MATH 2412 Final Exam Review Sheet

Please note these problems serve the purpose of jogging your memory and should not be the only thing you study. Also
note do not expect identical problems on the final example as these.
Convert angles in degrees to radians.
Example: Rewrite 144° in radian measure as a multiple of 𝜋.
𝜋 4𝜋
144° = (144 𝑑𝑒𝑔) ( )=
180 5

Convert angles in radians to degrees

7𝜋
Example: Rewrite in degree measure
6

7𝜋 7𝜋 180 𝑑𝑒𝑔
6
𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ( 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ( 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
) = 210°

Find the exact value of a trigonometric function.

𝜋
Example: Find the exact value of the 6 trigonometric functions if 𝜃 = 4

𝜋 √2 𝜋 1 2 √2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ( ) = = ∙ = √2
4 2 4 √2 √2 √2
2
𝜋 √2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 𝜋 1 2 √2
4 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) = = ∙ = √2
𝜋 4 √2 √2 √2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 1 2
4
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) = 1
4

Use a right triangle to find a trigonometric function. (SOH CAH TOA)

Example: Find the length of the missing side and then find the exact values of the six trigonometric
functions using the following triangle.

By the Pythagorean Theorem 𝑐 = √32 + 62 = √45 = 3√5

3 √5 √5 3 1
sin(𝜃) = ∙ = tan(𝜃) = =
3√5 √5 5 6 2

6 √5 2√5
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = ∙ =
3√5 √5 5
 1 5 √5 1
𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝜃) = = ∙ = √5 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃) = =2
1
√5 √5 √5 2
5
1 5 √5 √5
sec(𝜃) = = ∙ =
2√5 2√5 √5 2
5
Find the trigonometric function of any angle.
Example: The point (-3,4) is on the terminal side of an angle in standard position. Determine the exact
values of the six trigonometric functions of the angle.

𝑟 = √(−3)2 + (4)2 = √25 = 5

𝑦 4 𝑟 5
sin(𝜃) = = 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝜃) = =
𝑟 5 𝑦 4
𝑥 3 𝑟 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = =− sec(𝜃) = =−
𝑟 5 𝑥 3
𝑦 4 𝑥 3
tan(𝜃) = =− 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃) = =−
𝑥 3 𝑦 4

Determine the amplitude and period of a trigonometric function.

3 𝑥
Example: Given 𝑦 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ), determine the amplitude and period.
5 2

3 3
Amplitude = |− 5| = 5
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period = 𝑏
= 1 = 4𝜋
2

Evaluate the inverse sine, cosine, and tangent function.

Example: If possible find the exact value.
√3
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 )

𝜋 √3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √3 𝜋
Because 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ) = 2
and 3 lies in [− 2 , 2 ], then 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ) = 3

√2
b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 )

𝜋 √2 𝜋 √2 𝜋
Because 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) = 2
and 4 lies in [0, 𝜋], then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 ) = 4

c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1)
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Because 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 1 and lies in [− , ], then 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) =
4 4 2 2 4

Evaluate functions involving double angles.

3
Example: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = , 𝜃 lies in quadrant II. Find sin 2𝜃, cos 2𝜃, and tan 2𝜃
5
4 3
First find the missing side, which is -4. Thus 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − 5 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = − 4

3 4 24
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 ( ) (− ) = −
5 5 25
4 2 7
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 = 2 (− ) − 1 =
5 25
3
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2 (− 4) 24
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = = 2 =−
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 3 7
1 − (− 4)

Example: Write given trigonometric expression as an algebraic expression in 𝑢.

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑣)
Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢 = 𝛼 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑣 = 𝛽, then 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑢 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑣.
The original problem can be written as cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽.
Next, use identities or a right triangle to find the values of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽. For example, using Pythagorean identity we
can write 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = √1 − 𝑢2 . Similarly, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = √1 − 𝑣 2 . Substitute values into expanded form of
expression to get the answer: √1 − 𝑢2 ∙ 𝑣 − 𝑢 ∙ √1 − 𝑣 2

Solve trigonometric equations.

Example: Find all solutions of 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1 = 0
1 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = , thus x = or
2 6 6
𝜋 5𝜋
Solutions: + 2𝑛𝜋 or + 2𝑛𝜋
6 6

Use the Law of Sines to solve oblique triangles.

Example: Solve the triangle.

b=28 ft
B 29o 102o
C

A = 180o – B – C = 49o
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
By the law of Sines 𝑆𝐼𝑛𝐴
= 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶
 𝑏
𝑎 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴) ≈ 43.59 𝑓𝑡

𝑏
𝑐 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶) ≈ 56.49 𝑓𝑡

Use the Law of Cosines to solve oblique triangles.

Example: Solve the triangle.

B
c=14 ft
a=8ft

C A
b=19ft

Find the angle opposite the largest side of the triangle.

𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = ≈ −0.45089
2𝑎𝑐
𝐵 ≈ 116.80°
𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 = ≈ 0.92669
2𝑏𝑐
𝐴 ≈ 22.08°
𝐶 = 180° − 116.80° − 22.08° = 41.12°

Convert rectangular equations to polar equations.

Equations to know:
Rectangular to Polar
𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥

𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Polar to Rectangular
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Example: Convert from rectangular to polar 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.

 Answer: r=3

Example: Convert from rectangular to polar y = x.

𝑦
Divide both sides by x: 𝑥 =1

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1
𝜃 = arctan (1)
𝜋
Answer: 𝜃 = 4

Example: Convert from rectangular to polar x = 10.

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
10 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
10
𝑟=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Perform basic vector operations

Example: If u = 4i – 2j and v = i – j . then find the following:

a) ‖𝑢‖ = √(4)2 + (−2)2 = √20 = 2√5

b) 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (4)(1) + (−2)(−1) = 6
𝑣 𝑖−𝑗 1 1
c) Find the unit vector that has the same direction as the vector v.𝑢 = ‖𝑣‖ = = 𝑖 − 𝑗
√2 √2 √2

Find the partial fraction decomposition of rational expressions.

Know the different types of decompositions:
Linear: For each factor of the form (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑛 , the partial decomposition must be
𝐴1 𝐴2
+ +⋯
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)2
Quadratic: For each factor of the form (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛 , the partial decomposition must be
𝐵1 + 𝐶1 𝐵2 + 𝐶2
+ +⋯
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2
2 2

Example: Write the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression:

𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
3
= = + +
𝑥 − 4𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑥−2
𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12 = 𝐴1(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐴2𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐴3𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
Let x = 0
12 = 𝐴1(0 + 2)(0 − 2) + 𝐴20(0 − 2) + 𝐴30(0 + 2)
12 = 𝐴1(0 + 2)(0 − 2)
12 = −4𝐴1
−3 = 𝐴1
Do a similar process with x = 2 and then x = -2. When you do A2 =-1 and A3 = 5
𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12 3 1 5
3
= =− − +
𝑥 − 4𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑥−2

Find the standard form of a parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. Refer to your notes
Find the vertices and foci of an ellipse and hyperbola. Refer to your notes