02 Y%S ,xldjg ì%;dkHhka meñKSu iy n,h ;yjqre lr .

ekSu
Y%S ,xldj hg;a lr.;a cd;Ska w;r mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais iy bx.%Sis hk cd;Ska ;%S;ajh ±laúh yelsh'
fï w;ßka bx.%Sis cd;slhka Y%S ,xldj hg;a lrf.k l%s'j' 1796 - 1947 olajd wjqreÿ 161 muK ld,hla
;u wKil furg mj;ajdf.k .shy' fï ksid Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,khg iy ixialD;shg we;s l<
n,mEu iq¿mgq fkdfõ' fufia we;s l< n,mEï hym;a fukau whym;a m%;sM, f,io ±l.; yelsh'

ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a lr.ekSug n,mE idOl

fmrÈ. rgj,a iuÕ fj<|dfuka iïnkaOj isá mD;=.Sis iy ,kafoais cd;slhka w;=ßka Y%S ,xldj
tjlg k;= lrf.k isáfha ,kafoaiSkah' ,kafoaiSka fmrÈ. fj<|dfuka wêl ,dN ,nk nj ±k.;a
ì%;dkH iy m%xY cd;slfhda fmrÈ. fj<|du ;uka i;= lr .ekSug W;aidy ±rEy' fuu fomsßi w;r
we;s jQ n, ;r.h ksid m%xY cd;slfhda" hqfrdamfha ,kafoaiSkaf.a ujq rg jQ ´,kaoh wdl%uKh l<y'
fuys m%;sM,hla jQfha ´,kaofha tjlg md,lhd jQ ú,shï l=ure /ljrKh m;d tx.,ka;hg mek
hduhs' ú,shï l=ureg /ljrKh ie,iQ bx.%SiSyq" ,xldfõ isák ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd wu;d ,xldfõ
ish¨u ,kafoais n,fldgqj, md,kh bx.%SiSkag mjrd fok f,i b,a,d ismshla ,nd.;af;dah' fuu ,smsh
ksl=;a lrk ,oafoa tx.,ka;fha zlsõZ ud<s.fha isgh' tneúka th ye¢kajQfha lsõ ,smsh kñks' tjlg
,xldfõ ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhdj isá *ka tx.,afnla zlsõ ,smshZ wkqj lghq;= lsÍug ue<s úh' tksid
bx.%SiSyq m%:ufhka ;%sl=Kdu,fha ,kafoais n,fldgqjg myr §" th w,a,d .;af;dah' bkamiq l%ufhka
hdmkh" ukakdru" l,amsáh" .d,a, iy fld<U hk ,kafoais n,fldgq bx.%SiSyq w,a,d .;ay' fï wkqj
1796 fmnrjdß 15 jeks Èk ,kafoaiSka i;= ish¨u uqyqÿnv m%foaY bx.%SiSkag mjrd §ug *ka tx.,a fnlag
isÿúh' fufia Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, md,kh bx.%SiSka i;=úh'

ì%;dkHhkag Y%S ,xldfõ n,h ,nd .ekSug n,mE fya;= (-

 Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdkq id.rfha uOH.;j msysàu ksid fmrmr È. keõ ud¾.fha flakaøia:dkhl
msysgd ;sîu'

 bkaÈhdkq id.rfha wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lr.ekSug iÿiq ia:dkhl Y%S ,xldj msysàu'

 bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr fjrf<a fukau" ngysr fjrf<a o fj<|dï lghq;= Y%S ,xldfõ isg
fufyhùug yelshdj ,eîu'

 Y%S ,xldfõ msysá ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh" iajdNdúl wdrlaIdj iys; jrdhla jQ ksid Tjqkaf.a kdúl
hd;%d Wmøj rys;j kj;d ;nd .ekSug iqÿiq jrdhla ùu'

 Y%S ,xldfõ fj<| lghq;= j,g ueÈy;a ùfï wjYH;dj fukau" wêl ,dN ,eìh yels uq;=
ueKsla" l=re÷" .ïñßia" tkid,a" we;a o< wdÈh myiqfjka ,nd.; yelsùu

Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, ì%;dkH md,kh

,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd jQ *ka tx.,afnla úiska ,kafoaiSka i;=j ;snQ m%foaY bx.%SiSkag mjrd
fokq ,enQjo" tu m%foaYj, md,kh f.k .sfha fmrÈ. fj<| iud.u fyj;a fcdaka iy iud.u uÕsks'
fuu fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq fj<| iud.u hkq uÿrdisfha msysgqjd ;snQ bx.%SiSkaf.a fj<| lghq;= fufyh jQ
iud.uhs' fmrÈ. m%foaYj, rgj,a hg;a lr.ekSfï lghq;= i|yd wjYH úhoï iemhQfõ fuu iud.uhs'
ta ksid bx.%Sis wdKavqj fjkqfjka l< úhoï" kejj; ,nd .ekSug fuu iud.ug yelshdj ,enqKs' ta
ksid ,xlfõ md,k n,hg ueÈy;a fjñka nÿ uqo,a j,ska ;u úhoï mshjd .ekSug fuu iud.ug
yelshdj ,eî ;snqKs' fï ksid fmrÈ. bka§h fj<| iud.u;a bx.%Sis wdKavqj;a tla ù" lrk ,o md,k
l%uhla ful, Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,enqKs' fuh ye¢kajQfha oaú;aj md,kh hk kñks' fuys§ mßmd,k
lghq;= bx.%Sis wdKavqj ueÈy;a ùfuka l< w;r" nÿ uqo,a whlr.ekSu jeks wdÈhï ,nd.ekSfï lghq;=
fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq fj<| iud.u u.ska o lrk ,È' fuu fomsßi w;r wfkdkH iyfhda.fhka lghq;=
lsÍula olakg fkd,enqKs' nÿ whlr.ekSfuka ;u wdodhu jeälr .ekSug iud.u ksr;=reju Wkkaÿ
úh' fï i|yd kj nÿ j¾. /ila o y÷kajd fokq ,eîh'

fmd,a noao
wrlal= noao
¨Kq noao
ud¿ noao
ÿïfld< noao
rd noao

fufia kj nÿ rdYshla mekùfuka isxy, jeishd buy;a wiSre;djhlg m;a úh'

fuhska úYd, widOdrKhlg ,la jQ nÿ j¾.h jQfha fmd,a.ia noaohs' fmd,a .ia 10lg jvd jeä
iEu bvulskau" nÿ wh lrk ,È' m,odj we;s fyda ke;s iEu .ila fjkqfjkau rchg uqo,ska nÿ f.úh
hq;= úh' idudkH .eñ ck;dj ;u tÈfkod m%fhdackh ,enQ fmd,a .iaj,g uqo,ska nÿ f.ùu b;d
widOdrK l%shdj,shla úh' fufia nÿ f.ùug wjeis w;sßla; uqo,la idudkH ck;dj i;= fkdùh' fï
ksid wiSre;djhg m;a idudkH ck;dj" bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj ;u wlue;a; m%ldY l<y' fuh miqld,Skj
bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj úYd, le/,a,la we;s lsÍug ;rï W.% fya;=jla njg o m;a úh'

iud.u úiska mkjk ,o nÿ whlsÍu i|yd fhdojk ,oafoa zwjqñ,aod¾Z kï ks,OdÍka msßils'
Tjqka uÿrdisfha nÿ tl;= lsÍfï l%shdj,sh fuys§ o wkq.ukh l< w;r" foaYh
S nÿ wh lsÍï ms<sn|j
lsisÿ ie,ls,a,la fkd±lajQy' nÿ tl;= lsÍfï ld¾hh fuu ks,OdÍkag mjrk ,oafoa fjkafoais l%uhla
uÕsks' fuys§ nÿ wh lr.ekSfï whs;sh by,u b,a¨ïlreg fjkafoais wjia:dfõ§ ñ,§ .; yelsh' ta
wkqj nÿ wh lr.ekSfï n,h ,;a ks,Odßhd f,i tfia ñ,§ .;a mqoa.,hd úh' Tyq ;ukag wjeis mßÈ
idudkH ck;djf.ka nÿ uqo,a ,ndf.k ;u ,dNh Wmßu lr.; yelsh' fï ;;ajh u; wjqñ,aod¾jre
;ukag wjeis mßÈ nÿ j¾.j,g ñ, kshu fldg" ,dNh Wmßu lr.ekSug W;aidy ±rEy' fuho oaú;aj
md,kh ì| jeàug fya;= jQ lreKla úh'

1798 isg Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<a f*âßla fkda;ah' Tyq tjlg
mej;s oaú;aj md,kh wkqj iud.ug fukau" bx.%Sis wdKavqjg o j.lsj hq;= úh' kuq;a wid¾:l nÿ
mekùï yuqfõ wdKavqldrjrhdg o l< yels fohla fkdùh' fï ksid jeä l,a fkdf.dia oaú;aj md,k
l%uh ì| jegqKs' 1802 § Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;a bx.%Sis wdKavqfõ iïmQ¾K md,khg mjrd .kakd ,È'

wêl nÿ whlsÍï yuqfõ mSvkhg m;a furg ck;dj úiska bx.%Sis fmrÈ. bka§h fj<| iud.ug
úreoaOj my; rg m%foaYfha le/,a,la we;s lrk ,È' le/,a, u¾okh lsÍfuka miq fujeks le/,a,la
we;s ùug fya;= mÍlaId lsÍug zo ñhqrkaZ fldñiu m;a lrk ,È' l¾k,a o ñhqrka tys iNdm;sjrhd úh'

ñhqrka fldñifï fhdackd

 nÿ tl;= lsÍug fjkafoais lsÍfï l%uh wfydais lsÍu'

 nÿ tl;= lsÍug wjqñ,aod¾jre bj;a fldg" foaYh
S ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu'
 fmd,a .ia noao jeks kj nÿ j¾. wfydais lr ±óu'
  Èjhsfka mej;s merKs isß;a úß;a yd iïm%odhka wkqj lghq;= lsÍu iy uqo,ska f.úh hq;= nÿ
NdKav j,ska f.ùug kej; wjir§u'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;a lsÍgfha md,kh hg;g m;alsÍu'

Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jQ f*âßla fkda¾;a l%s'j' 1798 isg 1805 olajd furg
ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd f,i lghq;= lrk ,È' 1802 § uÿrdis md,kh fyj;a fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq fj<|
iud.fï md,kh bj;a fldg uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, iïmQ¾K md,kh ì%;dkH wdKavj q g fyj;a bx.%Sis
lsÍghg hg;a l< w;r fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd ;jÿrg;a tu md,k OQrh Wiq,k ,È'

f*%âßla fkda;a wdKavqldrjrhd

Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd f,i l%s'j' 1798 isg 1805 olajd fm%âßla fkda¾;a lghq;=
lrk ,È' tl, ,xldfõ mßmd,k" isú,a iy hqo lghq;= md,kh lrf.k hdfï n,;, Tyqg ysñ úh'
1798 isg 1802 olajd w;r ld,fha mej;s zoaú;aj md,khZ hgf;a bx.%Sis wdKavqjg;a" bx.%Sis fmrÈ.
bkaÈhdkq fj<| iud.ug;a j.lSug ne£ isá ksid" fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdg ÿIalr ld,hla Wod ù
;snqKs' kuq;a 1802 isg oaú;aj md,kh wfydais ùu;a iuÕu" md,k lghq;= l%uj;a úh'

fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ld,fha isÿ jQ fiajdjka

 wêlrK lghq;=j, l%luj;a Ndjh

 frdau ,kafoais kS;s l%uhg bx.%Sis kS;s o y÷kajd§u'
 fYa%IaGdêlrKh msysgqùu
 rdcldß l%uh wj,x.= lsÍu
 kvq úi£fï§ weme,a Widúh fyj;a wNshdpkdêlrKh msysgqùu'
 rcfha md,k lghq;= i|yd ;eme,a fomd¾;fïka;=j" fmdÿ jev fomd¾;fïka;=j (PWD) iy
ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu'

fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a Wvrg wdl%uKh

fm%âßla fkda;a wdKavqldrjrhd uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, md,k lghq;= f.k hk wjÈfha Wvrg
mej;sfha iajdëk isxy, rdcOdkslhs' tys md,lhdj isáfha Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=udh' t;=ud isxy,
rdcdj,sfha wjidk rc;=udo úh' Wvrg rc;=ud iy isxy, or<jreka w;r mej;s wiuÕsh ksid fkda;a
wdKavqldrjrhdg isxy, ro<jreka iuÕ ióm in|;d mj;ajd.ekSug yelsúh' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqg
úreoaOj lghq;= l< ms<su;,õfõ wÈldru fufia bx.%SiSkag mlaImd;Sj lghq;= l< wfhls' Wvrgg
fj<odfï .sh uqia,sï fj<÷ka msßilg ysßyer lsÍu ksid fkda;a wdKavqldrjrhd Wvrgg úreoaOj
wdl%uKhla t,a, lf<ah' fld<U isg uelafvdaj,a fifkú iy ;%sl=Kdu,fha isg ndnÜ fifkú hgf;a
yuqod fiakdxl folla Wvrgg tjQ kuq;a Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq iy uykqjr jdiSka yÕ=rkafl;g miqnei
ieÕjqKy' bkamiq uq;a;=idñ kï l=ufrl= bx.%SiSka úiska rclug m;a lrk ,È' kuq;a fiakd ixjjOdkh
fldg bx.%Sis yuqod mrdch fldg uq;a;=idñ l=ure o >d;kh fldg" f*%âßla fkda¾;af.a m<uqjeks Wvrg
wdl%uKh uq¿ukskau jH¾: lr ±óug isxy,hkag yelsúh'

f;dauia fïÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjrhd

fm%âßla fkda¾;af.ka miq furg wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;aj wdfõ f;dauia fuÜ,kaâh' 1805 isg
1812 olajd ld,h ;=< i¾ f;dauia fïÜ,kaâ wdKavqldr OQrfha lghq;= l< w;r Wvrg iïnkaOfhka
iduldó m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<ah' rg mqrd ixpdrh lr Y%S ,dxlslhka ms<sn|j mq¿,a wjfndaOhla
,nd.ekSug fyf;u l%shd lf<ah'
f;dauia fïÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ld,fha§ isÿjQ fiajdjka

 fm%âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd wj,x.= l< rdcldß l%uh kej; we;s lsÍu'
 isú,a mßmd,k ks,OdÍka isxy, iy fou< NdId bf.kSug Wkkaÿ lsÍu uÕska fyd|
mßmd,khla f.khd yels njg m%ldY lsÍu'
 kvq úi£ug 1810 § cQß iNd l%uh we;s lsÍu'
 uqo,sjreka i;=j ;snQ n,;, wvq lsÍu'

frdnâ n%jqkß a .a wdKavqldrjrhd

f;dauia fïÜ,kaâf.ka miq furg wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;aj wdfõ frdnÜ n%jqkaß.ah' Tyq l%s'j'
1812 isg 1822 olajd ld,h ;=< furg wdKavqldrjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<ah' tjlg Wvrg rdcHfhys
rc;=ud jQfha Y%S úl%u rdcisxyh' t;=ud iuÕ fj<| iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .ekSug W;aidy orej o th
wid¾:l jQ ksid" Wvrg rdcHh wdl%TuKhlska fyda hg;a lr .ekSug frdnÜ n%jqkß a .a W;aidy ±Íh'
Wvrg wo,jreka w;r mej;a wiu.sh;a" kdhlald¾ jxYsl rcq flfrys jeishdf.a l,lsÍu;a m%fhdackhg
.;a bx.%SiSyq" fcdaka fvdhs,s kï bx.%Sis ks,Odßhdf.ka Wvrg rdcHh ms<sn|j ,nd.;a ryia f;dr;=re
wkqidrfhka" ie,iqï iy.;j ueo uykqjr ieÕù isá rc;=ud we;=¿ ìfidajre w;awvx.=jg .;ay'

l%s'j' 1815 Wvrg rdcHh w;am;a lr.ekSu

f;jk wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;aj wd frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a" Wvrg iuÕ iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍug
W;aidy orejr th wid¾:l úh' ì%;dkHhka furg n,h ,nd.ekSfï tla wNsm%dhhla jQfha fj<|dfuka
Wmßu ,dNhla ,eîuhs' ta ksid Wvrg Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq iuÕ fj<| .súiqulg ne£ug n%jqkß a .a
wdKavqldrjrhd W;aidy ±rejo th wid¾:l m%h;akhla úh' ta ksid wdl%uKhlska fyda Wvrg w;am;a lr
.ekSu frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a wNs,dIh úh' fcdaka fvdhs,s kï bx.%Sis cd;slhd isxy, NdIdj
yodrd Wvrg ms<sn| ish¨ f;dr;=re ±k isá ;eke;af;la úh' fudyqf.a ud¾.fhka Wvrg m%OdkSka iy Y%S
úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;r mj;sk mlaImd;S;ajhka fukau" úril ;;ajhka o rcqf.a ÿ¾j,;djhka ms<sn|j o
ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug tjlg isá wdKavqldrjrhdg yelsúh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i Wvrg hqo
Yla;sh" rcqf.a ryis.; ,e.=ï ia:dk fukau" Wvrg mej;s ud¾. ms<sn|j o f;dr;=re /ila n%jqkaß.a
wdKavqldrjrhdg ±k.ekSug yelsúh'

Wvrg rcq iy isxy, m%OdkSka w;r mek keÕ=Kq úril Ndjh Èfkka Èk j¾Okh ùu rcqg b;d
wjdis iy.; ;;ajhla úh' lkakidñ kñka ye¢ka jQ Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqg" fmr rdcH Wreuh n,d
isáfha uq;a;=idñ kï l=udrfhls' kuq;a Wvrg n,j;a ro,fhl= jQ ms<su;,õfõ wÈldru úiska uq;a;=idñ
l=ureg rdcH n,h ,nd fkd§" lkakidñ l=ure Y%S úl%u rdcisxy f,i wNsfIal lrjk ,È' fuys§
fudyqf.a wNsm%dh jQfha rc;=ud rElv md,lfhl= f,i ;ndf.k md,k lghq;= ;uka úiska
fufyhùughs' tfia jqj rc;=ud ms<su;,õjf.a woyia j,g msgmq d ;ukag wjeis mßÈ lghq;= lf<ah' fï
ksid ro, m%OdkSyq rcqg mlaI iy úmlaI f,i fldgia follg fn§ lghq;= l<y' fuys m%;sM,hla jQfha
rcq urd ±óug l=uka;%Kh lf<a hhs ielfldg ms<su;,õfõ we;=¿ lsysm fofkl= urKhg m;a lsÍuhs'
bkamiq tu ;k;=r i|yd ms<su,õfõ wÈldrïf.a nEkd flfkl= jQ weyef,afmd, m;a lrk ,È' rcq
ful, rdcH;ajh /l.ekSu ms<sn|j jHdl+,;ajhlska lghq;= lf<ah' tneúka ro, m%OdkSka tlsfkld
flfrys úrilj ;nd .ksñka" ;u wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSug o fyf;u Wkkaÿ úh' fï wkqj
weyef,afmd, wÈldrug i;=rej isá fud,a,sf.dv wÈldru" fojeks wÈldru f,i m;a lr .;af;ah'
fufia rdc iNdj ;=<u mej;s wiuÕslï fcdaka fvdhs,s ud¾.fhka n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhdg o ±k
.ekSug yelsúh'

rc;=udf.a uy wÈldru f,i lghq;= l< weyef,afmd," fcdaka fvdhs,s iuÕ ryia in|;d
mj;ajk nj rcqg ±k .ekSug ,enqKs' fï w;r;=r inr.uq m%foaYfha le/,a,la we;s úh' fuh
weyef,afmd, úiska isÿ lrk ,oaola nj rc;=ud iel l< w;r" rcqf.a yuqqodjla hjd th ue~ mj;ajk
,È' weyef<afmd, bx.%SiSkaf.a /ljrKh m;d mek .sfhah' fuhska fldamhg m;a rc;=ud" weyef,afmd,
l=udßydñ we;=¿ orejka b;d wudkqIsl f,i urd ouk ,È' o<od ud<s.h bÈßmsg kd: foajd, N+ñfha
zfoaj ixys|Z kï ia:dkfha isÿlrk ,o fuu iuQy >d;kh ksid" Y%S úl%u rcq flfrys uyck úfrdaOhla
we;s úh' fufia rcqg úreoaOj uyck u;hla f.dvkeÕ=Kq wjia:dj;a" rcqf.a uy wÈldrï bx.%SiSka
Ndrfha isàu;a fya;= fldgf.k" bx.%SiSkag Wvrg w,a,d .ekSfï miqìu ilia úh' ful, rc;=ud wêl
f,i u;ameka mdkhg yqreù isá ksid" fujka fÄojdplhla isÿjQfha hehso u;hla mej;sK' flfia fyda
Wvrg jeishka fuu isoaêfhka lïmdjg m;a jQ w;r" tÈk Wvrg rdcHfha lsisÿ ksjil wdydr fkdmsiQ
nj o lshefõ'

fufia rcq flfrys Wvrg jeishd w;r we;s jQ úfrdaOh fya;= fldgf.k rcqf.a wdrlaIl
ixúOdk ish,a, ì| jegqKs' tfukau Wvrg ro, m%OdkSyq o rcqg úreoaO jQy' fï ish,a, ish jdish g
yrjd .;a n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd weyef,afmd, wÈldruf.a o wdOdrh we;sj" Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug
ie,iqï ilia lf<ah' 1814 § my;rg isg .sh fjf<÷ka lsysm fofkl=g Wvrg rcqf.a fin¿ka úiska
ysßyer lsÍu fya;=fldg f.k" Wvrgg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍug wdKavqldrjrhd l%shd lf<ah' 1815
ckjdß ui m%ldYhla ksl=;a l< n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd" Wvrg jeishka lDDr rcqf.ka fírd .ekSug
Wvrg wdl%uKh lrk nj;a" jeishkag ikaiqkaj isák f,i;a ±kaùh' tfukau rgjeishd i;= foam<
wdrlaId lrk njg;a" nqÿ iiqkg iy NslaIQka jykafia,dg ksis f.!rjh fukau" wdrlaIdjo ;yjqre lrk
njg fmdfrdkaÿjla o we;=<;a m%ldYh ksid" Wvrg wdl%uKh myiq lghq;a;la úh' weyef,afmd,
wÈldrï we;=¿ Wvrg isxy, m%OdkSkaf.a iyfhda.h;a ksid bx.%SiSkag igk myiqfjka ch.; yelsúh'

Wvrg rc;=ud wdrlaIdj m;d fixlv., kqjßka m,d .sfhah' t;=ud ueo uykqjr fndauqf¾ kï
.%dufha Wvqmsáh wdrÉÑf.a ksjfia ieÕù isáh§" 1815 fmnrjdß ui 18 jeks Èk tlake<sf.dv wÈldru
úiska rcq iy ìfidajreka we;=¿ msßi w,a,d ì%;dkHhkag Ndrfok ,È' w,a,d.;a ú.i rcqg fkdfhl=;a
ysßyer ú£ug isÿjQ kuq;a" miqj ±ä /lj,a ueo fld<Ug f.k tk ,È' rcq iy msßi zfldkafmd,SiaZ kï
fk!ldfjka bkaÈhdfõ uÿrdishg;a" miqj t;eka isg fj,af,da¾ n,fldgqjg;a isrlrefjl= f,i f.k
hk ,È' bkamiq Y%S ,xldfõ rc mrmqf¾ wjidkh isÿ jQ w;r" furg wjidk rc;=ud f,i kdhlald¾
jxYsl Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud b;sydihg tlaúh'

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud

kdhlald¾ jxYslfhl= jQ fu;=ud" rcùug m<uq ye¢kajQfha lkakidñ hk kñks' rc jk úg b;d

<dnd, jhfia isá fu;=ud" NslaIQka jykafia,df.a weiqfrka isxy, NdIdj;a" fn!oaO O¾uh;a W.;af;ah' Y%S
úl%u rdcisxy rcq uq,§ b;d hym;a md,lfhl= f,i lghq;= l< nj ±lafõ' Tyq jgd isá isxy, m%OdkSka
t;=udg úreoaOj lghq;= lsÍu ksid" rc;=udg Ôj;aùug isÿjQfha o b;d wkdrlaIs; mßirhlh' Èkm;d
rcqf.a ksod.kakd ia:dkh mjd fjkia lsÍug isÿjQ njgo rc ud<s.h ;=<§u t;=udf.a Ôú;h ydks lsÍug
l=uka;%K Èh;a jQ njg o idlaIs we;' miqld,Skj b;d ;Èka u;amekg weíneys jQ fu;=ud" blaukskau
lsfmk iq¨ mqoa.,fhl= njg m;a jQ nj t;=udf.a m%ldYhlska ;yjqre fõ' isyiqfkka my lrk ,o Y%S
úl%u rdcisxy rcq" bx.%Sis cd;sl fïc¾ yqla iuÕ lrk ,o m%ldYhla fufiah'

zzfldamfhka isák úg lsisjla lsÍug bv fkdfok wkqYdiljre" bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrekag isá;s'

ta ksid Tn,d w;r o~qjï meñKùu t;rï iq,N fkdfõ' tfy;a wmf.a fldamh ixisf|k úg
jrolrejdf.a brKu úi£ uydrh'ZZ
- Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq

by; m%ldYh wkqj rc;=ud lghq;= l< wdldrh;a" t;=ud i;= wiSñ; n,h ms<sn|j;a jgyd.;
yelsh' rc;=ud iy ro,jreka w;r mej;s u;fNao W.% ùu;a" rc;=udg Èfkka Èk meñKs Ôú; ;¾ck
yuqfõ ;;ajh ;jÿrg;a jHdl+, jkag we;ehs is;sh yelsh'
 o<od ñ<s.hg m;a;sßmamqj jeks w,xldr .Dy ks¾udK wx.h tla lrkq ,enqfha Y%S úl%u rdcisxy
rcqf.a ld,fha§h' o<od ud<s.h bÈßmsg we;s jej wdldY .x.d kñka w,xldr lrùugo t;=ud Wkkaÿ ù
we;' o<od ud<s.h wdikakfhau msysá rc ud<s.fha isg uykqjr ish¨ lghq;= rcq úiskau fidhd neÆ njo
i|yka fjhs' t;=ud is;a .kakd iq¨ fm!reIhlska fyì mqoa.,fhl= jQ w;r" kdhlald¾ jxYsl fjkal;
rx.ïud rcqf.a w. ìfidj úh'

bx.%SiSka úiska isrlrefjl= f,i fld<Ug f.k tkq ,enQ rc;=ud" Èk lsysmhla fld<U r|jd
;nd bkaÈhdjg f.khdu msKsi fldkafjd,Sia fk!ldjg /f.k hkq ne,Sug idudkH rk;dj /iaù
isáhy' t;=ud jrdh wdikakhg f.khk ud¾.fha Wia ia:dkj,g keÕ.;a idudkH ck;dj" rc;=ud
wjika jrg ±l.ekSug W;aidy ord we;' th ÿgq rc;=ud ish¨ jeishka tu Wia ia:dk j,ska bj;a lrk
f,i;a" isxy, rcqf.a ysig by,ska lsisÿ jeisfhl= isàu rc flfkl=g iqÿiq fkdjk nj;a mjid we;' ta
ksid Wia ia:dk j,ska ish¨u jeishka bj;a l< miq" rc;=ud we;=¿ msßi tu ia:dkfhka fk!ldj fj;
.uka l< nj;a ft;sydisl mqrdjD;a;j, i|yka fjhs'

isxy, ro,jrekaf.ka fld;rï ;dvk mSvk t,a, jqjo" bx.%SiSka rc;=udg ksis ie,ls,s ±lajQ nj
bx.%Sis jd¾;dj, i|lykaj we;' rc;=ud bkaÈhdjg msgj
q y,a lsÍug kejg kexjQ miq we;s jQ yeÕSï isxy,
cklúfhl= fufia olajd we;'

úl=ï isy, mrmqr isys ;sfnk ;=re

W;=ï rdc f,a ál uf. isf|k ;=re
fk;ska l÷¿ fkfy<ñ Èú ;sfnk ;=re
b;ska wdhqfndajka ,la ujqks .re

Wvrg .súiqu
1815 ud¾;= 02 Èk uykqjr uÕ=,a uvqfõ § Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd iy isxy, ro,
m%OdkSka úiska w;aika lrk ,o .súiqulska Wvrg rdcOdksh we;=¿ uq¿ ,xldfõu md,kh bx.%SiSkag
mjrd fokq ,eîh' fï wkj mD;=.Sis iy ,kafoais hk ngysr cd;Skayg lsis úfgl;a hg;a lr .;
fkdyels jQ Wvrg rdcHh .súiqula uÕska ì%;dkHhkag mjrd§u ksid" tf;la iajdëk cd;shla f,i isá
Y%S ,dxlslfhda mrdëk cd;shla njg m;a jQy' rc;=ud iy ro, m%OdkSka w;r mej;s wiu.sh;a" md,k
;ka;%fha mej;s ÿ¾j,;d;a ksid ì%;dkHhkag Wvrg b;d myiqfjka w;am;a lr .ekSug yelsúh'

Wvrg .súiqfï j.ka;s

 Wvrg rcqf.a ieyeislï ksid Tyq Wvrg isyiqfkka myflfrk nj' Tyqf.a rdcH Wreuhka
iïmQ¾Kfhkau wfydais flfrk nj'

 ì%;dkH rc;=ud Wvrg rcq f,i Ú,s.kakd nj'

 Wvrg ro,hkaf.a ks,;, iy n,;, wdrlaId lrk nj'

 Wvrg isß;a úß;a wdrlaId lrk nj'

 l%Er o~qjï l%u bj;a lrk nj'

 ish¨u jeishkaf.a jrm%ido wdrlaId lrk nj'

 nqoaO Ydikh" foajd, iïnkaO mqo mQcd kv;a;= lgh;= yd tajdfha wdrlaIdj iy;sl fldg
mj;ajdf.k hk nj'
 uykqjr uÕ=,a u~qfõÈ Wvrg .súiqu w;aika;en Sug fmr bx.%Sis fldäh kxjd ;sfnkq ÿgq
jdßhfmd< Y%S iqux., ysñhka úiska bx.%Sis fldäh tieúh yelafla" .súiqu w;aika lsÍfuka mufKlehs
tä;rj mjid bx.%Sis fldäh my; fy<d isxy fldäh Tijk ,È' fuh isxy, ysñ kulf.a wNS;
ùr;ajh fmkajk mshjrla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

l%s'j' 1818 ksoyia igk

miqìï jQ fya;= (-
Wvrg ro, m%OdkSka iy bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jQ frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a úiska w;aika lrk ,o Wvrg
.súiqug wkqj" lkao Wvrg bx.%SiSkag hg;a m%foaYhla njg m;aúh' kuq;a bx.%SiSkaf.a .súiqug wkqj
Wvrg foaYh S ks,OdÍkaf.a ks,;, fukau" whs;sjdislï jrm%ido iy n,;, wdrlaId jk njg;a" Ñrd.;
iïm%odhdkql+,j md,kh f.k hk njg;a jQ fmdfrdkaÿj bgq jk ,l=Kq olakg fkd,eìKs' Wvrg
kdhlald¾ jxYsl rcq fkrmd yeÍfuka miq isxy, m%OdkSkag wjeis mßÈ md,kh f.k hd yels njg Tjqka
;=< úYajdihla f.dvke.S ;snqKs' Wvrg md,k lghq;= f.k hdu i|yd wdKavqldrjrhd úiska fcdaka
fvdhs,sf.a Wmldrh ,nd .kakd ,È' isxy, NdIdj bf.k f.k" Wvrg isß;a úß;a fukau ro, m%OdkSka
w;r we;s tÈßjdÈlï ms<sn|j fyd¢ka jgyd.;a fvdhs,s" lsisÿ ro, m%Odksfhl=g wfkld wNsNjñka
lghq;= lsÍug lsis lf,l;a bvla fkd,efnk nj wjfndaO lr .;af;ah' ta ksid l%ufhka ro, m%OdkSka
i;= jrm%ido ms<sn|j ;elSula fkdlr lghq;= lrk ,È' fuhska bÉcdNx.;ajhg m;a ro, m%OdkSyq"
idudkH jeishd bx.%Sis md,khg úreoaOj fm< .eiaiùug Wml%u fh¥y' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i jeä l,a
fkdhjd bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj cku;hla lkao Wvrg rdcHfhys we;s úh' mrïmrd .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a
f.!rjhg md;% jQ rfcl= fukau" o<od jykafiaf.a wdrlaIlhd f,i lghq;= l< ;u md,lhd
wysñùfuka ;ukag ksis wdrlaIdjla fkd,efnk wka; wirK msßila njg m;a jQ nj isxy, ck;djg
wjfndaO úh' fï ksid nqreu ráka fn!oAO rc l=ufrl= f.kajd .ekSug o Wvrg ro, m%OdkSka W;aidy
ord ;snqKs' fufia l%ufhka bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj Wvráka wdrïN jQ wm%idoh" l%ufhka ler,s ;;a;ajhla
olajd j¾Okh úh'

bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj cku;hla f.dvkefÕñka mj;sk w;r;=r§" isxy,hka úYd, msßila Ôj;a jQ
fj,a,iai m%foaYfha uqykaÈrï ;k;=r i|yd yÊð ußlald¾ kï uqykaÈrï flfkl= m;a lsÍu ksid"
jeishka ;=< we;s jQ fkdikaiqka;djh le/,a,la we;sùfï wdikak;u fya;=j njg m;aúh' fï w;r;=r
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a {d;sfhl= nj lshd.;a fodf¾idñ kï ;eke;af;la" Wvrgg ;udf.a rdcH
Wreuhla we;s nj m%ldY l< ksid" W!j fj,a,iai ck;dj Tyq jgd talrdYs jkakg mgka .;af;ah'

1818 ksoyia igkg fya;= jQ lreKq (-

 Wvrg m%N+jrekag ysñù ;snQ jrm%ido wysñ lsÍu ksid Tjqkaf.a úfrdaOh uyck y~la f,i
fm<.eiaùug Wvrg m%OdkSkag yelsùu'

 Wvrg ro,hkaf.a wfmalaId jQ kdhlald¾ jxYsl rcq isyiqfkka myfldg" ro, m%Odksfhl= Wvrg
md,lhd njg m;a lrjd .ekSfï wNs,dIh bx.%SiSka úiska fkd;ld yeÍu'

 ì%;dkH rcqf.a kdufhka ish¨ lghq;= isÿ jQjo" Wvrg jeishd lsislf,l fkdÿgq rfcl=g f.!rj
lsÍug fkdfm<öu" Tjqka fuf;la l,a f.!rjdorh ±lajQfha ;ukag oDYHudk rc flfkl=gh'
Wvrg isyiqfka fkdisák rc flfkl= ms<sn|j Tjqkag lsisÿ yeÕSula fkdùh'

 merKs kS;sÍ;s iïm%odhhka .re lrk nj bx.%SiSka fmdfrdkaÿ jqjo" tajd lsis wdldrfhka bgq
fkdùu'
  W!j fj,a,iai m%foaYhg yÊð ußlald¾ kï uqykaÈrï flfkl= m;a lsÍfuka isxy,hka fkd;ld
yeßfhah hk l,lsÍu bx.%Sis md,khg úreoaOj we;s wdikak;u fya;=j ùu'

W!j fj,a,iai m%foaYfhka werUqKq fuu le/,a, u¾okh lsÍug nÿ,af,a tacka;jrhd jQ
is,afjiag¾ ú,aika we;=¿ Ng msßula hjk ,È' fuys§ ler,slrejkag ueÈ jQ ú,aika we;=¿ msßi" ure
uqjg m;a jQ w;r le/,a, fõ.fhka me;sr hk ,laIK olakg ,enqKs' fï ksid wr.,h ue~ meje;aùug
bx.%SiSka úiska lemafmáfmd," ñ,a,Ej" ldínElvqj hk Èidfõ jreka msg;a lr yeßho" lemafmáfmd,
Èidfõ ler,slrejkag tla úh' fuh bx.%SiSka ,enQ oreKqu mrdchla úh' fud,a,sf.dv Èidfõ muKla
bx.%SiSkag mlaIj lghq;= l< w;r" wfkl=;a ish¨u ro,jreka ler,slrejkag iyfhda.h ÿkay' ;;ajh
md,kh l< fkdyels ;rug W.%jk nj ±k.;a bx.%SiSyq" zud¾I,a f,daZ fyj;a hqoaO kS;sh mkjd
ler,slreõkg ÿgq ;ek fjä;eîfï kS;sh hgf;a l%shd l<y' tfukau .ïìï .sks ;nñka ksjdi"
foafmd< fukau" OdkH j.djka o úkdY l<y' .ïìï úkdY lsÍfuka wdydr ysÕhla we;s lsÍug lghq;=
l< ksid wirK Ndjhg m;a ck;dj" bx.%SiSkag hg;a jQy' igkalrejka úYd, msßila urKhg m;a ùu;a"
ler,s kdhlhka bx.%SiSkag yiqùu;a ksid 1818 ksoyia wr.,h wvmK úh" oka; Od;+ka jykafia o"
bx.%SiSka w;g m;aùfuka ksoyia wr.,h ksudj ÿgqfõh' ler,s kdhlhka w;r ksis iïnkaO;djhla
fkdùu;a" i;r fldar,h Ndrj isá fud,a,sf.dv Èidfõ bx.%SiSkag mlaIj lghq;= l< ksid fld<U-kqjr
uyd ud¾.h jeà ;snqKq i;r fldar,h yryd bx.%Sis fiakdjka Wvrgg heùfï myiqlu;a" fiakdjkag
wjYH wdydrmdk wdÈh ksis l,g Wvrgg heùug yelsùu;a ksid" bx.%Sis yuqodjkag jdis iy.; ;;ajhla
we;súh' fuu fya;= ksid bx.%SiSkag 1818 m%:u ksoyia igk myiqfjka uev meje;aúh yels úh' bx.%SiSka
úiska w,a,d .kakd ,o lemafmáfmd," uvq.,af,a we;=¿ kdhlhka urd ouk ,È' igkg iydh ÿka njg
iel l< weyef,afmd, wÈldru uqßis Èjhskg msgqjy,a lrk ,È' 1815 Wvrg .súiqfuka ì%;dkHhkag
mjrd fok ,o Wvrg rdcHh ksoyia lr .ekSfï wruqKska Èh;a lrk ,o m%:u ksoyia wr.,h
iajfoaYslhka úYd, msßilg urKh Wreu lrfoñka" úYd, foam< úkdYhla isÿ lrñka o" isxy, cd;sh
ms<sn| yeÕ=fuka Tojeã .sh kdhlhka /ilf.a Ôú; mQcdfjka o ksudj ÿgqfõh' fuu ixõ.ckl
wjidkh;a iuÕ m%ldYhla ksl=;a l< ì%;dkHfhda" foaYSh ks,OdÍkaf.a n,;, iy jrm%ido wvq lr" nqÿ
oyu iq/lSug ÿka fmdfrdkaÿj o fkd;ld yeßhy'

1818 ksoyia igkska wmg W.; yels mdvï (-

 foaYSh kdhlhka jQ ro<jreka w;r mej;s n, ;Kaydj ksid rg ;=< wrdðl;ajhla ìys jQ nj'

 rc;=ud jeks Yla;su;a kdhlfhl= fkdisák úg" md,kh o iaÓridr fkdjk nj'

 iuyr ro, kdhlhka bx.%SiSkag mlaImd; ùfuka Wvrg rdcHfha ish¨u hqo ryia Tjqka w;g
m;aùu'

 oka; Od;+ka jykafiaf.a ksis Ndrldr;ajh ,nd.ekSug iqÿiq mqoa.,fhl= fkdùu'

 isyiqkg Wreulï lshQ fodf¾idñ jeks mqoa.,hkaf.a jHdc rÕmEïj,g jeishd uq<dùu'

 uqia,sï cd;slhka igkg tlalr fkdf.k" ;kshu igk fufyh ùfuka cd;sl wiuÕsh ;=<ska
igk lvdlmam,a lsÍug bx.%SiSkag yelshdj ,eîu'

 fcdaka fvdhs,s jeks whf.a WmdhYS,S;ajh iy prmqreI fiajdj uÕska Wvrg md,kfha ish¨
yelshdjka fukau" fkdyelshdjka ms<sn| fy<sorõ ùu'

1848 ksoyia igk (-

 bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj Wvrg isxy,hka ;=< mej;s úfrdaO;djh w¿ hg .sks mqmqre fuka ieÕù
mej;=Ks' th jßkajr bx.%Sis úfrdaë Woaf>daIK f,i u;=j wdfõh' fndfyda úg fï i|yd fmruqK
.;af;a NslaIQka jykafia,dh' mkai,a wdY%s;j úfrdaO;d jHdmdr keÕS wd kuq;a" ta ish,a, u;= jQ
iefKlskau jH¾: lr oukq ,eîh' ;;ajh fufia mejf;ñka ;sìh§" bx.%SiSka úiska mkjk ,o
widOdrK nÿ j¾. lsysmhla fya;=fjka uyck;djg b;d mSvdldÍ ;;ajhla Wod úh' miqj th bx.%SiSkag
md,kh l< fkdyels ;rfï úYd, le/,a,la njg m;a úh' rcfha wdodhu jeä lr .ekSu i|yd
fgdßkagka wdKavqldrjrhd mkjk ,o nÿ j¾. fufiah'

 lv idmamq noao
 lr;a; noao
 n,a,ka fjkqfjka mekjQ noao
 ;=jlal= noao
 weÕ noao
 ud¾. noao
 Tre mdre noao
 f;dgqfmd< noao

lvidmamq noao hkq l=vd fldams lvlrejkaf.ka mjd nÿ uqo,a wh lr .ekSfï ;SrKhhs' tÈfkod
iq¿ fj<|dula l< mqoa.,hkaf.ka o rch uqo,a wh lr .ekSug .;a ;SrKh ksid" iq¿ fjf<÷ka
fkdikaiqka njg m;a jQ w;r" th Tjqkaf.a wd¾Ólhg o Tfrd;a;= fkdfokakla úh'

furg jeishkaf.a ksfjia wdrlaIdjg isá n,a,ka fjkqfjka ksjeishdg nÿ uqo,la f.ùug
fhdackd ùuo furg jeishd mqÿuhg m;a lrjkakla úh' .ïno ksfjiaj, we;s lrk ,o fudjqkag
wdydrmdk §ula úkd" fjk;a /ljrKhla fkdjQ w;r" ksjeisfhda Tjqka .ek t;rï ;elSlula o
fkdl<y' tjeks i;=ka fjkqfjka rchg uqo,la f.ùug isÿùu hkq .ïno jeishd l,lsrjkakla úh'

idudkH ck;dj mSvdjg m;a l< ;j;a noaola jQfha ;=jlal= noaoh' ÿr neyer m<d;aj, isg
lÉfÉß j,g meñKSu;a" bx.%Sisfhka ilid ;snQ whÿïm;% msrùug uqo,a f.jd ;j flfkl=f.a iydh
,nd.ekSug isÿùu;a ksid ;=jlal=fõ jákdlug jvd jeä uqo,la kslrefKa úhoï lsÍug fï ksid .eñ
ck;djg isÿúh'

weÕ noao f,i ie,l=fõ jhi wjqreÿ 18-55 jk iEu msßñfhl=u j¾Ihlg Èk yhla wksjd¾h
fiajfha fh§uhs' tkï" mdrj,a lemSu" ud¾. w¨;ajeähd lghq;= wdÈfha ksr; ùug Tjqkag isÿùuh' fuu
lghq;=j, ksr; fkdùug kï" rchg ÿ uqo,la f.jd thska ksoyia úh hq;= úh' NslaIQka jykafia,dg o
fuu noao f.ùug isÿùu ksid" furg jeishkaf.a is;a lïmd lrjk isoaêhla njg m;a úh' fuu weÕ
noao mekùu ;u wd;au .re;ajhg l< ks.%yhla f,i foaYSh ck;dj ie,l+y' 1833 § rdcldß l%uh jy,a
fufyhla f,i i,ld wj,x.= lsÍfuka miq fujeks weÕ nolaola mekùu;a" th NslaIQka jykafia,d
wrNhdo l%shd;aul ùu;a ksid ck;dj fkdikaiqka jQ w;r" bx.%Sis md,kfhka wi;=gg m;aj isá ck;dj
m%fldam lrjkakla o úh'

bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj fojk ksoyia igk u;= ù wdfõ zuqvqìï mk;Z ksid ;u mdrïmßl bvlvï
wysñ jQ Wvrg jeishdf.a y~la o f,isks' zuqvqìï mk;Z hkq whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍug wod< ,shlshú,s
fkdue;s" j.d fkdlrk ,o bvï ish,a, rch i;= lsÍfï kS;shhs' Wvrg jeishkag mdrïmßlj ysñ jQ
fuu bvïj,g whs;sh ms<sn| ,shlsheú,s fkd;snqKq w;r" Tjqkaf.a i;=kag ;K leùï" f.dú;ekg
wjYH ,S o~q imhd .ekSu" f.j,a fodrj,a ;kd .ekSug wjYH ,S imhd .ekSu fukau" tÈfkod wjYH
or imhd .ekSug o fuu bvï fhdod .;ay' fujeks bvï úYd, m%udKhla rch úiska mjrd .kakd ,o
w;r tajd wlalrhla is,sï myla ^re' 2'50& jeks iqÿ uqo,lg j;= j.dlreõkg úl=Kd ouk ,È' fuu
bvïj,g ueÈ jQ Wvrg ck;dj b;d mSvdjg m;a úh' ;uka mdrïmßlj N=la;s ú¢k ,o bvï rchg mjrd
.ekSu;a tajd b;d wvq uqo,g wkai;= lsÍu;a ksid ck;dj bÉcdNx.;ajhg m;a jQy'

fufia wd¾Ól jYfhka msßyS isá ck;djg kj nÿ j¾. mekùu;a iuÕu ord.; fkdyels
;;ajhg m;a úh' tu ksid kj nÿ j¾. ish,a, wj,x.= lrk f,i b,a,d ta ta m%foaYj, tacka;jreka
yuqù lreKq bÈßm;a l<o" tuÕska iykhla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels úh' fufia nÿ j¾. wj,x.= lrjd
.ekSug wdrïN jQ igk bx.%SiSka furáka m,jd yßk ;=re w;a fkdyßk igkla njg m;a úh'

1848 ksoyia igkg kdhl;ajh fokq ,enQfha my; ráka ìys jQ fudrgqfõ ùr yekakeÈf.a
m%ekaisial= m%kdkaÿ fyj;a mqrka wmamq úisks' Tyqf.a iydhg l=reKE.,ska tla jQ §ksia wmamqydñ iy
mE,shf.dv fâúâ fyj;a f.dkaf.df,af.dv nKavd fukau" ix> mS;Djrfhl= jQ lvyfmd< ysñhkaf.a o
wdOdrh we;sj l=reKE.," uykqjr" ud;f,a wd§ m%foaYj, me;sr .sh le/,a,la we;s lrk ,È' fuh 1848
ud;f,a le/,a, f,io ye¢kafjk w;r" tfia ye¢kaùug fya;= jQfha bx.%SiSkag nrm;< ydks isÿjQfha
ud;f,a m%foaYfhka ùu ksidh'

1848 ksoyia igfka kdhlfhda

mqrka wmamq fyj;a ùr yekakeÈf.a m%ekaisial= m%kdkaÿ

fudrgqj m%foaYfha Wm; ,enQ ùr yekakeÈf.a m%ekaisial= m%kdkaÿ ;ukag Wm;ska Wreu jQ úfoaYSh
ku w; yer mqrka wmamq hk isxy, kduh Ndú;d lsÍug mgka .;af;ah' fudrgqfjka" oUq,a,g meñK tys
úydrjdiS NslaIQkaf.a /ljrKh ,nd bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj fiakd ixúOdkh lf<ah' ud;f,a m%foaYfha
le/,a,la we;s fldg bx.%SiSkag úYd, ydkshla isÿ lf<a mqrka wmamqf.a m%Odk;ajfhka isá foaYh
S yuqodj
úisks' ler,s kdhlhka jßka jr bx.%SiSkag yiq jQ w;r" wjidkhg isxy,hka fofofkl= úiskau mdjd
fokq ,enQ mqrka wmamq" 1848 wf.daia;= 8 jeks Èk wêrdcHjd§kaf.a fjä WKavhg Èú msÿfõh' zzuf.a uj
ud jeks ;j;a y;r fofkl= ìys lf<a kï" mr iqoaokaf.ka tfll=j;a fï rfÜ b;sß jkafka ke;'ZZ hkq
Tyqf.a wjika m%ldYhhs'

f.dka.df,a f.dv nKavd fyj;a mE,shf.dv fâúâ

le,Ksfha jkjdi, m%foaYfha Wm; ,enQ j¾Kmqr foajf.a fâúâ" bx.%Sis md,khg úreoaOj y~
kexjQ kdhlfhla úh' Wvrg m%foaYfha Wvqkqjr .%dufha ;reKshl újdy lr.;a miq" f.dx.df,af.dv
nKavd kñka m%isoaO úh' isxy, kdhlhkaf.a iy ck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka isxy,fha rcq jYfhka oUq¨
úydrjdiS .srdfka .u bkaøfcda;s ysñhkaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka TgqKq m,|jk ,È' bkamiqj Wvrg rdcH
,nd.ekSfï wruqKska mqrka wmamq iuÕ tlaj" ud;f,a le/,a, Èh;a lrk ,È' Tyqf.a jHdhduhg äx.sß,"
§ksia wmamq fukau lvyfmd< ysñhkao iyh ±lajQy' ud;f,a uelafvdj,a fldgqjg myr§ th w,a,d .;a
w;r ud;f,a lÉfÉßh we;=¿ rcfha f.dvkeÕs,s o úkdY lr ì%;dkH úfrdaëNdjh fmkakqï l<y' Tjka
u¾okh lsÍu i|yd zud¾I,a f,daZ fyj;a hqoaO kS;sh mkjk ,o w;r" f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd w,a,d
fokafkl=g mjqï 150 l ;Hd.hla fok njg m%isoaO lrk ,È' we,alvqj m%foaYfha ieÕù isá
f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd" uef,a cd;sl yuqod Nghka úiska w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,o w;r" ì%;dkH rchg
úreoaOj ler,s fufyhùfï fpdaokdj hgf;a kvq mjrk ,o Tyqg" urKSh oKavkh kshu úh' flfia
fj;;a Tyqg t,a, lrk ,o ish¨ fpdaokdj,g jro ms<s.;a ksid" Tyq bÈßm;a lrk ,o wmE, wkqj
u,laldjg msgqjy,a lrk ,È' tys§ we;sjQ wikSm ;;ajhla u; 1849 foieïn¾ ui Tyq Ôú;fhka
iuq.;af;ah'

lvyfmd< ysñ

1848 ksoyia igfka kdhlhkag WmfoaYl;ajh iy /ljrKh ie,iQ nj fuu ysñhkag t,a, jQ
fpdaokdj úh' f.dka.df,af.dv nKavd rdcH;ajhg m;a jQ miq" igka fmruqfKys lvyfmd< ysño isá
njg bx.%Sis wdKavqjg f;dr;=re ,eî ;snqKs' ta wkqj ldy,a, kï m%foaYfha jk.; .,a f,kl isá
lvyfmd< ysñhka w;a wvx.=jg f.k" hqoaOdêlrKh bÈßhg muqKqjk ,È' Wkajykafiag bÈßm;a jQ
fpdaokdjka jQfha W;=ï jQ bx.%Sis wdKavqjg úreoaOj ler,s kdhlhd iuÕ iïnkaO;d meje;aùu iy
ldr<skdhlhdg wkqn, §uhs' ta wkqj rdcfødaysfhl=g Èh hq;= o~qju f,i 1848 wf.daia;= 26 Èk WoEik
7'00 fjä ;nd urd ±óug ksfhda. flßKs' oEf;a ú,x.= iys;j fjä ;nd urd ±óug iQodkï l<
lvyfmd< ysñf.ka wjika jrg;a ler,s kdhlhd ieÕù isák ia:dkh mejiqj fyd;a wNhodkh ,efnk
nj mejiqjo Wkajykafia tlfy<du th m%;slafIam lr isáhy' lemagka fmkaúlaf.a wKlg wkqj
fid,aodÿjka Wkajykafiag fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,È'

1848 ksoyia igfka m%;sM,

 le/,a, ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su msKsi ì%;dkH rch lñgqjla m;a lsÍu'

 ck;d úfrdaOhg ,la jQ fj<| noao" iqkL noao iïmQ¾Kfhka wfydais lr ouk ,È'

 NslaIQka jykafia,d wweÕ noafoka ksoyia lsÍu'

 lñgqfõ ks¾oaYh mßÈ fgdßkagka wdKavqldrjrhdg ish ;k;=frka bj;aj hdug isÿùu'

 idudkH ck;djg iyk ie,iSug rch m%udKj;a mshjr fkd.ekSu iïnkaOfhka lreKq
bÈßm;a lsÍu ksid jdß l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu iy lDIs l¾udka;h kÕd isgqùug lghqh;= fh§u'

 o<od jykafiaf.a Ndrldr;ajh 1853 isg iïmª¾Kfhkau fn!oaOhkag mjrd§u'

ì%;dkHhka hgf;a we;s jQ wd¾Ól j¾Okh

j;= j.dfõ wdrïNh iy jHdma;sh (-

ì%;dkH md,kfha uq,a oYl lsysmh ;=< wd¾Ólfha m%Odk ia:dkhla .;af;a l=re÷h' ,kavka
fj<|fmdf<ys l=re÷ ñ, iS>%fhka my; nisñka ;snQ ksid" fjk;a jHdmdßl jeú,a,la flfrys Tjqkaf.a
wjOdkh fhduqúh' jeú,s ms<sn|j úúO w;ayod ne,Sï lrñka ;snQ wjêfha" Wvrg l÷lr m%foaYh fldams
j.djg WÑ; nj fmkS .sfhah' uqyqÿ uÜgñka óg¾ 300 jvd Wia" fi,aishia wxYl 200 wvq WIaK;ajh
fldams j.djg fhda.H jQ w;r" 1815 .súiqfuka Wvrg m%foaY ì%;dkHhka i;= ù ;sîu fya;=fjka o Tjqyq
Wvrg fldams j.djg fhduq jQy'

1824 j¾Ifha § furg wdKavqldr OQrhg m;aj wd tâjâ ndkaia wdKavqldrjrhd" fldams j.dfõ
ÈhqKqjg úYd, fiajhla lf<ah'

 fldams j;= ysñhkag wdkhk wmkhk myiqlï we;s lsÍu'

 j.dj Wkkaÿ lsÍug wjYH ;dlaIKsl iyh ,nd§u'
 fldams j;=j, jevg .sh wh wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldßj,ska ksoyia lsÍu'
 Wvrgg iqÿiq uyd ud¾. moaO;shla we;s lr j;= j,g msúiqï ud¾. we;s lsÍu'
 jeú,slrejkag Kh myiqlï ,nd§u'
 fldams j.dlrejkag nÿ iyk ie,iSu'

 fufia i,ikq ,enQ fiajdjka ksid ,xldfõ fldams j.dj iS>%fhka me;sreKs' fldams j.dfjka
werUqK ,xldfõ j;= wd¾Ólfha moku wo olajdu mejf;k nj fmkajd Èh yelsh' l%s'j' 1835 § muK
werUqK fldams j;= j.dj ÈhqKqjg n,mE fya;= lsysmhls'

 hqfrdamfha mdkhla f,i fldams mßfNdackh ckm%sh ùu'

 ngysr bka§h ¥m;aj, fldams ksIamdokh wvd, ùfuka" Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, fldams j,g jeä
b,a¨ula ,eîu'
 Wvrg m%Odk k.r iïnkaO lrñka we;s l< uydud¾. moaO;sh ksid mßjyk .dia;= wvqùu'
 fldams j.dj ms<sn| id¾:l jeú,s l%u Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu'
 fldams fj<|dfjka ,enqK wdodhu rcfha m%Odk wdodhï ud¾.hla ùu'
 zz1840 uqvqìï mk;ZZ wkqj ,sÅ; whs;shla fmkaúh fkdyels bvï rchg mjrdf.k tu bvï b;d
wvq ñ,g jeú,slrejkag ,nd§u'
 fj<| fNda. jjk ,o bvï nÿj,ska ksoyia lsÍu'
 ol=Kq bka§h lïlrejkaf.a fiajh wvq ñ,g ,nd.; yelsùu'

fujeks úfYaI fya;= .Kkdjla ksid" ,xldfõ j;= wd¾Ólh fldams j.dfõ wdrïNh;a iuÕu
ÈhqKqjg m;a úh' hqfrdamfha fldams mßfNdackh by< h;au" w¨;ska bvï fhdodf.k j.dj jHdma; lsÍug
jeú,slrefjda Wkkaÿ jQy' fufia wmkhk wd¾Ólfha jeo.;a ;ekla .;a fldams j.djg ÿ¾Nd.H iïmkak
ld,hla Wod jQfha l%s'j' 1868 § je,ÿK fldams fld< È,Sr frda.h ksidfjks' tu.ska rchg ,enqKq wdodhu
úYd, jYfhka wvq úh' fldams j.dj msßfyñka mj;sk úg" fnfy;a iE§ug fhdod.;a wuq øjHla f,i
ziskafldakdZ j.dj ;rula ÿrg jHdma; úh' kuq;a thg we;s b,a¨u wêl fkdjQ ksid YS>% j¾Okhla we;s
fkdjqKs' bkamiq ud;f,a iy ÿïnr ñáhdj;aj, fldfldajd j.dj we;s lsÍug W;aidy l<o tu j.djg o
lDñ frda.hla we;sùu ksid id¾:l fkdjqKs'

fjk;a j.djka /ila i|yd w;ayod ne,Sï lrñka isá Tjqkag" Wvrg m%foaYh f;a j.dj i|yd
WÑ; nj fmkS .sfhah' 1867 § fÊïia fÜ,¾ úiska m%Óu f;a j;a; Æ,al÷r j;=hdfha § wrUk ,ÿj" th
Wvrg l÷lrh mqrd me;sÍ .sh j.djla njg m;a úh' l÷lrfha msysá N+f.da,Sh mßirh o f;a j.djg
fhda.H úh' fldams j.d l< fkdyels Wia ìï mjd f;a j.djg fhdod.; yels úh' ful, tx.,ka;
fj<o?Zfmdf<a f;a i|yd we;s b,a¨u wêl jQfhka" 1890 jk úg ,xldjg jeäu wdodhu ,enqfKa f;a
wmkhkh lsÍfuks' fufia l%ufhka me;sr .sh f;a j.dj" id¾:dl jeú,a,la f,i wo olajdu ,xldfõ
wd¾Ólh fmdaIKh lrhs'

f;a j.dj ksid we;s jQ kj m%jK;djhka (-

 Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha m%uL

q ia:dkhla .;a jeú,a,la f,i ÈhqKqùu'
 iaÓr Y%ñl msßila wjYH ùu ksid" ol=Kq bka§h lïlrejka furg mÈxÑùu' wo Tjqka Y%S ,xld
foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g mjd n,mEï l< yels msßila njg m;aùu'
 l=vd f;aj;= tlafldg" úYd, iud.ï njg m;aùfuka ^rka mjqï& f;aj;= iud.ï we;sùu'
 j;= j.djg wjYH m%jdyk myiqlï ie,lSug m%Odk k.r yd taldnoaO jk uyd ud¾. moaO;shla
iy ÿïßh ud¾. moaO;shla ìysùu'
 f;a ks¾hd; i|yd jrdh myiqlï ÈhqKqùu'
 tl, f,dal f;a b,a¨fuka 25] Y%S ,xldfjka iemhSu'
 1925 ,xld f;a m¾fhaIKdh;kh msysgqùu'
 ,xldfõ nexl= jHdmdrh wdrïN ùu'
 ;eme,a iy úÿ,s mKsúv fiajh wdrïNùu iy ÈhqKqùu'
 merKs Wvrg .;dkq.;sl iudc l%uh ì| jeàu'
  mdßfNda.sl lDIsld¾ñl rgdj ì| jeà" j;= lDIsl¾uhg fhduqùfuka iajhxfmdaIs; nj .s,syS hdu
ksid" wdkhk wmkhk wd¾Ól l%uhlg rg fhduqùu'
 Wvrg m%foaYfha iajNdúl le,E fndfyduhla t<s lsÍu'
 Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudcfha bvï ysñ jeú,slrejka kñka uOHu mka;shla we;sùu'
 j;=lrejkag wjYH ld¾ñl fiajd" fldka;%d;a lghq;= wd§ fiajdjka iemhSfï jHdmdßl mka;shla
ìysùu'
 Y%S ,dxlsl iudchg kQ;k f,dalhg msúiSfï fodr.=¿ j;= j.d l%uh ksid újD;ùu'

rn¾ j.djo Y%S ,xldfõ jHdmdßl fnda. j.dfõ jdKsc fnda.hka njg m;a jQ jeú,a,ls' l%s'j' 1877
§ muK rn¾ j.dj furgg y÷kajdfokq ,eìKs' l%s'j' 1890 jk úg jdKsc fNda.hla f,i th ÈhqKqjg
m;aúh' thg fya;= jQfha hqfrdamfha we;s jQ fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h i|yd rn¾ i|yd jQ b,a¨u jeäùuh'
furg rn¾ j.dj m%:ufhka wdrïN jQfha l¿;r Èia;%slalfhah' miqj lE.,a," fld<U" ud;r" r;akmqr"
.d,a, jeks Èia;%slalj, o iS>%fhka me;sr.sh w;r" l÷ nEjqï iys; m%foaYj,g fhda.H jeú,a,la jQ ksid
my; rg l÷nEjqï iys; m%foaYj, m%Odk jeú,a, njg m;a úh' rn¾ m¾fhaIhd;kh w.,j;af;a
msysgqùfuka tu j.djg wjYH m¾fhaIK lghq;= bgq lr .kakd ,È'

wE; w;S;fha isgu ,xlddfõ jjk ,o fNda.hla jQ fmd,a" 19 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.h jk f;la
mej;sfha f.j;= j.djla f,isks' ful, f;a ñ, ;djld,sl f,i my; jeàu;a iuÕu wd¾Ól fNda.hla
f,i fmd,a j.djg wjOdkh fhduq úKs' foaYSh jeú,slrejka fmd,a j.djg Wkkaÿ jQ w;r" ì%;dkH
jdKsc wdh;k uÕska tajd ilia fldg wmkhkh lsÍug fhduq úh' Y%S ,xldfõ niakdysr" ol=Kq iy jhU
m<d;aj, fmd,aj;= l%ufhka ÈhqKq úh' fmd,a j.dfõ jHdma;sh;a iuÕu

fld<U - ud;r
fld<U - y,dj;
fld<U - l=reKE.,

olajd ÿïßh ud¾. fiajd wdrïN úh' 1910 jk úg ,xldfõ uq¿ wmkhk j,ska 25] muK fmd,a
j.dfjka ,enqKs' f,dal fj<| fmd<g iemhqKq fldmamrd" lmdmq fmd,a iy fmd,a fl¢ ksid ful,l
fmd,a j.dj jeo.;a úh' 1920 .Kkaj, ms,smSkh fmd,a fj<|fmd<g we;=¿ùug fmr lmdmq fmd,a
(desiccated coconut) wmkhk w;ska uq,a ;ek .;af;a ,xldjhs' ¨Kqú, fmd,a m¾fhaIKd.drhla msysgqjd
j.dj ÈhqKq lsÍug o lghq;= fhÈKs'

foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h kÕd isgqùu

mdrïmßl lDIsl¾uh hgf;a jeo.;a jQfha ù j.djhs' úh<s OdkH j¾. jk l=rlalka" fufkaß"
;," wn" uqx jeks foa fukau t<j¿ iy w, j¾. fyaka j.dj hgf;a .eñ mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d iemhqKs'
fyaka j.dj ksid isÿjk jk úkdYh ksid;a" l÷lr le,E bvï j;= j.djg fhdod.ekSu iïnkaOfhkq;a
.eñhka ±lajQ úfrdaOh ksid fyaka j.dj iïnkaOfhka ì%;dkH md,lfhda t;rï leue;a;la fkd±lajQy'
kuq;a .eñ lDIsl¾ufha jeo.;a ;ekla .;a fyaõ j.dj ;ykï l< yels fkdùh' tneúka n,m;% hgf;a
fyaka j.djg bv §fuka th iSud lsÍug Tjqyq j.n,d .;ay'

19 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha f*%âßla fkda;a iy frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a jeks wdKavqldrjre uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, ù f.dú;eka lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug W;aiy ±rE kuq;a id¾:l fkdùh' l=Uqrej, m,odfjka
fldgila nÿ jYfhka wh lsÍfï l%uhla" merKs rc orejkaf.a oji isg fuys mej;sKs' ì%;dkHhka o tu
l%uh È.gu mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r" th y÷kajkq ,oafoa zOdkH noa| hkqfjks' miqj fuh 1892 § wj,x.=
lrkq ,eîh'
 f.dú ck;djf.a Y=N isoaêh Wfoid iuQmldr Kh fok iñ;s msysgqùu o ì%;dkHhkaf.a jeo.;a
mshjrla úh' .d,a, je,a,nv iuQmldr Kh fok iñ;sh furg ,shdmÈxÑ jQ m%:u Kh fok iñ;shhs'

f.dú ck;djf.a Y=N isoaêh ;ld ì%;dkH md,lhka f.ka lsisÿ wkq.%yhla fkd,eîu fya;=fjka"
.eñhka ;=< jQ l,lsÍu 1848 le/,a, ;=<ska meyeÈ,s úh' rcrg lDIsl¾uh iïmQ¾Kfhkau mdfya ì| jeà
;snqKq w;r" l=vd jeõ wdY%s;j Ôj;a jQ ck;dj o uef,aßhd jeks jix.; frda. j,ska mSvd úkaoy' úh<s
l,dmfha jd¾ud¾. m%;sixialrKh i|yd l%shd;aul jQfha fykaß fjdaâ wdKavqldrjrhd ^1855 – 1860& f.a
ld,fha§h' rcfha ;dlaIKsl iy uq,Huh wdOdr hgf;a" .eñhkaf.a Y%ufhka" .%dóh jeõ m%;sixialrKh
l< w;r" th b;d id¾:l l%uhla úh' Tyq úiska kef.kysr m<df;a brlaldjï iy wïmdr jejo" ol=Kq
m<df;a lsru jej iy W!refndlal jej o m%;sixialrKh l< w;r" ud;f,a iy W!j m<df;a l=vd jeõ
iy jdßud¾. /ila m%;sixialrKh lf<ah'

fjdaâ wdKavqldr ;=ud úiska wdrïN lrk ,o jdßud¾. m%;sixialrKh miqj" meñKs
wdKavqldrjrekao bÈßhg f.k hk ,È' y¾lhq,sia frdìkaika ^1865 – 1872& wdKavqldrjrhd l=vd jeõ
m%;sixialrKh i|yd úhou" tu jeõj,ska j.d l< l=Uqre bvïj,ska wjqreÿ oyhla c, noaola f,i
,nd.ekSfï kj l%uhla l%shd;aul lf<ah'

merKs rcrg jdßud¾. m%;sixialrKh ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ ú,shï f.%.ß ^1872 – 1877&
wdKavqldrjrhdg" úfYaI ;ekla ysñfõ' .ïiNd l%uh m%fhdackhg f.k jdßud¾. lñgq msysgqjd" .%dóh
jd¾ud¾. iy lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug f.%.ß mshjr .;af;ah' fï wkqj jeõ neïu ilia lsÍu
iy jefõ kv;a;= lghq;= .eñhka úiska lr.; hq;= jQ w;r" jefõ fidfrdõj iy jdk rcfha úhoñka
b¢ lr fokq ,eîh' nijlal=,u" lka;f,a jej" .,a.uqj jej jeks úYd, jeõ f.%.ß wdKavqldrjrhdf.a
ld,fha m%;sixialrKh lrk ,È' .eñhkag ;ksj ms<i s lr .r.; fkdyels jeõ" rcfha m%isoaO jev
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ bxðfkarejreka ,nd rcfha ueÈy;aùfuka m%;sixialrKh lrk ,È'

wd;¾ f.da¾âka ^1883 – 1890& ld,fha§ l,d jefõ isg wkqrdOmqrhg c,h f.k .sh ch .Õ fyj;a
fhdaO we, m%;sixialrKh l< w;r W!j iy inr.uq m<d;aj, l=vd jdßud¾. /ila o m%;sixialrKh
lrùh'

ì%;dkH iufha jeo.;a jdßud¾. lghq;=

 1900 § jd¾ud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu'

 1912 § lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu'

fufia mdrïmßl lDIsl¾uh kÕd isgqùu i|yd úúO wdKavqldrjre W;aiy .;a kuq;a Tjqkaf.a
jeä wjOdkh fhduqjQfha j;= j.dj jHdma; lsÍuhg' fuu mdrïmßl .eñ lDIsl¾uh iy j;= wd¾Ólh
f,i oaú;aj wd¾Ól l%uhla furg we;s ù lsnqKq w;r iïm;a Ndú;h iy ;dlaIKh w;r fuu fowxYh
flfrys iïnkaOhla o fkdùh' j;= wd¾Ólh úfoaY fj<|fmd<g wjYH oE ksmojQ w;r .eñ wd¾Ólh
foaYSh wjYH;d i|yd wjYH foa ksmoùh' j;= j.dj i|yd f.kajQ bka§h lïlrejkag wvq ñ,g iy,a
bkaÈhdfjka f.kajd fnod§u ksid foaYh
S iy,a ksIamdokhg ÿ¾Nd.H iïmkak ld,hla Wodúh' fuh
l%ufhka j¾Okh fjñka wdhd; ks¾hd; wd¾Ól rgdjlg furg yqreúh'