to the First Landing Site list in case they might later become acceptable again.
Workshop, augmented by sites for which team members Another version of the landing ellipse list appeared on
requested new high-resolution images (Table 3). A region 16 July 2001 in a memorandum from Golombek and
in Sinus Meridiani shown by Mars Global Surveyor Timothy Parker to the MER Project and the Landing Site
(MGS) to be rich in hematite (Christensen et al., Steering Committee. Table 5b indicates the changes in
2001) was a clear favorite from the start, as it had priority or coordinates between the April list and the July
been for Mars Surveyor 2001. Crater lakes were the memorandum. In particular, Ellipse TM21B moved from
next most popular targets. Soon after that shortlist was highest to medium priority.

1
2 International Atlas of Mars Exploration

Table 1. Potential Landing Sites for MER-A

Site Location0.2 Site Location0.2 Site Location0.2

TM1A 4.6 N, 352.2 E XT30A 8.8 S, 348.3 E EP59A 10.4 S, 168.4 E

TM2A 4.0 N, 352.9 E XT31A 10.8 S, 344.2 E EP60A 13.1 S, 165.9 E
TM3A 3.7 N, 349.9 E XT32A 10.7 S, 334.3 E* EP61A 11.8 S, 164.5 E
TM4A 4.2 N, 346.9 E XT33A 4.2 N, 333.7 E EP62A 9.7 S, 161.8 E
TM5A 2.0 N, 349.0 E XT34A 1.9 S, 337.3 E EP63A 12.6 S, 163.5 E
TM6A 0.9 N, 353.4 E VM35A 9.4 S, 325.5 E EP64A 14.8 S, 162.5 E
TM7A 0.2 S, 351.1 E VM36A 10.2 S, 323.4 E EP65A 8.7 S, 157.4 E
TM8A 0.2 S, 349.6 E VM37A 11.1 S, 322.1 E EP66A 4.0 N, 153.5 E
TM9A 1.2 S, 354.4 E VM38A 8.2 S, 319.5 E EP67A 4.6 N, 150.4 E
TM10A 2.2 S, 353.4 E VM39A 12.8 S, 320.0 E EP68A 3.5 N, 150.8 E
TM11A 3.4 S, 353.1 E VM40A 8.8 S, 317.1 E EP69A 9.3 S, 150.5 E
TM12A 3.6 S, 357.1 E VM41A 14.0 S, 318.0 E EP70A 4.0 N, 146.5 E
TM13A 2.9 S, 349.5 E VM42A 7.7 S, 309.3 E EP71A 1.2 N, 148.0 E
TM14A 3.8 S, 349.9 E VM43A 13.9 S, 302.5 E EP72A 4.2 S, 148.6 E
TM15A 8.6 S, 353.3 E VM44A 13.1 S, 297.5 E EP73A 5.5 S, 148.0 E
TM16A 9.4 S, 353.4 E VM45A 12.0 S, 292.3 E EP74A 4.2 N, 143.4 E
TM17A 11.0 S, 352.8 E VM46A 13.6 S, 289.4 E EP75A 0.7 S, 142.8 E
XT18A 0.4 S, 335.5 E VM47A 6.2 S, 289.9 E EP76A 1.4 S, 142.5 E
XT19A 1.1 S, 334.8 E VM48A 7.1 S, 287.5 E EP77A 4.5 N, 139.5 E
XT20A 1.0 S, 332.3 E VM49A 9.2 S, 286.5 E EP78A 1.7 N, 139.0 E
XT21A 1.5 S, 329.3 E VM50A 9.7 S, 286.2 E EP79A 4.5 N, 135.6 E
XT22A 4.7 S, 343.3 E VM51A 10.1 S, 287.0 E EP80A 3.2 N, 135.7 E
XT23A 5.4 S, 342.3 E VM52A 10.5 S, 287.5 E EP81A 0.2 S, 135.3 E
XT24A 5.3 S, 347.2 E VM53A 8.8 S, 282.3 E EP82A 5.8 S, 137.6 E
XT25A 5.7 S, 347.6 E EP54A 11.4 S, 177.1 E* EP83A 3.5 N, 125.3 E
XT26A 7.7 S, 344.5 E EP55A 14.2 S, 175.2 E IP84A 4.5 N, 88.1 E
XT27A 7.7 S, 346.4 E EP56A 14.6 S, 171.9 E IP85A 4.6 N, 84.5 E*
XT28A 7.2 S, 348.6 E EP57A 9.0 S, 168.6 E
XT29A 9.3 S, 344.5 E EP58A 9.9 S, 168.5 E

Notes: Site designations begin with a two-letter location code: CP, Chryse Planitia; EP, Elysium Planitia; IP, Isidis Planitia; TM, Terra Meridiani;
VM, Valles Marineris; XT, Xanthe Terra. The number is a unique site identifier, and the final A in each designation refers to MER-A.

Entry corrects an error in the source.

By August 2001 improvements in navigation and and two backup sites (Table 6). These were still
trajectory planning, a combination of simultaneous regions of interest, not individual ellipses, and work
spacecraft tracking by two Deep Space Network continued to define the various ellipses within them.
stations and a fifth trajectory correction 48 hours before These sites were recommended to NASA and the MER
landing, allowed the landing ellipses to shrink again, project team at JPL. The site called Athabasca Vallis in
making nine additional sites from Tables 1 and 2 feasible Table 6 was previously named Elysium Outflow
in Ares Vallis, Crommelin crater, Margaritifer Valles, SE (Table 4), though the ellipse would be smaller and
Melas Chasma, Sinus Meridiani, one more in Isidis, two further north (Figure 3B). The name of the valley in
in Elysium and one in the highlands. The nine ellipses Figure 3 (Athabasca Valles, the plural form) reflects a
were not identified on the website. change after the site selection process concluded.
In October 2001 the Second Landing Site Workshop There are numerous small inconsistencies between
narrowed the list of sites still further, to four primary tables and maps throughout the site selection process
 Chronological sequence of missions and events 3

Table 2. Potential Landing Sites for MER-B

Site Location0.2 Site Location0.2 Site Location0.2

wA1B 14.4 N, 353.0 E XT34B 6.2 N, 319.4 E EP68B 5.6 N, 137.1 E

wA2B 13 N, 349.3 E CP35B 0.4 S, 326.2 E EP69B 3.6 N, 136.6 E
wA3B 9.2 N, 354.0 E CP36B 8.2 N, 327.0 E EP70B 3.1 N, 135.0 E
wA4B 7.8 N, 349.2 E CP37B 10.5 N, 314.4 E EP71B 1.6 N, 139.4 E
wA5B 11.2 N, 342.4 E CP38B 11.8 N, 314.6 E EP72B 0.4 S, 135.1 E
wA6B 8.6 N, 341.4 E CP39B 14.1 N, 313.0 E EP73B 12.9 N, 134.4 E
wA7B 6.5 N, 344.8 E EP40B 14.2 N, 158.7 E EP74B 8.8 N, 134.1 E
wA8B 10.7 N, 336.3 E EP41B 14.3 N, 156.0 E EP75B 6.8 N, 132.4 E
TM9B 6.0 N, 357.3 E EP42B 13.4 N, 156.9 E EP76B 14.1 N, 129.9 E
TM10B 5.6 N, 351.7 E EP43B 12.4 N, 157.0 E EP77B 13.0 N, 127.5 E
TM11B 4.2 N, 352.2 E EP44B 11.5 N, 155.9 E EP78B 11.2 N, 123.9 E
TM12B 4.0 N, 346.5 E EP45B 7.2 N, 159.0 E EP79B 3.7 N, 124.5 E
TM13B 2.3 N, 348.0 E EP46B 12.6 N, 151.3 E EP80B 13.9 N, 115.9 E
TM14B 0.9 N, 353.3 E EP47B 11.2 N, 152.6 E EP81B 12.1 N, 114.8 E
TM15B 0.3 N, 350.3 E EP48B 9.2 N, 153.2 E IP82B 14.1 N, 96.4 E*
TM16B 0.6 S, 348.8 E EP49B 7.4 N, 154.4 E IP83B 13.5 N, 94.9 E
TM17B 0.5 S, 351.0 E EP50B 6.6 N, 152.4 E IP84B 12.8 N, 94.2 E
TM18B 1.7 S, 350.5 E* EP51B 3.8 N, 150.6 E* IP85B 11.6 N, 94.5 E
TM19B 1.2 S, 354.7 E EP52B 5.3 N, 152.0 E IP86B 11.0 N, 91.3 E
TM20B 2.3 S, 353.8 E EP53B 11.0 N, 148.2 E IP87B 9.7 N, 93.6 E
TM21B 2.5 S, 356.7 E EP54B 8.2 N, 148.3 E IP88B 8.3 N, 91.9 E
TM22B 3.2 S, 352.9 E EP55B 5.6 N, 146.3 E IP89B 13.7 N, 88.8 E
TM23B 3.4 S, 356.9 E EP56B 4.4 N, 146.4 E IP90B 14.0 N, 85.4 E
TM24B 2.8 S, 349.9 E EP57B 4.2 S, 147.9 E IP91B 11.2 N, 84.5 E
TM25B 3.6 S, 349.9 E EP58B 10.7 N, 140.5 E IP92B 8.9 N, 87.9 E
TM26B 4.6 S, 349.9 E EP59B 7.2 N, 143.0 E IP93B 8.2 N, 85.4 E
XT27B 1.9 S, 337.5 E EP60B 6.5 N, 140.4 E IP94B 6.9 N, 89.0 E
XT28B 1.2 S, 335.5 E EP61B 3.7 N, 144.0 E IP95B 5.6 N, 88.0 E
XT29B 1.0 S, 332.3 E EP62B 3.6 N, 141.5 E IP96B 4.6 N, 87.7 E
XT30B 1.2 S, 329.4 E EP63B 0.7 S, 143.1 E IP97B 5.7 N, 83.4 E
XT31B 4.0 N, 333.8 E EP64B 1.5 S, 142.2 E IP98B 4.7 N, 83.6 E
XT32B 4.5 N, 325.4 E EP65B 14 N, 136.2 E SM99B 8.1 N, 80.3 E
XT33B 3.2 N, 321.6 E EP66B 11.5 N, 135.9 E SM100B 7.1 N, 79.7 E
EP67B 9.2 N, 138.8 E

Notes: Site designations begin with a two-letter location code: CP, Chryse Planitia; EP, Elysium Planitia; IP, Isidis Planitia; SM, Syrtis Major; TM, Terra
Meridiani; VM, Valles Marineris; wA, western Arabia Terra; XT, Xanthe Terra. The number is a unique site identifier. B in each designation refers to
MER-B.

Entry corrects an error in the source.

because of the frequent changes to ellipse locations, During 2002 continuing evaluation of radar data and
sizes and orientations. analysis of landing safety and rover mobility relegated
By November 2001 the choice of ellipses had the Athabasca site to backup status and promoted Isidis
narrowed and some had been moved. In particular, the to prime status. The effects of winds during the parachute
Gusev ellipse was moved to the west to avoid most of the descent caused concern, and the canyon sites (Melas and
rim of an old crater called Thira and nearby rough terrain Eos) were dropped from further consideration for that
(Table 7a, Figure 3A). reason despite considerable scientific interest in those
4 International Atlas of Mars Exploration

Figure 1. Potential MER-A sites (black ellipses) and MER-B sites (white ellipses) in the Isidis and Elysium regions, from Tables 1
and 2. For scale, the 5 grid squares are 300 km across at the equator.
 Chronological sequence of missions and events 5

Figure 2. Potential MER-A sites (black ellipses) and MER-B sites (white ellipses) in the Valles Marineris, Xanthe, Chryse and
Meridiani regions, from Tables 1 and 2. For scale, the 5 grid squares are 300 km across at the equator.
6 International Atlas of Mars Exploration

Table 3. High-Priority MER Sites, December 2000

Region or site type Ellipse Region or site type Ellipse

Hematite TM10A/20B Valles Marineris VM53A

TM11A/22B(*) VM48A(*)
TM21B(*) VM44A(*)
TM12A/23B(*) Valles Marineris outflow VM42A
TM9A/19B VM41A
Gale EP82A(*) VM37A(*)
Gusev EP55A Elysium EP52B
Meridiani crater TM15A EP74A
TM16A EP71A
Unnamed crater EP69A(*) EP62B
Boeddicker EP64A(*) EP77A
Durius Vallis outflow area EP56A EP61B
Apollinaris Chaos (new site) 11.1 S, 171.5 E(*) EP49B
Cratered terrain TM24B Isidis IP85A/96B
Chryse Planitia CP35B(*) IP98B

Notes: The following additional sites are illustrated in planning maps at the First Landing Site Workshop: Gusev, 13.6 S, 175.1 E; Valles Marineris,
8.9 S, 283.2 E; Valles Marineris outflow, 13.4 S, 318.5 E.
Some sites at Meridiani (Hematite) and Isidis are accessible to both MER-A and MER-B. Sites eliminated on 21 December are marked (*). Chryse (CP35B)
was added after the shortlist was initially compiled, and then eliminated. See text for further discussion of these sites.

locations. Global climate modeling was used to locate chosen through a competition sponsored by NASA and
two new ellipses, slightly modified from the original the Danish toy manufacturer Lego, and won by Arizona
lists, as the site numbers in Tables 1, 2 and 7 suggest, school student Sofi Collis. The rovers were designed for
in a low-wind region in Elysium as a backup despite the a nominal lifetime of 90 days and a range of about
area’s lower scientific interest (Table 7b, Figure 3E). 600 m, with the possibility of covering up to 100 m in a
A Third Landing Site Workshop in March 2002 examined day if necessary, but they both greatly exceeded these
each site, ranking them for safety and scientific value. goals while exploring complex and difficult landscapes.
NASA announced the final targets for MER on Spirit operated in Gusev crater for 2210 sols (3.3 Mars
11 April 2003. The Hematite site in Meridiani and the years or 6.2 Earth years) and drove 7.73 km. Asteroid
apparent lake site in Gusev crater were the prime targets. 37452, a member of the Hilda family of asteroids in a
An Elysium low-wind site and two ellipses in Isidis 3 : 2 orbital resonance with Jupiter, was named “Spirit”
Planitia served as backups. The final ellipse details are in October 2004 to commemorate the rover.
shown in Figures 3, 4 and 43, and are listed in Table 7c. Each 180 kg MER rover was 1.5 m high, 1.6 m long
and 2.3 m wide, with solar panels and camera mast
deployed. The width from wheel to wheel, or the width
10 June 2003: MER-A (Spirit) of visible tracks on the surface of Mars, was 1.2 m. The
body was attached to six wheels on an articulated bogey
The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission consisted system, and contained an insulated electronics box which
of two identical rovers designed to investigate the geol- was kept warm to protect its equipment. The top of the
ogy, past environmental conditions and habitability of body was covered with solar panels, including folding
their landing sites, which had been chosen on the basis of sections giving a plan shape like a short arrowhead.
evidence of past water activity in the surface materials Above the solar panels were the camera mast, the high-
of Mars. The mission’s instruments were not designed and low-gain antennae, a camera calibration target with
to seek evidence of life. The rovers were given names a small sundial and a magnet array. The panoramic
 Chronological sequence of missions and events 7

Figure 3. Later MER sites. A: Gusev. B: Athabasca Valles. C: Melas Chasma. D: Isidis Planitia. E: Low-wind sites in Elysium. White
ellipses are older sites; black ellipses are those considered in the later stages of site selection and data collection. Two alternative
sites in Gusev and Melas were shown on mission planning maps in 2001. Images are Viking MDIM2.1 mosaics except at Athabasca
which incorporates Mars Odyssey THEMIS infrared data with inverted shading. For scale, 1 is approximately 60 km.
8 International Atlas of Mars Exploration

Table 4. MER Sites From the First Landing Site Workshop, January 2001
Highest-priority sites (12) Medium-priority sites (19)
Ellipse Location Ellipse Location

Hematite: Hematite:
TM10A 2.2 S, 353.4 E TM22B 3.2 S, 352.9 E
TM20B 2.3 S, 353.8 E TM11A 3.4 S, 353.1 E
TM21B 2.5 S, 356.7 E TM23B 3.4 S, 356.9 E
TM9A 1.2 S, 354.4 E TM12A 3.6 S, 357.1 E
TM19B 1.2 S, 354.7 E
Gale: EP82A 5.8 S, 137.6 E Unnamed crater: EP69A 9.3 S, 150.5 E
Gusev south (new site) 15.5 S, 175.5 E Boeddicker: EP64A 14.8 S, 162.5 E
Durius Valles: EP56A 14.6 S, 171.9 E
Valles Marineris: Meridiani crater:
VM53A 8.8 S, 282.3 E TM15A 8.6 S, 353.3 E
VM41A 14.0 S, 318.0 E TM16A 9.4 S, 353.4 E
Elysium Outflow: Gusev: EP55A 14.2 S, 175.2 E
EP49B 7.4 N, 154.4 E Elysium: EP74A 4.2 N, 143.4 E
Isidis: Valles Marineris:
IP85A 4.5 N, 88.1 E VM44A 13.1 S, 297.5 E
IP98B 4.7 N, 83.6 E VM47A 6.2 S, 289.9 E
Sites to be eliminated (7) VM48A 7.1 S, 287.5 E
Vallis Marineris: CP35B VM37A 11.1 S, 322.1 E
Elysium Planitia: EP52B/EP68A, EP71A, EP62B, VM42A 7.7 S, 309.3 E
EP77A, EP19B, EP61B Apollinaris (new site) 9.5 S, 169.8 E
Isidis:
IP84A 4.5 N, 88.1 E*
IP96B 4.6 N, 87.7 E
Cratered terrain:
TM13A 2.9 S, 349.5 E
TM24B 2.8 S, 349.9 E

Note: * Because of a misprint in the source material for Table 1, the earlier site numbers IP84A and IP85A are sometimes switched in subsequent tables.

cameras (Pancams), navigation cameras (Navcams) and of hazard-avoidance cameras (Hazcams) were mounted
the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini- on the rover body, looking forwards and backwards. The
TES) were mounted on the camera mast 140 cm above rover was folded to fit into a tetrahedral lander similar to
the ground. that used by Pathfinder, enclosed in an aeroshell for
An arm (Instrument Deployment Device, IDD) carry- atmospheric entry, and was carried to Mars by a small
ing a science instrument package referred to as Athena cruise stage. The lander carried no power system or
was mounted at the front of the body. Athena consisted instruments other than a small descent camera, and it
of an Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS, an relied on the rover for power and control during entry and
improved version of the Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrom- landing. It was abandoned as soon as the rover departed.
eter carried on Mars Pathfinder’s Sojourner rover), a Figure 4A shows the regional setting of the Spirit
Mössbauer Spectrometer (MB), a Microscopic Imager landing site, including some nearby candidate landing
(MI) and the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT), which could ellipses. Other ellipses are shown in Figure 3A. The
brush dust off targets or grind several millimeters into a 800 km long Ma’adim Vallis enters Gusev crater from
rock to cut through any outer weathered layer. Two pairs the south, suggesting that water might have flowed into
 Chronological sequence of missions and events 9

Table 5. MER Ellipse Priorities, Mid 2001

5a. MER ellipses, April 2001

Medium-priority sites Highest-priority sites

Region Ellipse Location Region Ellipse Location

Hematite TM22B 3.40 S, 352.8 E Hematite TM20B 1.99 S, 353.99 E

TM23B 3.10 S, 356.9 E TM21B 2.50 S, 356.6 E
TM12A 3.60 S, 357.1 E TM19B 1.20 S, 354.7 E
TM11A 3.40 S, 353.1 E TM10A 2.20 S, 353.7 E
Boedickker EP64A 15.30 S, 162.56 E TM9A 1.20 S, 354.4 E
Unnamed crater EP69A 9.20 S, 150.4 E Melas Chasma VM53A 9.07 S, 283.57 E
Isidis IP84A 4.50 N, 88.10 E New B Site 9.07 S, 283.57 E
IP96B 4.48 N, 88.40 E Gale crater EP82A 5.81 S, 137.77 E
Meridiani crater TM15A 8.60 S, 352.9 E Gusev crater EP55A (S) 15.00 S, 175.13 E
TM16A 9.36 S, 353.25 E Eos Chasma VM41A 13.34 S, 318.61 E
Meridiani highlands TM13A 3.00 S, 350.00 E Isidis IP98B 4.64 N, 84.12 E
TM24B 2.80 S, 349.90 E IP85A 4.7 N, 85.32 E
Valles Marineris VM37A 11.10 S, 321.95 E Note: The coordinates for the Melas Chasma sites are identical but the
VM44A 13.10 S, 297.50 E ellipse sizes and orientations differed
Ganges Chasma VM42A 7.66 S, 308.70 E
5b. Changes to the MER ellipses, July 2001

Region Ellipse Location Change

Hematite TM21B 2.50 S, 356.70 E Moved from high to medium priority

TM10A 2.20 S, 353.40 E Coordinates changed
Meridiani crater TM16A 9.36 S, 353.24 E Coordinates changed
Melas Chasma VM53A 8.8 S, 282.2 E Coordinates changed
New B site 8.8 S, 282.2 E Coordinates changed
Gusev crater EP55A (S) 14.85 S, 175.84 E Coordinates changed

Table 6. MER Prime and Backup Sites, October 2001

Site Name Notes

Prime Hematite – Meridiani Geochemical anomaly associated with water, detected from orbit
Melas Chasma Canyon floor site, possible lakebed
Athabasca Vallis – Elysium Recent flow of water from Cerberus Rupes
Gusev crater Episodically flooded crater
Backup Isidis Planitia Fluvial deposits originating from nearby highlands
Eos Chasma Canyon floor with chaotic terrain, paleolake outflow region

the crater in the distant past to form a lake (Cabrol et al., have contributed material to this site (Figure 4A). Gusev
2003), or at least might have deposited sediments. The was included in the Mars Landing Site Catalog (Greeley
large volcanic shield Apollinaris Patera 200 km north of and Thomas, 1995) as site 138 (Figure 136 in Stooke,
Gusev, and two smaller volcanoes (Apollinaris Tholus 2012) and had been considered previously as a landing
and Zephyria Tholus) southwest of the crater, might also site for MESUR, InterMarsnet and Mars Surveyor 2001.
10 International Atlas of Mars Exploration

Table 7. Final MER Ellipse Selection, 2001 to 2003

7a. MER ellipse details, November 2001

Site Name Ellipse Location

Prime Hematite – Meridiani TM10A2, 119 by 17 km 2.07 S, 353.92 E

TM20B2, 117 by 18 km
Melas Chasma VM53A2, 103 by 18 km 8.88 S, 282.52 E
B2, 105 by 20 km
Gusev crater EP55A2, 96 by 19 km 14.82 S, 175.15 E
Athabasca Vallis EP49B2, 152 by 16 km 8.92 N, 154.79 E
revised, April 2002 EP49B3, 152 by 16 km 9.08 N, 155.80 E
Backup Isidis Planitia IP84A2, 133 by 16 km 4.31 N, 88.03 E
IP96B2, 136 by 16 km
Eos Chasma VM41A2, 98 by 19 km 13.34 S, 318.61 E
7b. MER low-wind ellipses in Elysium, 2002

Site Name Ellipse Location

Backup Elysium low wind EP80B2, 165 by 15 km 14.50 N, 115.37 E

EP78B2, 155 by 16 km 11.91 N, 123.90 E
7c. Final MER target ellipses, April 2003

Site Name Ellipse Location

Prime Hematite – Meridiani TM20B3, 81.5 by 11.5 km 1.98 S, 354.06 E

Gusev crater EP55A3, 81 by 12 km 14.59 S, 175.30 E
Backup Elysium Planitia EP78B2, 155 by 16 km 11.91 N, 123.9 E
Isidis Planitia IP84A2, 133 by 16 km 4.31 N, 88.03 E
(orientations differ) IP96B2, 136 by 16 km 4.31 N, 88.03 E

A group of flat-topped hills at the mouth of Ma’adim The 96 by 19 km landing ellipse was centered at
Vallis was interpreted as an eroded remnant of a delta, 14.82 S, 175.15 E and oriented at 76 azimuth from
further evidence of a possible lake (Figure 4B). Wrinkle north. It crossed central Gusev crater, between several
ridges north of the ellipse suggested lava plains by sites considered previously (Figure 3, Table 1).
analogy with lunar mare ridges. Two low-albedo wind Figure 4C depicts the whole MER-A ellipse on a back-
streaks crossed the crater floor from northwest to south- ground of MOC images (Malin Space Science Systems,
east, indicating areas where winds and dust devils had 2004a). It extends 81 km from the interior of Thira crater
removed bright dust from the surface. The streaks change across the plains north of the 2.5 km diameter crater
appearance frequently while retaining the same general Castril to a point southwest of the 6 km wide crater
form and location. Figure 3A shows the albedo markings Cravitz. The broad dark wind streaks break up into
during the Viking mission (Viking MDIM2.1 mosaic) numerous small patches and streaks at this resolution,
and Figure 4B shows their appearance at the time of each formed by an individual dust devil and many of
Spirit’s landing, using Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) them associated with topographic obstacles. The nominal
image R13-04079, which was obtained just after the target was the center of the ellipse. Spirit landed in the
landing. Albedo markings changed significantly in the eastern wind streak region, an area of plains with scat-
two decades between images. tered hills and small craters.
 Chronological sequence of missions and events 11

Figure 4. Spirit landing site in Gusev crater. A: Context map with two nearby candidate ellipses from Table 3 (Viking MDIM2.1
mosaic plus MOC image R13-04079). B: Gusev crater with the possible delta remnants at the mouth of Ma’adim Vallis (Mars
Odyssey THEMIS infrared mosaic with inverted shading). C: Spirit landing ellipses on a mosaic of MGS MOC images (NASA/JPL/
Malin Space Science Systems). The final ellipse is from Knocke et al. (2004).
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
55. In view of the large number of racial assaults on persons riding
in street cars, we recommend that conductors and motormen be
specially instructed concerning protection of passengers, white and
Negro, and be rigidly held to the discharge of this duty.

OVERCROWDING

56. We recommend that at all loading-points where whites and

Negroes board cars in large numbers, starters be employed and
overcrowding be prevented as far as possible.

To Restaurants, Theaters, Stores, and Other Places of Public

Accommodation:

EQUAL RIGHTS IN PUBLIC PLACES

57. We point out that Negroes are entitled by law to the same
treatment as other persons in restaurants, theaters, stores, and
other places of public accommodation, and we urge that owners and
managers of such places govern their policies and actions and their
employees accordingly.

To the Press:

HANDLING OF NEWS INVOLVING NEGROES

58. In view of the recognized responsibility of the press in its general

influence upon public opinion concerning Negroes—especially
important as related to the suppression of race rioting—we
recommend: (a) that the newspapers generally, including the
foreign-language press, apply the same standards of accuracy,
fairness, and sense of proportion, with avoidance of exaggeration, in
publishing news about Negroes as about whites; in this connection
special attention is called to the fact that emphasis, greatly out of
proportion to that given their creditable acts, is frequently placed on
the crimes and misdeeds of Negroes, who, unlike other groups, are
identified with each incident and thus constantly associated with
discreditable conduct; (b) that the manner of news treatment be no
different in the case of Negroes than in that of whites, to the end
that there shall always be the unwritten assumption that the same
responsibility for equal consideration of the rights of the one by the
other rests on whites and Negroes alike, in respect of the matter
involved in the publication; (c) that, in consideration of the great
ease with which the public is influenced against the whole Negro
group by sensational articles and headlines, the press should
exercise great caution in dealing with unverified reports of crimes of
Negroes against white women, and should avoid the designation of
trivial fights as race riots; (d) that in recognition of the dangers of
racial antagonism on the part of the ignorant, the unthinking, and
the prejudiced of both races, publication be made, as opportunities
offer, of such matters as shall in their character tend to dispel
prejudice and promote mutual respect and good will.
We specially recommend more frequent publications concerning: (1)
creditable achievements of consequence by Negroes; (2) their
efforts toward a higher cultural and social life, and (3) their
improvement of the physical conditions of their own communities;
(4) the common obligation of all citizens of all races to recognize in
their interrelations the supreme duty of strict obedience to the law,
in spirit as well as in deed; (5) verification, so far as practicable, of
all news concerning Negroes and their activities by reference to
recognized Negro agencies or responsible representative Negroes.
We further recommend the capitalization of the word "Negro" in
racial designation, and avoidance of the word "nigger," as
contemptuous and needlessly provocative.

HANDLING OF NEWS INVOLVING NEGROES AND WHITES

59. To the Negro press we recommend greater care and accuracy in
reporting incidents involving whites and Negroes, the abandonment
of sensational headlines and articles on racial questions, and more
attention to educating Negro readers as to the available means and
opportunities of adjusting themselves and their fellows into more
harmonious relations with their white neighbors and fellow-citizens,
and as to the lines of individual conduct and collective effort which
will tend to minimize interracial friction, promote their own social
and economic development, and hasten interracial adjustment.
Chicago, December 6, 1921

Robert S. Abbott
Edgar A. Bancroft
Chairman
William Scott Bond
Edward Osgood Brown
George C. Hall
George H. Jackson
Harry Eugene Kelly
Victor F. Lawson
Adelbert H. Roberts
Julius Rosenwald
Francis W. Shepardson
Vice-Chairman
Lacey Kirk Williams
Graham Romeyn Taylor
Executive Secretary
Charles S. Johnson
Associate Executive Secretary
 APPENDIX

A. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA OF MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION

Robert S. Abbott, Editor.

Born, Savannah, Georgia; graduate, Hampton Institute; graduate, Kent
College of Law; owner and publisher, the Chicago Defender.

Edgar Addison Bancroft, Chairman, Lawyer.

Born, Galesburg, Illinois; graduate, Knox College; graduate, Columbia Law
School; ex-president, Chicago Bar Association, Illinois State Bar Association;
trustee, Knox College, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and
Tuskegee Institute; Senator of Phi Beta Kappa.

William Scott Bond, Real Estate Dealer.

Born, Chicago, Illinois; graduate, University of Chicago; graduate, Kent
College of Law; member, real estate firm William A. Bond & Company;
trustee, University of Chicago.

Edward Osgood Brown, Lawyer.

Born, Salem, Massachusetts; graduate, Brown University; graduate, Harvard
Law School; for ten years judge of the Illinois Appellate Court, First District;
for some years president, Chicago Branch of National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People.

George Cleveland Hall, Physician and Surgeon.

Born, Ypsilanti, Michigan; graduate, Lincoln University; graduate, Bennett
Medical College; trustee, Provident Hospital; vice-president, Chicago Urban
League; orator at dedication of Booker T. Washington memorial monument
at Tuskegee, 1922.

George H. Jackson, Real Estate Dealer.

Born in Canada; graduate, Cincinnati Law School; former member, Ohio
Legislature; president, Pyramid Building and Loan Association.

Harry Eugene Kelly, Lawyer.

 Born, Des Moines, Iowa; graduate, State University of Iowa; former
member, Colorado Legislature; for some years United States district
attorney for Colorado; former president, Denver Bar Association; attorney
for Interstate Commerce Commission; regional counsel at Chicago for
Director General of Railroads.

Victor F. Lawson, Editor.

Born, Chicago, Illinois; graduate, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts;
owner, editor, and publisher, Chicago Daily News since 1876; ex-president
and now a director, Associated Press; founder, Daily News Fresh Air Fund
and Daily News Free Lectures; called "father of postal savings bank in
America."

Edward H. Morris, Lawyer.

Born in Kentucky; for two terms representative in Illinois General Assembly;
member of Illinois Constitutional Convention, 1920-21; for eleven years
Grand Master of the Colored Odd Fellows of America.

Adelbert H. Roberts, Lawyer.

Born in Michigan; student, University of Michigan; graduate, Northwestern
University Law School; for two terms representative in Illinois General
Assembly.

Julius Rosenwald, Merchant.

Born, Springfield, Illinois; president, Sears, Roebuck & Company;
philanthropist, stimulated construction and contributed $325,000 toward
total cost of Y.M.C.A. buildings for Negroes in thirteen cities; contributed
over $1,000,000 toward rural schools for Negroes in fourteen southern
states; trustee, Tuskegee Institute, University of Chicago, Rockefeller
Foundation.

Francis Wayland Shepardson, Vice-Chairman, lately Director of Registration

and Education, State of Illinois, under Governor Lowden.
Born, Cincinnati, Ohio; graduate, Denison University; postgraduate, Yale
University; former professor of history, University of Chicago; Senator of Phi
Beta Kappa.

Lacey Kirk Williams, Minister.

Born, Eufaula, Alabama; graduate, Arkansas Baptist College; pastor, Olivet
Baptist Church, Chicago, since 1916 (largest Protestant Church in America);
president, Illinois General Baptist State Convention; vice-president, Colored
National Baptist Convention.
 B. THE STAFF OF THE COMMISSION

In selecting the staff to assist in carrying through the investigation and the
preparation of the report careful effort was made to find persons well
qualified by educational background and practical experience in social
work. The staff averaged fifteen in number during the eighteen months of
its existence. In all, thirty-seven people, twenty-two white and fifteen
Negro, were engaged, some of whom served throughout the entire period
and others for varying briefer periods. The personnel was as follows:
Executive Secretary
Graham Romeyn Taylor. A.B., Harvard, 1903; resident, Chicago Commons
Social Settlement 1904-12; member, editorial staff, the Survey magazine
1905-16; special agent, United States Census Bureau, 1910; author,
Satellite Cities, A Study of Industrial Suburbs, 1915, and many magazine
articles; special assistant to American ambassador to Russia, 1916-19.

Associate Executive Secretary

Charles S. Johnson. A.B., Virginia Union University, 1916; Ph.B., University of
Chicago, 1917; graduate student in social science at the University of
Chicago; special investigator of migration of Negroes from the South for the
Carnegie Foundation for International Peace; director of the Department of
Research and Records of the Chicago Urban League.

INVESTIGATION

Investigators with Supervisory Duties

Madge Headley. New York School of Philanthropy 1910; assistant secretary,
Tenement House Committee, Charity Organization Society, New York City,
1910-15; made studies of housing conditions in Providence, Rhode Island,
New York City, Sullivan and Ulster Counties, New York; of rural juvenile
delinquency in Ulster County, New York, for Federal Children's Bureau; and
of industrial and garden cities in England; served with American Red Cross
in France housing and feeding refugees, 1917-19.
Albert E. Webster. Ph.B., Alfred University, 1909; graduate student,
University of Chicago, 1909-12; Anti-saloon League investigator, New York
state, 1906-7; United Charities, Chicago, 1911-16; unemployment study,
Calumet district, 1914; supervised Red Cross relief work in Indiana flood
disaster, 1913; assisted in supervising relief work in Eastland disaster,
Chicago; directed various surveys in Chicago 1918-20; assistant
superintendent and field secretary, Juvenile Protective Association, Chicago.
Investigators
H. H. Allen. Teacher of sociology three years, Northern Texas Normal
School; newspaper experience; graduate student University of Chicago,
studying for Ph.D.
Ruth Arnett. University of Illinois; volunteer girls' workers, War Camp
Community Service; investigator for Red Cross, East St. Louis riot relief.
Elsie Ball. Attended Leander Clark College two years; Chicago School of
Civics and Philanthropy one year; resident director, District Neighborhood
House, 1915-17; American Red Cross, 1917-20.
Elizabeth Benham. Teaching experience; worked on Federal Census, 1920;
resident, University of Chicago Settlement; secretary, Inter-racial
Committee, Chicago Woman's City Club.
Ella G. Berry. Enumerator in Chicago for Federal Census, 1920; Chicago
School Census, 1918.
Angeline Brockmeier. A.B., University of Illinois, 1917; Chicago School of
Civics and Philanthropy, 1918; Federal Children's Bureau, 1918-20; study of
infant mortality in Gary, Indiana; study of courts and children's cases;
statistical experience.
Joseph H. Collins. Business course, Central Y.M.C.A., Philadelphia, 1904-5;
inspector, Railway Audit and Inspection Company, Philadelphia, 1907-16;
assistant industrial secretary, New York Urban League; welfare worker, Bush
Terminal Company, New York City, and American International Shipbuilding
Corporation, 1918-19.
Esther Fulks. Carnegie Technical Institute, Pittsburgh; special courses in
social science, University of Chicago, New York University, and Hampton
Institute; National Training School, Y.W.C.A., New York; supervisor of
physical training, public schools, Charleston, West Virginia; industrial
secretary, Y.W.C.A., East St. Louis, Illinois; made surveys of industrial
opportunities, educational and recreational facilities, and social agencies for
Negroes in East St. Louis.
Henry W. Hammond. A.B., New York University, 1909; secretary, Goff Street
branch, Y.M.C.A., New Haven, Connecticut, 1911-13; boys' work secretary,
Wabash Avenue branch, Y.M.C.A., Chicago, 1914-16; probation officer,
juvenile court, Chicago, 1916-20.
Dan H. Kulp. Graduate student, University of Chicago; investigated
recreation facilities, Providence, Rhode Island, and prepared statistics;
investigated industrial and racial conditions in China; general director,
Yangtsepoo Social Center, Shanghai.
 Kate F. Markovitz. Assistant matron, Montana State Orphan Asylum, 1911-
12; Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, 1913; officer, Chicago
Juvenile Protective Association, 1913-16; director, jail division, Cook County
Bureau of Social Service, 1916-18; overseas secretary, Y.W.C.A., 1918-19;
volunteer, Hull-House, 1912-20.
Lucius L. McGee. Teacher, four years, Virginia Union University; experience
investigating Negro conditions, Richmond, Virginia; graduate student,
University of Chicago, studying for Ph.D.
Edith W. Riddle. A.B., Vassar, 1898; assistant superintendent, Illinois
Children's Home and Aid Society, 1905-6; resident, Hull-House; boys' school
and farm work, Michigan, 1907-10; club organization, Goodrich Social
Settlement, Cleveland, 1913-17; Federal Children's Bureau, 1918;
Association for Crippled and Disabled Children, Cleveland, 1919.
Philip Sherman. A.B., Carleton College, 1919; one year Harvard Law School;
campaign auditor, Y.M.C.A. Building Fund, Sioux Falls, 1919.
Alonzo C. Thayer. A.B., Fisk University, 1904; experience as reporter,
manager, and editor of newspaper, also experience in real estate; assisted
in industrial work of the Chicago Urban League.
Charles H. Thompson. A.B., Virginia Union University, 1917; M.A., University
of Chicago, 1920; field work, neighborhood study, Richmond, Virginia,
1917; comparative educational study, Moseley School, Chicago, 1920.

PREPARATION OF REPORT

Assistants in Compilation of Data

Lucien V. Alexis. A.B., Harvard, 1917; assistant organizer, colored work, War
Camp Community Service, Trenton, New Jersey, 1919-20; director of
education, South Side Division, Community Service, Chicago, 1920.
Henry A. Rabe. University of Wisconsin, 1903-5; business experience,
Chicago, 1905-19; student, University of Chicago, specializing in economics
and sociology and investigating industrial conditions in Chicago.
Olive H. Rabe. Business experience, eight years; graduate, Northwestern
University Law School, 1916; practiced law three years; student, University
of Chicago, two years, specializing in economics and sociology.
Winifred Rauschenbush. A.B., Oberlin College, 1916; organization work, Ohio
Suffrage Association, 1917; graduate student, sociology, University of
Chicago, 1918; prepared material for book on foreign-language press by
Professor Robert E. Park, University of Chicago, 1918-20; prepared maps
and graphs for book by Professor W. I. Thomas, 1919.
 Norman L. Ritchie. Newspaper work, twenty years, New York, Chicago,
Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Saratoga, and Plattsburg, New York; editorial writer,
Chicago Daily News, nine years; director of education and information,
Community Service, Chicago, 1920.
Florence Taylor. A.B., Vassar College, 1921; publicity, research, and field
studies, National Child Labor Committee, New York City, 1913-18;
personnel-management study, Collegiate Bureau of Occupations, Chicago,
1920.
Elizabeth Wagenet. A.B., University of California, 1914; investigator, California
State Commission on Social Insurance; investigator, California Industrial
Welfare Commission, having charge of cannery investigation; assistant,
department of economics, Washington State University under Professor
Carleton Parker; on staff of War Labor Policies Board, Washington, D.C.

Clerks
Geraldine Dismond. A.B., University of Chicago, 1915; teacher, Chicago public
schools; special work for Chicago Urban League.
Marcelle V. Laval. A.B., University of Illinois, 1920; editor, State Water Survey
Division, Department of Registration and Education, State of Illinois, 1918-
19.
Josephine Taylor. A.B., Smith College, 1920; volunteer, social service
department, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, summer of 1919.

C. EPITOME OF FACTS IN RIOT DEATHS

I. Deaths due to mob violence, and in which the coroners' jury

recommended members of the unknown mob be apprehended
and held to justice, and in which none of the members were so
apprehended. The cases listed in this category do not include all
those due to mob violence, but only those qualified as stated:

1. Eugene Williams
Race Negro
Date of death July 27
Approximate time of death Probably 4:00 p.m.
Place where death occurred Lake Michigan at foot of Twenty-ninth
Street
Manner in which death occurred Drowning
Quarrel arose on beach between Negroes and whites in regard to the use
of the beach. Many stones were thrown on both sides. Williams, in the
water, was prevented from landing because of stone-throwing and
drowned as consequence.
2. John Mills
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 5:35 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Normal Avenue, 150 feet south of Forty-
seventh Street
Manner of wound Skull fracture; beating

Mob of 300 or 400 white people, all ages, attacked east-bound Forty-
seventh Street car, pulled the trolley from the wire, stopped the car. White
passengers alighted, Negro passengers hid under seats. From twenty-five
to fifty white men boarded car and beat the Negroes with bats, clubs,
bricks. Driven out from the refuge of the car, they ran for their lives,
chased by the mob. Mills ran from Forty-seventh Street into Normal
Avenue. A brick hit him in the back, halted him, and before he could run
again a young white man hit him on the head with a scantling. He was left
unconscious. Four other Negroes from this car were beaten but not fatally.
3. Oscar Dozier
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 5:55 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Thirty-ninth Street and Wallace Avenue
Manner of wound Stabbing; external violence

Dozier worked for the Great Western Smelting and Refining Works. The
foreman warned negroes not to try to go home till adequate protection
could be furnished. In spite of the warning Dozier was seen to crawl over
the fence around the works at 5:45 p.m. He was next seen breaking away
from a mob of 500 to 1,000 white men at Thirty-ninth Street and Parnell
Avenue. He ran west on Thirty-ninth toward Wallace, the crowd throwing
stones. Halfway down the block he fell. When rescued by the police
immediately afterward he was found to have a stab wound two inches
long over his heart.
4. Henry Goodman
 Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 7:30 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Thirty-ninth Street and Union Avenue
Manner of wound External violence

Goodman, with other Negroes was returning from the Stock Yards on an
east-bound Thirty-ninth Street car. A truck stalled across the track at
Thirty-ninth Street and Union Avenue brought the car to a stop and
allowed white men to force an entrance through the front door and beat
the Negroes off the rear of the car. The chief weapon was the iron lever
used for opening the front door of the car. The Negroes tried to run east
to Halsted Street where there were police officers. The crowd pursued,
knocked Goodman down, and beat him. Apparently Goodman recovered
from the violence, but a week later it was necessary to remove him to the
hospital, where a skull fracture, with a small pebble imbedded in the
wound, was discovered. He died of tetanus on August 12. The wound was
first treated by Dr. William W. Bradley on the evening the deceased was
injured. The coroner's jury said, "Tetanus would probably not have
developed had the wound been thoroughly examined and properly
cleaned."
5. Louis Taylor
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 9:40 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Root Street and Wentworth Avenue
Manner of wound Scalp wounds; skull fracture due to
external violence

Taylor, employed by the Chicago & Great Western Railway Co., had just
come off his run and was returning home on a south-bound Wentworth
Avenue car. Cars, both north and south bound, were attacked at Root
Street and Wentworth Avenue by a mob of 100 white people armed with
clubs and bricks. Taylor was found unconscious on the sidewalk, his watch
and suitcase missing, when the police arrived. He died August 1.
6. B. F. Hardy
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 11:30 p.m.
 Place of receiving death wound Forty-sixth Street and Cottage Grove
Avenue
Manner of wound External violence

Hardy was the only Negro passenger on a north-bound Cottage Grove

Avenue car crowded with white people. At Forty-seventh Street some of
these alighted. A mob of whites in the street saw the Negro and jerked
the trolley from the wire. The car came to a stop at Forty-sixth Place.
White passengers in a panic demanded to be let off. When the front door
was opened Hardy tried to hide in their midst and leave the car. He was
seen by the waiting mob, knocked down, and pounded with fists until
unconscious. He died the next day.
7. John Simpson
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 7:30 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Thirty-first Street between Wabash Avenue
and "L" alley
Manner of wound Bullet wound

Several accounts have been given of the killing of Simpson. The coroner's
jury says: "... Thirty-first Street near the said elevated station, being well
filled with a rioting and disorderly mob, mainly colored people, a white
man being pursued east on Thirty-first Street, at that time, and that
deceased was a police officer of the City of Chicago, and was engaged as
a police officer in preserving the peace in and about the point indicated,
and that a number of shots were fired from revolvers held in hands of
men unknown to this jury." Another account says Simpson was shot by
the Negro keeper of a poolroom on account of a previous quarrel.
Simpson did not regain consciousness after being shot.
8. Henry Baker
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 10:00 or 11:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 544 East Thirty-seventh Street
Manner of wound Bullet wound in skull

The bullet which caused Baker's death was one of a number fired on the
streets at the time. Baker was not on the street but in a second-story
window. It is not known whether this shot was one fired by white men
from a passing automobile or by one of a crowd of Negroes at Thirty-
seventh Street and Vincennes Avenue. The majority of witnesses gave the
time of the shooting of Baker as 11:00 p.m., but the coroner in his report
names 10:00 p.m. as the hour.
9. David Marcus
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 9:30 or 10:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 511 East Thirty-seventh Street
Manner of wound Bullet

Only one eyewitness, a white companion of Marcus, testified. He said a

Negro walked up to Marcus and shot him. The witness stopped to pick up
his friend, was advised by Negroes to get out of danger, but when he
persisted in lifting the wounded man, he himself received a bullet wound
in the arm. A bullet also pierced the window of a laundry at this time. The
coroner gives the time of shooting as 8:45, though most of the testimony
seems to indicate that it occurred about fifteen or twenty minutes after
the first shooting from automobiles which occurred at approximately 9:15
to 9:30. The police report gives 10:45 as the hour.
10. Eugene Temple
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 5:30 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 3642 South State Street
Manner of wound Stab wound

Temple, owner of a laundry at the above address, left his place of

business to enter his automobile which stood at the curb. His wife and
another young woman accompanied him but were the width of the
sidewalk from him when he was attacked by three Negroes, robbed, and
stabbed. The murderers escaped in the crowd of Negroes which
immediately gathered. It was testified that Temple employed both
Negroes and whites and had never had any difficulties of a racial nature
with his workers.
11. William J. Otterson
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 28
 Time of receiving death wound 7:10 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Thirty-fifth Street and Wabash Avenue
Manner of wound Skull fracture due to external violence

A mob of about 500 Negroes at Thirty-fifth Street and Wabash Avenue

was stopping cars, beating white people, and throwing bricks. An
automobile bearing Otterson as a passenger turned from Thirty-fifth Street
to go south on Wabash Avenue. One of the stones and bricks hurled at
the motor car hit Otterson on the head, and he immediately became
unconscious. He was seventy-four years old and a plasterer by trade.
12. Stefan Horvath
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving wound 9:00 or 9:35 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Root and South State streets
Manner of wound Bullet wound

At the time Horvath was shot, there was a crowd of fifty to seventy-five
Negroes on the sidewalk, but only about three on the corner where the
shooting occurred. The only eyewitness who testified was a policeman
who saw the shooting from a distance of 400 feet. The three Negroes ran
after firing the shot, and could not be found later.
13. Edward W. Jackson
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 9:00 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound Fortieth and Halsted streets
Manner of wound Shock and hemorrhage due to beating

Jackson had started to walk to work. At Fortieth and Halsted streets he

was attacked by four or five white men and beaten. He ran to Thirty-ninth
Street, where he was found by the police. No further information could be
obtained in this case.
14. Samuel Bass
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound Between 7:00 and 9:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Twenty-second and Halsted Sts. or Union
Ave.
 Manner of wound External violence

Samuel Bass, on account of the street-car strike, was walking the five and
one-half miles from his work to his home when a gang of white men
knocked him down three times, and cut gashes in his nose and cheeks
with their shoes. Bass hid behind freight cars till a Jewish peddler took
him in his cart to State Street. A doctor was visited, but when he learned
that Bass had no money, he turned him away without treatment. He was
picked up by a passing patrol and taken to the hospital, where his
treatment was cursory. Apparently he recovered, but in two weeks gave
evidence of a hemorrhage on the brain from which he died September 5.
15. Joseph Lovings
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound About 8:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 839 Lytle Street
Manner of wound Bullet wound, stab wounds, skull fracture

Lovings, returning home from work on a bicycle, rode through an Italian

neighborhood whose residents were much excited because it had been
said earlier in the evening that a Negro employee of a mattress factory
near-by had shot a little Italian girl. A mob filled the streets when Lovings
was sighted. He tried to escape by running down an alley between Taylor
and Gilpin streets, and then jumped back fences and hid in a basement.
The mob dragged him out, riddled his body with bullets, stabbed him, and
beat him. It was afterward rumored that his body had been burned after
being saturated with gasoline. This was proved not to be true.

II. Deaths due to circumstances creating no criminal

responsibility:

1. Nicholas Kleinmark
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound About 6:58 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Thirty-eighth Place and Ashland Boulevard
Manner of wound Stab wound

Scott, Brown, and Simpson, Negroes, were returning by street car from
work in the Stock Yards when the car was boarded by a mob of white men
who attacked the Negroes with clubs and bricks. Scott defended himself
with a pocketknife, while Kleinmark tried to beat him with a club. One of
the blows with the knife went home, and Kleinmark staggered from the
car mortally wounded. Scott was jailed and charged with murder. The
coroner's jury commented as follows: "It is the sense of this jury that the
conduct of the police at the time of the riot at this point, during the
subsequent investigation, and at the preliminary hearing at which Joseph
Scott was bound over to the grand jury without counsel, was a travesty on
justice and fair play."
2. Clarence Metz
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 11:30 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Forty-third Street between Forrestville and
Vincennes avenues
Manner of wound Stab wound

Metz was one of an assaulting party of whites which roamed the streets
from Forty-third to Forty-seventh streets and from Grand Boulevard to
Cottage Grove Avenue on the night of the twenty-eighth. Three Negroes,
one of them Lieutenant Washington, U.S.A., were returning from a theater
with three Negro women by way of Forty-third Street. At the place
mentioned they were attacked by a mob of whites and beaten with fists
and clubs. One of the Negroes was shot in the leg. Lieutenant
Washington, threatened with an ax handle, defended himself with his
pocketknife. Metz was stabbed as a result. The coroner's jury said: "We
find that the group of colored people, en route to their home, were acting
in an orderly and inoffensive manner, and were justified in their acts and
conduct during said affray."
3. Berger Odman
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 8:30 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Sixtieth and Ada streets
Manner of wound Bullet wound

This shooting occurred just inside the Negro neighborhood near Ogden
Park. One of the numerous mobs threatening this neighborhood began to
move into it from Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth streets and Racine Avenue. The
vanguard, composed of young boys, went a few feet inside the Negro area
and fired directly at a Negro named Samuel Johnson. He returned the fire
with a rifle. Other Negroes also fired in the direction of the boys. One of
the latter, Odman, was fatally wounded. The coroner's jury said: "We
believe and find that the action of Samuel R. Johnson was fully justified
and recommend his discharge from police custody."
4. James Crawford
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 27
Time of receiving death wound 6:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Twenty-ninth Street and Cottage Grove
Avenue
Manner of wound Bullet wound

A mob of about 1,000 Negroes congregated at Twenty-ninth Street and

Cottage Grove Avenue, whence they had chased Officer Callahan,
supposed to have refused to arrest the alleged slayer of Eugene Williams.
Other policemen attempting to disperse the mob were assaulted. James
Crawford, Negro, fired a revolver directly into the group of policemen.
They retaliated and Crawford ran. A Negro policeman followed Crawford,
attempting to stop him by firing. Crawford was wounded and died on July
29. The coroner's jury asserted: "We further find that the shooting was
justifiable on the part of the police officer."
5. Thomas Joshua
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 7:00 or 7:30 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound Fifty-first Street and Wabash Avenue
Manner of wound Bullet wound

About 7:30 a.m., July 29, Lieutenant Day of the Police Department, his son
and daughter, and Policeman Mitchell rode down Fifty-first Street in an
automobile. As the automobile reached Wabash Avenue a colored boy
pointed a gun toward it. Day sprang out, drawing his pistol. It is said that
the boy fired and Day returned a shot. The boy ran, and Day fired two
more shots. A crowd of Negroes running from State Street came upon the
scene. The police escaped in a Yellow taxicab. Joshua was shot by
Lieutenant Day. While the testimony was a mass of contradictions, the
coroner's jury said: "We are of the opinion that Thomas Joshua came to
his death from revolver shots fired by the police officer in the discharge of
his duty."
6. Ira Henry
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 30
Time of receiving death wound 1:30 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound 4957 South State Street
Manner of wound Bullet wound

Policemen Keal and Sullivan were accompanying three Jewish families

from their residence on South State Street to the Fourth Precinct police
station. As the party passed 4957, Officer Sullivan saw a Negro in an alley.
He ran back to search him and received a bullet wound. He returned fire.
Keal ran to his assistance and fired other shots. Henry was killed instantly.
A Negro woman who was with Henry testified that the first shot was fired
by Sullivan, but this was not substantiated. The coroner's jury said: "We
are of the opinion that the officers were fully justified, owing to the
circumstances, in shooting the deceased."

III. Deaths due to the Angelus riot as to which no

recommendations were made by the coroner's jury:

1. Joseph Sanford
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 8:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Thirty-fifth Street and Wabash Avenue
Manner of wound Bullet wound

2. Hymes Taylor
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 8:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Thirty-fifth Street and Wabash Avenue
Manner of wound Bullet wound

3. John Walter Humphrey

Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 8:00 p.m.
 Place of receiving death wound Thirty-fifth Street between Wabash
Avenue and the "L"
Manner of wound Bullet wound

4. Edward Lee
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 8:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound Thirty-fifth and State streets
Manner of wound Bullet wound

The Angelus riot centered at the intersection of Thirty-fifth Street and

Wabash Avenue, the location of the Angelus apartment house, occupied at
the time by whites; Thirty-fifth Street was crowded all the way to State
Street. It was at Thirty-fifth and State streets that a secondary riot
occurred, an aftermath of the Angelus riot, yet almost simultaneous with
it. The crowd of Negroes on these corners had been growing during the
afternoon, and stone-throwing had been prevalent. The rumor which
raised the mob to riot pitch was that a Negro boy had been shot by a
white tenant of the Angelus building. A search by the police failed to
produce a culprit. By eight o'clock a mob of about 1,000 to 1,500 Negroes
massed on the streets. To cope with the mob were between sixty to 100
policemen on foot and about twelve mounted officers.
About eight o'clock a Negro either threw some missiles or fired a shot at a
policeman. Immediately there followed a massing of the police at the
north of the intersection of the two streets. Evidence of an order to fire
was not produced, but simultaneously with the massing came a volley.
During this fire Sanford and Taylor were killed while trying to escape into
the entrance of the Angelus building. Shots followed at Thirty-fifth Street
and the "L," where a large number of the Negroes ran for protection.
Several were wounded, and Humphrey was killed. Almost at the same
time shots were fired at Thirty-fifth and State streets, where Lee received
his death wound.
The Lee case is the only one in which suspicion of deliberate shooting
rested upon anyone. Atrus Lee, brother of the deceased, accused Mounted
Policeman Brooks of firing directly at his brother. Brooks said that shots
were fired at him from north of the intersection, and that he fired in the
air and ran east. Drs. Anderson and Teffner, white, who saw the shooting
from Dr. Anderson's office windows, bore him out. The corner's jury
concluded: "We find that deceased was wounded by one of the shots fired
at Officer Brooks."

IV. Deaths in circumstances which seemed to involve specific

persons named by the coroner's jury for further investigation,
but as to which no indictments followed:

1. Joseph Schoff
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 30
Time of receiving death wound 5:00 or 5:30 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 4228 South Ashland Avenue
Manner of wound Stab wound

Schoff, walking on Ashland Avenue, accosted Jose Blanco repeatedly, "Are

you a Negro?" Receiving no response he swung at Blanco with his fist.
The latter stabbed Schoff under the heart, then walked on. As he was
about to enter the house of a friend the police arrested him. He admitted
that he had stabbed a man, but said he had done it in self-defense. The
coroner's jury reported: "We, the jury, are unable to agree as to whether
the accused, Jose Blanco, should be held to the grand jury upon a charge
of manslaughter.... We recommend that the coroner present this evidence
to the grand jury for consideration and determination."
2. Samuel Banks
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 30
Time of receiving death wound 11:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 2729 Dearborn Street
Manner of wound Bullet wound

At 11:00 p.m., July 30, three policemen patrolling State Street at Twenty-
eighth Street, heard a shot on Dearborn Street. At Twenty-sixth Place they
met about a dozen Negro ex-soldiers acting as police reserves under
doubtful orders and asked them to accompany them. They all went into
Dearborn Street. Sixteen-year-old Sam Banks saw them and ran for
refuge, dodging under the house steps at 2729. His running was taken as
evidence of guilt. The officers halted in front of the house. One Francis, a
Negro, also believing that because the boy ran he was guilty, opened his
door and pointed out the hiding-place of young Banks. The boy ran into
the passageway between the houses. A shot fired by one of the officers
took effect. Suspicion rested upon Patrolman O'Connor of the Police
Department and two of the ex-soldiers, Adams and Douglas. The coroner's
jury stated: "The jury is unable to determine whether one or more
individuals of the group was acting criminally and is not able to determine
which individual fired the shot.... We find that two of said volunteers, Ed.
Douglas and Charles Adams, are held on a charge of murder in connection
with the death of deceased. We find there is evidence of the presence of
Ed. Douglas, but no satisfactory evidence of the presence of Charles
Adams at the scene of the shooting. We recommend the discharge of
Charles Adams from police custody on the charge of murder."
3. Theodore Copling
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 30
Time of receiving death wound 10:00 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 2934 South State Street
Manner of wound Bullet wound

A gang of Negro boys passing 2920 South State Street saw the white man
and came back. A Negro, one Partee, was sitting outside the store. He
warned the watchman to get inside. Almost immediately shots were fired.
The only person injured was young Copling, who apparently was not in
the crowd but on the outskirts as a sightseer. Suspicion rested upon four
persons—Baker, Negro, leader of the gang; Partee, Negro, who warned
the watchman and was opposed to the gang; Torcello, white watchman;
and Graise, Negro, step-father of Copling, who had on previous occasions
threatened to kill the boy because of disagreements between them. The
coroner's jury said: "We recommend that the said Hanson Baker, and the
said Norman Partee, and the said Dan Torcello, and the said Louis Graise
be held to the grand jury on a charge of murder until discharged by due
process of law."
4. George Flemming
Race White
Date of receiving death wound August 5
Time of receiving death wound 9:00 or 9:30 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 549 East Forty-seventh Street
Manner of wound Wound (inflicted by bayonet)
The coroner's jury report said: "We find that deceased, in company with
several other young men, was at Forty-seventh Street and Forrestville
Avenue when they were ordered to move away by a police officer and that
they obeyed and were walking east; that the group were followed by one
Edgar D. Mohan, a soldier, armed with a rifle, bayonet fixed; that said
Mohan commanded the young men to move faster, accompanying the
command by twice stabbing and wounding one Thomas J. Fennessey in
the right hip and scrotum; and that he immediately after plunged the
bayonet into the back of deceased, the bayonet penetrating through the
body. We recommend that the said Edgar D. Mohan be held to the grand
jury upon a charge of manslaughter, until discharged by due process of
law.
"Being informed by the attorney general of Illinois that the military
authorities of the state of Illinois have jurisdiction over acts of the said
Edgar D. Mohan while in the military service, and have in fact assumed
jurisdiction, a court martial being now in progress, we, the jury, hereby
amend the last paragraph of our verdict of September 12, 1919, to read
that 'Edgar D. Mohan be held to a court martial' instead of 'Edgar D.
Mohan be held to the grand jury.'" The court martial exonerated Mohan.
Statements made in the office of the state's attorney show that Flemming
was implicated in attacks in the neighborhood upon Negroes earlier in the
riot period and was known as the leader of an unruly group who made a
certain poolroom their hangout.

V. Deaths for which specific persons were subsequently indicted

by the grand jury:

1. Casmere Lazzeroni
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 28
Time of receiving death wound 4:50 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 3618 South State Street
Manner of wound Stab wound

The defendants were four Negro boys, Charles Johnson, eighteen; Frank
Coachman, sixteen; John Green, fourteen; and Walter Colvin, sixteen.
Lazzeroni, a sixty-year-old Italian peddler, driving a banana wagon on
State Street, was pursued by boys throwing stones who overtook him,
jumped on his wagon, and stabbed him with pocketknives. All except
Johnson were alleged to have confessed, and the confessions were given
before the grand jury by Policeman Deliege as he remembered them.
They were not read. The boys who confessed implicated the one who did
not, Johnson. Mrs. Dolly Herrmann identified all of the boys as being
implicated.
The four boys were indicted and tried and on September 19, 1919, a
verdict of guilty was rendered against Colvin and Johnson. They were
sentenced to the penitentiary for life on December 17, 1919; the cases of
Green and Coachman were stricken off with leave to reinstate.
2. Joseph Powers
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 6:00 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound Root and Emerald streets
Manner of wound Stab wound

A Negro, William Henderson, was walking west on Root Street on the

morning of July 29 going to work at the Stock Yards. He was overtaken by
another Negro whom he did not know, but who accompanied him down
the street. As they crossed Emerald Avenue they were met by two white
men walking east. One of these was Joseph Powers. He walked slightly
behind the other white man, whose identity was never discovered. It was
not known whether Powers was with this man or not. As the unknown
white man passed the two Negroes he struck out at them. The unknown
Negro walking with Henderson struck back, evidently with a knife in his
hand, and hit Powers, who was then abreast of the group, mortally
wounding him. All the participants ran except Powers. Henderson was the
only one overtaken. He was chased through alleys and brought down with
stones and bricks and severely beaten. From the description of the second
Negro given by Henderson, and the fact that another had been found
wounded near this spot, it was supposed at first that the second man was
one Henry Renfroe. The coroner's jury said: "We believe that William
Henderson was guilty of no wrong doing, and that if the unknown colored
man should prove to be Henry Renfroe, that he was acting in self-defense.
We recommend their immediate discharge from police custody. We further
recommend that the white men guilty of assault on William Henderson
and his companion be apprehended and punished."
Later Judge Tate, Negro, was identified as the companion of Henderson.
Both Negroes were indicted by the grand jury. On December 13, 1919, a
verdict of not guilty was returned against Tate and the case of Henderson
was nolle prossed.
3. Walter Parejko
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 7:30 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound Fifty-first Street near Dearborn Street
Manner of wound Bullet wound

4. Morris I. Perel
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 8:15 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound Fifty-first and Dearborn streets
Manner of wound Stab wound

The same three defendants appear in both these cases, three young
Negro boys, Ben Walker, William Stinson, and Charles Davis.
There were no eyewitnesses in either case except the defendants
involved, and they did not appear in person before the coroner's jury, but
statements by them were either read or repeated by officials in charge.
Davis and Stinson declared that Walker shot Parejko. When the
statements were read to Walker, who had so far refused to make a
confession, he said Stinson stabbed Perel.
Parejko and his friend Josef Maminaki, laborers on the Grand Trunk
Railway, were going to work. According to Stinson the boys were sitting on
a bread box in front of a store when they saw the two white men. Walker
said, "Let's get this guy." Stinson answered, "Not me." Walker said, "Stand
aside now, boys; I will do my stuff." He fired and Parejko was mortally
wounded and Maminaki slightly wounded. Walker denied the shooting.
However, he told where the weapon could be found, and it was brought
before the coroner as evidence.
Perel was walking to his place of business going west on Fifty-first Street.
Near Dearborn Street four or five Negro men or boys jumped on him and
stabbed him. When he was found, it was discovered that his gold watch
had been forcibly severed from the chain and was missing. Someone said
a crowd of boys had been seen running south. According to the statement
of Ben Walker, "Fat Stinson jumped on him and stabbed him and hit him
with a club at the same time.... After he stabbed and hit him the whole
gang jumped on him." Afterward Stinson is reported by Walker to have
said, "I surely hit that guy," and to have displayed a pearl-handled knife.
The coroner's jury said in the Parejko case: "We recommend that the said
Ben Walker, the said William Stinson, and the said Charles Davis be held to
the grand jury upon a charge of murder until discharged by due process of
law." In the Perel case the jury said: "We recommend that the said William
Stinson be held to the grand jury upon a charge of murder until
discharged by due process of law."
They were indicted by the grand jury, and on January 9, 1920, a verdict of
not guilty was returned in each case.
5. Harold Brignadello (see p. 27)
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 10:30 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound 1021 South State Street
Manner of wound Bullet wound

Harold Brignadello was one of a crowd of white men who wandered south
on State Street and halted at No. 1021 and stoned the house. It was not
brought out whether the stone-throwing was done because Negroes lived
in the house, or was provoked by taunts from Negroes in the second-story
window. A Negro woman and two men appeared at the window, and
when the throwing did not stop, the woman raised her arm. A shot was
fired into the crowd, fatally wounding Brignadello. Police officers found in
the flat and arrested Emma Jackson, Kate Elder, John Webb, Ed Robinson,
and Clarence Jones. The coroner's jury recommended that they be held to
the grand jury upon a charge of murder until discharged by due process of
law, and that members of the unknown white mob be apprehended. The
five Negroes named were indicted, and on September 20, 1919, a verdict
of not guilty was returned as to each.
6. G. L. Wilkins
Race White
Date of receiving death wound July 30
 Time of receiving death wound 1:30 p.m.
Place of receiving death wound 3825 Rhodes Avenue
Manner of wound Bullet wound

Wilkins, an agent for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, on his

rounds collecting, entered the house at 3825 Rhodes Avenue where
several Negro families live. While he was inside three young Negro men
approached one of the tenants who was sitting on the front porch, and
one of them asked who the white man was. This youth is alleged to have
said, "We don't want no damned insurance man here. What money we
have got we want to keep it." When Wilkins appeared, two of the youths
stood on the curb, and one went between two houses which Wilkins had
to pass. As he went by he was shot. It was said that Spurgeon Anthony
and Willis Powell were the two who stood at the curb, and John
Washington was the one who went between the houses. The coroner's
jury recommended that the three be held to the grand jury upon a charge
of murder, and the grand jury indicted them. On December 16, 1919, a
verdict of not guilty was returned as to Powell, and Washington was found
guilty and sentenced to twenty years in the penitentiary.
7. Paul Hardwick
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 5:00 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound Wabash Avenue and Adams Street
Manner of wound Bullet wound

A mob of white civilians, soldiers, and sailors, who had been chasing
Negroes through the "Loop" district for the previous two or three hours,
beating and robbing them, and destroying property where Negroes were
not found, entered one of Thompson's restaurants where Hardwick was
breakfasting. Another Negro, one King, was also in the restaurant. The
mob set upon them, throwing food and dishes. Hardwick dodged into the
street and King hid behind a dish counter, where he was wounded with a
knife. Failing to catch Hardwick as he fled down Adams Street, one of the
rioters stepped to the curb and fired a revolver at him, bringing him down.
Several of the crowd robbed the corpse. At the time of the coroner's jury
hearing the only one of the mob identified was Ray Freedman, aged
seventeen. He was apprehended and charged with murder, malicious
mischief, and inciting to riot, but was not indicted. Later Edward Haines
was connected with the case, indicted, and on February 21, 1920, sent to
Pontiac.
8. Robert Williams
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 29
Time of receiving death wound 6:15 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound At or near State and Van Buren streets
Manner of wound Stab wound

The murder of Williams was the second riot killing in the heart of
Chicago's business district on the morning of July 29. Before Williams died
he said he had been assaulted by white men at State and Van Buren
streets. An eyewitness, a Negro, said he saw Williams running west on the
car track on Van Buren Street, followed by a mob of about 200 white men.
One of them, whom he positively identified as Frank Biga, stabbed the
deceased twice, but Williams continued to run for a distance after that. A
white man who saw Williams picked up at Harrison and State streets also
identified Biga as a man who all during the morning had led gangs
chasing Negroes. A woman went to a policeman and pointed out Biga as
the leader of riot mobs. The coroner's jury recommended that Biga be
held to the grand jury upon a charge of murder. At the time of the
identification of Biga by the woman the policeman arrested him, found a
broken razor in his possession, and had him booked for disorderly
conduct, for which he was fined $5 and costs in the boys' court and sent
to the House of Correction. The next day he broke out of the House of
Correction and was not again apprehended until he was implicated in the
murder of a shoe merchant, Fred Bender, on August 8, 1919. He killed
Bender with a blow on the head from an iron pipe. On February 18, 1920,
Biga was sent to the penitentiary for life.
9. William Dozier
Race Negro
Date of receiving death wound July 31
Time of receiving death wound 7:15 a.m.
Place of receiving death wound Stock Yards, Exchange Avenue about Cook
Street
Manner of wound External violence

Dozier, Negro, approached a meat curer employed in the superintendent's

office of Swift & Co. to ask if the Negroes were not going to have
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