18CSE357T – BIOMETRICS
Unit –2 : Session –5 : SLO -1
SRM Institute of Science and Technology 1
FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION AND
ACQUISITION
Biometrics
• Biometrics is the science and technology of
measuring and analyzing biological data
• Biometrics refers to technologies that
measure and analyze human body
characteristics, such as DNA, fingerprints,
eye retinas and irises, voice patterns ,facial
patterns and hand measurements, for
authentication purposes.
• The two categories of biometric identifiers
include :
➢physiological characteristics.
➢behavioral characteristics.
Physiological characteristics :
➢Fingerprint
➢face recognition
➢DNA
➢palm print
➢hand geometry
➢iris recognition(which has largely replaced retina)
➢Odour /scent.
Behavioral characteristics :
➢Gait
➢voice
Fingerprint
• A fingerprint is the feature pattern of one
finger.
• It is the pattern of ridges and valleys (also
called furrows in the fingerprint literature)
on the surface of a fingertip.
• Each individual has unique fingerprints so
the uniqueness of a fingerprint is exclusively
determined by the local ridge characteristics
and their relationships
• These local ridge characteristics are not
evenly distributed.
Fig 1. A fingerprint image acquired by an Optical
Sensor
• Fingerprints are distinguished by Minutiae, which are some abnormal
points on the ridges.
• The two most prominent local ridge characteristics, called minutiae, are
1) ridge ending and
2) ridge bifurcation.
• A ridge ending is defined as the point
where a ridge ends abruptly.
• A ridge bifurcation is defined as the point
where
a ridge forks or diverges into branch
ridges
.
Fig 2.ridge and valley
What is Fingerprint Recognition?
• Fingerprint recognition (sometimes
referred to as dactyloscopy) is the process
of comparing questioned and known
fingerprint against another fingerprint to
determine if the impressions are from the
same finger or palm.
• The fingerprint recognition problem can
be grouped into two sub-domains:
➢Fingerprint verification :
Fingerprint verification is to verify the
authenticity of one person by his
fingerprint.
➢Fingerprint identification:
Fingerprint identification is to specify one
person’s identity by his fingerprint(s).
Fig 3.Verification vs. Identification
• Fingerprint recognition system operates in three
stages:
(i) Fingerprint acquiring device
(ii) Minutia extraction and
(iii) Minutia matching
Fig 4. Fingerprint recognition system
1.Fingerprint acquisition:
For fingerprint acquisition, optical or semi-
conduct sensors are widely used. They
have high efficiency and acceptable
accuracy except for some cases that the
user’s finger is too dirty or dry.
2.Minutia extractor :
To implement a minutia extractor, a three-
stage approach is widely used by
researchers which are
➢ preprocessing
➢ minutia extraction and
➢ postprocessing stage.
Fig 5.Minutia extractor
• For the fingerprint image preprocessing
stage:
➢Image enhancement
➢Image binarization
➢Image segmentation
• The job of minutiae extraction closes down
to two operations: Ridge Thinning, Minutiae
Marking,.
• In post-processing stage, false minutia are
removed and bifurcations is proposed to
unify terminations and bifurcations.
3.Minutiae Matching:
• Generally, an automatic fingerprint
verification is achieved with minutia
matching (point pattern matching)instead of a pixel-
wise matching or a ridge pattern matching of
fingerprint images.
• The minutia matcher chooses any two minutia
as a reference minutia pair and then match their
associated ridges first.
• If the ridges match well, two fingerprint images
are aligned and matching is conducted for all
remaining minutia.
ADVANTAGES
Very high accuracy.
Easy to use.
Small storage space required for the
biometric template.
DISADVANTAGES
Dirt , grime and wounds .
Placement of finger.
Can be spoofed .
applications
Banking Security - ATM security,card
transaction
Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport)
Information System Security
National ID Systems
Passport control (INSPASS)
Prisoner, prison visitors, inmate control
Voting
Identification of Criminals
Identification of missing children
Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)
