SECTION A

Attempt any three questions

1.(a) Describe briefly how chlorine is manufactured from brine.
(05 marks)
b) Write equations to show how chlorine reacts with:
(04½ marks)
i. Water exposed highly to sunlight.
ii. Dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
iii. Sodium sulphite solution.
c) The table below shows the hydrides of group (VII) elements
and their boiling points.
Hydrides HF HCl HBr HI

Boiling point/ᵒC +20 -85 -67 -35

Period numbers 2 3 4 5

i. Plot a graph of boiling points against period number.

(04½ marks)
ii. Explain the graph’s shape. (05 marks)
iii. Explain the trend in the acidic strength of the hydrides.
(02 marks)

2. The vapour pressures of pure ethanol at 70ᵒC are 400mmHg

and 1,400mmHg respectively. The vapour pressure of the
mixture at the same temperature is 760mmHg.
a) Calculate the composition of the liquid mixture at the same
temperature. (03½ marks)
b) A mixture of benzene and toluene behaves as an ideal solution.
Calculate the composition of the vapour obtained:
i. From a liquid mixture containing 0.6 mole fraction of
benzene. (02½ marks)
ii. When the vapour in (b) (i) above is condensed and
revaporized. (02½ marks)

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 c) The boiling point of water is 100ᵒC and an alcohol Y is 80ᵒC. A
mixture of the two liquids when boiled gives a constant boiling
mixture at 78ᵒC containing 95% of water.
i. Define the term constant boiling point mixture. (01 mark)
ii. Using a well labeled diagram, Describe what would happen
if a mixture containing less than 95% water was fractionally
distilled. (05½ marks)
d) Define the term Eutectic mixture. (01 mark)
e) Bismuth and cadmium form a liquid at 300. Describe what
happens when the concentration of bismuth in the mixture is
increased. (01½ marks)
f) Determine the mass of bismuth that crystallizes when 200g of
the mixture containing 25% cadmium was cooled from 300 to
168 at 38% cadmium. (02½ marks)

3. A sweet smelling organic compound, W has a molecular formula,

C8H8O2 and it burns with a sooty flame.
a) Write structure formulae and IUPAC names of organic
compound, W. (02 marks)
b) When organic compound, W was warmed with dilute
sulphuric acid, Compound, X C6H6O and Y C2H4O2 were
formed. A calcium salt of compound, Y on strong heating
yields compound, Z which formed a white crystalline solid on
treatment with an acidified solution of sodium sulphite.
Identify organic compound, W and write equations leading to
the formation of X and Z. (03 marks)
c) Write the equation and suggest a mechanism for the reaction
between: (@05 marks)
i. X with hot fuming sulphuric acid.
ii. Z with acidified hydrazine.
d) Comparing X and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol, name a reagent that
can be used to:
i. Identify the major functional group.
ii. Distinguish between the two compounds.

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 [In each case state what is observed if the named reagent is
treated separately with the organic compounds] (05 marks)

4. 0.0627g of an organic compound, Y on complete combustion

yielded 0.036g of water. In another experiment, 0.0209g of the
same compound yielded 29.88cm3 of carbon dioxide gas
measured at standard conditions of temperature.
a) Calculate the empirical formula of an organic compound, Y.
(06 marks)
b) An organic compound, Y in (a) above was steam distilled at a
temperature of 98ᵒC and a pressure of 760mmHg, The
distillate was found to contained 72.1% of water. The vapour
pressure of water at the same temperature is 707mmHg.
i. Deduce the molecular formula of organic compound, Y.
(03½ marks)
ii. An organic compound, Y burns with a sooty flame. Write
the possible structure of organic compound, Y. (01 mark)
iii. Write equation and suggest a mechanism for the reaction
when bromomethane is added to an alkaline solution of an
organic compound, Y. (02½ marks)
c) 3.0g of zinc ore was dissolved in excess hydrochloric acid. To
the products was added excess concentrated ammonia and the
solution was then made up to 500.0cm3 of water. The
resultant mixture was shaken with tetrachloromethane and
left to stand. 25.0cm3 of the organic layer required 12.5cm3 of
0.025M hydrochloric acid for complete neutralization.
12.5cm3 of the aqueous layer was neutralized by 20.0cm3 of
0.25M hydrochloric acid. Calculate the percentage purity of
the zinc ore. [Partition coefficient of ammonia between
tetrachloromethane and water = 0.04] (07 marks)

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 SECTION b
Attempt only two questions in this section.
5. The elements carbon, silicon, tin & lead are in group (IV) of the
periodic table.
a) Explain the trend in: (@02 marks)
i. Metallic character.
ii. Stability of the +2 oxidation state.
b) Describe the reactions of the group (IV) elements with:
i. Bromine.
ii. Concentrated sulphuric acid. (06½ marks)
c) Excess chlorine water was warmed with lead (II) nitrate
solution.
i. State what was observed and write the equation for the
reaction. (02 marks)
ii. The mixture from (c) (i) was filtered and the residue warmed
with concentrated hydrochloric acid. State what was
observed and explain your answer. (05 marks)
iii. To a portion of the filtrate from (c) (i) was added drops of
aqueous potassium iodide solution followed by carbon
tetrachloride. State what was observed and write the
equation for the reaction. (02½ marks)

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6. (a) (i).Define the term enthalpy of solution. (01 mark)
(ii).Describe two energy factors that affect the enthalpy of
solution. (03 marks)
b) 5.35g of ammonium chloride were added to 100cm3 of water
in a plastic beaker and the mixture stirred gently with a
thermometer. The temperature of the mixture was recorded at
different intervals of time as shown below.
Time (s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Temperature 21.0 19.2 18.0 17.4 17.5 17.5 18.4 19.0

e/ᵒC
i. Plot a graph of temperature against time. (03 marks)
ii. Use your graph to determine the molar enthalpy of solution
of ammonium chloride. State assumption made. (06 marks)
[𝝆water = 1.0g/cm3, SHC of solution = 4.2J/g/k]
iii. State the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility
of ammonium chloride. Give a reason for your answer.
(03 marks)
c) Define the term cryoscopic constant.
d) In how much water should 10.7g of ammonium chloride be
dissolved to obtain a solution with a freezing point at a
temperature of -0.465ᵒC? [Kf for water = 1.86ᵒC/Kg/mol]
(03 marks)

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7. Write equations to show how the following compounds can be
synthesized.
a).(CH3)2C=NNHOH from methanol (03½ marks)
b).H2C=C(CH3)COOH from propene (04½ marks)
OH
OH
c). from phenol (03½ marks)

CH
d). Br from water (04½ marks)

Br Br
e). from benzene (04 marks)

Br

8. Explain the following observations.

a) Lead (IV) oxide dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid to
give a yellow solution from which a yellow solid can be
separated on addition of a saturated solution of ammonium
chloride. (04½ marks)
b) Boron trichloride and phosphorous trichloride have different
shapes. (03 marks)
c) Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions whereas
carbonyl compounds undergo nucleophilic addition reactions.
(04 marks)
d) The freezing point of a solution of 0.02M ethanoic acid in
benzene is higher than that of 0.02M glucose in the same
solvent. (04 marks)
e) Butan-1-ol when dehydrated by concentrated sulphuric acid
at 170ᵒC forms but-2-ene as the major product but not but-
1-ene. (04½ marks)

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  ===END===
WELCOME TO SENIOR SIX, YEAR 2023
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