Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -1-

DETAILED RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

PROCEDURE
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -2-

CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 SCOPE
1.3 REFERENCES
1.4 DEFINITIONS
1.5 QUALIFICATION
1.6 EQUIPMENT
1.7 CALIBRATION
1.8 SAFETY

2.0 PROCEDURE

3.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

4.0 REPORT

5.0 DOCUMENTATION
5.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE SHEET

6.0 DETAILED RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE

7.0 WORK INSTRUCTION

7.1 WORK INSTRUCTION (TECHNICAL)

8.0 RADIOGRAPHIC TEST TECHNIQUE

9.0 GENERAL ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -3-

1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This procedure describes the method and techniques used in the Radiographic
Inspection / Testing in accordance with the requirements of IEMA Radioactive
Inspection Procedure and IEMA QA/QC Plan for NDT.

1.2 WORK SCOPE

This procedure shall apply to all Radiographic Inspection conducted by IEMA

Personnel on Clients for NDT inspection Contract.

1.3 REFERENCES

DEP 31.38.01.31 Shop & Field Fabrication of Steel Piping

ANSI.B313.3 Process Piping
ASME BPV Code, Section V Non-Destructive Examination

1.4 DEFINITIONS

NDT Non-Destructive Testing

PCN Personnel Certificate of NDT
BINDT British Institute for NDT

ASNT Level II Any inspector, technician, operator who has qualified to Level II
as
defined in, and in accordance with the IEMA Written Practice
for
Personnel Qualifications. This procedure is based
On the American Society of Non-Destructive Testing, ASNT
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-IA “Personnel Qualification
and Certification in Non-Destructive Testing.”
HVL Half Value Layer.

1.5 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION

Personnel employed to conduct Radiographic Inspection shall be qualified to ASNT

Level
II or PCN/BINDT Level 11 equivalent and approved by Contract.

Interpretation of radiographic films shall be performed by personnel qualified to a

minimum of ASNT/ PCN Level II for radiographic interpretation and shall be
approved by Contractor specifically for radiographic interpretation.
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -4-

1.6 EQUIPMENT

1.6.1 Equipment and consumables used in performing Radiographic Inspection shall be

equivalent to that specified in the Contract or agreed equivalent.

1.6.2 Radiation sources will be

Se-75 with an active size of 2.00 x 3.00 mm, a maximum strength of 65 curies
Iridium 192 with an active size of 2.00 x 3.00mm a maximum strength of 75 curies.

1.6.3 Radiographic film shall be in accordance with ASTM E94 Type 1, i.e. slow speed,
high contrast and ultra fine graininess. Film to be used on this project is Kodak T200
or Client approved specifications.
1.7 CALIBRATION

Equipment used to generate a measurement necessary to demonstrate

conformance to radiographic inspection shall be calibrated/verified. This
equipment may include radiation monitors (survey meter), dosimeter, pen
dosimeter (pocket dosimeter) etc.

1.8 SAFETY

Radiographic crews shall ensure that environmental conditions are suitable for the
use of the Inspection, measuring and test equipment. Actions shall be taken to
safeguard the equipment against, damage or accidental adjustments that would
invalidate calibration or prevent operating systems from functioning correctly.

In addition to the specific hazards associated with ionizing radiation the following
aspects shall also be considered;
- Construction site and fabrication shop activities,
- Working in confined spaces,
- Working at heights

The utilizing of collimators shall be used when the IEMA radiographer deems it after
a proper work permit has been issued. All safety precautions required for proper
Radiographing shall be stated in the work permit.

2.0 PROCEDURE

2.1 Radiographic inspection shall be conducted as per the requirements of DEP

31.38.01.31 and in accordance with ANSI B31.3/ ASME BPV Code, Section V, and
Article 2.

2.2 This procedure shall cover all those grades of materials and combinations thereof as
Pertaining to DEP 31.38.01.31. and within the thickness range of piping associated
with the specifications as outlined by the Client. For each technique procedural
demonstration shot shall be taken and submitted for client’s approval.
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -5-

2.2.1 Selection of energy is based on the type of material and their thickness for typical
steel the energy and its half value thickness are given below.

Isotope Radiation HVT (mm) Half-life RHM Factor

Energy
Selenium 75 217 Kev (ave) 8 120 days 0.203 for 1Ci
Iridium 192 450 Kev (ave) 12.5 74 days 0.48 for 1Ci

Note: Satisfactory results are obtained from 2.5 to 10 times the HVL given

2.3 NDT work shall be requested by the client and procedures for Inspection works
provided by IEMA and approved by client.

2.4 The minimum film to source distance shall be 4 inches for Single Wall Exposure
arrangements and 14 inches for Double Wall, Ellipse exposure arrangements.

2.5 Intensifying lead screens shall be either loaded cassettes type or roll pack type. For
loaded cassette type its from intensifying screen thickness shall be 0.125 mm thick
whilst the screen incorporated in sleeve shall be used.

2.6 Any surface irregularities, backing rings or strips of such size or the Mechanical Sub-
contractor shall remove configuration that may interfere with the interpretation of the
radiograph. If necessary grinding may be carried out so that these irregularities cannot
be confused with discontinuities. In accordance with ASME BPV Code, Section V,
Article 2, T-222, parts for examination must be free from significant surface irregularities,
which may mask successful interpretation of the radiographs.

2.7 I QI Selection and Placement:

2.7. 1 General Requirement for Selection of IQI:

a) Material: The IQI material shall belong to the same group or grade or from any
material group or grade with less radiation absorption that the material being
radiographed.

b) IQI designed in accordance with DIN – 54109 / EN 462-1 and of the wire type
shall generally be used (refer to table 1, table 2 and 3 of this procedure)

2.8 Selection and Placement of the IQI:

a) For all thickness ranges, in the case of single wall single image, the penetrameter
selection shall be nominal single wall thickness plus reinforcement on both the sides
of the weld.
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -6-

b) SWSI: In the case of single wall single image radiographic technique, the IQI
shall be placed on the source at the extreme ends of the useful viewing with
the thinnest wire towards the outer side or end of the each radiographic.

c) SWSI (panoramic): In case of panoramic technique a minimum of three IQI’s

shall be placed at equal space approximately 120 apart.

d) DWDI: For double wall double image radiographic technique (both super
imposed and elliptical) radiographic technique, the IQI selection shall be made
based on the nominal double wall thickness + their reinforcement and the IQI
shall be placed on the source side.

e) DWS: In this technique the IQI shall be placed on the source side and shall be
placed towards the extreme ends of the useful range of the viewable area with
the thinnest wire towards the outer side or end of the each radiograph.

Wherever it is practically difficult to place the IQI source side, it shall be kept on
film side with lead letter ‘F’ to show that the IQI is kept on film side. When
inaccessibility prevents the placement of IQI in source side, the IQI can be
placed in the film side provided the film side placement is demonstrated by
technique shots as explained by the referencing code to the satisfaction of the
Contractor.

When the IQI selection and placement are not as per above requirements or
when the required IQI is not visible in the radiograph as mentioned in the table
under section 9.10, the radiograph shall be rejected and rejected and re-shot
shall be taken.

2.9 Radiographic techniques shall be accordance with ASME BPV Code, Section V,
Article 2, T-271 and Figure 1,2,3 and attachment 1 of this procedure.

2.10 Radiography shall be performed with a technique such that 2% sensitivity

maximum is achieved and can be demonstrated by the visual appearance on
the radiograph of an IQI wire diameter not greater than that indicated in the
following table. (in compliance with DIN – 54109 / EN 462-1).
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -7-

Type of Wire Diameter of Note

DIN 54109/ Wire (mm) *For the double
T (mm) * EN 462-1 wall single
Source Film Source Film image
Side Side Side side technique,
assume T=t
< T = 6 14 14 0.16 0.16
6 < T = 8 13 14 0.20 0.16
8 < T = 10 12 13 0.25 0.20
10 < T = 16 11 12 0.32 0.25
16 < T = 25 10 11 0.40 0.32
25 < T = 32 9 10 0.50 0.40
32 < T = 40 8 9 0.63 0.50
40 < T = 60 7 8 0.80 0.63
60 < T = 80 6 7 1.00 0.80
80 < T = 150 5 6 1.25 1.00

Definitions: T = Thickness or sum of thickness of pipe wall lying between the

radiation
source and the film.
t = pipe wall thickness.

Table 2:
External weld reinforcement requirements:
T (mm) Height (mm)
≤ 6.4 1.6
>6.4 to ≤ 12.7 3.2
>12.7 to ≤25.4 4.0
>24.4 4.8

Table 3:

PENETRAMETER WIRE DIAMETER (mm.)

1 FE EN 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.25 1.00 0.8

6 FE EN 1.00 0.8 0.63 0.5 0.4 0.32 0.25

10 FE EN 0.4 0.32 0.25 0.2 0.16 0.125 0.1

 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -8-

2.11 Location markers, which appear on the radiographs, shall be permanently

transferred on the area of interest of the part being radiographed so that it can be
traceable to its location on the part.

Single Wall Viewing:

Sources Side Markers:

Location marker shall be placed on the source side when any of the
following condition exists:

i) Longitudinal joints,
ii) Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the
source and when source to object distance is less than the inside
radius of the component.
iii) Curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the
source.

Film Side Markers:

Location markers shall be placed on the film side when radiographing

either curved or spherical components whose concave side toward the
source and the source to materials distance is more than the inside radius.
In the case of double wall single image, the starting point of the location
marker i.e., ‘0’ marking shall be transferred permanently to the pipe being
radiographed with arrow showing the direction of the marking.

Either Side Marking:

Location markers can be placed either side provided the source to object
distance equals the inner radius of the component and the concave side is
toward the source.

Double Wall Viewing:

At least one location marker shall be placed adjacent to the weld on the
source side surface for each radiograph.

2.12 The number of exposures for Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)-Panoramic, shall
be one exposure, with end of film overlap to be at least 2” when using roll
pack, or as required to achieve at least 1” when using film loaded cassettes.

2.13 The number of exposures for Double Wall Single Image (DWSI) with a
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION -9-

minimum overlap of 1” shall be as follows.

- Minimum of three film exposures for pipe wall thickness up to

schedule 120 equidistantly spaced around the pipe,
- Four film exposures for pipe wall thickness over schedule 120 and
under 4” diameter, equidistantly spaced around the pipe.
The number of exposures for Double Wall Double Image, Elliptical,
shall be a minimum of two exposures at 900 apart. The number of
exposures for Double Wall Double Image (Supper Imposed) shall be a minimum of
three at 600 apart.

2.14 Geometrical unsharpness and SFD (Source to Film Distance) shall be

such that the following is not exceeded. The geometry of exposure shall be
such that the thickness penetrated by peripheral beam of radiation shall be
more than 1.1 times the thickness penetrated by the axis of the radiation
beam. Placement of the IQI penetrameter will be at the extreme left or right
side of the radiographs diagnostic film length and not in the film center.
Material Thickness Ug Maximum
Under 2” 0.020
2” – 3” 0.030
3” – 4” 0.040
Over 4” 0.070

Ug is given by the formula: Ug = F x d / D, where,

Ug = geometrical unsharpness,
F = Source size, the maximum projected dimension of the effective focal
spot,
d = Distance of source of weld or object being radiograph to the film,
D = Distance from the source of radiation to weld or object being
radiographed

2.15 The film density through the area of interest of the radiographic image
shall be a minimum of 2.0 and a maximum of 3.5. a maximum density of 4.0
shall be permitted only when using a high intensity viewer.

If the density of the radiograph anywhere in the area of interest varies by

more than minus 15% to plus 30% adjacent to the designated wire of a wire
penetrameter, within the minimum and maximum allowable density range
specified above, then additional penetrameters shall be used for each
exceptional area or areas and the applicable radiograph will be re-taken.
Densitometers shall be used for assuring the compliance with film density.

2.16 For double wall double image elliptical exposures, lead datum
identification shall be attached adjacent to the weld joint in 900 as an
example A-B or C-D and shall be shown on the resultant radiographic image.
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 10 -

2.17 Welds to be radiographed shall be identified by the Mechanical

Subcontractor with a blue ribbons flagged on the pipe.

2.18 Defect location markers shall be in the form of metric number tapes.
The datum position of the marker tape and the direction of the tape shall
be clearly marked, by permanent markers, on the item being radiographed.

2.19 During normal operations typed weld identifications shall be flashed onto
the exposed but undeveloped radiographic films. The lead numbering system
will only be used as a standby method, The following information shall be
presented on each film;
- NDT Subcontractor number and / or name
- Mechanical Sub-contractor identification
- Date of radiograph
- Pipe diameter and schedule
- Line number / drawing number / sheet number
- Weld number

- Spool number
- Piping class
- Inspection class
- Material class
- Welder number
- Radiograph crew number
- Contractor approved NDT number.

2.20 After each weld has been radiographed, all of the exposed radiographic
films associated with that weld shall be taped together and identified, using
mechanical subcontractor’s tag, with sufficient information to allow the
correct identification to be flashed onto the films prior to processing.

2.21 The Contractor shall control Weld identifications system in respect of

repairs, cutouts, tracers, re-welds.

2.22 Processing of films shall be conducted by the use of automatic film

processors in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and with those
of the film and chemical manufacturers.

2.23 Under certain circumstances processing of films may be conducted

manually in accordance with the film and chemical manufacturer’s
instructions, which normally stipulate;
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 11 -

- Films shall be developed for 5-8 minutes with the temperature of the
developer between 18 -200C,
- Film shall be rinsed in the stop bath for between 30 – 60 seconds,
- Film fixing shall be at least twice the clearing time and shall be
between 5 – 8 minutes,

- Films shall be washed in running water for 15 minutes,

- Films shall be dried by either hanging in still air, placing in a drying
cabinet with an air temperature of less that 600C or by passing
through a drying machine.

2.24 Whenever practical the Mechanical Sub-Contractor shall place the

work for radiography such that the there is a minimum of 500 mm between
the joint to the radiographed and the ground and other structure so that
possibility of backscatter is reduced to a minimum. A lead letter to the back
of the film cassette during each exposure. If the lead letter appears white
then the shielding against backscatter is insufficient, if the letter appears
black then the image is acceptable.

2.25 To reduce backscatter exposing the film to minimum, a lead sheet is to

be placed around the back of each radiograph film cassette or a suitable
rectangular sheet placed on the ground directly in line with radiation beam.

2.26 Equipment used to view radiographs shall provide a variable intensity

variation facility. The viewing condition shall be such that light from around the
outer edge of the radiograph does not interfere with the interpretation.

2.27 Daily verification checks of the calibration and 90 day re-calibration of

the densitometer shall be carried out as per agreed procedure on measuring
and Monitoring Devices.

3.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

3.1 The quality of the processed radiographs shall be in accordance with the
requirements of ASME BPV Code, Section V, Article 2, such that the area of interest
is free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes such as the following
unacceptable items:

- Fogging,
- Processing defects such as streak, water marks or chemical stains,
- Scratches, finger marks crimps dirtiness, static marks smudges or
tears,
- Loss of detail due to defective screen or internal faults,
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 12 -

- Lack of sensitivity
- Excessive density
- Lack of density,
- Incorrect identification on radiograph,
- Lack of identification on radiograph,
- Internal pipe debris.

All of the above film defects will require the film /s to be retaken.

3.2 Films shall be held by the ends or edges, to eliminate finger marks, away
from the area of interest and shall always be kept in a paper wrapper to avoid
articles.

3.3 The weld identification on the radiographs shall be checked for accuracy,
clarity and completeness.

3.4 Density and sensitivity shall be in accordance with this procedure

3.5 The acceptance criteria to be used in evaluating the defects in the welds
radiographed shall be as specified in ANSI B31.3 and DEP 31.38.01.31.

4.0 REPORTS

4.1 Radiographic films and reports shall be stored in accordance with

IEMA Radiographic Film and NDT Record Archive Procedure.

4.2 The Radiographic Inspection Report shall be visible completed, using the
format IEMA-NLNG-NDT/RT-001. This report shall be completed in quadruple
and distributed as per the instructions of the Contractor. Two copies shall
be retained and stored.

4.3 Records shall be maintained of method and processing equipment type,

processing chemical type / batch number as available and consumption rate
for both automatic and manual processing and shall be monitored.

4.4 A sequentially unique number are used to identify each Report.

 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 13 -

5.0 DOCUMENTATION

5.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE SHEET

TECHNIQUE No. R131

Client:
Location:
Date:
Contract Details:
Inspection Standard: BS 2910 Technique 7

Component Details

Pipe Size: 12”

Thickness: up to 7.1mm
Material: Steel

Exposure Details

Radiation Source: X-Radiation

Kilovoltage: 128 KV X-Ray
Type of Equipment: Internal Panoramic Crawler
Source Size: 5mm X 0.6mm
Focus/Source to Film Distance: 6”
I.Q.I Type: DIN 13 FE
Sensitivity: Better than or equal to 1.5%
Placement: One at 6 o’clock position
Density Range: 2.0-3.0 in sound weld metal
No. Of Exposures: One
Film Type: Agfa Gevaert D7
Technique: Single Wall Single Image
Exposure Set-up” See figure 1
Screen Type: Pub
Thickness: N/A
Exposure Time: 70 seconds 3 ma
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 14 -

Film Processing

Automatic:
Temperature: 28” C
Development: AGFA G128
Fixation: AGFA G335

Acceptance Standard: BS 4515 (See Attached Copy)

 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 15 -

7.3 WORK INSTRUCTIONS (TECHNICAL)

Attachment – 1

Isotope Thickness SFD Technique Film Type Screen

Se – 75 < 5 mm < 6” DWSI T-200 Roll Pack or Lead
Screen
Se – 75” < 3 mm 14” DWDI T-200 Roll Pack or Lead
Screen
Ir – 192” < 5 mm 14” DWDI T-200 or MX Roll Pack or Lead
125 Screen
Ir – 192 > 5 mm > 6” DWSI T-200 or MX Roll Pack or Lead
125 Screen
Ir – 192 > 5 mm 14” DWDI T-200 or MX Roll Pack or Lead
125 Screen
Ir – 192 All > SWSI T-200 or MX Roll Pack or Lead
125 Screen
(Panoramic)

*
Optional
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 16 -

7.2 WORK INSTRUCTIONS

TABLE 2:
Note: It is emphasized that the minimum thickness on which gamma-rays may be used is given
in table 2, should not be interpreted as implying that on these thickness the law sensitivity with
gamma-rays is equivalent to the flaw sensitivity with X-rays. Gamma rays should be used only
on the understanding that apart from geometric considerations in law sensitivity will be interior
to that of a good X-ray technique.

IQI sensitivity values with (Q) of types I and II which should be obtained with single wall methods

Weld
Thickness Sensitivity values expression as percentage of the weld thickness

X-rays Gamma-rays

Type I IQI (wire) Type II IQI Source Type (wire) Type II

(Stop/hole) (Stop/hole)

Mm Mm % Mm % Mm % Mm %
0.050 0.126 (6.3) 0.063 0.160
(2.5) 0.160 Ytterbium- (3.1) (8.0)
0.063 (5.3) 160 0.080 0.160
2 (2.0) 0.200 Thulium-170 (2.7) (5.3)
2 0.100 (3.3) 0.125 0.250
6 (1.6) (2.11) (4.2)
12 0.200 0.400 0.250 0.500
25 (1.6) (3.2) Iridium-192 (2.1) (4.1)
35 0.320 0.630 0.400 0.800
50 (1.3) (2.5) (1.6) (3.2)
0.400 0.800 0.500 0.800
(1.1) (2.0) (1.4) (2.3)
0.500 1.000 0.630 1.000
(1.0) (2.0) (1.3) (2.0)
0.600 1.250 0.800 1.250
(0.85) (1.7) (1.1) (1.7)
1.00 1.600
(1.0) (1.6)
The values gives are the actual wire or hole diameters, which should be seen (in mm). The
values in brackets are the corresponding percentage values. For a weld metal thickness
intermediate between the table values the next value below in the table should be used. These
values do not apply to double wall, single image methods.
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 17 -

RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 18 -

6 RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE

6.1 PURPOSE
To establish and maintain a system of effectively operating,
monitoring and controlling radiographic examination of welds in
vessels, piping and related components in a safe and efficient
manner.
6.2 SCOPE
This procedure details the methods employed by IEMA to carry
out radiographic examination in accordance with the relevant
codes of practice, specifications and client’s requirements.

6.3 DEFINITIONS
6.3.1 NDT Non Destructive Testing
6.3.2 H.S.S.E Health, Safety, Security & Environment
6.3.3 ASME American Societies of Mechanical Engineers
6.3.4 API American Petroleum Institute
6.3.5 IQI Image Quality Indicators
6.3.6 BPV Boiler Pressure Vessel

6.4.0 REFERENCES
6.4.1 A.S.M.E. BPV Code V
6.4.2 A.S.M.E. B31.3/4 & 8
6.4.3 API. 1104
6.4.4 Client Specification Addendum Form

6.5.0 RESPONSIBILITIES
6.5.1 QA Manager - Is responsible for all quality related activities and
documentation.
6.5.2 NDT Technician - Is responsible for carrying out the actual
radiographic activities.
6.5.3 H.S.S.E. Manager - is responsible for the implementation of all
safety procedures and regulations.
6.5.4 NDT Supervisor - Is responsible for the supervision of all radiography
personnel / activities.
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 19 -

6.6.0 JOB RESPONSIBILITIES

6.6.1 The QA Manager ensures that all personnel have a copy of the
current revised radiographic procedure, and all personnel working
with radiation are placed on the IEMA radiographic training
programmed and finally assessed by the NDT supervisor.

6.6.2 The safety manager ensures that all safety procedures/ regulations
pertaining to the contract and relating to the use of radioactive
isotopes are implemented. The QA Manager is to supply a list of
current appointed competent persons to the safety department.
Adequate safety measures are taken to assure the protection of
all personnel from exposure to harmful radiation i.e. Radiation Film
Badge, Dosimeter (daily records kept in the NDT department)
Radiation Monitor and “Bleeper”.

6.6.3 The NDT supervisor is responsible for the implementation of all the
safety procedures during radiographic operations.

6.6.4 Radiography is carried out using X Ray or Gamma ray, if gamma

ray is used the radiation source is to be Iradium 192, and its decay
status monitored and recorded weekly by the NDT supervisor on
the isotope status log (QR -074).

6.6.5 Type of film used by IEMA unless otherwise specified is roll -

pack (fine or very fine quality), film is processed in accordance
with manufacturer’s recommendations utilizing manual or
automatic methods, warm air drier units or automatic roller drier
units .

6.6.6 The NDT supervisor is to appoint a dark room technician who is

responsible for all film storage; quality and processing, ensuring the
darkroom is always kept clean and tidy.

6.7 Radiographic sensitivity is checked through the weld area to

display the designated hole or wire, which is an essential
indication of image quality. IQI / Penetrameters to be used are in
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 20 -

accordance with the relevant specification, codes and

standards.

6.8 Film density when using either Gamma or X ray is from 1.8 to 4.0;
film density is measured using a densitometer with a range of 0 to
4.

6.8.1 Radiographic technique’s are carried out in accordance with

ASME V Article 2 and API 1104 Section 8.

6.8.2 Isotope safety, storage and handling are in accordance with the
IEMA procedure.

6.9 RECORDS & OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE

6.9.1 NDE Request Form.

6.9.2 Daily Weld Report.
6.9.3 Daily Radiographic Report.
6.9.4 Radiographic Isotope Movement Log.
6.9.5 Radiographic Equipment Maintenance Report.
6.9.6 Isotope Status Log.
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 21 -

7.0 WORK INSTRUCTION

PHASE 1. On receipt of the NDE request form from the welding supervisor
(QR-015), the NDT supervisor is to assess operational
requirements for that project

PHASE 2. The radiographer ensures that all the relevant X ray equipment
is functional and in good working order prior to transportation
to the project site, any damaged or faulty equipment is
reported on form to the NDT supervisor.

PHASE 3. The radiographer is to sign out/in the isotope on form

(radiographic isotope movement log) on a daily basis; records
are filed in the NDT office.
PHASE 4. When using the “mobile darkroom” the radiographer checks
that all consumable’s i.e., fixer, developer and film are stored in
a safe manner prior to transportation to the project site.

PHASE 5. Prior to radiographic activities all safety barriers, signs and

warning lights are to be in place and safe distance’s
calculated by the radiographer.
PHASE 6. Film identification is achieved by the use of lead numbers each
radiograph is to show the following information: -
a) Project No.
b) Line No.
c) Pipe Dia & Sch.
d) Weld No.
d) Date of Radiography.
e) Welders ID.
Note: A lead Number tape is also used as a location marker to
indicate the viewing area and to assist repair location.
PHASE 7. All radiographs are interpreted, evaluated/sentenced and
recorded by the qualified interpreter in accordance with the
relevant specification, standards and codes. All defects, film
imperfections (whether acceptable or un acceptable are
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 22 -

indicated on the daily radiographic report prior to submitting

to the client

PHASE 8. Production are notified of any weld repairs/cut-outs by issuing

them a copy of the daily radiographic report, a further copy is
given to the radiographer for identification and marking of the
repair/cutout.

PHASE 9. On completion of the weld repair/cut-out, the welding

foreman is to inform the NDT supervisor using form.

PHASE 10. The repair/cut-out is clearly recorded on the form Pre-fixing

the original weld number with “R 1”etc (for repair) and letters”
RW”etc (for cut-out).
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 23 -

7.1 WORK INSTRUCTIONS

(Technical)

REF NO: IEMA-NDT/RT-

ROO3 ISS NO: 1
REV NO: 2

TITLE: RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINAITON OF WELDS - BS2910

TABLE 1:

Minimum and maximum penetrated thickness for gamma-ray sources

Minimum thickness of steel Maximum thickness of steel
Gamma-ray
Source Mm
Mm

Cobalt-60 50 150
Izidium-192 10 80
Caesium-137 25 100
Yeetohium-169 2 12
Thulium-170 2 12

8.0 RADIOGRAPHIC TEST TECHNIQUES

 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 24 -

SOURCE - FILM ARRANGEMENTS.

film Film

Source

Technique A.

Source

Technique B.
Film

Source

Technique C.
Film

Source

Technique D.

Film
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 25 -

9.0 GENERAL ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

Acceptance criteria for welds

Defect type Acceptance criteria

Girth welds Non girth

welds

(a) External Excess weld metal (reinforcement) shall be uniform As for girth
profile and not more than 3mm in height. It shall merge wells
smoothly with the parent metal and shall extend
beyond the original joint preparation by not more
than 3mm on each side. In no area shall the weld
face be lower than the adjacent pipe surface. Fillet
welds shall be not less than the specified dimensions
regular in form and without undercut except as given
in (h)
(b) Internal The root bead or any concavity shall merge smoothly As for girth
profile into the adjacent surfaces but at no point shall the welds
weld be thinner than the pipe thickness
(c) Root Not to exceed 3mms. If services conditions As for girth
penetration necessitate a more stringed limit, this shall be welds
specified by the employer
(d) Root Length not to exceed 25% of total length of weld. As for girth
concavity Depth not to exceed 10% of pipe thickness of 1.5mm welds
whichever is the smaller
(e) Undercut Length not to exceed 25mm in any continuous weld Not permitted
shrinkage length of 30mm or not to exceed 1/12 of the total
groove length of the weld when this is less than 300mm.
Depth not to exceed 10% of pipe thickness or 1.5mm
whichever is the smaller
(f) Incomplete Length not to exceed 25mm in any continuous weld Not permitted
root penetration length of 300mm or not to exceed 1/12 of the total
lack of root length of the weld when this is less than 300mm
fusion
(g) Cracks Not permitted Not permitted
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 26 -

Acceptance criteria for welds

Defect type Acceptance criteria

Girth welds Non girth welds

(h) Cap undercut The toes of welds shall blend smoothly and As for girth welds except
gradually into the parent metal. Length not to that length not to
exceed 50mm in any continuous weld length of exceed 25mm in any
300mm or not to exceed 1/6 of the total length of continuous weld length
the weld when this is less than 300mm. Depth not of 300mm or not to
to exceed 10% of pipe thickness or 1.5mm exceed 1/12 of the total
whichever is the smaller length of the weld when
this is less than 300mm
(i) Elongated linear Length not to exceed 50mm in any continuous Length not to exceed
porosity in root run weld length of 300mm or not to exceed 1.6 of the 25mm in any continuous
(hollow bead) Lack total length of the total length of the weld when weld length of 300mm or
of inter-run fusion this is less than 300mm not to exceed 1/12 of the
back of side fusion total length of the weld
inclusion when this is less than
300mm
(j) Porosity (other Not to exceed a total area when projected As for girth welds
than elongated radially through the weld of 2% of projected weld
porosity in root-run) area in the radiograph consisting of the length of
the weld affected by the porosity, with a
minimum length of 150mm, multiplies by the
maximum width of the weld.
An isolated pore greater than 25% of the pipe
thickness or 3mm whichever is the smaller in any
direction shall be considered unacceptable.
(k) Inclusions (other Width of an inclusion not to exceed 3mm or hall As for girth welds
than elongated) pipe thickness, whichever is the smaller. Total
length of inclusions not to exceed 12mm in any
continuous weld length of 300mm and not more
than four inclusions of maximum width in this
300mm length. Adjacent inclusions shall be
separated by a minimum distance of 50mm
(l) Burn-through Not to exceed 5mm in any dimension and only As for girth welds
one in any continuous weld length of 300mm
(m) Wormhole Not to exceed 6mm in length or 1.5mm in diameter for As for girth welds
thickness not exceeding 25mm, or a length or 25% of
the thickness or 12mm, whichever is the smaller, or
3mm in diameter for thickness over 25mm
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 27 -

IEMA-QA/QC-NDT- RT/0014

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION REPORT No:

CLIENT: LOCATION: DATE OF

INSPECTION

PROJECT:

DRAWING NO:

INDENTIFICATION

COMPONENT: MATERIAL WALL THICKNESS

WELD PROCESS SURFACE HEAT TREATMENT

CONDITION

TYPE OF RADIATION: FILM TYPE: FILM SIZE:

FOCAL Size SOTOPE SCREEN TYPE: PROCESSING:

KV: DIMENSION: TECHNIQUE: DENSITY:

Ma Ci
I.Q.I: SENSITIVITY:
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 28 -

EXPOSURE: F.F.D./S.F.D:

SPECIFICATION: ACCEPTANCE STANDARD:

WELD POSITION DEFECT TYPE ACCEPT REJECT WELDER REF.

NAME : SUPERVISOR:

SIGNED: SIGNED:

DATE: DATE:
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 29 -
 Procedure No: IEMA-NDT/RT-0021/10/07

RADIOGRAPHIC Rev.: BD
INSPECTION - 30 -