CHM205 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY SUMMARY

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Amongst all elements of Group 4, _____________ is the only one to occur in the
elemental state as diamond and graphite.
Carbon

There are____________ naturally occurring allotropic forms of carbon.

Two

The inorganic carbonates of sodium, calcium and magnesium are widely distributed
in the rocks, soil and______________.
Water

Air contains about ____________% of carbon dioxide.

0.03

Air contains about 0.03% of______________.

carbon dioxide

Coal and petroleum, which are called fossil fuels, because of their origin from the
prehistoric plant and animal life, are mixtures of complex compounds of carbon with
hydrogen containing small amounts of oxygen or sulphur.

Coal and petroleum are called_____________

fossil fuels

_____________is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust forming
about 27.7%.
Silicon

Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust forming about
____________%.
27.7
Oxygen with its relative abundance of _____________% is the most abundant
element in the earth's crust
46.6

Silicates are present in the rocks.

True

Clays are essentially alumino-silicates of Na or_____________.

Ca

Common sand is an impure form of_____________.

Silica

_______________ which is a mixture of silicates has been known since antiquity.

Glass

Germanium is a rare element.

True

Germanium is a rare element. It occurs in traces in coal, in rare mineral argyrodite,

4Ag2S.GeS2, in germanite, Cu3(Ge,Fe)S4, and as admixture in zinc and tin ores. Tin
occurs mainly as cassiterite or tin stone, SnO2 and lead as galena, PbS.

When an element exist in more than on form, it is called ___________

Allotropy

Element which exist in more than one form are called____________

Allotropes

Diamond and graphite are well-known examples of _____________

Allotropes

The rigid, _____________dimensional linkages make diamond one of the hardest

substances known.
Three

Carbon exists in _____________ form such as lampblack

amorphous
Silicon and germanium exist in ____________form
One

Grey tin has a diamond structure whereas the white tin has a tetragonal structure.

Due to a close-packed lattice, density of S-tin, 7.31 x 103 kg

______________ is the material used in a nuclear reactor to moderate or slow down

neutrons from the high velocities tit which they are created in the fission process.
Moderator

_____________are used in the extraction of aluminium.

Graphite electrodes

Coke is mainly used in______________.

Metallurgy

_____________ is used to strengthen rubber, as a pigment in inks, paints, paper and

plastics.
Carbon black

Hyperfine Si is one of the purest materials used in the production of transistors.

_____________are used in glass and cement manufacture.

Silicates

______________ is used largely in transistor technology.

Germanium

_____________ is a very common practice for joining components of an integrated

circuit.
Soldering

Storage batteries also called _______________

lead-acid batteries
_______________ is equal to the charge the atom would have if all the electrons in a
covalent bond it forms were assigned to the more electronegative atom in the bond.
Oxidation state or oxidation number

The tendency of formation of multiple bonds easily in case of carbon is because of

______________
the high bond energy

A π bond is formed by the lateral overlap of two dumb-hell shaped orbitals

______________ is a property by virtue of which elements form long chain

compounds by single or multiple bond formation between atoms of the same
element
Catenation

_____________in the presence of alkali will be faster because of the stronger

nucleophile
Hydrolysis

_______________ are the synthetic equivalents of hydrocarbons in which some or all

of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine atoms
Fluorocarbons

_____________is the simplest fluorocarbon

CF4

______________is obtained on passing steam over red hot coke.

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a colourless and ______________gas.

Odourless

CO2 is a colourless gas with a _____________ smell.

Faint

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is commonly known as_____________.

Silica
The crystalline forms of silica are_____________, tridymite and cristobalite
Quartz

The crystalline forms of silica are quartz, ___________and cristobalite

tridymite

The crystalline forms of silica are quartz, tridymite and ___________

cristobalite

____________ is the purest and the most stable form of silica.

Quartz

The amorphous form of silica is called____________

Flint

Quartz is also called____________.

rock crystal

The chief constituent of glass is _____________

Silica

Silica gel is an amorphous form of SiO2 with a _____________ structure.

porous

Silica when fused with sodium carbonate gives sodium silicate known
as____________
water glass

Zeolites are also called ____________

Permutits

_____________ are sodium aluminosilicates used in softening of water.

Zeolites

The method of melting glass was discovered about ___________B.C

5,000

The method of melting glass was discovered about 5,000 B.C. in ____________
Egypt or Mesopotamia

A transparent solid is called____________ is obtained when a mixture of silicates

mainly of sodium and calcium is melted and then supercooled
Glass

____________ glasses are used for making laboratory and kitchen ware.
Borate

_____________ are a group of organosilicon polymers.

Silicones

_____________are formed when vapourised carbon condenses in an atmosphere of

inert gas and produces clusters with 60 carbon atoms and clusters with 70.
Fullerenes

The C60 molecule is sometimes called _____________

football molecule

______________ act as superconductors when doped with alkali metals.

Fullerenes

_____________ is the most abundant uncombined element accessible to man.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen comprises ____________% of the atmosphere by volume.

78.1

____________is the eleventh element in order of abundance in the crustal rocks of

the earth
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the ____________element in order of abundance in the crustal rocks

of the earth
eleventh

Nitrogen is obtained commercially from__________.

Air
_____________ is extracted from the phosphate rock by heating it with sand and
coke in an electric furnace at a temperature of about 1800 K.
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is extracted from the phosphate rock by heating in an electric furnace at

a temperature of about ___________ K
1800

Atomic radii increase with increase in____________.

atomic number

The central atom in the trihydrides is ___________ hybridised.

sp3

Hydrazine burns in air giving nitrogen and__________.

Water

_____________ is used as a rocket fuel along with liquid air or oxygen as an oxidant.
Hydrazine

Hydrazine is used as a _____________ along with liquid air or oxygen as an oxidant.

rocket fuel

Hydrazoic acid is also known as_____________.

hydrogen azide

Phosphine (PH) is the most stable ____________of phosphorus.

Hydride

____________ is a colourless and extremely poisonous gas having a faint garlic

odour.
Phosphine

Pure phosphine ignites in air at about ____________ K

435
Bismuthine is extremely unstable and prepared by the disproportionation of
methylbismuthine at _____________ K
230

Replacement of two more chlorine atoms with hydrogen produces the

___________molecule
NH3

The trihalides can be oxidised to_____________.

Pentahalides

Nitrogen does not form any pentahalides.

True

All the pentahalides have trigonal bipyramidal structure in the gas phase

PCl5 is used for conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides and acids to acylchlorides

N2O is also known as ___________

Laughing gas

N2O is isoelectronic with _____________

Carbon dioxide

Nitric Oxide (NO) has a total of ____________ electrons.

15

The bonding in NO is best described by the _____________theory.

molecular orbital

The basic character of oxides _____________ on descending the group

Increases

An ___________ is the acid in which ionisable hydrogen atoms are attached to the
central atom through oxygen atoms
Oxoacid
The acids in which the central atom is in a lower oxidation state are termed
___________
ous acids

The acids having central atom in a higher oxidation state are called____________.
ic acids

The most highly hydroxylated acid of an element in a particular oxidation state is

called the____________.
ortho acid

The acid which has one water molecule less than the ortho acid is
called____________.
meta acid

The pyro acid corresponds to the loss of one water molecule between two molecules
of the ortho acid.

Nitric acid can be concentrated to 68% by ___________when a constant boiling

mixture is formed.
distillation

Pure nitric acid is a colourless liquid with boiling point of___________

359 K

_____________ converts a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone to adipic acid

which is the starting material for nylon polymers.
Nitric acid

_____________ is used in large amounts as a nitrogenous fertiliser because it is

slowly hydrolysed in the soil to ammonia
Calcium cyanamide

Chlorine forms _____________% of earth's crust

0.013

Halogens exist as _____________ molecules which are coloured.

non-polar diatomic
Fluorine is pale____________
Yellow

Chlorine is yellowish ____________

Green

Bromine is brown and iodine is violet in the gaseous state.

Solid iodine is almost black with a shiny metallic lustre.

____________ is the most reactive of all the halogens

Fluorine

Halogens react with hydrogen to form hydrides which are called_____________.

hydrogen halides

____________is the most electronegative element and has no basic properties.

Fluorine

The thermal stability of hydrogen halides decreases from HF to HI.

Aqueous solutions of hydrogen halides are called ____________

hydrohalic acids

_____________are formed by combination of carbon with some transition metals

Interstitial carbides

Among the halogens _________ can oxidise all the other halide ions to their
respective elements.
Flourine

___________ means salt producer.

Halogen

____________ is the main types of halides formed by Group 5 elements.

Trihalides

____________ is obtained commercially from Fractional distillation of liquid air

Nitrogen
Hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride gives _____________.
silicic acid

____________ are fibrous silicates.

Asbestos

_____________ is obtained by reduction of oxides of tin with carbon.

Tin

Lead is used in glass and __________ manufacture.

Cement

____________ is formed when a mixture of silicates mainly of sodium and calcium is

melted and supercooled to a low temperature.
Glass

Tetrafluoroethene can be polymerized thermally or in aqueous emulsions to a

chemically inert plastic known as ______________.
Polytetrafluoroethene

The simplest fluorocarbon obtained by the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with

silver fluoride at 575K is ___________.
Carbon tetrafluoride

_____________ are layer structured silicates.

Mica

Along the period of the periodic table, the elements with the highest ionisation
energies next to the noble gases in the respective periods are the _____________
Halogens

Along the period of the periodic table, the elements with the highest electron affinity
next to the noble gases in the respective periods are the _____________.
Halogens

____________ are the most electronegative elements in their respective periods.

Halogens

When one of the P – P bonds in P4 is broken a polymeric form of phosphorus known

as _________ is formed.
Red phosphorus
The most metallic of the allotropes of phosphorus is __________.
Black phosphorus

Tetravalent compounds of heavier elements of Group 4 function as Lewis acids and

are able to accept electron pairs from bases, because of the availability of
__________.
D orbitals

_____________is formed when nitrogen from air and hydrogen from synthesis gas
are reacted together at a high pressure of about 50 atmosphere and at a
temperature of 800K in the presence of a finely divided catalyst.
Ammonia

___________ is formed when silica is fused with sodium carbonate.

Water glass

____________ are giant macromolecules consisting of carbon atoms linked by a

network of covalent bonds.
Diamond and graphite

Ammonium ion formed on reaction with H+ has a _________ structure.

Tetrahedral

Liquid ammonia is a basic solvent because it can easily accept a ___________.

Proton

In graphite, each carbon forms three bonds with other carbons leaving one electron
which is delocalised over the whole planar structure. These delocalised electrons
make graphite a good ________.
Conductor of electricity

The Group 5 element that is stored under water to protect it from oxygen in the air
so as not to catch fire is ________.
Phosphorus

Among the halogens Van der Waals forces of attraction are maximum in
____________
Iodine

Apart from Sb and Bi the compounds formed by elements of Group 5 are

predominantly ___________.
Covalent
On descending the group of Group 5 elements ionisation energy __________
Decreases

The density, melting and boiling points of Group 5 elements _________ with increase
in atomic number as you move down the group.
Increases

Group 5 elements exhibit a highest oxidation state of _________.

+5

In the gaseous state phosphorus exist as ____________.

Tetra-atomic molecule

The tendency of ________ to form multiple bonds easily is due to its high bond
energy and small atomic radius.
Carbon

The compound among the options below with the least bond energy is ___________.
BiH3

Silica gel is _____________ form of Silicon dioxide.

Amorphous

Lightning discharge in the atmosphere converts nitrogen to _________.

Nitric oxide

Multiple bonds between its atoms make _________ inert at room temperature.
Nitrogen

_________ occurs in the elemental state as diamond and graphite

Carbon

_________ is used to create inert atmosphere where the presence of air would
involve fire, explosion hazards or undesirable oxidation products.
Nitrogen

The principal constituents of all rocks, clays and soils are ___________
Silicates

The purest and most stable form of silica is _____________

Quartz
Sandstone, granite and slate are examples of _____________
Natural silicates

The chief constituent of glass is ____________

Silica

In the gaseous state phosphorus exist as ___________

P4

The most stable hydride of phosphurous is _________.

Phosphine