SUNYANI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
BTECH EEE

COURSE:
POWER SYSTEM GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

COURSE CODE:
BTEE 203

COURSE LECTURER:
SAMUEL JONAS YEBOAH
[PhD EEE (candidate), MSc EEE, BSc EEE]
 COURSE OUTLINE
Sources of Energy
• Primary and secondary
• Renewable and non renewable
Power Generation Technologies
• Hydroelectric power generation
• Thermal power generation (Gas and steam power plants)
• Diesel power station
• Nuclear power Generation
• Solar power generation
• Wind power generation
 COURSE OUTLINE
• Tidal power generation
• Geothermal power Generation
• Wave power Generation
• Magnetohydrodynamic Power generation
Transmission Systems
• Transmission line constants (Resistance, inductance and capacitance)
• Corona effect
• Proximity effect
• Skin effect
• Ferranti effect
 COURSE OUTLINE
Transmission circuits
• Short transmission line
• Medium transmission line
• Long transmission line
Mechanical design of overhead lines
• Conductor materials
• Line support
• Insulators
• Sag and stress analysis
Distribution systems
• Substation concept
• Local distribution network
• Classifiucation of distribution network
 LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO SOURCES OF ENERGY

The law of concentration says that anything you dwell upon

grows in your reality.

Brian Tracy
 Sources of Energy
• Energy is defined as the capacity to perform a task; and work is done
when a force moves an object.

• Generally, energy is needed in our daily activities. Living organisms

(i.e. plants and animals) on earth depend on energy from the sun (solar
energy) to survive.

• Non-living systems in the form of machinery depend on energy from

various sources such as fossil fuels to function.
 Classification of Energy Sources
• Primary and Secondary

• Conventional and Non-conventional, and

• Renewable and Non-renewable sources

 Classification of Energy Sources
• Primary Energy Sources: Not subjected to any conversion or
transformation process.

• Example: raw fuels (crude oil, coal, biofuels, uranium, etc.) and other
forms of energy such as solar, wind, geothermal, etc.

• Secondary Energy Sources: energy obtained when primary energy

source has been transformed to another form of energy such as,
mechanical or thermal.
Classification of Energy Sources

SOLAR ENERGY BIOFUELS

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES TIDAL ENERGY

NUCLEAR ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY FOSSIL FUELS

WAVE ENERGY

Fig. 1. A Summary of Primary Sources of Energy.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES
Renewable Energy Sources
• Energy sources can be replenished over and over again;
• still in the process of development
• they are never depleted.
• They are inexhaustible,
• Generally environmentally friendly
• Lower running costs due to ease of maintenance (even though their initial
costs are high).
• Examples include hydropower, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal energy
from inside the earth, biomass from plants, and nuclear fusion.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES
Nonrenewable Energy Sources:
• These are sources of energy which have been in common use for a
very long time.

• Energy sources that we are using up and cannot produce in a short

period of time.

• examples include fossil fuels (Petroleum Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal),
Tar Sands, and Nuclear Fission (Uranium).

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CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES

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CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES
CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY
• The machines are mechanically coupled to prime-movers and convert
mechanical energy into electrical.

• The increasing use of this form of energy is due to the fact that, it can
be converted into any form easily and quickly.
• In nature, energy exists in different forms but electrical energy is the
most important form of energy.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
• It is cheaper than all other forms of energy.
• It can be easily controlled
• It can be transmitted and distributed easily over long
distances.
• It can be used to heat insulating materials, dielectrics and
non-metals. This is not possible in the case of any other form
of energy.
• It has higher efficiency
 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING A GENERATION
METHOD
• Initial cost: Naturally, the lower the initial cost, the better the project.
• Running cost: To produce a given amount of electrical energy, the
cost of conversion process has to be known.
• Limitations: Whether a particular resource is available, whether a unit
size of required rating is available from a single unit.
• Perpetuity
• Efficiency,
• Reliability,
• Cleanliness And
• Simplicity
 Short quiz on lecture I
1. briefly explain with examples the following classifications:
a. primary and secondary energy sources
b. conventional and non conventional energy sources
c. renewable and non renewable energy sources
2. State three (3) advantages of electrical energy

2. classify the following sources of energy under primary and secondary

energy sources:
kerosene, crude oil, solar, geothermal, thermal energy, mechanical energy,
lpg, wind, tar sand, biomass

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 Lecture 2

INTRODUCTION TO POWER GENERATION

HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

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HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
• A generating station which utilises the potential energy of water at a
high level for the generation of electrical energy is known as a hydro-
electric power station.

• Hydroelectric power stations are generally located in hilly areas where

dams can be built conveniently and large water reservoirs can be
obtained.

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Schematic of Hydro Power Station

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Hydroelectric Power Generation

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 Hydroelectric Power Generation
Akosombo Dam
Dam

Penstock

Generation Transformer Power house Control room

(Step up) 23
Hydroelectric Power Generation

Fig. 5 A shaft connecting the Turbine and Generator at the Power house 24
Hydroelectric Power Generation

Fig. 6 A Picture showing the Higher Reservoir

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Hydroelectric Power Generation
Akosombo dam

Fig. 7 A Complete top view of Hydroelectric power station

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Hydroelectric Power Generation

Tail race
( lower reservoir)

Fig. 8 Schematic Diagram of Hydroelectric power station

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Hydroelectric Power Generation

Fig. 9 Spillway or Overflow Channel

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 Advantages of HydroPG
• It requires no fuel as water is used for the generation of electrical
energy.
• It is quite neat and clean as no smoke or ash is produced.
• It requires very small running charges because water is the source
of energy which is available free of cost.
• It is comparatively simple in construction and requires less
maintenance.
• It does not require a long starting time like a steam power station.

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 Advantages of HydroPG
• It is robust and has a longer life
• Such plants serve many purposes. In addition to the generation of
electrical energy, they also help in irrigation and controlling floods
• Although such plants require the attention of highly skilled persons at
the time of construction, yet for operation, a few experienced persons
may do the job well

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 Disadvantages of HydroPG
• It involves high capital cost due to construction of dam.
• There is uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water
due to dependence on weather conditions.
• Skilled and experienced hands are required to build the plant.
• It requires high cost of transmission lines as the plant is located in
hilly areas which are quite away from the consumers.

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Classification of Hydro power station
• Based on the “head”, hydroelectric stations may be categorized into:
• Low head (up to 60 m),
• Medium head (between 60 and 300 m) and
• High head (above 300 m).

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Classification of Hydro power station
• Based on the “head”, hydroelectric stations may be categorized into:
• Low head (up to 60 m),
• Medium head (between 60 and 300 m) and
• High head (above 300 m).

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 Types of Hydro Plants
• Run-of-the-river: (no reservoir capacity, uses water coming from
upstream for generation)
• Pumped-storage: (pumps water between reservoirs at different
elevations to generate power to supply peak demands)
• Micro hydro: (up to 100kW for isolated homes or small community or
grid connected).
• Pico hydro: (below 5kW for small and remote communities. Typically is
run of river)

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 Types of Hydro Plants
• Run-of-the-river: (no reservoir capacity, uses water coming from
upstream for generation)
• Pumped-storage: (pumps water between reservoirs at different
elevations to generate power to supply peak demands)
• Micro hydro (up to 100kW for isolated homes or small community or
grid connected).
• Pico hydro (below 5kW for small and remote communities. Typically is
run of river)

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Turbine Selection for hydro-electric plant
• Water turbines are used to convert the energy of falling water into
mechanical energy.
• Selection of turbine for hydro-electric power plant depends on the
operational head of water and principle of operation.

The principal types of water turbines are:

• 1. Impulse turbines
• 2. Reaction turbines

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 Impulse Turbines
• Impulse turbines are used for high heads.
• In an impulse turbine, the entire pressure of water is converted into
kinetic energy in a nozzle and the velocity of the jet drives the wheel.
• Examples of this type of turbine are the Pelton wheel, Turgo water
turbine and cross flow turbine.
• They consist of a wheel fitted with elliptical buckets along its periphery.
The force of water jet striking the buckets on the wheel drives the turbine.

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Impulse Turbines

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 Reaction Turbines
• Reaction turbines are used for low and medium heads.
• In a reaction turbine, water enters the runner partly with pressure energy
and partly with velocity head.
• The important types of reaction turbines are Francis turbines and
Kaplan turbines.
• A Francis turbine is used for low to medium heads.
• A Kaplan turbine is used for low heads and large quantities of water.

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Reaction Turbines

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Site Selection for a Hydro Power Plant
Preliminary investigation regarding:
❑ Catchment area
❑Average rainfall
❑Ground gradient
❑Geology of foundation
❑A lot raw materials for construction work are required.

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 Site Selection for a Hydro Power Plant
❑Choice of dam
❑Location of dam
❑Quantity of water available
❑Accessibility of site
❑Distance from load center
❑Storage of water
❑Cost and type of land

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 HYDRO POWER FACILITIES IN GHANA
Akosombo dam
• Six Francis turbines, 170MW each, total 1020MW
• Length of penstock = 112 – 116 m (367 – 381 ft) and 7.2m (24 ft diameter)
• Maximum Hydraulic head = 68.8 (226 ft)
• Project cost = 130 million pounds
Kpong dam
• Operated as run of river plant
• Total installed capacity is 160 MW
• Maximum Head = 17.68m and minimum head = 14.75m
• Turbine type fixed blade propeller
• Cost of project is $196, 867, 000
Bui dam
• Total installed capacity = 400 MW
• Turbine type = 3 by 133 MW Francis turbine
• Collaboration government of Ghana and Sino hydro
• Project cost $622 million
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 Power output of hydro-electric plant
P = ηρgQH (1.1)

Where P is the power in watts,

η is the efficiency of the turbine, ranging from 0 to 1,
𝜌 is the density of water (~1000 kg/m3)
Q is the volumetric flow rate in m3/s,
g is acceleration due to gravity (= 9.81 m/s2); and
𝐻 is the head (height) in meters.

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Hydroelectric Power Generation Video
Demonstration session
Hydroelectric Power Generation Video
Demonstration session 2
 Quiz 2
Duration: 15 mins.
• In a hydroelectric power plant 65m3/S of water flows from an
elevation of 90m to a turbine, where electric power is generated the
overall efficiency of the turbine 84% and generator is 94%.
Disregarding frictional losses in piping, estimate the electric power
output of this plant.
 ASSIGNMENT 1
• The following data relate to the hydroelectric station in:
catchment area = 550 km2; rainfall = 140 cm/year;
percentage of total rainfall utilized = 79%; penstock
efficiency = 98%; turbine efficiency = 87%; generator
efficiency = 88% and load factor = 50% and hydraulic head
(H)= 50m. Determine the power rating of the station.
 ASSIGNMENT 2
A factory is located near a water fall where the usable head for power
generation is 40 m. The factory requires continuous power of 450 kW
throughout the year. The river flowing a year is
a). 10 m3/sec for 4 months,
b). 6 m3/sec for 2 months and
c). 1·5 m3/sec for 6 months.
i. If the site is developed as a run-of-river type of plant, without storage,
determine the standby capacity to be provided. Assuming that turbine
efficiency is 80% and head loss is 15%.
ii. If a reservoir is arranged upstream, will any standby unit be necessary?
What will be the excess power available?
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 ASSIGNMENT 3
• A factory is located near a waterfall where the usable head for power
generation is 25 m. The factory requires continuous power of 400 kW
throughout the year. The river flowing a year is (a) 10 m3/sec for 4
months, (b) 6 m3/sec for 2 months and (c) 1·5m3/sec for 6 months.
• If the site is developed as a run-of-river type of plant, without storage,
determine the standby capacity be provided. Assume that the overall
efficiency of the plant is 80%.
• If a reservoir is arranged upstream, will any standby unit be
necessary? What will be the excess power available?
 Quiz 3
Duration: 15 mins.
• It has been estimated that a minimum runoff of approximately 94
m3/sec will be available at a hydraulic project with a head of 39 m.
Determine (i) firm capacity (ii) yearly gross output. Assume the
efficiency of the plant to be 80%.
 ASSIGNMENT 4
• Calculate the average power in kW that can be generated in a hydro-
electric project from the following data Catchment area = 5 × 109 m2;
Mean head, H = 30 m Annual rainfall, F = 1.25 m; Yield factor, K = 80
%. Overall efficiency, overall = 70 %. If the load factor is 40%, what
is the rating of generators installed
 Lecture 3

THERMAL POWER GENERATION