See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/338289327

Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Doped BiFeO 3 Nanomaterials

Article in Integrated Ferroelectrics · November 2019

DOI: 10.1080/10584587.2019.1674969

CITATIONS READS

17 429

2 authors:

Adhikarimayum Deepak Sharma Hidangmayum Basantakumar Sharma

Manipur University Manipur University
7 PUBLICATIONS 42 CITATIONS 36 PUBLICATIONS 385 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Adhikarimayum Deepak Sharma on 11 January 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Integrated Ferroelectrics
An International Journal

ISSN: 1058-4587 (Print) 1607-8489 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ginf20

Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Doped

BiFeO3 Nanomaterials

A. Deepak Sharma & H. Basantakumar Sharma

To cite this article: A. Deepak Sharma & H. Basantakumar Sharma (2019) Electrical and Magnetic
Properties of Mn-Doped BiFeO3 Nanomaterials, Integrated Ferroelectrics, 203:1, 81-90, DOI:
10.1080/10584587.2019.1674969

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2019.1674969

Published online: 31 Dec 2019.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 15

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ginf20
INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS
2019, VOL. 203, 81–90
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2019.1674969

Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Doped BiFeO3

Nanomaterials
A. Deepak Sharma and H. Basantakumar Sharma
Department of Physics, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Multiferroic Bismuth Ferrite (BiFeO3 or BFO) is one of the promising Received 1 October 2018
lead-free multifunctional materials for device applications. In this Accepted 12 August 2019
work, we fabricate bismuth ferrite and manganese doped bismuth
KEYWORDS
ferrite (BiFe1
xMnxO3, x ¼ 0.1, x ¼ 0.2, up to 20%) nanoparticles by a
Multiferroic; sol-gel;
modified sol-gel processing technique. The variation of dielectric dielectric constant
constant (e) and loss tangent (tand) as a function of frequency at
room temperature were investigated and ac conductivity was also
calculated. The magnetic properties were also investigated and ana-
lyzed from vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) data. The overall
magnetic and electrical properties of the BFO ceramic samples were
improved with Mn doping.

1. Introduction
In the last decade, there has been a tremendous increase in demand for magnetoelectric
materials. This interplay between electricity and magnetism in a class of real materials
has fascinated many scientists and engineers for the last decades [1]. Multiferroics ori-
ginally refers to a single phase material with two or more primary ferroic order parame-
ters, such as ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and ferroelasticity. The quest for such
materials, so-called multiferroics, where magnetism and ferroelectricity are intimately
coupled, is of great technological and fundamental importance. Although the techno-
logical merits of ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity are quite different, attempts were
made to combine them in the same phase of a material to create the multiferroic mate-
rials [2]. Multiferroics are not naturally occurring and the majority of them have low
magnetic ordering and ferroelectric transition temperature. However, Bismuth ferrite
(BFO) is one of the most promising lead-free room temperature(RT) naturally occurring
multiferroic. Among all the existing single phase multiferroics, perovskite structured bis-
muth ferrite (BiFeO3, abbreviated as BFO) is an attractive multiferroic material due to
its ferroelectric properties with high Curie temperature (TC ¼ 830  C) and antiferro-
magnetic properties below Neel’s temperature (TN ¼370  C) [3]. The BFO nanoparticles
exhibit weak ferromagnetism at low temperature and paramagnetism at room tempera-
ture. These properties could be enhanced partially by introducing suitable dopants to
the original matrix materials. The development of magnetism in such materials can be

CONTACT A. Deepak Sharma [email protected]

Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ginf.
ß 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
82/[292] A. D. SHARMA AND H. B. SHARMA

attributed from the presence of localized electrons in partially filled d or f-shell of tran-
sition or rare earth metal ions while ferroelectricity requires the presence of empty d
shell of transition metal ions [4–7]. In perovskite structure, the A site element accounts
for ferroelectricity while B site element accounts for magnetism. Several synthesis routes
like solid-state reaction, single crystal growth, chemical routes and thin film deposition
have been developed to synthesize multiferroic BFO. Pradhan et al [8] have synthesized
BFO by solid-state reaction route. They have obtained a single phase by rapid sintering
at 880  C for a small duration of time. They observed very small remnant polarization
(2.5 mC/cm2) with antiferromagnetic order. Manoj Kumar et al. [9] synthesized BFO by
sol-gel method. After air annealing and leaching with diluted HNO3, they found some
impurity phases along with BFO and also observed unsaturated polarization with anti-
ferromagnetic order. Attempts have been made to improve the properties of BFO by
doping elements like Lanthanum(La), Samarium (Sm), Chromium (Cr), Manganese
(Mn), Lead (Pb), Titanium (Ti), Niobium (Nb), holmium (Ho), etc. either at A-site or
B-site of perovskite ABO3 structure. Weak ferromagnetic ordering induced due to Ca
substitution at A-site in BFO has been observed by Ramchandran et al and Khothari
et al. [10, 11]. The Mn substitution at Fe site of BFO is reported to inhibit the grain
growth which resulted in reduced particle size [12] and improve the magnetic as well as
electric properties [13, 14]. S. Chauhan et al. had reported the structural phase transi-
tion in 15% Mn doped BFO sample due to the distortion in the rhombohedral structure
with increasing Mn substitution which resulted in significant enhancement in magnet-
ization [15]. Huang et al have reported the structural transition and improved ferroelec-
tricity in Ca and Mn co-substituted BFO thin films up to 10% substitution
concentration [16]. In the present work, we prepared a manganese doped bismuth fer-
rite material, BiFe1
xMnxO3 (abbreviated as BMnFO) by taking a different amount of
manganese i.e. x ¼ 0.1, x ¼ 0.2 (up to 20%) to substitute the iron sites, in the pure BFO
matrix by sol-gel processing techniques and studied the structural, electrical and mag-
netic properties for doped and pure ceramic samples.

2. Materials and Methodology

Pure and manganese doped bismuth ferrite nanoparticles have been synthesized by an
organo-metallic sol-gel processing technique. The precursor materials for the prepar-
ation of BiFe1
xMnxO3 are hydrated bismuth nitrate [Bi(NO3)35H2O] (Purity  98%
from Sigma-Aldrich), hydrated ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)3] (Purity  98% from Sigma-
Aldrich) and hydrated manganese acetate Mn(CH3COO)24H2O (Purity  99% from
Sigma-Aldrich). Stoichiometric amounts (0.02 mole each) of Bismuth nitrate
[Bi(NO3)35H2O] and ferric nitrate Fe(NO3)39H2O were mixed with a molecular ratio
of 1:1 and dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol [CH3.O.CH2.CH2 OH], at room temperature
and stirred for 30 min [17]. The pH value of the mixed solution was tailored at 1–2 by
adding some small amount glacial acetic acid [CH3 COOH] and the solution was heated
at 30–40  C for another 30 min. Ammonia solution is then added drop by drop to the
solution while heating until its pH value becomes close to 6. After heating for some
time to maintain homogeneity, the solution was then kept in the incubator for nearly a
week so that solution condenses to form a paste. The paste so form was then heated at
 INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS 83/[293]

300  C and stirred to form a powder, and the powder so obtained was annealed at
500  C for 4 h in air. After completing the annealing process we get fine BFO nano-
powder. The Ceramic samples (pellets) were then fabricated from the nanocrystalline
powder sample by cold hydraulic pressing in the form of circular discs of 5 mm in
diameter followed by sintering at 550  C for 2 h for densification.
PanAlytical X’Pert PRO X-ray Diffractometer(XRD) was used for the structural char-
acterization of the samples in which Cu Ka(k D1.5405Å) radiation was used as a source.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of the samples
and the chemical purity of the samples was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray ana-
lysis (EDAX). Samples for electrical measurement were fabricated by applying silver
paint electrodes on both faces of the ceramic discs. Dielectric measurements were car-
ried out by using Agilent 4284 A LCR Meter. Ac conductivity of the samples was ana-
lyzed and reported as an electrical parameter of the samples. Room temperature
magnetic properties of the ceramic samples were investigated using Vibrating Sample
Magnetometer (VSM).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Structural Analysis
Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of the pure BFO and Mn doped bismuth ferrite. As
evident from Figure 1, it was observed that the powder annealed at 550  C developed a
pure phase BFO powder. The peak was indexed with ICDD card no. 01-073-4354 and
found to be matched with single phase perovskite rhombohedral BFO structure (R3c
space group) with preferred orientations along (110) plane.
As also evident from Figure 1, the split major peak corresponding to pure BFO coa-
lesced into a single dominant peak in BMnFO (BiFe1
xMnxO3; both for x ¼ 0.1 and
x ¼ 0.2). The lattice parameter a and c, calculated from the XRD data were found to be
respectively 5.56 Å and 6.90 Å for BFO powder. The calculated lattice parameters, cell
volume and crystallite sizes are reported in Table 1.

Figure 1. XRD Pattern for BiFe1
xMnxO3 (0  x  0.2).

84/[294] A. D. SHARMA AND H. B. SHARMA

The slight contraction of cell volume in the Mn doped samples from pure BFO may
be attributed to the fact that the ionic radius of Mn is slightly smaller than that of Fe
ion [18]. Also, there is a decrease in c/a ratio of the samples with the increase in Mn
concentration of doping indicating the decrease in the lattice parameter “c”.

3.2. Microstructural Analysis

Figure 2a–c show the scanning electron micrograph(SEM) of pure and Mn doped BFO
ceramic samples. It is evident form the Figure 2a that the agglomeration of Bismuth fer-
rite crystals in the pure phase. Figure 2b SEM micrograph clearly shows the formation
of nanorods of different sizes with the incorporation of Mn (10%) in the bismuth ferrite
structures. SEM analysis denotes that the incorporation of Mn atoms in the lattice site

Table 1. The variation of the lattice parameter and the cell volume with doping concentration was
displayed in the table below.
Ceramic Samples Lattice parameter “a” Lattice parameter “c” c/a ratio Cell volume
BFO 5.56 Å 6.90 Å 1.241 184.93 Å3
BMnFO (x ¼ 0.1) 5.57 Å 6.88 Å 1.235 184.57 Å3
BMnFO (x ¼ 0.2) 5.58 Å 6.80 Å 1.218 183.53 Å3

Figure 2. (a–c). SEM Micrograph of pure BFO and Mn doped BMnFO (10% and 20%).
 INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS 85/[295]

Figure 3. (a–c). EDAX Spectrum of pure BFO and Mn dped BMnFO (10% and 20%).

of Bismuth ferrite has changed the surface morphology of the BFO ceramic samples [19].
EDX spectrum as in Figure 3a–c confirm the incorporation of Mn atom in the lattice site
of BFO according to their nominal stoichiometry ratio.

3.3. Electrical Properties

(a) Dielectric Properties
The frequency responses of dielectric constant (e) and loss tangent (tand) have been
investigated over a wide range of frequencies at room temperature for all samples.
Figure 4a and b show the plot of e and tand as a function of applied frequency. Both E
and tand show a decreasing trend with the increase in frequency. The decrease in
dielectric constant with the increase in the frequency may be ascribed to the effects of
space-charge polarization or Maxwell-Wagner type interfacial polarization. The space
charge polarization is inherently related to non-uniform charge accumulation at grain
boundaries mainly due to the vacancies of oxygen and electrode-sample interface as
well. With the increase in frequency, the space charges cannot respond to the applied ac
field at higher frequencies, resulting in a decrease in the dielectric constant. The fall in
dielectric constant arises from the fact that polarization does not occur instantaneously
with the application of the electric field because of inertia. At low frequencies, all types
of polarization contribute. As frequency is increased, those with large relaxation times
cease to respond and hence the decrease in dielectric constant. The delay in response
86/[296] A. D. SHARMA AND H. B. SHARMA

Figure 4. (a–b). Variation of dielectric constant(e) and dissipation factor(tand) with frequency ranging
from (100KHz to 1 MHz).

Figure 5. Room temperature frequency dependence of AC conductivity of BiFe1
xMnxO3 in log scale.

towards the impressed alternating electric field leads to loss and decline in dielectric
constant. The dielectric loss of BFO samples decreased with increasing frequency which
may be attributed to suppressed dipolar contributions towards polarization. The high
dielectric loss at low frequency in our sample confirmed the presence of space charges
and contribution from dc conductivity of the samples [20].
The room temperature the dielectric constant of pure BFO, BiFe0.9Mn0.1O3 and
BiFe0.8Mn0.2O3 measured at 1 KHz are 14.9, 28.7, 221.6 respectively. Thus, the dielectric
constant increases considerably with Mn doping when compared to pure bis-
muth ferrite

(b) AC Conductivity
The frequency dependence of ac conductivity in Figure 5 displays two distinct regimes
within the measured frequency range (100 KHz–1 MHz) – the plateau and the dispersion
region [21]. The plateau region corresponds to the frequency independent conductivity.
The measured conductivity revealing the electrical conduction mechanism of ferroelectric
materials can be ascribed as a function of frequency given by the relation [22].
 INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS 87/[297]

Table 2. Calculation of ac conductivity from the fitted parameters.

SAMPLE rac (Sm
1) (10
4) rdc (Sm
1) (10
6) A(T) (10
8) n
BFO 1.463 1.4799 2.7785 0.62028
BMnFO-10% 3.517 0.2471 55.538 0.46694
BMnFO-20% 47.73 1020.0 147.163 0.58517

rðf Þ ¼ rdc þ rac ðf Þ ¼ rdc þ AðT Þf nðT Þ (1)

where rdc and rac are dc and ac conductivity of the material, A(T)is thermally activated
constant that determines the polarizability strength and n(T) is a constant that deter-
mines the degree of interaction between the ions and lattice [23]. The ac conductivity
of the various samples are calculated using the relation rac ¼ xee0 tan d: It is observed
from the figure that the ac conductivity increases with an increase in frequency and the
rate of increase of conductivity is much more for x ¼ 0.2 sample as compared to other
samples. At lower frequencies the conductivity is linearly independent on frequency and
this may be attributed to the dc conductivity of the samples (rdc) indicating the pres-
ence of free charge carriers in the dielectric materials. When the measuring frequency is
further increased, the conductivity also increases rapidly. It may attributed from the
bound charges in the dielectric medium. The experimentally observed values of the
samples using relation (1) were fitted and fitted parameters are reported in Table 2. It is
evident from the table that the ac conductivity of BiFe0.8Mn0.2O3 was found to be max-
imum. It may be attributed to hopping of small polarons among the localized states.
Hopping conduction is favored in ionic lattice in which the same kind of cations exists
in two oxidation states. In case of small polaron model, the ac conductivity increases
with increase in frequency [24].

3.4. Magnetic Properties

The magnetization-field(M-H) hysteresis loops of BiFe1-xMnxO3 (0  x  0.2) ceramics
samples measured at room temperature are shown in Figure 6. It was observed that the
magnetization of the Mn doped ceramic samples are found to increase with the increase
in doping content of Mn. As evident from XRD studies, there were no significant
changes in cell volume of the BFO and Mn doped BFO. The enhancement in magnet-
ization may not be attributed to the dependency of cell volume with increase in doping
concentration of Mn [25]. The magnetic interactions of BFO can be enhanced by the
replacement of different elements in BFO. Creation of defects like oxygen vacancies
during the synthesis process in BFO powders always induces ferromagnetism [26]. For
a small concentration of Mn, Jahn-Teller distortion would enhance the magnetic behav-
ior of bismuth ferrite [27]. As the Mn2þ cations replace Fe3þ to ensure charge neutrality
two phenomena are associated i) establishment of oxygen positions ii) translation of
Fe3þ to Fe4þ cations [28]. Presence of Fe3þ and Fe4þ cations can lead to ferromagnetic
behavior and enhanced magnetization. The calculation of coercivity, residual magnetism
and saturated magnetism from the magnetization-filed (M–H) hysteresis loops of
BiFe1
xMnxO3 (0  x  0.2) ceramics samples were reported in table 3. However, we
can conclude that all the ceramic samples synthesized show weak magnetization.
88/[298] A. D. SHARMA AND H. B. SHARMA

Figure 6. Magnetic hysteresis loop of (a) pure BFO, (b) 10% Mn doped BFO and (c) 20% doped Mn
doped BFO measured at room temperature.

Table 3. The Magnetic parameter of (M–H) hysteresis loops for BiFe1
xMnxO3 (0  x  0.2) ceramics
samples measured at room temperature.
SAMPLE Coercivity (Hc) (Oe) Magnetization (Ms) (emu/g) Retentivity (Mr) (emu/g)
BFO 68.960 0.077406 911.42  10
6
BMnFO-10% 279.52 0.12171 5.4605  10
3
BMnFO-20% 126.98 0.17177 2.9041  10
3

4. Conclusion
Polycrystalline nano-structured BFO and Mn doped BFO nanopowder were synthesized by
sol-gel processing technique with the alternation of doping concentration (x ¼ 0.1 and
x ¼ 0.2). XRD pattern reveals the existence pure phase bismuth ferrite and EDX spectrum
confirms the presence of transition metals in the synthesized sample according to their stoi-
chiometric ratio indicating the incorporation of Mn atom in the lattice site of BFO according
to their nominal stoichiometry. Dielectric analysis reveals that the value of the dielectric con-
stant can be increased in the manganese doped bismuth ferrite when compared to pure bis-
muth ferrite. The ac conductivity of the ceramics samples can be enhanced with the increase
in doping concentration of Mn. Moreover, the magnetization was observed to be enhanced
as the doping content was increased. As reported, there is considerable increase in both elec-
tric and magnetic properties of BiFe1
xMnxO3 when x ¼ 0.2.

Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the Central Instrumentation Facilities, IIT Gauhati for the VSM meas-
urement and the Department of physics Manipur University for SEM and XRD facilities. And one of
 INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS 89/[299]

the authors, A. Deepak Sharma, is very thankful to DST- INSPIRE for providing fellowship for full-
time Ph.D. program.

References
1. N. A. Spaldin, S. W. Cheong, and R. Ramesh, Multiferroic: Past, present and future, Phys.
Today. 9, 1010 (2010). DOI: 10.1063/1.3502547.
2. F. Manfred et al., The evolution of multiferroics, Nat. Mater. 1, 16046 (2016).
3. A. D. Sharma, H. Hemanta, and H. B. Sharma, Effect of Mn substitution on structural and
dielectric properties of bismuth ferrite., Ferroelectrics 519 (1), 187 (2017). DOI: 10.1080/
00150193.2017.1361257.
4. Y. H. Lee et al., Low temperature growth and interface characterization of BiFeO3 thin
films with reduced leakage current, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 (17), 172901 (2005)., DOI: 10.1063/
1.2112181.
5. W. Y. Li et al., Structural, ferroelectric, dielectric, and magnetic properties of BiFeO3/
Pb(Zr0.5,Ti0.5)O3 multilayer films derived by chemical solution deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett.
87 (18), 182902 (2005)., DOI: 10.1063/1.2120907.
6. S. Lakovlev et al., La0.8Sr0.2MnO3La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 buffer layer effects on microstructure,
leakage current, polarization, and magnetic properties of BiFeO3BiFeO3 thin films, J. Appl.
Phys. 97, 094901 (2005).
7. L. C. Klein, Sol-gel technology for thin films and fibers, preforms, electronics and speciality
shapes,William Andrew, Norwich, 1988.
8. D. K. Pradhan et al., Effect of Mn substitution on electrical and magnetic properties of
Bi0.9La0.1FeO3, J. Appl. Phys. 106 (2), 024102 (2009)., DOI: 10.1063/1.3158121.
9. M. Kumar, K. L. Yadav, and G. D. Varma, Large magnetization and weak polarization in
sol–gel derived BiFeO3 ceramics, Mate. Lett. 62, 8 (2008).
10. B. Ramachandran et al., Weak ferromagnetic ordering in Ca doped polycrystalline BiFeO3,
J. Appl. Phys. 111 (2), 023910023910 (2012). DOI: 10.1063/1.3678449.
11. D. Kothari et al., Multiferroic properties of polycrystalline Bi1
xCaxFeO3, Appl. Phys. Lett.
91 (20), 202505 (2007). DOI: 10.1063/1.2806199.
12. A. Ianculescu et al., The role of doping on the structural and functional properties of
BiFe1
xMnxO3 magnetoelectric ceramics, J. Alloys Compd. 504 (2), 420 (2010). DOI: 10.
1016/j.jallcom.2010.05.135.
13. Z. X. Cheng et al., A way to enhance the magnetic moment of multiferroic bismuth ferrite,
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 (24), 242001 (2010). DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/43/24/242001.
14. V. R. Palkar, D. C. Kundaliya, and S. K. Malik, Effect of Mn substitution on magnetoelec-
tric properties of bismuth ferrite system, J. Appl. Phys. 93 (7), 4337 (2003). DOI: 10.1063/1.
1558992.
15. S. Chauhan et al., Multiferroic, magnetoelectric and optical properties of Mn doped
BiFeO3 nanoparticles, Solid State Comm. 152 (6), 525 (2012)., DOI: 10.1016/j.ssc.2011.12.
037.
16. J. Z. Huang et al., Structural transitions and enhanced ferroelectricity in Ca and Mn co-
doped BiFeO3 thin films, J. Appl. Phys. 110 (9), 094106 (2011)., DOI: 10.1063/1.3650460.
17. G. Catalan, and J. F. Scott, Physics and applications of bismuth ferrite, Adv. Mater. 21 (24),
2463 (2009). DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802849.
18. V. R. Palkar, D. C. Kundaliya, and S. K. Malik, Effect of Mn substitution on magnetoelec-
tric properties of bismuth ferrite system, J. Appl. Phys93, 7 (2003).
19. K. Dhana Lakshmi, B. Pratap, P. S. Parvatheeswara Rao, and V. Subba Rao, Effect of Mn
substitution on dielectric and magnetic properties of multiferroic bismuth ferrite, Ind. J.
Res. Pharm. Biotech. 1, 32 (2014).
20. D. Dhak et al., Synthesis, characterisation, and apllicatoins of nanosized ferreliectric, ferro-
magnetic, or multiferroic materials, J. Nanomater. 2015, 2 (2015). DOI: 10.1155/2015/
723145.
 90/[300] A. D. SHARMA AND H. B. SHARMA

21. B. Kaur et al., AC Impedance spectroscopy, conductivity and optical studies of Sr doped
bismuth ferrite nanocomposites, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 11, 4120 (2016). DOI: 10.20964/
110353.
22. A. K. Jonscher, The universal dielectric responses, Nature 267 (5613), 673 (1977). DOI: 10.
1038/267673a0.
23. K. Funke, Jump relaxation in solid electrolytes. Prog. Solid state Chem. 22 (2), 111 (1993).
DOI: 10.1016/0079-6786(93)90002-9.
24. S. L. Kadam et al., Dielectric behavior and magnetoelectric effect in Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 þ
Ba0.8Pb0.2TiO3 ME composites, Mater. Lett. 59 (2–3), 215 (2005). DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.
2004.08.033.
25. V. Srinivas, A. T. Raghavender, and K. V. Kumar, Structural and magnetic properties of
Mn doped BiFeO3 nanomaterials, Phys. Res. Int. 5, 4835328 (2016). DOI: 10.1155/2016/
4835328.
26. J. Wu et al., Room-temperature ferromagnetic/ferroelectric BiFeO3 synthesized by a self-
catalyzed fast reaction process, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (31), 6512 (2010)., DOI: 10.1039/
c0jm00729c.
27. G. Kartopu et al., Observation of structural transitions and Jahn-Teller distortion in
LaMnO3-doped BiFeO3 thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (15), 151910 (2008). DOI: 10.1063/
1.2903490.
28. M. Tahir et al., Role of manganese doping on magnetic and dielectric behavior of BiFeO3
nanostructures, presented at the Advances in Civil, Environment and Materials Research,
ACEM, 18 2018.

View publication stats