Data Science

What is Data Science?

Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods.

Data science is the study of data. It involves developing methods of

recording, storing, and analyzing data to effectively extract useful information.

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 The main concentration was on building the mechanism for storing the data
and solutions to Store data.

 All know the fact that data science is the future of Artificial intelligence.

 It is necessary to understand data science how it can be used for business.

In olden days the data was more structured and small in size which can be
easily analyzed using different simple tools.

 Now-a-days most of the data is unstructured or semi-structured. So, simple

tools are not enough to process this huge volume and variety of data.

 That‟s why we need more complicated and advanced analytical tools

as well as algorithms for processing, analyzing and creating
meaningful insights out of it.

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 Examples:
 Role of Data Science in the decision making process.
The self-driving cars collect the live data from sensors, incorporating radars,
cameras, and lasers to generate a map of its surroundings. Based upon this
information, it takes decisions like when to speed up, when to speed down,
where to take a turn, when to overtake– making the usage of advanced machine
learning algorithms.

 How Data Science can be used in predictive analytics.

Data from different ships, aircraft, radars, satellites can be collected and also
analyzed to build models. These intelligent models will not only forecast the
weather but also enable in predicting the occurrence of any natural calamities.

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Importance of Data
 Data is the new gold for the world of global commerce.

 Data is the primary source to business people for making wise decisions what the world is
required and when ever we face the uncertainty.

 In present days, the requirement of user is decided by his/her usage of internet data. This is
possible because of using the advanced analytical tools to clearly determine the requirements
of the user.

 The data analysis can be done by using these languages like java script, C++, SCALA,
MATLAB, and java. The more preferred choices are R and Python due to their capability of
leveraging the potential of both Machine learning and Data Science.

 Latest technologies like Natural language processing, Machine learning, Internet of things etc.
requires the innovative technologies to analyze the data.

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Collection of data
Data and the main sources of collecting data
 In the view of a layman data means “Information”.
 In statistics the data means mass of information collected from different
sources.
 The collection of data is an important task in a statistical enquiry.
 One should take care while collecting the data otherwise it leads to wrong
conclusions and faulty decisions.
 According to the basic sources of collecting data may be classified into
two types.
Primary and secondary data.

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 Methods of collecting primary data or sources of primary data

The data which is collected in the process of investigation is called primary

data.
For the collection of primary data the investigator may choose any one of the
following methods.
 Direct personal observation.
 Indirect oral interviews.
 Information from correspondents.
 Mailed questionnaire method.
 Schedules sent through enumerators.

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Direct personal observations

The persons from whom information is collected are known as informants.

The investigator personally meets them and asks questions to gather the

necessary information.

It is the suitable method for intensive rather than extensive field surveys. It

suits best for intensive study of the limited field.

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Indirect oral interviews
 Under this method the investigator contacts witnesses or neighbours or friends or some other

third parties who are capable of supplying the necessary information.

 This method is preferred if the required information is on addiction or cause of fire or theft or

murder etc.,

 If a fire has broken out a certain place, the persons living in neighbourhood and witnesses are

likely to give information on the cause of fire.

 In some cases, police interrogated third parties who are supposed to have knowledge of a

theft or a murder and get some clues.

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Information from correspondents

 The investigator appoints local agents or correspondents in different places and compiles the

information sent by them.

 Informations to Newspapers and some departments of Government come by this method.

 The advantage of this method is that it is cheap and appropriate for extensive investigations.

But it may not ensure accurate results because the correspondents are likely to be

negligent, prejudiced and biased.

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Mailed questionnaire method

 Under this method a list of questions is prepared and is sent

to all the informants by post. The list of questions is
technically called questionnaire.
 A covering letter accompanying the questionnaire explains the
purpose of the investigation and the importance of correct
information and request the informants to fill in the blank
spaces provided and to return the form within a specified time.
 This method is appropriate in those cases where the
informants are literates and are spread over a wide area.

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Schedules sent through enumerators

 It is the most widely used method of collecting primary data.

 In this method a number of enumerators are selected and trained.
 They are provided with a standardized questionnaire and specific
training and instructions are given to them for filling up the
schedules.
 Each enumerator will be the in charge of a certain area.
The investigator goes to the informants along with the questionnaire
and gets replies to the questions in the schedules and records their
answers. They explain the object and purpose of the enquiry.

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Sources of secondary data

Sources of secondary data

The secondary data can be divided into two categories
1) Published sources
2) Unpublished sources.
1) Published sources:
Under this method the data is previously collected and
published.
Ex: government publications, statistical reports, journal and news
paper, census reports, and report on national sample surveys
conducted in India etc.

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2) Unpublished sources.
In this method the data is not published or data kept as personal use or
departmental use.
Ex: books of accounts, work of research of various institutions and
universities, bank account details.

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Difference between primary and secondary data

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 Finite or
Categories of data Discrete or
countable
Categorical
No. of students in a college
Quantitative
data Continuous Infinite
number of
It deals values
numbers and Weights of students in a class
Data
things Nominal
Unordered/
Categories
Qualitative
data Male\Female
Ordinal
It deals Ordered,
characteristics Categories
and observed
subjectively
Minimal, moderate, severe, unberable pain

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 STATISTICS

Introduction

The word statistics is coming out from the Latin word ‘status’ or the

Italian word ‘statista’ or the German word ‘statistik’ or „French word

statistique’ each of which means political state.

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Definitions:
Statistics are defined differently by different authors over a
period of time.

 According to “Bowely” statistics are numerical statements of facts in any

department of enquiry placed in relation to each other.
 According to „wallis and Roberts‟ statistics may be regarded as a body of methods
for making wise decisions in the face of uncertainty.
 According to „Croxton and Cowden‟ Statistics may be defined as the science of
collection, presentation analysis and interpretation of numerical data from the
logical analysis.

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 Types of Statistics
Statistics

Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics

It consists of the methods for It consists of the methods for drawing and
organizing and summarizing the measuring the reliability of conclusions
information about population based on the information
obtained

Ex: Mean, mode, Point estimation,

median, Graphs Interval estimation,
Testing of hypothesis 18
Functions of statistics

 It presents data in a standard form.

 It provides easy comparison.

 It simplifies mass data into small figures.

 It helps to formulate and examine the hypothesis.

 It helps in decision making.

 It simplifies the process of future planning and forecasting.

 It helps in budgeting.

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 Scopes of statistics
Statistics and the state
• Statistics provides essential information to run a government.

• Government runs Different policies based on statistics.

• Periodical collection of data gives main guide lines for good administration

of government, relating to population, national wealth, agriculture, exports,

imports, education, crime etc.

• More over all the ministries and departments of the states like finance,

transport, defense, railway etc depends on statistics for their efficient use.

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Statistics and Commerce

 Statistics are lifeblood of successful commerce.

 Any businessman cannot afford to either by under stocking or

having overstock of his goods. In the beginning he estimates

the demand for his goods and then takes steps to adjust with

his output or purchases.

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Statistics and Agriculture
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is one of the statistical
tools developed by Professor R.A. Fisher, plays a prominent rolein
agriculture experiments. In tests of significance based on small
samples, it can be shown that statistics is adequate to test the
significant difference between two sample means. In analysis of
variance, we are concerned with the testing of equality of several
population means.

For an example, five fertilizers are applied to five plots each

of wheat and the yield of wheat on each of the plots are given. In
such a situation, we are interested in finding out whether the effect
of these fertilizers on the yield is significantly different or not.

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Statistics and Medicine

In Medical sciences, statistical tools are widely used. In order

to test the efficiency of a new drug or medicine, t - test is
used or to compare the efficiency of two drugs or two
medicines, t-test for the two samples is used. More and more
applications of statistics are at present used in clinical
investigation.

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Limitations of statistics

Irrespective of so many uses of statistics it has certain limitations. These are as

follows.

 Statistics does not deal with individuals.

 Statistics deals with only quantitative data but not with qualitative data.

 Statistical results are true only on an average.

 In statistics there may be chance of misuse of data.

 Statistical data should be uniform and homogeneous at the time of

comparison.

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Data visualization

• Moreover even a layman who has nothing to do with numbers can

also understands diagrams.

• It is the graphical representation of information and data.

• By using visual elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data

visualization tools provide an accessible way to see and understand
trends, outliers, and patterns in data.

• Diagrammatic Presentation of Data gives an immediate

understanding of the real situation to be defined by data in
comparison to the tabular presentation of data or textual
representations.

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Diagrams

• A diagram is a visual form for presentation of statistical data, highlighting

their basic facts and relationship. If we draw diagrams on the basis of the
data collected they will easily be understood and appreciated by all. It is
readily intelligible and save a considerable amount of time and energy.

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• Diagrammatic presentation is a technique of presenting
numeric data through Pictograms, Cartograms, Bar
Diagrams and Pie Diagrams, etc.
• Under Pictograms, we use pictures to present data. For
example, if we have to show the production of cars, we can
draw cars. Suppose, production of cars is 40,000. We can
show it by a picture having four cars, where 1 Car
represents 10,000 units.
• Under Cartograms, we make use of maps to show the
geographical allocation of certain things.
• Bar Diagrams are rectangular in shape placed on the same
base. Their height represents the magnitude/value of the
variable. Width of all the bars and gap between the two bars
is kept the same.
• Pie Diagram is a Circle which is sub-divided or partitioned
to show the proportion of various components of the data.

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Pie Diagram

Meaning of Pie Diagram:

• A Pie Diagram is a circle divided into sections. The size of the section
indicates the magnitude of each component as a part of the whole.
Steps Involved in Constructing Pie Diagram
• Convert the given values in percentage form and multiply it with 3.6‟ to get
the amount of angle for each item.
• Draw a circle and start the diagram at 12‟O clock position.
• Take the highest angle first with protector (D) and mark lower angles
successively.
• Shade different angles differently to show distinction in each item.

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Advantages of Diagrammatic Presentation

(1) Diagrams Are Attractive and Impressive:

• Data presented in the form of diagrams are able to attract the attention of even a common
man.
(2) Easy to Remember
• Diagrams have a great memorizing effect.
• The pictures created in our mind by diagrams last much longer than those created by
figures presented through the tabular form.
(3) Diagrams save Time
• It presents complex mass data in a simplified manner.
• Data presented in the form of diagrams can be understood by the user very quickly.
(4) Diagrams Simplify Data
• Diagrams are used to represent a huge mass of complex data in a simplified and
intelligible form, which is easy to understand.
(5) Diagrams Are Useful in Making Comparisons
• It becomes easier to compare two sets of data visually by presenting them through
diagrams.
(6) More Informative
• Diagrams not only depict the characteristics of data but also bring out other hidden facts
and relations, which are not possible from the classified and tabulated data.
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 Limitations of diagrammatic presentation

1. They do not provide detailed information.

2. Diagrams can be easily misinterpreted.
3. Diagrams can take much time and labour.
4. Exact measurement is not possible in diagrams.

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Graphic Presentation of Data

Advantages of Graphic Presentation:

• Graphs represent complex data in a simple form.
• Values of median, mode can be found through graphs.
• Graphs create long lasting effect on people‟s mind.

Disadvantages of graphic Presentation:

• Graphs do not show precise values.
• Only experts can interpret graphs.
• Graphs may suggest wrong conclusions.

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Frequency Table
• A table showing the distribution of the frequencies in the different classes
is called frequency table.

Exclusive class intervals Inclusive class intervals Open end intervals

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Types of Graphs

Histogram
A two dimensional diagram whose length shows frequency and the breadth
shows size of class interval.

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 Frequency Polygon
• A histogram becomes frequency polygon when a line is drawn joining
midpoints of tops of all rectangles in a histogram.

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 Ogive
• A curve obtained by plotting frequency data on the graph paper.

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 Population
 The entire group of individuals is called the population.
For example Total number of students studying in a school or college, total number of books in a library,
total number of houses in a village or town are some examples of population.
Finite population and infinite population:
 A population is said to be finite if it consists of finite number of units.
For example Number of workers in a factory, production of articles in a particular day
for a company
 The total number of units in a population is called population size.
A population is said to be infinite if it has infinite number of units.
For example The number of stars in the sky, the number of people seeing the Television programmes.

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Sample
 Statisticians use the word sample to describe a portion chosen from the
population.
 A finite subset of statistical individuals defined in a population is called a
sample.
 The number of units in a sample is called the sample size.
For example Take one table spoon of rice whether it is cooked or not.

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Variables
A characteristic that varies from one person or thing to another

Non-Numerical

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Cardinal: How many
Ordinal: Position
Nominal: Name

A Cardinal Number says how many of something, such as one, two, three,
four, five, etc.
It does not have fractions or decimals, it is only used for counting.
An Ordinal Number tells us the position of something in a list.
A Nominal Number is a number used only as a name, or to identify
something (not as an actual value or position)

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46
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48
Dependent and Independent Variables

Examples: Two examples of common independent variables are age and time.
There's nothing you or anything else can do to speed up or slow down time or
increase or decrease age. They're independent of everything else.

To predict the age of death or life expectancy are dependent variables.

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8n a Oetain ollege 5 D bage 10. b Gis,ane udying
Mahemaits Ginu comstitute 6o. Of the udents in a Colgc
a 0hat i the
puobabililhy that Mathematho is being Otadicd
b 4 a student is Seleckerl at Handom found b be Stzudying
Mathenats Jind the Ppbabila hat the uderd i:
i a G l t, a Boy
:A 9nioM me?fo seiios0

PO)
PE) D1OD PMle)5
a JsDbabiik thaB YMathemaicA i¢ being Studied:
P)- PGP(MG)+PlDP(8) fad svifo L
:(a2
10+ /25: 600+ 1000 160 16
10000 10 008 DO
b,Att tudent is
Selected at Hardom Gfound to be
Mathematcs Stidnt itGialo sstuding
P9/)- PG)P(M) 60 10 600
PNG) +F ). GDo1000
leeco
600
600e
100e0n
25neb 100e,
10D
PB(WEtF(G) P(IG).000
OOC0
T600 1600T
DODD 1DDeo
 Kcd 0ilh the mbes p
od

dao nlains 1 Cands Mat

K a gç o n t o

deovmd naupinhs
t
made
cand itdouaon 8 teplaccd cA
Pobabiu tha):
ohiat i the oven ecomd ir OAan
douauon is
dhe tost Number umbet iOdd h e sond Numben is &ven.
fioual Nu
the fiul
e
th 4 in the 'dec0nd draoing
m wil be 2702ut MAsUlHs dbiauon tisAt is not 9teplaced?
e Ofecbed. if the 1st Cancl
1,23,.11? 1 bpoft
She Sample race n

a n vent or Geltng an &ven

Nimber.
8: A be fni O
eltmg anOdd NaimboA
8 be an ÖYent op
A-f2,4,68 10, 12, 1, 16 8 (a)
ns)14

1,3,5, 7,, 11,13, 17-9 PB) n(R)

15, nrs)hupu-tt

0th neplacement (aaet- (aa)

dhe 2o lotao doesnB depenol 2pDn 1t dao. ho the Events,1B

ont-(
bP[ 1stdsrao it even G2no drauo ir odd] (AT
d0
PAnB)-CaF(5) - 23 PlanE)- 2
ti, PT1stdaw it oddl 2nd daw is oven
2
28
01thout Replacemert
Hee 2nol dnaw dependu pon The 1stdstaro Lo B t dependent
On A
PT 1st daois Even 6 2nd dnauo is Odd
Plnne)-ptd-f(E/A) 2 F(AnB)
i, PT2 duauo it bdd &
and draw óvenj
P(BAA) 72
a72
10, 0ata m a ReadenoShip in d Centain Nagatinè ghio thdt the
Male Reodeu det 35 Diy0 and övenfeml,
Poupetbhom
oueportion tiat aN ferrate
nden35 i 0 10 Jind he
Ove 35 yvats G. also alCulale lhe robabilily that a tahdoornl
3 ab
Oeledted Male i unde 35,2as 4so si or suur
d e t % dekine the fplloucimg Oventet si hodosHO
A-Readen af Magatne ix Male oýen 35 yeas of Age
BHeadn of Maga~ine it kamale
Given thaB PCAnB) 0:20Oro proifar faov
PADB)= 0u0, PCA- -3=D-60du8tA
P(B):04o PB)= 1-P(B)= 0-30Et dPFdt.t
bPIuopethon o that are
Females Dve 35J.
AnB)= P(B)-PlADE) - D.30-r. N
t ags
FReaden i unde 35Given Bubecai ber is q Mal
PB PAnE)
FA)
(8)7-(A-(aA)
PA)- P(AnB)* p(AnE)- 0x3toy: 0:6

aost CA))-(40
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics Rp &k
Unit-I
Sampling theory

Model No 4.1: Introduction to population and sample

Model No 4.2: Standard error
Model No 4.3: Sampling distribution of means and variances
Model No 4.4: Central limit theorem
Model No 4.5: Problems on series
Model No 4.6: Estimations & Point and interval estimations
Model No 4.7: Unbiased Estimations
Model No 4.8: Maximum error of estimate

Model No 4.1: Introduction to population and sample

It is not easy to collect all the information about population and also it is not possible to study the
characteristics of the entire population (finite or infinite) due to time factor, cost factor and other
constraints. Thus we need sample. Sample is a finite subset of statistical individuals in a
population and the number of individuals in a sample is called the sample size. Sampling is quite
often used in our day-to-day practical life.
For example in a shop we assess the quality of rice, wheat or any other commodity by
taking a handful of it from the bag and then to decide to purchase it or not.

Population
The population is a complete set of all possible observations of the type which is to be
investigated. Total number of students studying in a school or college, total number of books in a
library, total number of houses in a village or town is some examples of population.
Sometimes it is possible and practical to examine every person or item in the population
we wish to describe. We call this a complete enumeration, or census. We use sampling when it is
not possible to measure every item in the population. Statisticians use the word population to
refer not only to people but to all items that have been chosen for study.

Finite population and infinite population:

A population is said to be finite if it consists of finite number of units. Number of
workers in a factory, production of articles in a particular day for a company is examples of finite
population. The total number of units in a population is called population size (N). A population
is said to be infinite if it has infinite number of units. For example the number of stars in the sky,
the number of people seeing the Television programmes etc.
Sample
Statisticians use the word sample to describe a portion chosen from the population. A
finite subset of statistical individuals defined in a population is called a sample. The number of
units in a sample is called the sample size (n).

1
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics Rp &Rk

Types of sampling:
in which sample units are selected with
1) Purposive sampling: Purposive sampling is one

a definite purpose in view.

the pedagogical methods in
Ex: Suppose you want to collect feedback from students on

their school.

unit of population has an

ii) Random sampling: Random sample is the one in which each
obtained by this sampling is termed
cqual chance of being included in it. And the sample
as random sample.
a hat from 3000 students
who
Ex: 25 students were selected in WIPRO from VVIT out of
are studying in VVIT.

unit of the population has an equal

iii) Simple sampling: Simple sampling in which each of the previous
chance of being included in the sample and this probability independent
is

drawings.

Note:
random sampling is not
1. Simple sampling may be regarded as random sampling but a
necessarily a simple sampling
while
2. Forfinite population, random sampling with replacement is a simple sampling
a
random sampling without replacement is not a simple sampling.
3. For an infinite population, any random sampling is simple.

selected in WIPRO from VVIT out of a

Example for Simple sampling: 25 students were
the population is all 3000
hat from 3000 students who are studying in VVIT. In this case,
STUDENT has an equal chance of
students, and the sample is random because each
being chosen.

iv) Stratified random sampling:

A method of sampling that involves dividing a population into smaller groups-called
characteristics or attributes
strata. The groups or strata are organized based on the shared
of the members in the group. The process of classifying the population into groups is
called stratification.

of adults into
Examples for Stratified random sampling One might divide sample
a

and 60 and above.

subgroups by age, like 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59,

Large Sample & Small Sample:

If the sample size

n230 i.e, referred as Large Sample
n<30 i.e, referred as Small Sample
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp &Rk
Sampling is done in 2 ways:
i) With replacement (infinite)
ii) Without replacement (finite)

Parameters and statistics:

We can describe samples and populations by using measures such as the mean, median,
mode and standard deviation. When these terms describe the characteristics of a population, they
are called parameters. When they describe the characteristics of a sample, they are called
statistics. A parameter is a characteristic of a population and a statistic is a characteristic of a
sample. Since samples are subsets of population statistics provide estimates of the parameters.
That is, when the parameters are unknown, they are estimated from the values'of the statistics.

Parameters Statistics
(Population) (Sample)
Mean
Proportion P(Capital) p (small)
Variance
Standard deviation (edCd
Model No 4.2: Standard Error
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic is known as its standard
error. It is abbreviated as S.E.
For example, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean x known as
the standard error of the mean.

S. No. Standard error (S. E.) With replacement Without replacement

InfinitePopulation Finite Population
Standard error ofsample mean (x) N-n
Standard error of sample
Proportion (p) PO
Vn Vn VN-1
Where Q =1-P Where Q=1-P
3 Standard error of sample
Standard deviation (s)
2n
Standard error of the difference of
twosample means and x

Standard error of the difference of

two sample proportions p, and p
ROP
6 Standard error of the difference of
two standard deviations s, and s,
2 2n

3
 AL Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp &Rk
Model No 4.3: Sampling distribution of means and variances

Parameters of the Population: Population size-N Jiníle JopulaHon Meant

1. Mean
of the population 4= x N without Heploeurnent
2Varianceof the population o?2(-)

3.
N
nftnite opulaionMeans
Standard deviation of the population o=
N 01th Hyplacem ent
Statistics of the Sample: Sample
size-n
Correction factor- brbef
N-1
1. The total number of samples with replacement (Infinite Population) is N"
2. The total number of
samples without replacement (Finite Population) is Nc

Problem 1: What is the value of correction factor if n=5 and N=200.

Solution:
Cowedtion Jactol N=T a00- 0.9499
N-1 aDo-t
Problem 2: The size of the population is 2000 and the size of the sample is 200. Find the
correction factor in the population.
Solution:
{Ve N-20DD, M AD0
Dvs edhonact 200D-200 0 90D5
Problem 3: How many &DOD
different samples of size two can be chosen from a
finite population of
size25. N=25, n-2 oIthoutReplacement
Solution:
JJo-0f distrunt danples D Size tuwD from jinite N-25 is Nc= 25t2
Problem 4: In a random sample of 1000packages shipped by air
Find the standard error
proportions.
freight [3"had somedamage. 300
Solution Hete P 1 3 - 0»43, - 1 - P 1-013= 0°8t , nz1D0D
100
chondará inot ofSroptions O-13xD-89
00D
+8344 =0-0106
*****
Problem 5: A population consists of five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8 and 11. Consider all possible
samples of size two which can be drawn from this population.
With replacement i) Without replacement, Find
e oi
(a) The mean of the population.

(b) The standard deviation of the population.

(c) The mean of the sampling distribution ofmeans.

(d) The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.

06-05 2022

wblem-5: ven Jbpulation

M
2,3,G8,11
PopulaHom Bize N=5
a)Mean R the Jbplation:
: 2 , Sun of Oblervation at3t6t8+11 6
TDtai obsexvaon 5
bStandand driaton ® populaton:
-u)
N
- -6)+3-6)+(6-6)+ 11-6)3-286
5
aum plesi 0ith Replacement
mdom
Jhe no-o
Samples (n)= N"5- 25
22,(2,3) , (a16), (218), (a11)
(3-2),(33) ,l3.6), ( 3.8) ,(3)1D,
62) ( 6.3), ( 6»6)» (
6,8) ,( 6,1)
68), C83), (8»6), (8,8),
(8»
(t1a), (1,3), (u16), (U»8),C1),11)
Samlebutnikutom Of Means
a5 5 65
2-5 3 45 55
5 6 85
5 5-5
95
6.5 85 5
C Mean
6{ the dampling ditnibuton O Man
M um of all amfle dittatbuton Obsetvations
a5
5 56
e a n og the opulatorm = Mean of he banjleng dittibato
OR Means
(A licale jot gveny Broblem)
d tandand dviathon of the ampingalsttibu hon Of Mean

2-6)+ (.5-6t (Y-6t(5-6)t(6-5-6)+Ca5-65+ (3-6)+(H5>6)+

Cb5-6)+ (9-6)+ (H-6)"tL4.5-6)* (G-65+(9-6+ (85-6+ 6-6)+
55-6+9-4+ C6-6)+ 19:5-6)-t 5-6) -6)+ (85-6+(95-445(1
Q5
3a3
76t tandard brot SE).
- 3-86 a.323
Otandad &rvol= ölarndand detation og dampling dilibutton y
Means
OTHOOT REPLACEMENT
JUoD samles = Ncn = 5cg = 10 213,6,8 11
D
dhe damples a t
(2,3), 26),(2, (2tt),
36, 68, 6-1)
6,,(6,11)> soo
(8,11)
gbomflin distnibution Of Means-
5 5 6:5
4 -55
5
8.5

9-5
Mean o Saming Attnibution o Mennt- bum of arl obsewatons

Juz60- 6
Meano the SopulaHon: Mean of the Damping dirttbuHon
OMeans
dy Stondarnd Deviaton O the dampúng dttoibuion ot
Means 6

5-6)+ A-6+ (5-6)+(6:5-t5+ CH5-69T(55-6)+(9-6)+

-6+C8 5-6)"+ 9:5-6)
D

O- 2-012
tondard Oinot sFl10thDut Replacement) = N-m
Vn V N-1

10-05802a 3:286 5-a &-1a

5-1
J the populaion is
3,6,9,15 ada
a dist all Jossible amtes bf ize 3, that tan be
taxen as wlthou
Steplacemerntwm he finie opulaHon.
b»Ool.culaBe the Mean O each o the danplinq
leans ditubition Of
Gtnd the &p o
db Mean dampling dilibuton Of Mton
Of the
e dhe pprlation
Populaion Ølondand Saton
Jopuilation 3,6,9 15,a7 JopulaHtm 8te
,
N -5
ample i2e 73
othoUT R¬PLACEMENT
Ncn No- of
damfe
=5C3 10 d Mean of the Jopulaton;
36,1) (3,6,15) (3.6) U
N
3t6t9t 15 8919
5
3915) (3,9) M= 1a
(315)
(G,9,15) (6,9)
(6,1552)
(915:9)
e Stavdand dnaion Of the Joplaton;
T -uy
N
T6-1+6-13+(-12+ (15-12)+ 7-12)= g. 1s52
5
a Samsltng disti bution Of Means
6 8 12 distibuion OA Means
13 15
b Meon Df dampliung
616 a s cSum og all `amfle Obsenvatons
No-o Obcovaions
6t8t 12t9t13t 15t10t14t16t12- 1a
10
JJ- 1a
Ctandard Jviatom Of the amlnq
oistübution p Mans:
0 6-t3)+ (8-t2Stu2-124+ l9-12+ l13-12)+
C15-12+l10-S+ (114-12)+
C16-12t (19-12)
DT 3.H6 H
landad &rot (se) -on&485a
VmYN-t V3 T5-3
5- 3 H641
****Problem 6: A population consists of six numbers
4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. Consider all possible
samples of size two that can be drawn without
replacement and with repBacement from this
population. Find
(a) The mean of the population.
(b) The standard deviation of the population.
(c) The mean of the sampling distribution of means.
(d) The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.
Solution: Do Practice at note book
6 éven 8 1 2 t6,20, Qu, N:6, n919 YYYYY
9

aR
a Meon Of the Population: agvolt-1ogvan
- 8 + 12+16+20 +2
6, SD o4 Population:
tut8-t5t(ta-tu)+(16-14S+ (20-1uDyu

6 9 6-8313.D6913
(Oto
NDo4esamples- N"-C36
G06)
Somples 2 tng
.lH2u.
yH13), tA»e), (4,20),
(8u), 8,8),(8,12) »C8sl6), tS,20), (8,2u), t
PthP gmo
49,(188), t12,12), L12,16),(12,2d),l12,24),,e
'C8) -
(lo Cl6,8), (t6,p)»tI616)1t16,20),(16,24),C ys1-81)
(209),C208),(20»12); (2016), ts0,a0), (S0,2u)
(244) (2y18), (ay,12), (2u,16), (24,20), (a4)20).
Mean @f bamfling dtlbution;
6 8tD 12 M e a n Ct Camfling deti buhon
68D 1 16 CH Mean
8 12 l 16 18
50 1u
t0 12 u G 18 36
12 4 16 18 20 22
4 16 18 20 2 2 .82D

&-D of danglrng dilibuton Of Means

(-teuj+ (1y-)4 (6-19+
(8-1y)¥(
(6-14)t to-14)+
6 41u)+ (16-tUT+ C8-tut
(0-1u)4
) + (1D-tu)+(2-tu y+ (ru- (u+
(e -1U3+ Ct0-1u)+ C12-14)«(14-14)
(t2-1)+ CM-tu5« CI6-1ut
(0-1u+ (ty-1u)*
(16-14)+( 16-14)
T6-u)tl18-tu9+(ao-iup+
(-14s
1)-1St 16-1ut(18-4) (20-14D
209)t() 14)+
- (

23 3333 SeO 6823

36 OT- 48305
E U-82OU
TH0U
tRORLACEMENT: c.osi01 St8
N-o Sam rles- Noyn bca 15
a Mean a Topulatiou-19
63D o
C Bopulaton 6 6-8313
amles- 15 t Popa 48,1,16,20,24y
8),t 12), (4» 16), (49, 30), (a1, 2u) Meane o samfunq
C812)t816), t8)2D), (8,24 68 10
1216), (12 aD)» 12,2u) 12 1
1D 12 t t
6,20t6,2u)
Mean Ca0,84) 6 20
osD Of Meann( ud- 210iq-(0Et4)(4)e(Gtet24
d 8p M-14 08).(031eCcts)kGdlor
o{ Sampung dilubraton
Cj Mean (o
-ttc8-1u)+ (1-tu5+02-1 4)+(tÝ-iy+C1o-tu)H2-1u)t
D TH4)+ (16-uy+ Uá-tu0+ (t6-t4S+18au4(tot1u)t(n-s
eidS (0uc e(àr)ct6)(&at
CT4-3205
8 O 1 &e y.32D
N 6:831T 6-
6- ugaou SI
t400
81
SS 8
3 0 81

1-)

t o1-91)e1-c)ce-)r-3) e1-0) er
tu-8)ty1-37) 1-T)+01-)+01-o1)
rast-n),"tu1-c) Fu-019c 3)tp 313Tcur-1 p
3t->f) t tet-a19
Cut-1 peyr-)
-o)Cui-31
ut-0s)M83+ur-J414ot-o1)C1-co t-0
158:
****Problem 7: Find the mean and Standard deviation
thepopulation 2, 3, 4, 5 by drawing samples of size twoofwith
Mears
sampling distribution of varianees-for
replacement. replacement and without
Solution: Do Practice at note book
Given a3,4,5
e of Sepulation Nu
13ty15 19
-Mean Sum ofOhsewatoDs
Dtal
5
applng dnt
1 1Q7H REPLACEMEN7; | Means o
No.o Sample Nn-u-6 35
5 3
)Ca3), (24) t25).
(3,5)53354dJend
(3, (39),(3iu) 3 35 4 4 5
(48), t u)
2 ) (5,3), (5,4) slD»5)| 35 9 5 5

Mnne OA
tane O damflng OUlibnHon O Means
t3t25t Y+45+ 3:5
+ 95+3+3.5+ 25t3t3.5ty
M5t5
1
a5-35
SSlandand DviaHon CA amlng distibukhon Of Man
(1-JY
N

Oa- 071 056

WTHOUT REPLACEMEN T
No-Of tamplu Nen Hcb
Samples one Means of Samplu
(a3, (2ss) , t25) &-5 ,3, 25
3,11), C35 2-5,
(45) .5
Meon 85t3t3.5 +3.5tutU.5
3-5
M-3-5
SPO 25-9-5)t(3-3-5)t(35-35T+ (3-39) 5
N H-35T+ (H5-3.5)
|T O-6y5y
 O TlaCICG dl i O t DOOK

Problem 8: Let u = (3, 7, 8), u, = (2, 4). Find

(a) 4, ,Mean of the sampling distribution of means)

(b) o, O-,Stan dard deviations of the sampling distribution of means)

iven (M)- t3,7»8), Ma{2.4) , (U4-u)-41,-1,5,3,6, 4f

as Aus- 3t948-
3 6 u 2tY. 3
u1-ua = 1-1+5t3t6t43
6

D Ous (3-6+(1-6)+ (8-6)-2-160

3
Ou2: (9-3)+ (4-3)

)(1-3+ (-1-3+ (5-3)+ (3-3)°t (6-3)+(4-3) - 23862

Oui-u9 N
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Statistics
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Rp &Rk

The size of the sample collected from the

Problem 9: The variance of a population is 2.
population is 169. What is the standard error of mean.
Solution: Hete n=169The
dample
bireo the
DeviaHon Of fouilattn= Varlante
O: Standard

pStandand Ero 0 Meon:

m 0 0 108t
Problem 10: When a is taken from an infinite population, what
sample happens the standard error

size is decreased from 800 to 200.

of the mean if the sample
Solution:
nfimite Jopulation
The tandand éroo of theMean
Stondand iwot() =
v800 a200 30
condad urt3): 2)
3unt 1p sdample Size is stednccd eom &oD to 2DO,
Standanä uot © Mean, 10in be
"Muliplted by '2".
Model No 4.4: Central limit theorem
Central Limit Theorem: If x be the mean of a sample size n drawn from a population mean

and standard deviation a then the standardized normal variate z is asymptotically

Hote gbample Mean n
normal.
J Populaton Mean

O D Of the population
n panyie bize
Model No 4.4: Central limit theorem
Central Limit Theorem: f x be the mean of sample
a size n drawn from a population mean u

variate is asymptotically
and standard deviation o then the standardized normal z=

Hne a- gbample Mean

normal
J Population Mean
10)
OT D of the popuilaiom
n plane bize
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp &Rk

The central limit theorem (CLT) states that the distribution of sample means approximates a
nomal distribution as the sample size gets larger, regardless of the population's distribution.
Note: Sample sizes equal to orgreater than 30 are often considered suficient for the CLT to
hold.
Problem 11: Determine the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means of
300 random samples each of size n=36 are drawn from the population N=1500 which is normaily
distributed with u=22.4, o= 0.048. If the sampling distribution is done
i) With replacement
i) Without replacement
a) Between 22.39 and 22.41
b) Greater than 22.42
c) Less than 22.37
d) Less than 22.38 and greater than 22.41
size m-36, Sopulaton size N=1500, Fopulaton lcan
Solution ample 22 4H
Fopulatton sD 0= 0-0H8
OITH REPLACEMENT
Mean of the Sampling bitubuion ofleans=lean of the Jopulation
22-H
Standad beviakon OA amplung- tandard Esvot 0-D
cuchibution df Means on V36
D-008
WITHOUT
YYm m REPLACEMeNT wn

We Kmouo that ,Meoan the oampling Man of the Topulaion

lshibuton f Means 28-4
SD of Campling disibution Da Mcans = Standard Errö
N- 0. 0u8 1500-36 0.001
36 1 1500-
ayJBetween 22-39 and 22.y1
41

PC22-394 a2u1):
At 29.39 8-39-8.10-1 85
(0-008)
At-8841 T - . 29.q1-99. 125
(o-D08)
 Requived Atea
A(oh 125) t A(Ub 195)
D39yy+0:39u
0.7888 x 300 236.64
185 185 Rardom
Samples
bstealetthan 28.42
CPRa-ua]
At X32-u2
T 3yS-aa-4
(Y (0.008) 50

RA= 0.5-A ldt»:50)

0-3MB -0.938
5
0-5-0-4938
O-006ax300 186
Cy29.3
FLR33-33)
At aa.37 =- =
29-3t-2R- -3.5
O-008

3 RA= 0:5-A (Dto B+95)

inatoravt s
D-5- 0»y999
h :000|X 30
0.03 i
-3-95 p

d p32131<20-38) (t) P(X< 22-38& X729.u1)

At X 22 38
A
a2-38-32-4-a5
e0-068
X 3u12 - 22-uI-929 125
O0 08
n
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics Rp &Rk

A
PA Ate
O5-A(D25)+ 0-5 -Aloto 1-25)
05-0y938)+ (D-15 -0:3quu)

0-1118 x 300
5 O =} 33-54
185

11-05-2022 Waneday
Problem 12: A random sample ofsize 144 istaken from an infinite population having mean
=15, o =225. What is the probabilitythat x will lies between 72 and 77. .9320 C22X79

-Mean o the Popuilaion 75

odance Of Popalaiom &: 225

SD o15
ample Size mz
4uy
fl7a9)= 16
At -72; 7= 10-95
-3x1-a
5

2X12 - 1.6
5
Pyer16) 12

RA A lBto 2-) +AlDto 1-6)

0-H18+Oqu52
RP 0-9390
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability && Statistics
Rp &Rk
Probfem 13: The mean of certain normal population is equal to the standard error of the mean of
the samples of 64 from that distribution. Find the probability that the mean of the sample size 36
will be negative.
Solation:3he Mean Of the pulation = StandaHd Esvnt Ccy Mean of the
Samples of z e 64
V6u 8
PMean of samfle size t36' wil be
Negahve
PX0,n= 36) Rp 0-5-Alot»075)
A R-D - z 0:5-D-213

n) 1 -D.95 0
RP= O:2LGL
, -05
10Tth Replacement
Problem 14: A random sample of size 100 is taken from an intinite populâtion having the
mean -76 and the variance o=256.What is the probability that x will be between 75 and 78. 0.6268

Solution:Given n-100, JU-6, R56 o- 16

PC75T+8)
At -75;
45-36-0:625
0.62

A 78 O62 2-0 1.95

Z Z -72-96 1-25

P-062L ?< 125)

RA AC0 to O-61)t A(oto 1:25)
0-232y+ 0.3quuy 13

RP-0.6268
 Nambur
Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Statistics
&
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability Rp &Rk

45
infinite population having the
mean
15: A random sample of size 64 is taken from an
Problem that x will be between 46 and 47.5.
and the Standard deviation 8. What is the probability D 0:17
PU6&2 U S
Solution:
Given n-64, M=y5, - 8
PH6&2 y75)
At X=465 7-7-, H6-u5 .1
=D 1 &-5
J6u
At X RP= Alob15)-A(Db1)
5 =
U-5-45 -
&5
0 H138-0:3413
RP-0-15a5

0.1 and standard deviation 2.1. Find the

Problem 16: A normal population has a mean of
(SA) probability that mean of a sample of size
900 will be negative. 0 096y
Solution: Given =0-1 0=21 Jopulation SD
»

size n=
Jlean ofFopula tion u:D:1, oumfle

Px0, n-900)
A1 7 d -- 0-01 -1-ya
(n) 900
-1y2 z-D
PCX-142)
O-5-A(oh 1qa)
0.5-0 H222
14
0-a148
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp &Rk

Problem 17: A random sample of size 64 is taken from a normal population with u-51.4 and
o-68. What is the probability that the mean of the sample will (a) exceed 52.9
(b) fall between 50.5 and 52.3 (c) be less than 50.6.
Solution:

Problem 18: If the mean of breaking strength of copper wire is 575 1bs, with a standard deviation
of 8.3 lbs. How large a sample must be used in order that there will be one chance in 100 that the
mean breaking strength of the sample is less than 572 lbs?
O-83
Solution: Jbpulaion Mean u-5t5, Jopulation SD
P51a) 0-04
At x-52, we know: X- H

RP: --33 5a-59S

59 8-33 83):3
U:595 On
Seneeh fot 0y9 n-6.H63
Cwe Ge 0-D-bs
15 M=4l-55 42

-8-33
 ( A

Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur

Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp &Rk
series
Model No 4.5: Problems on

Formulae: If A, B, C, D are connected in series then

1. Mean :BaC+D=4+Hp tHtH
2 Standard deviation o+hiC+D =o+o +o +o
3. Mean 4-
4. Standard deviation o-=yoj +o
Problem 19: The mean voltage of a battery is 15 and S.D is 0.2. Find the probability that four
such batteries connected in series will have a combined voltage of 60.8 or more volts.
Solution: JM

of MMeans 20.48 kgs, 35.97 kgs with S.D 0.54kgs,

Problem 20: Three masses dre measúred as 62.34 kgs,
S.D of the sum of the masses.
0.21kgs, 0.46kgs. Find the mean and

Solution:

has a mean of 0.249 inch and a S.D of 0.003

Problem 21: The diameter of motor shafts in a lot
lot have a mean of 0.225 inch and a S.D of 0.002
inch. The inner diameter of bearings in another
inch. dl tferenees 0 255
selected from
i) What are the mean and the S.D of the clearänces between shafts and bearings
those lots?
a bearing are selected at random,
what is the probability that the shaft will not
in) If a shafts and
fit inside, the bearing ? Assume that both dimensions are normally distributed. Bearinqs
shatts
Solution:
det A-biameten Cf the Beatings EO:255) M O*349)
BDlamelen Of the Shayk EO002 O-003

i Dijotenes G Mean DigfeenasDf S'DY; A B

JU MA-g lA-UB =0-255-D Y9= 0:00C
U-0006)
OA-B O-00360O0036
yoatOB= yto-Doisflo«o0)=O-D036

i, PlIhe shopt eoill not be ftting inside beaing)

Ppblen-19:Mean Voltage of batey JM=15
Y YY
D D the
det A ,B, C.D be
batlery d- 0:2
y batteies,then theit;
Oombined Mean M lA+BtCtD MAtUB tHe tAD
Stmilarnhy SD= I5t15t15t15->|JU=60
O: ORHBtCtD
Plx60-8) Voytto)4l02402)=0D:y
At X-60 8 - -
60-8-,0:8a
0
P(x: O-y
RP: D-5- A{bth 2)
0-5-bs97
RP= O0228
D 2

Pouphlem0
Given A =62. 34 UR 20-u8 c-35.9
OA 0.5y
Og D 21 C 016
Mean U MA4BtC AtUBtlc -6a.34t 208+ 3S-99
118-79
=OAtORt 6 (0 5u)+ Co21)+Cou6)
6= 0:1398
 Problem 21: The diameter of motor shafts in a lot has a mean of 0.249 inch and a S.D of 0.003
inch. The inner diameter of bearings in another lot have a mean of 0.225 inch and a S.D of 0.002
inch. dAferences 0255
) What are the mean and the S.D of the clearánces between shafts and bearings selected from
those lots?
that the shaft will not
ii) If a shafts and a bearing are selected at random, what is the probability
fit inside, the bearing ? Assume that both dimensions are normally distributed. Bearirqs shaths
Solution:
det A=biameten Of the Beatings M=0:255 O-349
BOlamlen C the Shask O002
O 0 0 3 /

s-D¥; B
iDifotencs 4 Mean &Disfelenas Df A

JU: Mp-g - UA-UB 0.255-D. 249- 0-00C

=

O.006
OOO-0036
0036
OA-B VCAtOR"=yto-0o:Silo«003)=0-0036

fiy PThe Shat toill not be paHting inside beaing)

 diwmelo
PX-A-B< D)
PCX=A-B<o)
Plz=-666)
At x- 0 3 =0-0.006 |:666
0-0036
PF-666)
RP: O-5-A(Dto 166)
0.5- 0-515

4
-(666 2=d
RP 0 D485
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp &Rk

Model No 4.6: Estimations & Point and interval estimations

Estimation: The judgment made by unknown parameter is called estimation.

(or)
Estimation is a procedure by which numerical values are assigned to parameter based on
information collected by samples.
Estimate: A statement made to find an unknown population parameter is called estimate.
Estimator: The procedure or rule, to determine an unknown population parameter is called an
estimator.
Example: Sample mean an estimator of population mean be sample mean is a method of

determining the population mean.

Note:
1. An estimate must be a static and it must only depends on the sample.
2. A parameter can have one or two or more estimators.
Types of Estimation:
the static of the population parameters they
are
They are two kinds of estimations to determine
1. Point estimation
2. Interval estimation
is
1. Point estimation: If an estimate of the population parameter given
by a single values then
the estimate is called Point estimation of the parameter.
estimate of the population mean .
Example :- The sample mean is a point is given by two different values
between
2. Interval estimation: If an estimate of the population estimate of the
lie. Then the estimate is called interval
which the parameter may consider to
parameter.
We say that a distance is 5.8 kms
Example:
In this case we are going to take point estimate.
The distance is in between 5.28 +or - 0.3
case we are going to take interval estimate.
In this

the estimator:
Important properties of
of error is known as reliability
Reliability: A statement distribution of the statistic is equal to the
mean of sampling
Unbiased Estimator: If the
unbiased estimation of population parameter.
then the statistic is said to be
population parameter unbiased estimate of the parameter.
The corresponding value
of statistic is there caBled
Efficient Estimator:
then the statistic with less mean
of the statistic with less mean
If the sampling distribution efficient estimation of the mean.
smaller variance is called a more
then the statistic with the efficient estingate.
of the statistic is called an
The corresponding value
constructed based on the confidence
level is called
Confidence interval: An interval
estimate i.e.,
confidence interval.
Confidence level is denoted by|(1a)x100%.
is called significance
(1-)is called confidence
coefficient or degree of coefficient and a

coefficient 1-a=1-0.01=0.99. If a =0.01.

level. Then confidence

17
Unased Õiahon
cAStatitie is daid to be cn Unbiased PsHmate o
the Paromcten i e
Et8)-oEopectatien
F(AtB) = AELDtB
Fl10)=100
E StoUstic) Panametet
-

OHtcient Estimation
mmmm
O1 , ate two unbased eHmatet the Same
opalatom ParameBen O and
O6&092 we shay that
is 1Moe Etticientstmat
thon
Conadence devel
C1-A)1DD
Rej
Rejectedlc)

(1-) Accepted
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp &Rk

Model No 4.7: Unbiased Estimations

Model No 4.8: Maximum error of estimate
Formulae:
Large sample n230 Small sample n <30
Confidence interval for
4=xtl or =n-1
population mean

x= Sample mean r

= The confident x <x-Eor)|** /n

<x=
coefficient
a= Confidence level
g Standard deviation
n= Sample size
s= standard deviation of the
sample.
Confidence interval for Proportions PO
p n
99% 1% pt258 -p+3,/P
population parameter Proportion P for Vn
or
Limits for
only are given by depends on given data, repBace
p by 'P in the formula.

Atmort O
S
Maximum error of the estimate

E with (1-a) probability E-2Jn

Maximum error of the
estimate for proportions PO
Atmost ND Mean, Tno S-D) Ean
Sample size
n=
n= E E

3 the Yuopoltiond au not given in the Jable , Take P:1/.

18
 Vasireddy Venkatadri lnstitute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp &Rk

Problem 22: Ifx1,X2. is random sample from given population with

a
Show that the sample mean is an unbiased estimator of population mean j.
mean u and variance

Solution: Nouw we have to hod that x i an unbiased östimatot of

Sopulahion Mean'u' F(©)- © >E- u

EC)t Elx)t--t F(xn)

nu)-u FT)-
variance
is unbiased estimator of population
Problem 23: Show that the sample
variance s an

8Xi-) Hnewe have to Ixove Fls)-

Solution: m-1

S (1i-
-1
i)-(T-4]|
(i-)A(RM-2(Vi-u) (T-u}C:0-= 01
-1
(7-140)-2l7-4) [i-3uj)
i-u+
E4-uy+ n(7-u)-a(7-lni-n)(T-T2
n-
an (T-A)")
(%i-AY+ n[-u)-
S n1

n- 19

E(i-4)'- nElT-)")
FS En-1
 Vasireddly Venkatadri Institute of Technology: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics Rp &Rk

F) n-1 D-no
n-1
mo-n
n nA

.FC)-

Noke: S-Ei-TAt motan Unbiased stimat Of

costs had
insurance a random sample of 80 body repair
Problem 24: In a study of an automobile
estimate to the true average
of T62.35. If x is used as a point
mean of R472.36 and
the S.D doesn't exceed R10.
a
we can assert
that the maximum error
confidence
repair costs, with what
Solution:
m=80, M=M936 SD 5=62:35
omple Dize
Maximum sutot 1 0
devel - x100/
JbD Wt have to ind Oonidnce
1Weknow hat Maimum 6tveik K Vn
10 Fa, 6235 0 KAp 6235
> 10 Z), 6179
80 8-94 - 1-43
CDnfidence devel (1-)x100% -

Y (O-4236t0: H236) x I00).

Ao42
0-4123 0-8u92XjDo/
ky= 1.43
Com4tdlence kevel= 814.92%
20
s443 1-
Mauimum ÕRul dveant éxceed With F10 Wth the

Oomkd ence Ot 848

U2 0
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics Rp &Rk
use until a certain
Problem 25: It is desired to estimate the mean number of hours of continuous
be
computer will first require repairs. Ifit can be assumed that o= 48 hours, how large sample
a

needed so that one will be able to assert with 90% confidence that the sample mean is off by at

most 10 hours. Given D 48, cAtmost 1o hou means Maximum &ovo E=105
How lange oa Aample mians is m-?
0Ynticderce Mean (1-)1007. pt 1-d-0 d0-1, =005
zol 165, E- ~dh 10-165( u)Jn=
n
n 163
10
0.0S4S D-us 0-0S ' n63 n 62.2
Vn 79
n63
standard deviation of 5. What can you say about
Problem 26: A random sample of size 100 has a

the maximum error with 95% confidence.

(or) 95% confidence limits.

Ifn= 100, o =
5, find the maximum error with
with 15. conidenee
ouOn tven n-100, O=5, Mauimum s o t
1 - x10oY = 95/. 1-d = 0:95 d-0-05, = 0 - 0 2 5

a1-96 E-0-98
D 18
-196xD-5
o-4s 04
easS
t-Rh 1 the
tested 40 engineersto estimate
Problem 27:Thelhiciency expert of a computer company
certain computer component, getting mean of
a 12.73 minutes
to assemble a
average time it takes
and S.D of 2.06 minutes.
estimate of the actual
average time required to perform the
(a) If x 12.73 is used as point with 99% confidence.
= a

maximum error
task, determine the takes do the job.
intervals for the true average time it
to
(b) Construct 98% confidence that the sample mean does not differ from the true mean
(c) With what confidence çan we assert Maximum oo
by more than 30 seconds. = 3 0
(or)
the industrial
takes to assemble a certain computer component,
To estimate the average time it of the task. getting a mean
at an electronic firm
timed 40 technicians in the performance
engineer
of 12.73 min and a S.D of 2.06 min.
if x =12.73 is used a point
confidence about the maximum error
(a) What can we say with 99% to do the job ?
estimate of the actual average time required
98% confidence interval.
(b) Use the given data to construct
mean does not differ from the
true mean by
we can assert that sample
(c) With what confidence
more than 30 sec. hete m:q0, &=2:06; Ü 12.13

Q1-d)100% =19. 1-19 ( 1-i =0.a = 0:01 ,

o0-00
00
8-52s F- 4%) - 2:595x2:06
O-ygs 59SN0-32

o-00S 0-DDS F-0-8387

 1-a)x 100=18 1-d 018 db02 o/s 0:01

-233
Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology: Nambur
Department of Science &Humanities, Probability & Statistics Rp &Rk

Solution:
F: dp 33x 20 33 xa06 2,33 x032 =

32
0-1 0-49
0745
2/ 2D
-833 .33
C 0th 10haBOpngidence (1-)x100Y?
JaneMean Maximum fsot (F)-30 sec
: EF:

F: 34%)-R%[a0 Ra X0:39zdh -1:535

(1-x 100Y 0:4370+0 30) i00
x=

=0-894)100
87-4% is Oonidence Lex
0-434d O.4390

4=1-S35
-1535

a population are 11.795

and 14.054
Problem 28: The mean and standard deviation of
confidence about the maximum error
if x =11.795
What can one assert with 95%
respectively. the true mean.
95% confidence interval for
and n = 50.And also construct (or)
respectively. If n
=F

population 11.795 and 14.054

The mean and the standard deviation of a are

50, find 95% confidence interval for the mean.

u-11.99S, SD Jopulaon O=14-OSy

N7 50.
Solution: JopPulaion Meoun
t
Oongidl enee 4ntuwal Mean =]7-~A On
Hote Cample Mean i Not Given sso oe Consider cample Mean
as the popilakion Mean ie - u=11:95
- )100-5 1-d*01S
o-0-05 h =0-025 24p1-96
dntowal- l~-24, , Z«6 on
(22
1197s-194/14-DS, 11-995+ 116x1YOS9
VSD
11-995-3.815, 11 995t 3-895

-96
2 =196 79, 15-69]
 Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics Rp &Rk

unbiased estimate of the of the population

Problem 29: The mean of random sample is an mean

3,6,9,15,27.
be taken without replacement from the finite
i) List of all possible samples of size 3 that can

population.
of each of the samples listed in (a) and assigning each sample
a
ii) Calculate the mean
to the mean of
x is equal to 12. Which is equal
probability of 1/10. Verify that the mean of these
estimate of 0.
the population0 i.e E(x) 0 i.e., prove that x is an unbiased
=

Solution:

final examination in
feelings about the m e a n mark in the distribution with
Problem 30: A professor's by normal
of students is expressed subjectively
Probability" of a large group

67.2 and o,=l1.5.

4
(65.0, 70.0) determine the prior probability the professor
If the mean mark lies in the interval
(a)
mark.
should assign to the mean the examinations are
conducted on a
mean 4 and the posterior S.D o, if
(b) Find the professor and S.D 7.4. Use S =7.4 as
an estimateo.
students yielding m e a n 74.9 being in the
random sample of40 will thus assign to the
m e a n mark
Determine the posterior probability which he
(c)
interval (65.0,70.0) using
results obtained in (b).
interval for .
(d) Construct a 95% Bayesian

Solution: Hints: no+o

23
 n=5
0blem-1: Jopulaton 3,6,9, 15, 27 N+5,
t Df all Pousble Samflee (3,6,9), (3,6,15), (3,6,21),*b95
(3,915), (39,2),
(3,15,29)
Mean opulaton 6915 (6,9,27),
re =3t6+9tS+8 12 (15,27)

17 l6, 15
Meon o the dampls 6,8, 1a, 10,1y, 9 13,
ane
,

Psobatiuty amigmd v each ©ne is each

10

6 8 1a 10
1 913 1 . 16 15
1
PT) 10

k(T)=012
is Unbiag ed ctmaBe ®f ©
an
1e
Jhe Mean O a Handm Sample is a n Unbiasei sHmated
O the Mean o the Popalation
JtDblem-30: iven thatUo 68, o0 1:5
a, TUoo we have to ind the Mean Mao ies in the nlewal
2P C65-0,10-0)
ie PC65<T( ) ;
At 65, 7=
- 65-67-2-1 466= -4.9+
1.5

15
P(1.49 1:8)
RPAlD 1:4t AlD» 1:8)
2O212+0.46q3
0-81651
7189
bamle pace neyo, Somple Mean - 749,
SAample SD T= S: PopulaHon =
Now
n7ot Mo 40 X49x{15) 672 (7-4)*
0 15+ (9-4)
6u3699-892 1.989 ?9)
t9u96
193-2 - 092S O-0983
mobto Y4o(1-5J+l9-q) Y90+5y 96
Cy tete u= 2; 01= 0-923
JDouo, 10e have ts evaluate P(652 NL 7b)
At 65 5 7- Z= 65-92 -9-S8
0-923
At 0 7 -
D 0-9 -2-166
RP- 0-923
ALDto 4-5t)- ACOt 958&16 2eo
216)
D-5-D-46u6 =\O.0154
d, 5
J5aesian Intuwal dimîts ate U1t 74/, 01
ByCaleulating fl 95 Onidence dimit aste 1-6
4-100.=95Y. 1-o=b.5 0-05, d= O-025
Seaxch ft D-u?s tn lable, Givs

ath-1-96
Mt R4% (on)
7t 1-96(o-q23) 0-40-u2s|
6.02
70:110, 13-809) 1-96
-1-96
 teachers in a large metropolitan area revealed
mean
a
Problem3 1: A random sample of 100 confidence can we
standard deviation Rs.48 .With what degree of
weekly salary of Rs.487 with a between 472 to
salary of all teachers in the metropolitan area is
assert that the average weekly
502?
Solution:iven thaB dample race n=100, JU: 48t, 0z 48,
Comtidence (1-«)x100 %=?
PC4724x L502)
At 1-y2a, z- / 0 . 428-u87 -312
H8
At 50a, Z- 7-U 502-987 3.1
(O (48
OTOD
RP- AlDtv 31a)tAloh312)

24
0 9182 x 100

Z-3.12|0 z 3 1
A
RP 11-897Crytdencedevd
1 ) 10071.
 Congtaente mteswal yt¥A%

O18 t |-69.0-1 x0 8
0 24u1,0 |151)
Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology:: Nambur
Department of Science & Humanities, Probability & Statistics
Rp&Rk
Problem 32: Among 100 fish caught in a large lake,
18 were inedible due to the
environment. With what confidence can we assert the error of this e_timate is at pollution
of
most 0.065? the
And a nO

Solution Sample Space n 100 Congilence dntowa

3n the Gven Jtoblem thuy dast Menion abott MeanG Sp ie
No Mean & No sD- &o 3t always belrngt to ouopottions
Now, hamle Propot Hon P= 18
T00 0-18
pmgidene kevel-? Maimum ftt
, g-190-82
Now, we have to E= 0.065
Euoluate Congidenee kevel ) 100%

b065-Z 018x0-g2 /p-1:6412

(1-too.
(0-usyrtousus)joo
ususu5 O.900 x100>. 1-)100/ =q0:90/
tN Proble 33The mean mark in mathematics in common entrance that will vary trom year to
with
mark is expressed subjectively by a normal distribution
year. If this variation of the mean
mean = 72 and variance o,=5.76.
being somewhere between 71.8 and
What probability can we assign to the actual mean mark
1)
73.4 for the next years test?
conducted for a random sample of 100
i) Construct a 95% Bayesian interval for if the test is
a mean mark of 70 with S.D of
8.
students from the next incoming class yielding
the event of part (i).
in)What posterior probability should we assign to

ay Given that JUo-22» o=5:96 bo-2:

73-4) (71:8,
TUouo, we ftnd the iean Manx lies tn interval
have
pC118<< *3.s) AL - 3:8,
2- 2 H8-92 -0-08 -

7
13-4, 2 - O-58 93-9 =

2-
PCO-084EK0.58)
RP- AlDtoD-D8)+ A(OtD-58)
0-0314 0-2190
25)
RP 0.2509

2=-0-08 V-D 20-S8

 Vasireddy Venkatadri
Department of Science & Institute of
Humanities,Technology::
Nambu
bur
A Handom dample of 10 all Probability & Statistics

Mean dameten of beavNas podueed by

Conyany have a o0
0-5060 Cm with
Gind the Marimum Starldocad diviakivn og
a
evst of
esHmale Py alsp 95. Confiilenoeo.0oy cm
to1 actual Nean o4 dtametee level
Of tpoil beaings. p3wdutd by alompany
aNuning Netmal Jpulation G
Sol:iven that Sanple si2e n=104 30
altofmdOonpidence
4H
intioval
Use t-distriburion
it a dmall bamfle p we hoave to
Sample Mean = 0.5060 Cm, Sample SD ()= D00 Cm
JUouo, we have to find Maximum
oubt
Maimum Ômot (E)- tt, - Con{iálence olevel (1-100. -5%.
Thi's is +distvibuthon o 0-D5
So the degtuts tf
Ireedm 0-D25
toly =to.025 2262 ( FYom tale-) - l0-I= 9
E -th S- .262 x O:00q ED00286
Onfidence Antewal t t
0-506Dt 0-00286 S
(O5081, 0.5031)
Jind 95Omatdence in the tloats sstthe Mean of the Noumall
stibrited population o m ohic h the foluouoing Samre uvas toxen
15,1710) 18, 16,»7,1, 13,14 t-distvibuton
SD Heste Sample i 2e n=10 (L30), o cwe lseConidence kimits ae
Hene we ewaluate s and tah Dm ven Samplea
S u m of all Dbsewatioms 5t19tto +18t 6t qt9t1t13tq 13
yotal no 0p Obsenwaions
S: -T)Y(15-13)+ (19-13)+-t13-12t(14-14) 365l
- 9
we bake n-l ánsttad Of trn
Tom thie point onwauds)
Sx 3-6514