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Lesson 02 Grade 9

The document discusses the historical context and significance of various events and figures from 1796 to 1947, emphasizing the impact of these events on society. It outlines specific contributions and challenges faced during this period, along with the evolution of certain practices and ideologies. Additionally, it highlights the importance of preserving historical records and understanding their relevance in contemporary times.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views14 pages

Lesson 02 Grade 9

The document discusses the historical context and significance of various events and figures from 1796 to 1947, emphasizing the impact of these events on society. It outlines specific contributions and challenges faced during this period, along with the evolution of certain practices and ideologies. Additionally, it highlights the importance of preserving historical records and understanding their relevance in contemporary times.

Uploaded by

mitechnica
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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02 Y%S ,xldjg ì%;dkHhka meñKSu iy n,h ;yjqre lr .

ekSu
Y%S ,xldj hg;a lr.;a cd;Ska w;r mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais iy bx.%Sis hk cd;Ska ;%S;ajh ±laúh yelsh'
fï w;ßka bx.%Sis cd;slhka Y%S ,xldj hg;a lrf.k l%s'j' 1796 - 1947 olajd wjqreÿ 161 muK ld,hla
;u wKil furg mj;ajdf.k .shy' fï ksid Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,khg iy ixialD;shg we;s l<
n,mEu iq¿mgq fkdfõ' fufia we;s l< n,mEï hym;a fukau whym;a m%;sM, f,io ±l.; yelsh'

ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a lr.ekSug n,mE idOl

fmrÈ. rgj,a iuÕ fj<|dfuka iïnkaOj isá mD;=.Sis iy ,kafoais cd;slhka w;=ßka Y%S ,xldj
tjlg k;= lrf.k isáfha ,kafoaiSkah' ,kafoaiSka fmrÈ. fj<|dfuka wêl ,dN ,nk nj ±k.;a
ì%;dkH iy m%xY cd;slfhda fmrÈ. fj<|du ;uka i;= lr .ekSug W;aidy ±rEy' fuu fomsßi w;r
we;s jQ n, ;r.h ksid m%xY cd;slfhda" hqfrdamfha ,kafoaiSkaf.a ujq rg jQ ´,kaoh wdl%uKh l<y'
fuys m%;sM,hla jQfha ´,kaofha tjlg md,lhd jQ ú,shï l=ure /ljrKh m;d tx.,ka;hg mek
hduhs' ú,shï l=ureg /ljrKh ie,iQ bx.%SiSyq" ,xldfõ isák ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd wu;d ,xldfõ
ish¨u ,kafoais n,fldgqj, md,kh bx.%SiSkag mjrd fok f,i b,a,d ismshla ,nd.;af;dah' fuu ,smsh
ksl=;a lrk ,oafoa tx.,ka;fha zlsõZ ud<s.fha isgh' tneúka th ye¢kajQfha lsõ ,smsh kñks' tjlg
,xldfõ ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhdj isá *ka tx.,afnla zlsõ ,smshZ wkqj lghq;= lsÍug ue<s úh' tksid
bx.%SiSyq m%:ufhka ;%sl=Kdu,fha ,kafoais n,fldgqjg myr §" th w,a,d .;af;dah' bkamiq l%ufhka
hdmkh" ukakdru" l,amsáh" .d,a, iy fld<U hk ,kafoais n,fldgq bx.%SiSyq w,a,d .;ay' fï wkqj
1796 fmnrjdß 15 jeks Èk ,kafoaiSka i;= ish¨u uqyqÿnv m%foaY bx.%SiSkag mjrd §ug *ka tx.,a fnlag
isÿúh' fufia Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, md,kh bx.%SiSka i;=úh'

ì%;dkHhkag Y%S ,xldfõ n,h ,nd .ekSug n,mE fya;= (-

 Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdkq id.rfha uOH.;j msysàu ksid fmrmr È. keõ ud¾.fha flakaøia:dkhl
msysgd ;sîu'

 bkaÈhdkq id.rfha wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lr.ekSug iÿiq ia:dkhl Y%S ,xldj msysàu'

 bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr fjrf<a fukau" ngysr fjrf<a o fj<|dï lghq;= Y%S ,xldfõ isg
fufyhùug yelshdj ,eîu'

 Y%S ,xldfõ msysá ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh" iajdNdúl wdrlaIdj iys; jrdhla jQ ksid Tjqkaf.a kdúl
hd;%d Wmøj rys;j kj;d ;nd .ekSug iqÿiq jrdhla ùu'

 Y%S ,xldfõ fj<| lghq;= j,g ueÈy;a ùfï wjYH;dj fukau" wêl ,dN ,eìh yels uq;=
ueKsla" l=re÷" .ïñßia" tkid,a" we;a o< wdÈh myiqfjka ,nd.; yelsùu

Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, ì%;dkH md,kh

,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd jQ *ka tx.,afnla úiska ,kafoaiSka i;=j ;snQ m%foaY bx.%SiSkag mjrd
fokq ,enQjo" tu m%foaYj, md,kh f.k .sfha fmrÈ. fj<| iud.u fyj;a fcdaka iy iud.u uÕsks'
fuu fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq fj<| iud.u hkq uÿrdisfha msysgqjd ;snQ bx.%SiSkaf.a fj<| lghq;= fufyh jQ
iud.uhs' fmrÈ. m%foaYj, rgj,a hg;a lr.ekSfï lghq;= i|yd wjYH úhoï iemhQfõ fuu iud.uhs'
ta ksid bx.%Sis wdKavqj fjkqfjka l< úhoï" kejj; ,nd .ekSug fuu iud.ug yelshdj ,enqKs' ta
ksid ,xlfõ md,k n,hg ueÈy;a fjñka nÿ uqo,a j,ska ;u úhoï mshjd .ekSug fuu iud.ug
yelshdj ,eî ;snqKs' fï ksid fmrÈ. bka§h fj<| iud.u;a bx.%Sis wdKavqj;a tla ù" lrk ,o md,k
l%uhla ful, Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,enqKs' fuh ye¢kajQfha oaú;aj md,kh hk kñks' fuys§ mßmd,k
lghq;= bx.%Sis wdKavqj ueÈy;a ùfuka l< w;r" nÿ uqo,a whlr.ekSu jeks wdÈhï ,nd.ekSfï lghq;=
fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq fj<| iud.u u.ska o lrk ,È' fuu fomsßi w;r wfkdkH iyfhda.fhka lghq;=
lsÍula olakg fkd,enqKs' nÿ whlr.ekSfuka ;u wdodhu jeälr .ekSug iud.u ksr;=reju Wkkaÿ
úh' fï i|yd kj nÿ j¾. /ila o y÷kajd fokq ,eîh'

fmd,a noao
wrlal= noao
¨Kq noao
ud¿ noao
ÿïfld< noao
rd noao

fufia kj nÿ rdYshla mekùfuka isxy, jeishd buy;a wiSre;djhlg m;a úh'

fuhska úYd, widOdrKhlg ,la jQ nÿ j¾.h jQfha fmd,a.ia noaohs' fmd,a .ia 10lg jvd jeä
iEu bvulskau" nÿ wh lrk ,È' m,odj we;s fyda ke;s iEu .ila fjkqfjkau rchg uqo,ska nÿ f.úh
hq;= úh' idudkH .eñ ck;dj ;u tÈfkod m%fhdackh ,enQ fmd,a .iaj,g uqo,ska nÿ f.ùu b;d
widOdrK l%shdj,shla úh' fufia nÿ f.ùug wjeis w;sßla; uqo,la idudkH ck;dj i;= fkdùh' fï
ksid wiSre;djhg m;a idudkH ck;dj" bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj ;u wlue;a; m%ldY l<y' fuh miqld,Skj
bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj úYd, le/,a,la we;s lsÍug ;rï W.% fya;=jla njg o m;a úh'

iud.u úiska mkjk ,o nÿ whlsÍu i|yd fhdojk ,oafoa zwjqñ,aod¾Z kï ks,OdÍka msßils'
Tjqka uÿrdisfha nÿ tl;= lsÍfï l%shdj,sh fuys§ o wkq.ukh l< w;r" foaYh
S nÿ wh lsÍï ms<sn|j
lsisÿ ie,ls,a,la fkd±lajQy' nÿ tl;= lsÍfï ld¾hh fuu ks,OdÍkag mjrk ,oafoa fjkafoais l%uhla
uÕsks' fuys§ nÿ wh lr.ekSfï whs;sh by,u b,a¨ïlreg fjkafoais wjia:dfõ§ ñ,§ .; yelsh' ta
wkqj nÿ wh lr.ekSfï n,h ,;a ks,Odßhd f,i tfia ñ,§ .;a mqoa.,hd úh' Tyq ;ukag wjeis mßÈ
idudkH ck;djf.ka nÿ uqo,a ,ndf.k ;u ,dNh Wmßu lr.; yelsh' fï ;;ajh u; wjqñ,aod¾jre
;ukag wjeis mßÈ nÿ j¾.j,g ñ, kshu fldg" ,dNh Wmßu lr.ekSug W;aidy ±rEy' fuho oaú;aj
md,kh ì| jeàug fya;= jQ lreKla úh'

1798 isg Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<a f*âßla fkda;ah' Tyq tjlg
mej;s oaú;aj md,kh wkqj iud.ug fukau" bx.%Sis wdKavqjg o j.lsj hq;= úh' kuq;a wid¾:l nÿ
mekùï yuqfõ wdKavqldrjrhdg o l< yels fohla fkdùh' fï ksid jeä l,a fkdf.dia oaú;aj md,k
l%uh ì| jegqKs' 1802 § Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;a bx.%Sis wdKavqfõ iïmQ¾K md,khg mjrd .kakd ,È'

wêl nÿ whlsÍï yuqfõ mSvkhg m;a furg ck;dj úiska bx.%Sis fmrÈ. bka§h fj<| iud.ug
úreoaOj my; rg m%foaYfha le/,a,la we;s lrk ,È' le/,a, u¾okh lsÍfuka miq fujeks le/,a,la
we;s ùug fya;= mÍlaId lsÍug zo ñhqrkaZ fldñiu m;a lrk ,È' l¾k,a o ñhqrka tys iNdm;sjrhd úh'

ñhqrka fldñifï fhdackd

 nÿ tl;= lsÍug fjkafoais lsÍfï l%uh wfydais lsÍu'


 nÿ tl;= lsÍug wjqñ,aod¾jre bj;a fldg" foaYh
S ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu'
 fmd,a .ia noao jeks kj nÿ j¾. wfydais lr ±óu'
 Èjhsfka mej;s merKs isß;a úß;a yd iïm%odhka wkqj lghq;= lsÍu iy uqo,ska f.úh hq;= nÿ
NdKav j,ska f.ùug kej; wjir§u'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m<d;a lsÍgfha md,kh hg;g m;alsÍu'

Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jQ f*âßla fkda¾;a l%s'j' 1798 isg 1805 olajd furg
ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd f,i lghq;= lrk ,È' 1802 § uÿrdis md,kh fyj;a fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq fj<|
iud.fï md,kh bj;a fldg uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, iïmQ¾K md,kh ì%;dkH wdKavj q g fyj;a bx.%Sis
lsÍghg hg;a l< w;r fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd ;jÿrg;a tu md,k OQrh Wiq,k ,È'

f*%âßla fkda;a wdKavqldrjrhd

Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd f,i l%s'j' 1798 isg 1805 olajd fm%âßla fkda¾;a lghq;=
lrk ,È' tl, ,xldfõ mßmd,k" isú,a iy hqo lghq;= md,kh lrf.k hdfï n,;, Tyqg ysñ úh'
1798 isg 1802 olajd w;r ld,fha mej;s zoaú;aj md,khZ hgf;a bx.%Sis wdKavqjg;a" bx.%Sis fmrÈ.
bkaÈhdkq fj<| iud.ug;a j.lSug ne£ isá ksid" fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdg ÿIalr ld,hla Wod ù
;snqKs' kuq;a 1802 isg oaú;aj md,kh wfydais ùu;a iuÕu" md,k lghq;= l%uj;a úh'

fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ld,fha isÿ jQ fiajdjka

 wêlrK lghq;=j, l%luj;a Ndjh


 frdau ,kafoais kS;s l%uhg bx.%Sis kS;s o y÷kajd§u'
 fYa%IaGdêlrKh msysgqùu
 rdcldß l%uh wj,x.= lsÍu
 kvq úi£fï§ weme,a Widúh fyj;a wNshdpkdêlrKh msysgqùu'
 rcfha md,k lghq;= i|yd ;eme,a fomd¾;fïka;=j" fmdÿ jev fomd¾;fïka;=j (PWD) iy
ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu'

fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a Wvrg wdl%uKh

fm%âßla fkda;a wdKavqldrjrhd uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, md,k lghq;= f.k hk wjÈfha Wvrg
mej;sfha iajdëk isxy, rdcOdkslhs' tys md,lhdj isáfha Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=udh' t;=ud isxy,
rdcdj,sfha wjidk rc;=udo úh' Wvrg rc;=ud iy isxy, or<jreka w;r mej;s wiuÕsh ksid fkda;a
wdKavqldrjrhdg isxy, ro<jreka iuÕ ióm in|;d mj;ajd.ekSug yelsúh' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqg
úreoaOj lghq;= l< ms<su;,õfõ wÈldru fufia bx.%SiSkag mlaImd;Sj lghq;= l< wfhls' Wvrgg
fj<odfï .sh uqia,sï fj<÷ka msßilg ysßyer lsÍu ksid fkda;a wdKavqldrjrhd Wvrgg úreoaOj
wdl%uKhla t,a, lf<ah' fld<U isg uelafvdaj,a fifkú iy ;%sl=Kdu,fha isg ndnÜ fifkú hgf;a
yuqod fiakdxl folla Wvrgg tjQ kuq;a Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq iy uykqjr jdiSka yÕ=rkafl;g miqnei
ieÕjqKy' bkamiq uq;a;=idñ kï l=ufrl= bx.%SiSka úiska rclug m;a lrk ,È' kuq;a fiakd ixjjOdkh
fldg bx.%Sis yuqod mrdch fldg uq;a;=idñ l=ure o >d;kh fldg" f*%âßla fkda¾;af.a m<uqjeks Wvrg
wdl%uKh uq¿ukskau jH¾: lr ±óug isxy,hkag yelsúh'

f;dauia fïÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjrhd

fm%âßla fkda¾;af.ka miq furg wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;aj wdfõ f;dauia fuÜ,kaâh' 1805 isg
1812 olajd ld,h ;=< i¾ f;dauia fïÜ,kaâ wdKavqldr OQrfha lghq;= l< w;r Wvrg iïnkaOfhka
iduldó m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<ah' rg mqrd ixpdrh lr Y%S ,dxlslhka ms<sn|j mq¿,a wjfndaOhla
,nd.ekSug fyf;u l%shd lf<ah'
f;dauia fïÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ld,fha§ isÿjQ fiajdjka

 fm%âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd wj,x.= l< rdcldß l%uh kej; we;s lsÍu'
 isú,a mßmd,k ks,OdÍka isxy, iy fou< NdId bf.kSug Wkkaÿ lsÍu uÕska fyd|
mßmd,khla f.khd yels njg m%ldY lsÍu'
 kvq úi£ug 1810 § cQß iNd l%uh we;s lsÍu'
 uqo,sjreka i;=j ;snQ n,;, wvq lsÍu'

frdnâ n%jqkß a .a wdKavqldrjrhd


f;dauia fïÜ,kaâf.ka miq furg wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;aj wdfõ frdnÜ n%jqkaß.ah' Tyq l%s'j'
1812 isg 1822 olajd ld,h ;=< furg wdKavqldrjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<ah' tjlg Wvrg rdcHfhys
rc;=ud jQfha Y%S úl%u rdcisxyh' t;=ud iuÕ fj<| iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .ekSug W;aidy orej o th
wid¾:l jQ ksid" Wvrg rdcHh wdl%TuKhlska fyda hg;a lr .ekSug frdnÜ n%jqkß a .a W;aidy ±Íh'
Wvrg wo,jreka w;r mej;a wiu.sh;a" kdhlald¾ jxYsl rcq flfrys jeishdf.a l,lsÍu;a m%fhdackhg
.;a bx.%SiSyq" fcdaka fvdhs,s kï bx.%Sis ks,Odßhdf.ka Wvrg rdcHh ms<sn|j ,nd.;a ryia f;dr;=re
wkqidrfhka" ie,iqï iy.;j ueo uykqjr ieÕù isá rc;=ud we;=¿ ìfidajre w;awvx.=jg .;ay'

l%s'j' 1815 Wvrg rdcHh w;am;a lr.ekSu


f;jk wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;aj wd frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a" Wvrg iuÕ iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍug
W;aidy orejr th wid¾:l úh' ì%;dkHhka furg n,h ,nd.ekSfï tla wNsm%dhhla jQfha fj<|dfuka
Wmßu ,dNhla ,eîuhs' ta ksid Wvrg Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq iuÕ fj<| .súiqulg ne£ug n%jqkß a .a
wdKavqldrjrhd W;aidy ±rejo th wid¾:l m%h;akhla úh' ta ksid wdl%uKhlska fyda Wvrg w;am;a lr
.ekSu frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a wNs,dIh úh' fcdaka fvdhs,s kï bx.%Sis cd;slhd isxy, NdIdj
yodrd Wvrg ms<sn| ish¨ f;dr;=re ±k isá ;eke;af;la úh' fudyqf.a ud¾.fhka Wvrg m%OdkSka iy Y%S
úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;r mj;sk mlaImd;S;ajhka fukau" úril ;;ajhka o rcqf.a ÿ¾j,;djhka ms<sn|j o
ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug tjlg isá wdKavqldrjrhdg yelsúh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i Wvrg hqo
Yla;sh" rcqf.a ryis.; ,e.=ï ia:dk fukau" Wvrg mej;s ud¾. ms<sn|j o f;dr;=re /ila n%jqkaß.a
wdKavqldrjrhdg ±k.ekSug yelsúh'

Wvrg rcq iy isxy, m%OdkSka w;r mek keÕ=Kq úril Ndjh Èfkka Èk j¾Okh ùu rcqg b;d
wjdis iy.; ;;ajhla úh' lkakidñ kñka ye¢ka jQ Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqg" fmr rdcH Wreuh n,d
isáfha uq;a;=idñ kï l=udrfhls' kuq;a Wvrg n,j;a ro,fhl= jQ ms<su;,õfõ wÈldru úiska uq;a;=idñ
l=ureg rdcH n,h ,nd fkd§" lkakidñ l=ure Y%S úl%u rdcisxy f,i wNsfIal lrjk ,È' fuys§
fudyqf.a wNsm%dh jQfha rc;=ud rElv md,lfhl= f,i ;ndf.k md,k lghq;= ;uka úiska
fufyhùughs' tfia jqj rc;=ud ms<su;,õjf.a woyia j,g msgmq d ;ukag wjeis mßÈ lghq;= lf<ah' fï
ksid ro, m%OdkSyq rcqg mlaI iy úmlaI f,i fldgia follg fn§ lghq;= l<y' fuys m%;sM,hla jQfha
rcq urd ±óug l=uka;%Kh lf<a hhs ielfldg ms<su;,õfõ we;=¿ lsysm fofkl= urKhg m;a lsÍuhs'
bkamiq tu ;k;=r i|yd ms<su,õfõ wÈldrïf.a nEkd flfkl= jQ weyef,afmd, m;a lrk ,È' rcq
ful, rdcH;ajh /l.ekSu ms<sn|j jHdl+,;ajhlska lghq;= lf<ah' tneúka ro, m%OdkSka tlsfkld
flfrys úrilj ;nd .ksñka" ;u wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSug o fyf;u Wkkaÿ úh' fï wkqj
weyef,afmd, wÈldrug i;=rej isá fud,a,sf.dv wÈldru" fojeks wÈldru f,i m;a lr .;af;ah'
fufia rdc iNdj ;=<u mej;s wiuÕslï fcdaka fvdhs,s ud¾.fhka n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhdg o ±k
.ekSug yelsúh'

rc;=udf.a uy wÈldru f,i lghq;= l< weyef,afmd," fcdaka fvdhs,s iuÕ ryia in|;d
mj;ajk nj rcqg ±k .ekSug ,enqKs' fï w;r;=r inr.uq m%foaYfha le/,a,la we;s úh' fuh
weyef,afmd, úiska isÿ lrk ,oaola nj rc;=ud iel l< w;r" rcqf.a yuqqodjla hjd th ue~ mj;ajk
,È' weyef<afmd, bx.%SiSkaf.a /ljrKh m;d mek .sfhah' fuhska fldamhg m;a rc;=ud" weyef,afmd,
l=udßydñ we;=¿ orejka b;d wudkqIsl f,i urd ouk ,È' o<od ud<s.h bÈßmsg kd: foajd, N+ñfha
zfoaj ixys|Z kï ia:dkfha isÿlrk ,o fuu iuQy >d;kh ksid" Y%S úl%u rcq flfrys uyck úfrdaOhla
we;s úh' fufia rcqg úreoaOj uyck u;hla f.dvkeÕ=Kq wjia:dj;a" rcqf.a uy wÈldrï bx.%SiSka
Ndrfha isàu;a fya;= fldgf.k" bx.%SiSkag Wvrg w,a,d .ekSfï miqìu ilia úh' ful, rc;=ud wêl
f,i u;ameka mdkhg yqreù isá ksid" fujka fÄojdplhla isÿjQfha hehso u;hla mej;sK' flfia fyda
Wvrg jeishka fuu isoaêfhka lïmdjg m;a jQ w;r" tÈk Wvrg rdcHfha lsisÿ ksjil wdydr fkdmsiQ
nj o lshefõ'

fufia rcq flfrys Wvrg jeishd w;r we;s jQ úfrdaOh fya;= fldgf.k rcqf.a wdrlaIl
ixúOdk ish,a, ì| jegqKs' tfukau Wvrg ro, m%OdkSyq o rcqg úreoaO jQy' fï ish,a, ish jdish g
yrjd .;a n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd weyef,afmd, wÈldruf.a o wdOdrh we;sj" Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug
ie,iqï ilia lf<ah' 1814 § my;rg isg .sh fjf<÷ka lsysm fofkl=g Wvrg rcqf.a fin¿ka úiska
ysßyer lsÍu fya;=fldg f.k" Wvrgg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍug wdKavqldrjrhd l%shd lf<ah' 1815
ckjdß ui m%ldYhla ksl=;a l< n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd" Wvrg jeishka lDDr rcqf.ka fírd .ekSug
Wvrg wdl%uKh lrk nj;a" jeishkag ikaiqkaj isák f,i;a ±kaùh' tfukau rgjeishd i;= foam<
wdrlaId lrk njg;a" nqÿ iiqkg iy NslaIQka jykafia,dg ksis f.!rjh fukau" wdrlaIdjo ;yjqre lrk
njg fmdfrdkaÿjla o we;=<;a m%ldYh ksid" Wvrg wdl%uKh myiq lghq;a;la úh' weyef,afmd,
wÈldrï we;=¿ Wvrg isxy, m%OdkSkaf.a iyfhda.h;a ksid bx.%SiSkag igk myiqfjka ch.; yelsúh'

Wvrg rc;=ud wdrlaIdj m;d fixlv., kqjßka m,d .sfhah' t;=ud ueo uykqjr fndauqf¾ kï
.%dufha Wvqmsáh wdrÉÑf.a ksjfia ieÕù isáh§" 1815 fmnrjdß ui 18 jeks Èk tlake<sf.dv wÈldru
úiska rcq iy ìfidajreka we;=¿ msßi w,a,d ì%;dkHhkag Ndrfok ,È' w,a,d.;a ú.i rcqg fkdfhl=;a
ysßyer ú£ug isÿjQ kuq;a" miqj ±ä /lj,a ueo fld<Ug f.k tk ,È' rcq iy msßi zfldkafmd,SiaZ kï
fk!ldfjka bkaÈhdfõ uÿrdishg;a" miqj t;eka isg fj,af,da¾ n,fldgqjg;a isrlrefjl= f,i f.k
hk ,È' bkamiq Y%S ,xldfõ rc mrmqf¾ wjidkh isÿ jQ w;r" furg wjidk rc;=ud f,i kdhlald¾
jxYsl Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud b;sydihg tlaúh'

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud

kdhlald¾ jxYslfhl= jQ fu;=ud" rcùug m<uq ye¢kajQfha lkakidñ hk kñks' rc jk úg b;d


<dnd, jhfia isá fu;=ud" NslaIQka jykafia,df.a weiqfrka isxy, NdIdj;a" fn!oaO O¾uh;a W.;af;ah' Y%S
úl%u rdcisxy rcq uq,§ b;d hym;a md,lfhl= f,i lghq;= l< nj ±lafõ' Tyq jgd isá isxy, m%OdkSka
t;=udg úreoaOj lghq;= lsÍu ksid" rc;=udg Ôj;aùug isÿjQfha o b;d wkdrlaIs; mßirhlh' Èkm;d
rcqf.a ksod.kakd ia:dkh mjd fjkia lsÍug isÿjQ njgo rc ud<s.h ;=<§u t;=udf.a Ôú;h ydks lsÍug
l=uka;%K Èh;a jQ njg o idlaIs we;' miqld,Skj b;d ;Èka u;amekg weíneys jQ fu;=ud" blaukskau
lsfmk iq¨ mqoa.,fhl= njg m;a jQ nj t;=udf.a m%ldYhlska ;yjqre fõ' isyiqfkka my lrk ,o Y%S
úl%u rdcisxy rcq" bx.%Sis cd;sl fïc¾ yqla iuÕ lrk ,o m%ldYhla fufiah'

zzfldamfhka isák úg lsisjla lsÍug bv fkdfok wkqYdiljre" bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrekag isá;s'


ta ksid Tn,d w;r o~qjï meñKùu t;rï iq,N fkdfõ' tfy;a wmf.a fldamh ixisf|k úg
jrolrejdf.a brKu úi£ uydrh'ZZ
- Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq

by; m%ldYh wkqj rc;=ud lghq;= l< wdldrh;a" t;=ud i;= wiSñ; n,h ms<sn|j;a jgyd.;
yelsh' rc;=ud iy ro,jreka w;r mej;s u;fNao W.% ùu;a" rc;=udg Èfkka Èk meñKs Ôú; ;¾ck
yuqfõ ;;ajh ;jÿrg;a jHdl+, jkag we;ehs is;sh yelsh'
o<od ñ<s.hg m;a;sßmamqj jeks w,xldr .Dy ks¾udK wx.h tla lrkq ,enqfha Y%S úl%u rdcisxy
rcqf.a ld,fha§h' o<od ud<s.h bÈßmsg we;s jej wdldY .x.d kñka w,xldr lrùugo t;=ud Wkkaÿ ù
we;' o<od ud<s.h wdikakfhau msysá rc ud<s.fha isg uykqjr ish¨ lghq;= rcq úiskau fidhd neÆ njo
i|yka fjhs' t;=ud is;a .kakd iq¨ fm!reIhlska fyì mqoa.,fhl= jQ w;r" kdhlald¾ jxYsl fjkal;
rx.ïud rcqf.a w. ìfidj úh'

bx.%SiSka úiska isrlrefjl= f,i fld<Ug f.k tkq ,enQ rc;=ud" Èk lsysmhla fld<U r|jd
;nd bkaÈhdjg f.khdu msKsi fldkafjd,Sia fk!ldjg /f.k hkq ne,Sug idudkH rk;dj /iaù
isáhy' t;=ud jrdh wdikakhg f.khk ud¾.fha Wia ia:dkj,g keÕ.;a idudkH ck;dj" rc;=ud
wjika jrg ±l.ekSug W;aidy ord we;' th ÿgq rc;=ud ish¨ jeishka tu Wia ia:dk j,ska bj;a lrk
f,i;a" isxy, rcqf.a ysig by,ska lsisÿ jeisfhl= isàu rc flfkl=g iqÿiq fkdjk nj;a mjid we;' ta
ksid Wia ia:dk j,ska ish¨u jeishka bj;a l< miq" rc;=ud we;=¿ msßi tu ia:dkfhka fk!ldj fj;
.uka l< nj;a ft;sydisl mqrdjD;a;j, i|yka fjhs'

isxy, ro,jrekaf.ka fld;rï ;dvk mSvk t,a, jqjo" bx.%SiSka rc;=udg ksis ie,ls,s ±lajQ nj
bx.%Sis jd¾;dj, i|lykaj we;' rc;=ud bkaÈhdjg msgj
q y,a lsÍug kejg kexjQ miq we;s jQ yeÕSï isxy,
cklúfhl= fufia olajd we;'

úl=ï isy, mrmqr isys ;sfnk ;=re


W;=ï rdc f,a ál uf. isf|k ;=re
fk;ska l÷¿ fkfy<ñ Èú ;sfnk ;=re
b;ska wdhqfndajka ,la ujqks .re

Wvrg .súiqu
1815 ud¾;= 02 Èk uykqjr uÕ=,a uvqfõ § Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd iy isxy, ro,
m%OdkSka úiska w;aika lrk ,o .súiqulska Wvrg rdcOdksh we;=¿ uq¿ ,xldfõu md,kh bx.%SiSkag
mjrd fokq ,eîh' fï wkj mD;=.Sis iy ,kafoais hk ngysr cd;Skayg lsis úfgl;a hg;a lr .;
fkdyels jQ Wvrg rdcHh .súiqula uÕska ì%;dkHhkag mjrd§u ksid" tf;la iajdëk cd;shla f,i isá
Y%S ,dxlslfhda mrdëk cd;shla njg m;a jQy' rc;=ud iy ro, m%OdkSka w;r mej;s wiu.sh;a" md,k
;ka;%fha mej;s ÿ¾j,;d;a ksid ì%;dkHhkag Wvrg b;d myiqfjka w;am;a lr .ekSug yelsúh'

Wvrg .súiqfï j.ka;s

 Wvrg rcqf.a ieyeislï ksid Tyq Wvrg isyiqfkka myflfrk nj' Tyqf.a rdcH Wreuhka
iïmQ¾Kfhkau wfydais flfrk nj'

 ì%;dkH rc;=ud Wvrg rcq f,i Ú,s.kakd nj'

 Wvrg ro,hkaf.a ks,;, iy n,;, wdrlaId lrk nj'

 Wvrg isß;a úß;a wdrlaId lrk nj'

 l%Er o~qjï l%u bj;a lrk nj'

 ish¨u jeishkaf.a jrm%ido wdrlaId lrk nj'

 nqoaO Ydikh" foajd, iïnkaO mqo mQcd kv;a;= lgh;= yd tajdfha wdrlaIdj iy;sl fldg
mj;ajdf.k hk nj'
uykqjr uÕ=,a u~qfõÈ Wvrg .súiqu w;aika;en Sug fmr bx.%Sis fldäh kxjd ;sfnkq ÿgq
jdßhfmd< Y%S iqux., ysñhka úiska bx.%Sis fldäh tieúh yelafla" .súiqu w;aika lsÍfuka mufKlehs
tä;rj mjid bx.%Sis fldäh my; fy<d isxy fldäh Tijk ,È' fuh isxy, ysñ kulf.a wNS;
ùr;ajh fmkajk mshjrla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

l%s'j' 1818 ksoyia igk


miqìï jQ fya;= (-
Wvrg ro, m%OdkSka iy bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jQ frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a úiska w;aika lrk ,o Wvrg
.súiqug wkqj" lkao Wvrg bx.%SiSkag hg;a m%foaYhla njg m;aúh' kuq;a bx.%SiSkaf.a .súiqug wkqj
Wvrg foaYh S ks,OdÍkaf.a ks,;, fukau" whs;sjdislï jrm%ido iy n,;, wdrlaId jk njg;a" Ñrd.;
iïm%odhdkql+,j md,kh f.k hk njg;a jQ fmdfrdkaÿj bgq jk ,l=Kq olakg fkd,eìKs' Wvrg
kdhlald¾ jxYsl rcq fkrmd yeÍfuka miq isxy, m%OdkSkag wjeis mßÈ md,kh f.k hd yels njg Tjqka
;=< úYajdihla f.dvke.S ;snqKs' Wvrg md,k lghq;= f.k hdu i|yd wdKavqldrjrhd úiska fcdaka
fvdhs,sf.a Wmldrh ,nd .kakd ,È' isxy, NdIdj bf.k f.k" Wvrg isß;a úß;a fukau ro, m%OdkSka
w;r we;s tÈßjdÈlï ms<sn|j fyd¢ka jgyd.;a fvdhs,s" lsisÿ ro, m%Odksfhl=g wfkld wNsNjñka
lghq;= lsÍug lsis lf,l;a bvla fkd,efnk nj wjfndaO lr .;af;ah' ta ksid l%ufhka ro, m%OdkSka
i;= jrm%ido ms<sn|j ;elSula fkdlr lghq;= lrk ,È' fuhska bÉcdNx.;ajhg m;a ro, m%OdkSyq"
idudkH jeishd bx.%Sis md,khg úreoaOj fm< .eiaiùug Wml%u fh¥y' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i jeä l,a
fkdhjd bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj cku;hla lkao Wvrg rdcHfhys we;s úh' mrïmrd .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a
f.!rjhg md;% jQ rfcl= fukau" o<od jykafiaf.a wdrlaIlhd f,i lghq;= l< ;u md,lhd
wysñùfuka ;ukag ksis wdrlaIdjla fkd,efnk wka; wirK msßila njg m;a jQ nj isxy, ck;djg
wjfndaO úh' fï ksid nqreu ráka fn!oAO rc l=ufrl= f.kajd .ekSug o Wvrg ro, m%OdkSka W;aidy
ord ;snqKs' fufia l%ufhka bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj Wvráka wdrïN jQ wm%idoh" l%ufhka ler,s ;;a;ajhla
olajd j¾Okh úh'

bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj cku;hla f.dvkefÕñka mj;sk w;r;=r§" isxy,hka úYd, msßila Ôj;a jQ
fj,a,iai m%foaYfha uqykaÈrï ;k;=r i|yd yÊð ußlald¾ kï uqykaÈrï flfkl= m;a lsÍu ksid"
jeishka ;=< we;s jQ fkdikaiqka;djh le/,a,la we;sùfï wdikak;u fya;=j njg m;aúh' fï w;r;=r
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a {d;sfhl= nj lshd.;a fodf¾idñ kï ;eke;af;la" Wvrgg ;udf.a rdcH
Wreuhla we;s nj m%ldY l< ksid" W!j fj,a,iai ck;dj Tyq jgd talrdYs jkakg mgka .;af;ah'

1818 ksoyia igkg fya;= jQ lreKq (-

 Wvrg m%N+jrekag ysñù ;snQ jrm%ido wysñ lsÍu ksid Tjqkaf.a úfrdaOh uyck y~la f,i
fm<.eiaùug Wvrg m%OdkSkag yelsùu'

 Wvrg ro,hkaf.a wfmalaId jQ kdhlald¾ jxYsl rcq isyiqfkka myfldg" ro, m%Odksfhl= Wvrg
md,lhd njg m;a lrjd .ekSfï wNs,dIh bx.%SiSka úiska fkd;ld yeÍu'

 ì%;dkH rcqf.a kdufhka ish¨ lghq;= isÿ jQjo" Wvrg jeishd lsislf,l fkdÿgq rfcl=g f.!rj
lsÍug fkdfm<öu" Tjqka fuf;la l,a f.!rjdorh ±lajQfha ;ukag oDYHudk rc flfkl=gh'
Wvrg isyiqfka fkdisák rc flfkl= ms<sn|j Tjqkag lsisÿ yeÕSula fkdùh'

 merKs kS;sÍ;s iïm%odhhka .re lrk nj bx.%SiSka fmdfrdkaÿ jqjo" tajd lsis wdldrfhka bgq
fkdùu'
 W!j fj,a,iai m%foaYhg yÊð ußlald¾ kï uqykaÈrï flfkl= m;a lsÍfuka isxy,hka fkd;ld
yeßfhah hk l,lsÍu bx.%Sis md,khg úreoaOj we;s wdikak;u fya;=j ùu'

W!j fj,a,iai m%foaYfhka werUqKq fuu le/,a, u¾okh lsÍug nÿ,af,a tacka;jrhd jQ
is,afjiag¾ ú,aika we;=¿ Ng msßula hjk ,È' fuys§ ler,slrejkag ueÈ jQ ú,aika we;=¿ msßi" ure
uqjg m;a jQ w;r le/,a, fõ.fhka me;sr hk ,laIK olakg ,enqKs' fï ksid wr.,h ue~ meje;aùug
bx.%SiSka úiska lemafmáfmd," ñ,a,Ej" ldínElvqj hk Èidfõ jreka msg;a lr yeßho" lemafmáfmd,
Èidfõ ler,slrejkag tla úh' fuh bx.%SiSka ,enQ oreKqu mrdchla úh' fud,a,sf.dv Èidfõ muKla
bx.%SiSkag mlaIj lghq;= l< w;r" wfkl=;a ish¨u ro,jreka ler,slrejkag iyfhda.h ÿkay' ;;ajh
md,kh l< fkdyels ;rug W.%jk nj ±k.;a bx.%SiSyq" zud¾I,a f,daZ fyj;a hqoaO kS;sh mkjd
ler,slreõkg ÿgq ;ek fjä;eîfï kS;sh hgf;a l%shd l<y' tfukau .ïìï .sks ;nñka ksjdi"
foafmd< fukau" OdkH j.djka o úkdY l<y' .ïìï úkdY lsÍfuka wdydr ysÕhla we;s lsÍug lghq;=
l< ksid wirK Ndjhg m;a ck;dj" bx.%SiSkag hg;a jQy' igkalrejka úYd, msßila urKhg m;a ùu;a"
ler,s kdhlhka bx.%SiSkag yiqùu;a ksid 1818 ksoyia wr.,h wvmK úh" oka; Od;+ka jykafia o"
bx.%SiSka w;g m;aùfuka ksoyia wr.,h ksudj ÿgqfõh' ler,s kdhlhka w;r ksis iïnkaO;djhla
fkdùu;a" i;r fldar,h Ndrj isá fud,a,sf.dv Èidfõ bx.%SiSkag mlaIj lghq;= l< ksid fld<U-kqjr
uyd ud¾.h jeà ;snqKq i;r fldar,h yryd bx.%Sis fiakdjka Wvrgg heùfï myiqlu;a" fiakdjkag
wjYH wdydrmdk wdÈh ksis l,g Wvrgg heùug yelsùu;a ksid" bx.%Sis yuqodjkag jdis iy.; ;;ajhla
we;súh' fuu fya;= ksid bx.%SiSkag 1818 m%:u ksoyia igk myiqfjka uev meje;aúh yels úh' bx.%SiSka
úiska w,a,d .kakd ,o lemafmáfmd," uvq.,af,a we;=¿ kdhlhka urd ouk ,È' igkg iydh ÿka njg
iel l< weyef,afmd, wÈldru uqßis Èjhskg msgqjy,a lrk ,È' 1815 Wvrg .súiqfuka ì%;dkHhkag
mjrd fok ,o Wvrg rdcHh ksoyia lr .ekSfï wruqKska Èh;a lrk ,o m%:u ksoyia wr.,h
iajfoaYslhka úYd, msßilg urKh Wreu lrfoñka" úYd, foam< úkdYhla isÿ lrñka o" isxy, cd;sh
ms<sn| yeÕ=fuka Tojeã .sh kdhlhka /ilf.a Ôú; mQcdfjka o ksudj ÿgqfõh' fuu ixõ.ckl
wjidkh;a iuÕ m%ldYhla ksl=;a l< ì%;dkHfhda" foaYSh ks,OdÍkaf.a n,;, iy jrm%ido wvq lr" nqÿ
oyu iq/lSug ÿka fmdfrdkaÿj o fkd;ld yeßhy'

1818 ksoyia igkska wmg W.; yels mdvï (-

 foaYSh kdhlhka jQ ro<jreka w;r mej;s n, ;Kaydj ksid rg ;=< wrdðl;ajhla ìys jQ nj'

 rc;=ud jeks Yla;su;a kdhlfhl= fkdisák úg" md,kh o iaÓridr fkdjk nj'

 iuyr ro, kdhlhka bx.%SiSkag mlaImd; ùfuka Wvrg rdcHfha ish¨u hqo ryia Tjqka w;g
m;aùu'

 oka; Od;+ka jykafiaf.a ksis Ndrldr;ajh ,nd.ekSug iqÿiq mqoa.,fhl= fkdùu'

 isyiqkg Wreulï lshQ fodf¾idñ jeks mqoa.,hkaf.a jHdc rÕmEïj,g jeishd uq<dùu'

 uqia,sï cd;slhka igkg tlalr fkdf.k" ;kshu igk fufyh ùfuka cd;sl wiuÕsh ;=<ska
igk lvdlmam,a lsÍug bx.%SiSkag yelshdj ,eîu'

 fcdaka fvdhs,s jeks whf.a WmdhYS,S;ajh iy prmqreI fiajdj uÕska Wvrg md,kfha ish¨
yelshdjka fukau" fkdyelshdjka ms<sn| fy<sorõ ùu'

1848 ksoyia igk (-


bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj Wvrg isxy,hka ;=< mej;s úfrdaO;djh w¿ hg .sks mqmqre fuka ieÕù
mej;=Ks' th jßkajr bx.%Sis úfrdaë Woaf>daIK f,i u;=j wdfõh' fndfyda úg fï i|yd fmruqK
.;af;a NslaIQka jykafia,dh' mkai,a wdY%s;j úfrdaO;d jHdmdr keÕS wd kuq;a" ta ish,a, u;= jQ
iefKlskau jH¾: lr oukq ,eîh' ;;ajh fufia mejf;ñka ;sìh§" bx.%SiSka úiska mkjk ,o
widOdrK nÿ j¾. lsysmhla fya;=fjka uyck;djg b;d mSvdldÍ ;;ajhla Wod úh' miqj th bx.%SiSkag
md,kh l< fkdyels ;rfï úYd, le/,a,la njg m;a úh' rcfha wdodhu jeä lr .ekSu i|yd
fgdßkagka wdKavqldrjrhd mkjk ,o nÿ j¾. fufiah'

 lv idmamq noao
 lr;a; noao
 n,a,ka fjkqfjka mekjQ noao
 ;=jlal= noao
 weÕ noao
 ud¾. noao
 Tre mdre noao
 f;dgqfmd< noao

lvidmamq noao hkq l=vd fldams lvlrejkaf.ka mjd nÿ uqo,a wh lr .ekSfï ;SrKhhs' tÈfkod
iq¿ fj<|dula l< mqoa.,hkaf.ka o rch uqo,a wh lr .ekSug .;a ;SrKh ksid" iq¿ fjf<÷ka
fkdikaiqka njg m;a jQ w;r" th Tjqkaf.a wd¾Ólhg o Tfrd;a;= fkdfokakla úh'

furg jeishkaf.a ksfjia wdrlaIdjg isá n,a,ka fjkqfjka ksjeishdg nÿ uqo,la f.ùug
fhdackd ùuo furg jeishd mqÿuhg m;a lrjkakla úh' .ïno ksfjiaj, we;s lrk ,o fudjqkag
wdydrmdk §ula úkd" fjk;a /ljrKhla fkdjQ w;r" ksjeisfhda Tjqka .ek t;rï ;elSlula o
fkdl<y' tjeks i;=ka fjkqfjka rchg uqo,la f.ùug isÿùu hkq .ïno jeishd l,lsrjkakla úh'

idudkH ck;dj mSvdjg m;a l< ;j;a noaola jQfha ;=jlal= noaoh' ÿr neyer m<d;aj, isg
lÉfÉß j,g meñKSu;a" bx.%Sisfhka ilid ;snQ whÿïm;% msrùug uqo,a f.jd ;j flfkl=f.a iydh
,nd.ekSug isÿùu;a ksid ;=jlal=fõ jákdlug jvd jeä uqo,la kslrefKa úhoï lsÍug fï ksid .eñ
ck;djg isÿúh'

weÕ noao f,i ie,l=fõ jhi wjqreÿ 18-55 jk iEu msßñfhl=u j¾Ihlg Èk yhla wksjd¾h
fiajfha fh§uhs' tkï" mdrj,a lemSu" ud¾. w¨;ajeähd lghq;= wdÈfha ksr; ùug Tjqkag isÿùuh' fuu
lghq;=j, ksr; fkdùug kï" rchg ÿ uqo,la f.jd thska ksoyia úh hq;= úh' NslaIQka jykafia,dg o
fuu noao f.ùug isÿùu ksid" furg jeishkaf.a is;a lïmd lrjk isoaêhla njg m;a úh' fuu weÕ
noao mekùu ;u wd;au .re;ajhg l< ks.%yhla f,i foaYSh ck;dj ie,l+y' 1833 § rdcldß l%uh jy,a
fufyhla f,i i,ld wj,x.= lsÍfuka miq fujeks weÕ nolaola mekùu;a" th NslaIQka jykafia,d
wrNhdo l%shd;aul ùu;a ksid ck;dj fkdikaiqka jQ w;r" bx.%Sis md,kfhka wi;=gg m;aj isá ck;dj
m%fldam lrjkakla o úh'

bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj fojk ksoyia igk u;= ù wdfõ zuqvqìï mk;Z ksid ;u mdrïmßl bvlvï
wysñ jQ Wvrg jeishdf.a y~la o f,isks' zuqvqìï mk;Z hkq whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍug wod< ,shlshú,s
fkdue;s" j.d fkdlrk ,o bvï ish,a, rch i;= lsÍfï kS;shhs' Wvrg jeishkag mdrïmßlj ysñ jQ
fuu bvïj,g whs;sh ms<sn| ,shlsheú,s fkd;snqKq w;r" Tjqkaf.a i;=kag ;K leùï" f.dú;ekg
wjYH ,S o~q imhd .ekSu" f.j,a fodrj,a ;kd .ekSug wjYH ,S imhd .ekSu fukau" tÈfkod wjYH
or imhd .ekSug o fuu bvï fhdod .;ay' fujeks bvï úYd, m%udKhla rch úiska mjrd .kakd ,o
w;r tajd wlalrhla is,sï myla ^re' 2'50& jeks iqÿ uqo,lg j;= j.dlreõkg úl=Kd ouk ,È' fuu
bvïj,g ueÈ jQ Wvrg ck;dj b;d mSvdjg m;a úh' ;uka mdrïmßlj N=la;s ú¢k ,o bvï rchg mjrd
.ekSu;a tajd b;d wvq uqo,g wkai;= lsÍu;a ksid ck;dj bÉcdNx.;ajhg m;a jQy'

fufia wd¾Ól jYfhka msßyS isá ck;djg kj nÿ j¾. mekùu;a iuÕu ord.; fkdyels
;;ajhg m;a úh' tu ksid kj nÿ j¾. ish,a, wj,x.= lrk f,i b,a,d ta ta m%foaYj, tacka;jreka
yuqù lreKq bÈßm;a l<o" tuÕska iykhla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels úh' fufia nÿ j¾. wj,x.= lrjd
.ekSug wdrïN jQ igk bx.%SiSka furáka m,jd yßk ;=re w;a fkdyßk igkla njg m;a úh'

1848 ksoyia igkg kdhl;ajh fokq ,enQfha my; ráka ìys jQ fudrgqfõ ùr yekakeÈf.a
m%ekaisial= m%kdkaÿ fyj;a mqrka wmamq úisks' Tyqf.a iydhg l=reKE.,ska tla jQ §ksia wmamqydñ iy
mE,shf.dv fâúâ fyj;a f.dkaf.df,af.dv nKavd fukau" ix> mS;Djrfhl= jQ lvyfmd< ysñhkaf.a o
wdOdrh we;sj l=reKE.," uykqjr" ud;f,a wd§ m%foaYj, me;sr .sh le/,a,la we;s lrk ,È' fuh 1848
ud;f,a le/,a, f,io ye¢kafjk w;r" tfia ye¢kaùug fya;= jQfha bx.%SiSkag nrm;< ydks isÿjQfha
ud;f,a m%foaYfhka ùu ksidh'

1848 ksoyia igfka kdhlfhda

mqrka wmamq fyj;a ùr yekakeÈf.a m%ekaisial= m%kdkaÿ

fudrgqj m%foaYfha Wm; ,enQ ùr yekakeÈf.a m%ekaisial= m%kdkaÿ ;ukag Wm;ska Wreu jQ úfoaYSh
ku w; yer mqrka wmamq hk isxy, kduh Ndú;d lsÍug mgka .;af;ah' fudrgqfjka" oUq,a,g meñK tys
úydrjdiS NslaIQkaf.a /ljrKh ,nd bx.%SiSkag úreoaOj fiakd ixúOdkh lf<ah' ud;f,a m%foaYfha
le/,a,la we;s fldg bx.%SiSkag úYd, ydkshla isÿ lf<a mqrka wmamqf.a m%Odk;ajfhka isá foaYh
S yuqodj
úisks' ler,s kdhlhka jßka jr bx.%SiSkag yiq jQ w;r" wjidkhg isxy,hka fofofkl= úiskau mdjd
fokq ,enQ mqrka wmamq" 1848 wf.daia;= 8 jeks Èk wêrdcHjd§kaf.a fjä WKavhg Èú msÿfõh' zzuf.a uj
ud jeks ;j;a y;r fofkl= ìys lf<a kï" mr iqoaokaf.ka tfll=j;a fï rfÜ b;sß jkafka ke;'ZZ hkq
Tyqf.a wjika m%ldYhhs'

f.dka.df,a f.dv nKavd fyj;a mE,shf.dv fâúâ

le,Ksfha jkjdi, m%foaYfha Wm; ,enQ j¾Kmqr foajf.a fâúâ" bx.%Sis md,khg úreoaOj y~
kexjQ kdhlfhla úh' Wvrg m%foaYfha Wvqkqjr .%dufha ;reKshl újdy lr.;a miq" f.dx.df,af.dv
nKavd kñka m%isoaO úh' isxy, kdhlhkaf.a iy ck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka isxy,fha rcq jYfhka oUq¨
úydrjdiS .srdfka .u bkaøfcda;s ysñhkaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka TgqKq m,|jk ,È' bkamiqj Wvrg rdcH
,nd.ekSfï wruqKska mqrka wmamq iuÕ tlaj" ud;f,a le/,a, Èh;a lrk ,È' Tyqf.a jHdhduhg äx.sß,"
§ksia wmamq fukau lvyfmd< ysñhkao iyh ±lajQy' ud;f,a uelafvdj,a fldgqjg myr§ th w,a,d .;a
w;r ud;f,a lÉfÉßh we;=¿ rcfha f.dvkeÕs,s o úkdY lr ì%;dkH úfrdaëNdjh fmkakqï l<y' Tjka
u¾okh lsÍu i|yd zud¾I,a f,daZ fyj;a hqoaO kS;sh mkjk ,o w;r" f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd w,a,d
fokafkl=g mjqï 150 l ;Hd.hla fok njg m%isoaO lrk ,È' we,alvqj m%foaYfha ieÕù isá
f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd" uef,a cd;sl yuqod Nghka úiska w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,o w;r" ì%;dkH rchg
úreoaOj ler,s fufyhùfï fpdaokdj hgf;a kvq mjrk ,o Tyqg" urKSh oKavkh kshu úh' flfia
fj;;a Tyqg t,a, lrk ,o ish¨ fpdaokdj,g jro ms<s.;a ksid" Tyq bÈßm;a lrk ,o wmE, wkqj
u,laldjg msgqjy,a lrk ,È' tys§ we;sjQ wikSm ;;ajhla u; 1849 foieïn¾ ui Tyq Ôú;fhka
iuq.;af;ah'

lvyfmd< ysñ

1848 ksoyia igfka kdhlhkag WmfoaYl;ajh iy /ljrKh ie,iQ nj fuu ysñhkag t,a, jQ
fpdaokdj úh' f.dka.df,af.dv nKavd rdcH;ajhg m;a jQ miq" igka fmruqfKys lvyfmd< ysño isá
njg bx.%Sis wdKavqjg f;dr;=re ,eî ;snqKs' ta wkqj ldy,a, kï m%foaYfha jk.; .,a f,kl isá
lvyfmd< ysñhka w;a wvx.=jg f.k" hqoaOdêlrKh bÈßhg muqKqjk ,È' Wkajykafiag bÈßm;a jQ
fpdaokdjka jQfha W;=ï jQ bx.%Sis wdKavqjg úreoaOj ler,s kdhlhd iuÕ iïnkaO;d meje;aùu iy
ldr<skdhlhdg wkqn, §uhs' ta wkqj rdcfødaysfhl=g Èh hq;= o~qju f,i 1848 wf.daia;= 26 Èk WoEik
7'00 fjä ;nd urd ±óug ksfhda. flßKs' oEf;a ú,x.= iys;j fjä ;nd urd ±óug iQodkï l<
lvyfmd< ysñf.ka wjika jrg;a ler,s kdhlhd ieÕù isák ia:dkh mejiqj fyd;a wNhodkh ,efnk
nj mejiqjo Wkajykafia tlfy<du th m%;slafIam lr isáhy' lemagka fmkaúlaf.a wKlg wkqj
fid,aodÿjka Wkajykafiag fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,È'

1848 ksoyia igfka m%;sM,

 le/,a, ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su msKsi ì%;dkH rch lñgqjla m;a lsÍu'

 ck;d úfrdaOhg ,la jQ fj<| noao" iqkL noao iïmQ¾Kfhka wfydais lr ouk ,È'

 NslaIQka jykafia,d wweÕ noafoka ksoyia lsÍu'

 lñgqfõ ks¾oaYh mßÈ fgdßkagka wdKavqldrjrhdg ish ;k;=frka bj;aj hdug isÿùu'

 idudkH ck;djg iyk ie,iSug rch m%udKj;a mshjr fkd.ekSu iïnkaOfhka lreKq
bÈßm;a lsÍu ksid jdß l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu iy lDIs l¾udka;h kÕd isgqùug lghqh;= fh§u'

 o<od jykafiaf.a Ndrldr;ajh 1853 isg iïmª¾Kfhkau fn!oaOhkag mjrd§u'

ì%;dkHhka hgf;a we;s jQ wd¾Ól j¾Okh

j;= j.dfõ wdrïNh iy jHdma;sh (-

ì%;dkH md,kfha uq,a oYl lsysmh ;=< wd¾Ólfha m%Odk ia:dkhla .;af;a l=re÷h' ,kavka
fj<|fmdf<ys l=re÷ ñ, iS>%fhka my; nisñka ;snQ ksid" fjk;a jHdmdßl jeú,a,la flfrys Tjqkaf.a
wjOdkh fhduqúh' jeú,s ms<sn|j úúO w;ayod ne,Sï lrñka ;snQ wjêfha" Wvrg l÷lr m%foaYh fldams
j.djg WÑ; nj fmkS .sfhah' uqyqÿ uÜgñka óg¾ 300 jvd Wia" fi,aishia wxYl 200 wvq WIaK;ajh
fldams j.djg fhda.H jQ w;r" 1815 .súiqfuka Wvrg m%foaY ì%;dkHhka i;= ù ;sîu fya;=fjka o Tjqyq
Wvrg fldams j.djg fhduq jQy'

1824 j¾Ifha § furg wdKavqldr OQrhg m;aj wd tâjâ ndkaia wdKavqldrjrhd" fldams j.dfõ
ÈhqKqjg úYd, fiajhla lf<ah'

 fldams j;= ysñhkag wdkhk wmkhk myiqlï we;s lsÍu'


 j.dj Wkkaÿ lsÍug wjYH ;dlaIKsl iyh ,nd§u'
 fldams j;=j, jevg .sh wh wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldßj,ska ksoyia lsÍu'
 Wvrgg iqÿiq uyd ud¾. moaO;shla we;s lr j;= j,g msúiqï ud¾. we;s lsÍu'
 jeú,slrejkag Kh myiqlï ,nd§u'
 fldams j.dlrejkag nÿ iyk ie,iSu'

fufia i,ikq ,enQ fiajdjka ksid ,xldfõ fldams j.dj iS>%fhka me;sreKs' fldams j.dfjka
werUqK ,xldfõ j;= wd¾Ólfha moku wo olajdu mejf;k nj fmkajd Èh yelsh' l%s'j' 1835 § muK
werUqK fldams j;= j.dj ÈhqKqjg n,mE fya;= lsysmhls'

 hqfrdamfha mdkhla f,i fldams mßfNdackh ckm%sh ùu'


 ngysr bka§h ¥m;aj, fldams ksIamdokh wvd, ùfuka" Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, fldams j,g jeä
b,a¨ula ,eîu'
 Wvrg m%Odk k.r iïnkaO lrñka we;s l< uydud¾. moaO;sh ksid mßjyk .dia;= wvqùu'
 fldams j.dj ms<sn| id¾:l jeú,s l%u Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu'
 fldams fj<|dfjka ,enqK wdodhu rcfha m%Odk wdodhï ud¾.hla ùu'
 zz1840 uqvqìï mk;ZZ wkqj ,sÅ; whs;shla fmkaúh fkdyels bvï rchg mjrdf.k tu bvï b;d
wvq ñ,g jeú,slrejkag ,nd§u'
 fj<| fNda. jjk ,o bvï nÿj,ska ksoyia lsÍu'
 ol=Kq bka§h lïlrejkaf.a fiajh wvq ñ,g ,nd.; yelsùu'

fujeks úfYaI fya;= .Kkdjla ksid" ,xldfõ j;= wd¾Ólh fldams j.dfõ wdrïNh;a iuÕu
ÈhqKqjg m;a úh' hqfrdamfha fldams mßfNdackh by< h;au" w¨;ska bvï fhdodf.k j.dj jHdma; lsÍug
jeú,slrefjda Wkkaÿ jQy' fufia wmkhk wd¾Ólfha jeo.;a ;ekla .;a fldams j.djg ÿ¾Nd.H iïmkak
ld,hla Wod jQfha l%s'j' 1868 § je,ÿK fldams fld< È,Sr frda.h ksidfjks' tu.ska rchg ,enqKq wdodhu
úYd, jYfhka wvq úh' fldams j.dj msßfyñka mj;sk úg" fnfy;a iE§ug fhdod.;a wuq øjHla f,i
ziskafldakdZ j.dj ;rula ÿrg jHdma; úh' kuq;a thg we;s b,a¨u wêl fkdjQ ksid YS>% j¾Okhla we;s
fkdjqKs' bkamiq ud;f,a iy ÿïnr ñáhdj;aj, fldfldajd j.dj we;s lsÍug W;aidy l<o tu j.djg o
lDñ frda.hla we;sùu ksid id¾:l fkdjqKs'

fjk;a j.djka /ila i|yd w;ayod ne,Sï lrñka isá Tjqkag" Wvrg m%foaYh f;a j.dj i|yd
WÑ; nj fmkS .sfhah' 1867 § fÊïia fÜ,¾ úiska m%Óu f;a j;a; Æ,al÷r j;=hdfha § wrUk ,ÿj" th
Wvrg l÷lrh mqrd me;sÍ .sh j.djla njg m;a úh' l÷lrfha msysá N+f.da,Sh mßirh o f;a j.djg
fhda.H úh' fldams j.d l< fkdyels Wia ìï mjd f;a j.djg fhdod.; yels úh' ful, tx.,ka;
fj<o?Zfmdf<a f;a i|yd we;s b,a¨u wêl jQfhka" 1890 jk úg ,xldjg jeäu wdodhu ,enqfKa f;a
wmkhkh lsÍfuks' fufia l%ufhka me;sr .sh f;a j.dj" id¾:dl jeú,a,la f,i wo olajdu ,xldfõ
wd¾Ólh fmdaIKh lrhs'

f;a j.dj ksid we;s jQ kj m%jK;djhka (-

 Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha m%uL


q ia:dkhla .;a jeú,a,la f,i ÈhqKqùu'
 iaÓr Y%ñl msßila wjYH ùu ksid" ol=Kq bka§h lïlrejka furg mÈxÑùu' wo Tjqka Y%S ,xld
foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g mjd n,mEï l< yels msßila njg m;aùu'
 l=vd f;aj;= tlafldg" úYd, iud.ï njg m;aùfuka ^rka mjqï& f;aj;= iud.ï we;sùu'
 j;= j.djg wjYH m%jdyk myiqlï ie,lSug m%Odk k.r yd taldnoaO jk uyd ud¾. moaO;shla
iy ÿïßh ud¾. moaO;shla ìysùu'
 f;a ks¾hd; i|yd jrdh myiqlï ÈhqKqùu'
 tl, f,dal f;a b,a¨fuka 25] Y%S ,xldfjka iemhSu'
 1925 ,xld f;a m¾fhaIKdh;kh msysgqùu'
 ,xldfõ nexl= jHdmdrh wdrïN ùu'
 ;eme,a iy úÿ,s mKsúv fiajh wdrïNùu iy ÈhqKqùu'
 merKs Wvrg .;dkq.;sl iudc l%uh ì| jeàu'
 mdßfNda.sl lDIsld¾ñl rgdj ì| jeà" j;= lDIsl¾uhg fhduqùfuka iajhxfmdaIs; nj .s,syS hdu
ksid" wdkhk wmkhk wd¾Ól l%uhlg rg fhduqùu'
 Wvrg m%foaYfha iajNdúl le,E fndfyduhla t<s lsÍu'
 Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudcfha bvï ysñ jeú,slrejka kñka uOHu mka;shla we;sùu'
 j;=lrejkag wjYH ld¾ñl fiajd" fldka;%d;a lghq;= wd§ fiajdjka iemhSfï jHdmdßl mka;shla
ìysùu'
 Y%S ,dxlsl iudchg kQ;k f,dalhg msúiSfï fodr.=¿ j;= j.d l%uh ksid újD;ùu'

rn¾ j.djo Y%S ,xldfõ jHdmdßl fnda. j.dfõ jdKsc fnda.hka njg m;a jQ jeú,a,ls' l%s'j' 1877
§ muK rn¾ j.dj furgg y÷kajdfokq ,eìKs' l%s'j' 1890 jk úg jdKsc fNda.hla f,i th ÈhqKqjg
m;aúh' thg fya;= jQfha hqfrdamfha we;s jQ fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h i|yd rn¾ i|yd jQ b,a¨u jeäùuh'
furg rn¾ j.dj m%:ufhka wdrïN jQfha l¿;r Èia;%slalfhah' miqj lE.,a," fld<U" ud;r" r;akmqr"
.d,a, jeks Èia;%slalj, o iS>%fhka me;sr.sh w;r" l÷ nEjqï iys; m%foaYj,g fhda.H jeú,a,la jQ ksid
my; rg l÷nEjqï iys; m%foaYj, m%Odk jeú,a, njg m;a úh' rn¾ m¾fhaIhd;kh w.,j;af;a
msysgqùfuka tu j.djg wjYH m¾fhaIK lghq;= bgq lr .kakd ,È'

wE; w;S;fha isgu ,xlddfõ jjk ,o fNda.hla jQ fmd,a" 19 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.h jk f;la
mej;sfha f.j;= j.djla f,isks' ful, f;a ñ, ;djld,sl f,i my; jeàu;a iuÕu wd¾Ól fNda.hla
f,i fmd,a j.djg wjOdkh fhduq úKs' foaYSh jeú,slrejka fmd,a j.djg Wkkaÿ jQ w;r" ì%;dkH
jdKsc wdh;k uÕska tajd ilia fldg wmkhkh lsÍug fhduq úh' Y%S ,xldfõ niakdysr" ol=Kq iy jhU
m<d;aj, fmd,aj;= l%ufhka ÈhqKq úh' fmd,a j.dfõ jHdma;sh;a iuÕu

fld<U - ud;r
fld<U - y,dj;
fld<U - l=reKE.,

olajd ÿïßh ud¾. fiajd wdrïN úh' 1910 jk úg ,xldfõ uq¿ wmkhk j,ska 25] muK fmd,a
j.dfjka ,enqKs' f,dal fj<| fmd<g iemhqKq fldmamrd" lmdmq fmd,a iy fmd,a fl¢ ksid ful,l
fmd,a j.dj jeo.;a úh' 1920 .Kkaj, ms,smSkh fmd,a fj<|fmd<g we;=¿ùug fmr lmdmq fmd,a
(desiccated coconut) wmkhk w;ska uq,a ;ek .;af;a ,xldjhs' ¨Kqú, fmd,a m¾fhaIKd.drhla msysgqjd
j.dj ÈhqKq lsÍug o lghq;= fhÈKs'

foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h kÕd isgqùu

mdrïmßl lDIsl¾uh hgf;a jeo.;a jQfha ù j.djhs' úh<s OdkH j¾. jk l=rlalka" fufkaß"
;," wn" uqx jeks foa fukau t<j¿ iy w, j¾. fyaka j.dj hgf;a .eñ mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d iemhqKs'
fyaka j.dj ksid isÿjk jk úkdYh ksid;a" l÷lr le,E bvï j;= j.djg fhdod.ekSu iïnkaOfhkq;a
.eñhka ±lajQ úfrdaOh ksid fyaka j.dj iïnkaOfhka ì%;dkH md,lfhda t;rï leue;a;la fkd±lajQy'
kuq;a .eñ lDIsl¾ufha jeo.;a ;ekla .;a fyaõ j.dj ;ykï l< yels fkdùh' tneúka n,m;% hgf;a
fyaka j.djg bv §fuka th iSud lsÍug Tjqyq j.n,d .;ay'

19 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha f*%âßla fkda;a iy frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a jeks wdKavqldrjre uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, ù f.dú;eka lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug W;aiy ±rE kuq;a id¾:l fkdùh' l=Uqrej, m,odfjka
fldgila nÿ jYfhka wh lsÍfï l%uhla" merKs rc orejkaf.a oji isg fuys mej;sKs' ì%;dkHhka o tu
l%uh È.gu mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r" th y÷kajkq ,oafoa zOdkH noa| hkqfjks' miqj fuh 1892 § wj,x.=
lrkq ,eîh'
f.dú ck;djf.a Y=N isoaêh Wfoid iuQmldr Kh fok iñ;s msysgqùu o ì%;dkHhkaf.a jeo.;a
mshjrla úh' .d,a, je,a,nv iuQmldr Kh fok iñ;sh furg ,shdmÈxÑ jQ m%:u Kh fok iñ;shhs'

f.dú ck;djf.a Y=N isoaêh ;ld ì%;dkH md,lhka f.ka lsisÿ wkq.%yhla fkd,eîu fya;=fjka"
.eñhka ;=< jQ l,lsÍu 1848 le/,a, ;=<ska meyeÈ,s úh' rcrg lDIsl¾uh iïmQ¾Kfhkau mdfya ì| jeà
;snqKq w;r" l=vd jeõ wdY%s;j Ôj;a jQ ck;dj o uef,aßhd jeks jix.; frda. j,ska mSvd úkaoy' úh<s
l,dmfha jd¾ud¾. m%;sixialrKh i|yd l%shd;aul jQfha fykaß fjdaâ wdKavqldrjrhd ^1855 – 1860& f.a
ld,fha§h' rcfha ;dlaIKsl iy uq,Huh wdOdr hgf;a" .eñhkaf.a Y%ufhka" .%dóh jeõ m%;sixialrKh
l< w;r" th b;d id¾:l l%uhla úh' Tyq úiska kef.kysr m<df;a brlaldjï iy wïmdr jejo" ol=Kq
m<df;a lsru jej iy W!refndlal jej o m%;sixialrKh l< w;r" ud;f,a iy W!j m<df;a l=vd jeõ
iy jdßud¾. /ila m%;sixialrKh lf<ah'

fjdaâ wdKavqldr ;=ud úiska wdrïN lrk ,o jdßud¾. m%;sixialrKh miqj" meñKs
wdKavqldrjrekao bÈßhg f.k hk ,È' y¾lhq,sia frdìkaika ^1865 – 1872& wdKavqldrjrhd l=vd jeõ
m%;sixialrKh i|yd úhou" tu jeõj,ska j.d l< l=Uqre bvïj,ska wjqreÿ oyhla c, noaola f,i
,nd.ekSfï kj l%uhla l%shd;aul lf<ah'

merKs rcrg jdßud¾. m%;sixialrKh ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ ú,shï f.%.ß ^1872 – 1877&
wdKavqldrjrhdg" úfYaI ;ekla ysñfõ' .ïiNd l%uh m%fhdackhg f.k jdßud¾. lñgq msysgqjd" .%dóh
jd¾ud¾. iy lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug f.%.ß mshjr .;af;ah' fï wkqj jeõ neïu ilia lsÍu
iy jefõ kv;a;= lghq;= .eñhka úiska lr.; hq;= jQ w;r" jefõ fidfrdõj iy jdk rcfha úhoñka
b¢ lr fokq ,eîh' nijlal=,u" lka;f,a jej" .,a.uqj jej jeks úYd, jeõ f.%.ß wdKavqldrjrhdf.a
ld,fha m%;sixialrKh lrk ,È' .eñhkag ;ksj ms<i s lr .r.; fkdyels jeõ" rcfha m%isoaO jev
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ bxðfkarejreka ,nd rcfha ueÈy;aùfuka m%;sixialrKh lrk ,È'

wd;¾ f.da¾âka ^1883 – 1890& ld,fha§ l,d jefõ isg wkqrdOmqrhg c,h f.k .sh ch .Õ fyj;a
fhdaO we, m%;sixialrKh l< w;r W!j iy inr.uq m<d;aj, l=vd jdßud¾. /ila o m%;sixialrKh
lrùh'

ì%;dkH iufha jeo.;a jdßud¾. lghq;=

 1900 § jd¾ud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu'

 1912 § lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu'

fufia mdrïmßl lDIsl¾uh kÕd isgqùu i|yd úúO wdKavqldrjre W;aiy .;a kuq;a Tjqkaf.a
jeä wjOdkh fhduqjQfha j;= j.dj jHdma; lsÍuhg' fuu mdrïmßl .eñ lDIsl¾uh iy j;= wd¾Ólh
f,i oaú;aj wd¾Ól l%uhla furg we;s ù lsnqKq w;r iïm;a Ndú;h iy ;dlaIKh w;r fuu fowxYh
flfrys iïnkaOhla o fkdùh' j;= wd¾Ólh úfoaY fj<|fmd<g wjYH oE ksmojQ w;r .eñ wd¾Ólh
foaYSh wjYH;d i|yd wjYH foa ksmoùh' j;= j.dj i|yd f.kajQ bka§h lïlrejkag wvq ñ,g iy,a
bkaÈhdfjka f.kajd fnod§u ksid foaYh
S iy,a ksIamdokhg ÿ¾Nd.H iïmkak ld,hla Wodúh' fuh
l%ufhka j¾Okh fjñka wdhd; ks¾hd; wd¾Ól rgdjlg furg yqreúh'

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