SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ENME2SM: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

CLASS TEST 2: 12/05/2024
TOTAL MARKS: 40
NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 3
DURATION: 60 Minutes
Question 1: [9 marks]
The uniform brass bar AB shown in Figure 1 has a rectangular cross section. Pins
and brackets at its ends support the bar. The pins permit rotation about a
horizontal axis (i.e., the strong axis of the rectangular cross section), but the
brackets prevent rotation about a vertical axis (i.e., the weak axis).

a) Determine the critical buckling load of the assembly for the following
parameters: L = 400 mm, b = 6 mm, h = 14 mm, and E = 100 GPa. [7 marks]

b) Determine the ratio b/h for which the critical buckling load about both
the strong and weak axes is the same. [2 marks]

Figure 1
Solution

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Question 2: [14 marks]
Consider a point in a structural member that is subjected to plane stress.
Normal and shear stresses acting on horizontal and vertical planes at the
point are shown.

a) Draw Mohr’s circle for this state of stress [6 marks].

b) Determine the principal stresses and the maximum in-plane shear stress
acting at the point. Show these stresses on a transformed stress element.
[8 marks]

Figure 2
Solution

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✔ (-100.1, 0) (208, 0) ✔

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Question 3: [17 marks]
A vertical pipe column with an outside diameter of 325 mm and a wall
thickness of 10 mm supports the loads shown in Figure 3. Determine the
magnitudes of the principal stresses and maximum shear stresses at point H.

Figure 3
Solution

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 APPENDIX - FORMULAS
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DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

d 4v
Load equation: EI = −q( x)
dx 4

d 3v
Shear-force equation: EI 3
= V ( x)
dx

d 2v
Bending-moment equation: EI 2
= M ( x)
dx

BEAMS/SHAFTS
P
Normal stress:  =
A
My
Bending stress:  =−
I

Tr
Shear stress due to torsion: =
J
𝑉𝑄
Shear stress due to shear force: 𝜏=
𝐼𝑡
3V
Maximum shear stress in a rectangular cross-section due to shear load V :  =
2A
4V
Maximum shear stress in a circular cross-section due to shear load V :  =
3A
𝑏𝑑 3 𝐷
Rectangular cross sections: 𝐼= 𝑄 = 𝑏𝑑 ×
12 2

 r4  r4 𝐷
Circular cross-sections: I = J = A =  r2 𝑄 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × 2
4 2

PRESSURE VESSELS
pr
Spherical Pressure Vessels:  =
2t
pr
Cylindrical Pressure Vessels: Circumferential stress: c =
t
 pr
Longitudinal (axial) stress: a =
2t

ENERGY METHOD

2
M
Strain energy for bending U =  2 EI dx

 M 2 dx M M
Castigliano’s theorem i =  = dx
 Pi 2 EI EI  Pi

 M 2 dx M M
i =  = dx
M i 2 EI EI  M i

M m
Unit load method =  EI
dx

STRESSES ON AN INCLINED SECTION

 x + y  x − y
 x1 = + cos 2 +  xy sin 2 ;
2 2
 x + y  x − y
 y1 = − cos 2 −  xy sin 2
2 2

 x − y
 x1 y1 = − sin 2 +  xy cos 2
2

PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS

 x +  x − 
2
 xy
 1 , 2 =
y
 
y
 +  xy ,
2 tan 2 p =
2  2   x − 
  
y

 2 
 
 max −  min
Maximum shear stress:  max =
2
  x − y 
 
2  
 x −   2 
tan 2 s = −
y
 max( in − plane ) =   +  xy
2
, ,
 2   xy
 
 x + y
 average =
2

1 − 2
1 2
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS:  xy = ; x = ; y =
2 2 2
MOHR CIRCLE:

; ;

STRAIN EQUATIONS
Hooke’s Law:
𝜎𝑥 𝜈𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 𝜈𝜎𝑥 𝜈𝜎𝑥 𝜈𝜎𝑦 𝐸
𝜀𝑥 = − , 𝜀𝑦 = − , 𝜀𝑧 = − − , 𝐺=
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 2(1 + 𝜈)

𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 = (𝜀 + 𝜈𝜀𝑦 ), 𝜎𝑦 = (𝜀 + 𝜈𝜀𝑥 ), 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝐺𝛾𝑥𝑦
1 − 𝜈2 𝑥 1 − 𝜈2 𝑦

Volume Change:
𝛥𝑉 1 − 2𝜈
𝑒= = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )
𝑉0 𝐸

Strain Energy:
2 2
1 2 2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝐸 2 2
𝐺𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑢= (𝜎 + 𝜎𝑦 − 2𝜈𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 ) + , 𝑢= (𝜀 + 𝜀𝑦 + 2𝜈𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑦 ) +
2𝐸 𝑥 2𝐺 2(1 − 𝜈 2 ) 𝑥 2

BUCKLING
 𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
General buckling equation: 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = (𝐾𝐿)2

𝐼 𝐿
Radius of gyration: 𝑟 = √𝐴 𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑟

𝜋 𝑃
Maximum deflection for eccentric columns: 𝛿 = 𝑒 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2 √𝑃 ) − 1)
𝑐𝑟

𝑘𝐿 𝜋 𝑃
Maximum bending moment for eccentric columns: 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
= 𝑃𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2 √𝑃 )
𝑐𝑟

𝐿 𝑃
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( √ )
2𝑟 𝐸𝐴

𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 𝐿 𝑃 𝑃 𝑒𝑐 𝐿 𝑃
Secant formula: 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + sec ( √ ) 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + sec ( √ ))
𝐴 𝐼 2𝑟 𝐸𝐴 𝐴 𝑟2 2𝑟 𝐸𝐴

𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 𝐸
Euler’s curve formula: 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝐴
= 𝐴𝐿2
= 𝐿 2
( )
𝑟