MySQL

MySQL is a leading open-source relational database management system widely used for data storage
and management. In this material, you will learn everything you need about MySQL, from its basic
features to advanced capabilities.
What is MySQL?
MySQL is a robust and versatile open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). It
stores data in tables. Every table is made up of rows and columns. Rows represent individual records,
and columns represent different pieces of data about each record.
MySQL is a popular choice for a variety of applications because it is:
 High-performance: MySQL can easily handle a large volume of data and queries.
 Reliable: MySQL is known for its stability and uptime.
 Scalable: MySQL can be scaled to meet the needs of growing businesses.
 Secure: MySQL offers a variety of security features to protect your data.
 Easy to use: MySQL is easy to learn and use, even for beginners.
Main Features of MySQL
Some of the main features of MySQL include:
 Multi-layered server design: MySQL has a modular architecture that makes it easy to scale and
customize.
 Data security: MySQL offers a variety of security features, including SSL support and data
encryption.
 High availability: MySQL provides built-in tools for data replication, clustering, and sharding to
ensure data availability.
 Multithreaded: MySQL utilizes kernel threads for optimal performance on multiple CPUs.
 Versatile storage engines: MySQL offers both transactional and non-transactional storage options.
 Query optimization: MySQL has advanced query optimization algorithms for faster data retrieval.
 Fast memory allocation: MySQL features a high-speed, thread-based memory system.
 In-memory support: MySQL supports in-memory heap tables for more immediate data access.
 Scalability: MySQL can be scaled to manage large-scale databases efficiently.
 Deployment flexibility: MySQL can be deployed in client/server and embedded system
environments.
 Cross-platform compatibility: MySQL runs on various operating systems and hardware platforms.
 Extensibility: MySQL supports custom plugins and extensions for enhanced functionality.

Who Uses MySQL

MySQL is used by a wide range of individuals and organizations, including:
1. Web Developers: Choose MySQL for robust data storage in web applications.
2. Software Developers: Rely on MySQL for backend database support in desktop and mobile apps.
3. Data Analysts: Turn to MySQL for efficient storage and analysis of large datasets.
4. Businesses: Employ MySQL for customer management, sales tracking, and financial data storage
tasks.
5. E-Commerce Platforms: Use MySQL to manage inventory, log transactions, and maintain customer
databases.
6. Government Organizations: Trust MySQL for handling public records, including population
statistics and census data.
7. Healthcare Providers: Depend on MySQL to securely store patient records and treatment
histories.
8. Research Institutions: Utilize MySQL for systematic data storage and organization.
9. Educational Institutions: Manage academic data such as student records and course information
using MySQL.
10. Non-Profit Organizations: Opt for MySQL to maintain donor databases and volunteer records.
 MySQL: What is DDL, DML, DCL, AND TCL?
This material describes various MySQL SQL commands classified into four subgroups: DDL for
database schema, DML for data manipulation, DCL for access control, and TCL for transaction
management.
DDL
DDL is an abbreviation for Data Definition Language. It is concerned with database schemas and
descriptions of how data should be stored in the database. DDL statements are auto-committed,
meaning the changes are immediately made to the database and cannot be rolled back. These
commands enable database administrators and developers to manage and optimize MySQL
databases effectively.
DDL Command Description

CREATE DATABASE Creates a new database.

DROP DATABASE Deletes a database.

CREATE TABLE Creates a new table in a database.

ALTER TABLE Alters the structure of an existing table.

DROP TABLE Removes a table from a database.

CREATE INDEX Creates an index on a table to improve a specific query performance.

CREATE VIEW Creates a view, a virtual table based on one or more existing tables.

CREATE PROCEDURE Creates a stored procedure, a precompiled SQL statement that can be run
multiple times with different parameters.

CREATE FUNCTION Creates a custom user-defined function that can be utilized in SQL
statements.

CREATE TRIGGER Creates a trigger, a type of stored procedure that is automatically executed
when certain events occur, such as inserting, updating, or deleting data in a
table.
DML
DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. It deals with data manipulation and includes the most
common SQL statements such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc. DML statements are not auto-
committed, meaning the changes can be rolled back if necessary. By mastering these DML commands,
you can efficiently manipulate data in MySQL databases.
DML Command Description

SELECT Retrieves data from a table.

INSERT Inserts new data into a table.

UPDATE Updates existing data in a table.

DELETE Deletes data from a table.

DML Command Description

REPLACE Updates or inserts a record into a table.

MERGE Performs a UPSERT operation (insert or update) on a table.

CALL Calls a stored procedure or Java subprogram.

EXPLAIN Displays the execution plan for a given query.

LOCK TABLE Locks a table to prevent other users from modifying it while a transaction
progresses.
DCL
DCL stands for Data Control Language. It includes commands such as GRANT and is primarily
concerned with rights, permissions, and other controls of the database system. DCL statements are
also auto-committed.
DCL Command Description

GRANT Grants permissions to a user or group of users.

REVOKE Revokes permissions from a user or group of users.

TCL
TCL stands for Transaction Control Language. It deals with transactions within a database, which are
groups of related DML statements treated as a single unit.
TCL Command Description

COMMIT Commits a transaction, making the changes permanent.

ROLLBACK Rolls back a transaction, undoing all the changes made.

SAVEPOINT Creates a savepoint within a transaction so that the transaction can be

rolled back to that point if necessary.

SET TRANSACTION Specifies the characteristics of a transaction, such as its isolation level.
 MySQL CREATE DATABASE and TABLE
The class should teach how to use MySQL CREATE DATABASE and CREATE TABLE statements to create
and structure a database. You'll learn the syntax and options available for the statements and how to
use them to create a new database and tables. With clear explanations and plenty of examples, you'll
be confidently creating and organizing your MySQL databases.
MySQL CREATE DATABASE Statement
The MySQL CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a new database in the MySQL server. Here
is the basic syntax of the CREATE DATABASE statement:

To create a new database using the CREATE DATABASE statement, you must specify the database
name you want to create. For example, to create a database named mydatabase, you would use the
following CREATE DATABASE statement:

You can also specify additional options when creating a database. For example, you can specify the
default character set and collation for the database using the DEFAULT CHARACTER SET and DEFAULT
COLLATE options, respectively. Here is an example of a CREATE DATABASE statement that specifies
both the default character set and collation:

MySQL CREATE TABLE Statement

Once you have created a database, you can create tables and insert data using SQL statements. To
create a new table in the database, you can use the CREATE TABLE statement.
This CREATE TABLE statement creates a table named users with three columns: id, name, and email.
The id column is an integer that is set as the primary key and has the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute,
which means that it will automatically increment whenever a new row is inserted into the table.
The name and email columns are both VARCHAR columns with a maximum length of 255 characters.
To insert data into the users table, you can use the INSERT INTO statement. For example:

The above MySQL INSERT INTO statement inserts a new row into the users table with the values 'Alex'
and '[email protected]' for the name and email columns, respectively.
 MYSQL PHP SYNTAX
MySQL works very well with various programming languages such as C, C ++, PHP, and JAVA; out of
these languages, PHP and MySQL are considered the perfect combination for developing web
applications.
PHP provides various functions to access the MySQL database and to handle data records inside the
MySQL database. You can call PHP MySQL functions, like any other PHP function.
Here, in the example below, a connection is established between PHP and MySQL:

The following material will guide you on how to use other PHP MySQL functions.
MySQL connect with PHP
In this material, you will learn how to use PHP to connect to a MySQL database and execute queries
to retrieve and manipulate data.
PHP is a popular programming language used in web development to interact with databases. If you
want to use PHP to connect to a MySQL database, there are a few steps you need to follow.
Prerequisites
Before you begin, make sure you have the following requirements:
 A running MySQL server
 A database that you want to connect to
 PHP installed on your machine
Establishing a Connection
To connect to a MySQL database using PHP, you must use the mysqli_connect function. This function
takes four parameters: the server hostname, the username, the password, and the database name.
For example:

The mysqli_connect function will return a connection resource if the connection is successful,
or false if the connection fails.
It's a good idea to check the return value of the mysqli_connect function and handle any errors that
may occur. You could do this using the mysqli_connect_error function, which returns the error
message if a connection error occurred. For example:

Executing Queries
Once you connect to the MySQL server, you can use the mysqli_query function to execute SQL
statements and retrieve data from the database. For example:

The mysqli_query function returns a result set if the query was successful or false if the query failed.
To retrieve the data from the result set, you can use functions like mysqli_fetch_assoc, which returns
an associative array of the current row. You can loop through the result set using a while loop until no
more rows are left. For example:

It's also a good idea to check the return value of the mysqli_query function and handle any possible
errors. You can do this using the mysqli_error function, which returns the error message if a query
error occurs. For example:

Closing the Connection

When you're done using the connection to the MySQL server, closing it to free up resources is a good
idea. You can do this using the mysqli_close function:
 MySQL UPDATE
The UPDATE statement is used to modify data in a table.

Example:
Earlier in the material, we created a table named "Employee". Here is how it looks:
FirstName LastName Salary

Chris benoit 5000

Anna Weston 8000

The following example updates some data in the "employee" table:

After
the update, the "employee" table will look like this:
FirstName LastName Salary

Chris benoit 5000

Anna Weston 10000

 MySQL INSERT INTO
Understanding the INSERT INTO statement is essential for anyone working with MySQL databases. In
this material, you will learn to use INSERT INTO in various scenarios with examples.
What is MySQL INSERT INTO?
The MySQL "INSERT INTO" SQL statement adds new records to a specified table. Here's its basic
syntax:

In this syntax, table_name refers to the table to insert records into, while column1, column2, ... specify
the columns. The VALUES clause provides the data for these columns.
Insert Single Record
Adding a single row to a table is simple. For example, consider a table named employees with the
columns FirstName, LastName, and Age.

Insert Multiple Records

Batch insertion allows you to add multiple rows in a single SQL query.

Inserting Data via PHP

Collecting Data with HTML Forms
Collect user data seamlessly with HTML forms, as demonstrated below:
In the above example, form data will be sent to "submit.php" when a user clicks the submit button.
The "Submit.php" file connects to a database, and the PHP $ _POST variable receives the value from
the form. Then, the mysqli_query() function executes the INSERT INTO statement, and a new record
will be added to the "contact" table.
Here's how it's done:
PHP Code for the HTML Form

Conclusion
In this material, you learned the MySQL INSERT INTO statement basics. You learned how to use the
statement to add single and multiple records to a MySQL table. You also learned how to use the
statement with HTML forms and PHP scripts. With this knowledge, you can use INSERT INTO like a
pro.
 MySQL UPDATE
The UPDATE statement is used to modify data in a table.

Example:
Earlier in the material, we created a table named "Employee". Here is how it looks:
FirstName LastName Salary

Chris benoit 5000

Anna Weston 8000

The following example updates some data in the "employee" table:

After the update, the "employee" table will look like this:
FirstName LastName Salary

Chris benoit 5000

Anna Weston 10000

 MySQL DELETE
The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete data from a database table.
Syntax:

Example:
Earlier in the material, we created a table named "Employee". Here is how it looks:
FirstName LastName Salary

Alex Rodriguez 10000

Anna Weston 5000

The following example deletes the records in the "Employee" table where LastName='Rodriguez':

Once deleted, the table will look like this:

FirstName LastName Salary

Anna Weston 5000