CIT292 COMPUTER LABORATORY 1 SUMMARY

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Our world is an ____________world.

Analog

Measurements of the physical objects around us are never in discrete units, but rather
in a ______________ range.
Continuous

A single 0 or a single 1 is a ____________or bit.

Binary digit

A bit, having either the value of 0 or 1 can represent only two things or two pieces of
information. It is, therefore, necessary to group many bits together to represent more
pieces of information. A string of n bits can represent 2n different pieces of
information.

For example, a string of two bits results in the four combinations 00, 01, 10, and 11.
Note that the use of binary numbers is just a form of representation for a string of bits.

BCD is the acronym for_____________

Binary Coded Decimal

The decimal digit 4 has a greater value than the decimal digit 8 because
_____________
It is in the tenth position whereas the digit 8 is in the unit position

The decimal value of a binary number can be found just like for a decimal number
except that we raise the base number 2 to a power rather than the base number 10 to a
power. For example, the value for the decimal number 658 is 65810 = 6×102 + 5×101
+ 8×100 = 600 + 50 + 8 = 65810
Hexadecimal numbers require ___________ different digit symbols
16

______________ is a means of encoding decimal numbers.

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

If each digit of a decimal number is represented by its binary equivalent, this produces
a code called _____________
Binary Coded Decimal

In a Boolean function the ____________ operator is either denoted with a dot (.) or no
symbol at all.
AND

In a Boolean function, the ____________operator is denoted with a plus symbol ( + ).

OR

The NOT operator is also known as the ______________

INVERTER
The operation of the AND, OR, and NOT logic operators can be formally described
by using a _____________
truth table

A ______________ is a two-dimensional array where there is one column for each

input and one column for each output (a circuit may have more than one output).
truth table

Table 1.1(b): Truth tables for the three basic logical operators: (a) AND; (b) OR; (c)
NOT

George Boole developed a system of mathematical logic in _____________

1854

_______________ developed a system of mathematical logic called Boolean algebra

George Boole

______________ showed that circuits built with binary switches can easily be
described using Boolean algebra.
Claude Shannon

In____________, Claude Shannon showed that circuits built with binary switches can
easily be described using Boolean algebra.
1938

A variable x is called a Boolean variable if x takes on only values in B

The dual of a logic expression is defined as one that is obtained by changing all +
operators with • operators
The _____________ states that if a Boolean expression is true, then its dual is also
true.
duality principle

Boolean Expressions are equivalent expressions of the logic state of ___________

Gates

______________ are tables which are set to list the possible inputs and find their
corresponding outputs.
Truth tables

By looking at a_____________, one is able to know the output of any possible

combination of inputs.
Truth table

The NOT gate, the OR gate and the AND gate are three main types of logic gates.

The rules for these operations may be summarized as follows:

______________ is a tool for the analysis and design of digital system.

Boolean algebra

Boolean theorem are rules that can help us to simplify logic expressions and
____________
logic circuits

_____________ theorems are extremely useful in simplifying expressios in which a

product or sum of variables is inverted.
DeMorgan’s

A _____________ is a product term that contains all the variables used in a function.
Minterm
A ______________ is a sum term that contains all the variables used in the function.
Maxterm

Any Boolean function that is expressed as a sum of minterms, or as a product of

maxterms is said to be in its _____________form.
Canonical

A Boolean function is said to be in a _______________ if a sum-of-products

expression or a product-of-sums expression has at least one term that is not a minterm
or a maxterms
standard form

Boolean functions are expressed in terms of AND, OR, and NOT operations

______________ are the actual physical implementations of the logical operators

Logic gates

The following are types of Logic Gates

 AND gate
 OR gate
 NOT gate

The NOT gate is also called the____________

INVERTER

The AND gate is a circuit that operates such that its output is high only when all its
inputs are high.

A _____________ is an electronic circuit/device which makes the logical decisions.

logic gate

_____________ circuits are the class of digital circuits where the outputs of the circuit
are dependent only on the current inputs.
Combinational

______________ are circuits whose outputs are dependent on not only the current
inputs, but also on all of the past inputs.
Sequential circuits
The ____________method is an easy way for reducing an equation manually and is
discussed in unit 5 of this module.
Karnaugh map

The Quine-McCluskey or tabulation method for reducing an equation is ideal for

programming the computer.

A ____________is just a graphical representation of a logic function’s truth table

where the minterms are grouped in such a way that it allows one to easily see which of
the minterms can be combined.
Karnaugh Map (K-map)

The K-map is a 2-dimensional array of squares, each of which represents one minterm
in the Boolean function.

A Karnaugh map (K-map for short) provides a simple and straightforward procedure
for combining these product terms.

The term _____________ to refer to a rectangle of adjacent 1-minterms

subcube

A ______________ is a subcube that is not contained within any other subcube.

prime implicant

A Karnaugh map (K-map for short) provides a simple and straightforward procedure
for combining these product terms. A K-map is just a graphical representation of a
logic function’s truth table

____________ and flip-flops are the basic memory elements for storing information.
Latches

A single latch or flip-flop can store only ___________ bit of information.

One

The simplest memory circuit is called is a _____________

bistable element

The simplest way to add extra inputs is to replace the two inverters with two NAND
gates. This circuit is called an______________.
SR latch
When two 1’s are fed back to the inputs which produce a 0 at the outputs, this
oscillating behaviour is called the _____________
critical race

The SR latch is also known as a_____________

gated SR latch

The circuit for the D latch is also known as a______________

gated D latch

The D latch with enable circuit is often referred to as a________________.

transparent latch

There are basically _____________ main types of flip-flops

Four

There are basically four main types of flip-flops: D, S-R, J-K, and T.

The most important memory element is the _____________

flip-flop

Digital systems can operate either asynchronously or_______________.

Synchronously

If the slave latch is enabled when the clock is low it is referred to as a negative-edge-
triggered flip-flop.

Basically, a master-slave flip-flop is a system of two flip-flops—one being designated

as master and the other is the slave.

The resulting circuit when all the flip-flops are clocked synchronously is known
as______________.
synchronous counter

The NOT gate, OR gate and AND gate are three main types of_____________
logic gates

A______________ is a product term that contains all the variables used in a function
Minterm

_____________ is concerned with the interconnection of digital components and

modules
Digital Logic

By looking at_____________ one is able to know the output of any possible

combination
truth tables

_____________are set to list the possible inputs and find their corresponding inputs
truth tables

Boolean______________ and variable are allowed to have only two possible values
Constants

Boolean_____________ are rules that can help us simpilfy logic expressions

Theorem

A______________ is one whose output will change bits state simultaneously, without
any ripple.
Synchronous counter

The term_____________ implies the logical relationship between the inputs and the
outputs.
Logic Function

In order to change the state for a bistable element, we need to add external inputs
called_____________ to the circuit
RS latch

SET-CLEAR latch can be called a______________

SET-RESET latch

The D-flip flop is also referred to as the_______________

Latch

The operation of an OR gate can be described as a Boolean_______________

Addition
The 4-bit input encodes the binary representation of a______________ digit
Decimal

The acronym (IEEE) stands for______________

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

The universal measuring instrument used extensively in computer laboratory is

the_____________
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

The advantage sequential circuits have over combinational circuits is_____________

Timing

The major differences in these flip-flop types are in the number of____________ they
have and how they change states
Inputs

The NAND gate is derived from an AND gate and_____________ connected in series
Inverter

The Quine-McCluskey or tabulation method for reducing an equation is ideal

for_____________ the computer
Programming

The most universally used logic gate is the_______________ gates

NAND

A single latch or flip-flop can store only____________ of information

1 bit

The expression for the AND gate output is written__________

A.B

The 4-bit input encodes the binary representation of a________________ digit

Decimal

Larger subcubes require fewer_____________ because of fewer variables in the

product term
AND gates
There are basically four main types of flip-flops: D, S-R, J-K AND_____________
T

The Karnaugh map method is an easy way for_____________ an equation manually

Reducing
Hexadecimal numbers require______________ different digit symbols
16

The NOT gate is also known as the_____________

Inverter

A_______________ is an IC that can be programmed by the userto execute a complex

logic function.
PLD

When the hours counter reaches 12, it will be reset to zero by the_____________ gate
NAND

One basic piece of test equipment used in digital troubleshooting is

the_____________
Logic Probe

Whenever both data inpuits J and K are at 1, then the flip-flop can be said to be in
a_____________ state
Toggle

____________ is a prime implicant that includes a 1-minterm that is not included in

any other prime implicant
Essential prime implicant

_____________ gates are widely employed and can be used to make other logic gates
NAND

A Boolean variable is a quantity that may, at different times, be equal to

either_______________
0 or 1

A______________ s a term with either a single variable, or two or more variables

ORed together
Sum term
The______________ states that if a Boolean expression is true, then its dual is also
true
duality principle

When several operators are used in the same expression, the precedence given to the
operators are, from___________ to lowest
Highest

In electronic technology, GAL is a common acronym for____________

Generic Array Logic

The AND operation can be described as a Boolean______________

Multiplication

The AND gate output is equal to the AND product of the______________ inputs.
Logic

Whenever an______________ is present in a logiccircuit diagram, its output

expression is simply equal to the input expression with a bar over it
Inverter

The main disadvantage of asynchronous counters over synchronous is

their______________ delay
Propaganda

_______________is a method used in analysis and design of digital components or

systems
Boolean algebra

Subcube is used to refer to a_____________of adjacent 1-minterms

Rectangle

Larger subcubes require fewer______________ because of fewer variables in the

product term
AND gates

The exclusive-OR gate can be constructed using AND, OR and____________ gate

NOT
The decimal number system is a______________ system
Positional

_______________ is used as a graphical representation of truth table in digital logic

Karnaugh map

To convert a binary number to octal, we group the bits into groups of__________
Threes

____________ number can easily converted to an octal

Binary

The D latch with enable circuit is also known as____________

transparent latch

When a___________ is enabled, its state changes immediately when its input changes
Latch

A____________ is a product term that contains all the variables used in a function
Minterm

A____________ term is a term with either a single variable, or two or more variables
Product

Memory elements are made up of basic_____________

Logic gates

_____________ provides a simple and straightforward procedure for combining the

product terms of Boolean equations
K-maps