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The Mechanics of Scour in The Marine Environment 1st Edition B. Mutlu Sumer Instant Download

The document is a detailed overview of the mechanics of scour in the marine environment, authored by B. Mutlu Sumer and Jorgen Fredsge. It covers various aspects of scour, including its mechanisms, effects on structures like pipelines and piles, and mathematical modeling. The book is part of the Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering and is published by World Scientific Publishing.

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100% found this document useful (8 votes)
146 views57 pages

The Mechanics of Scour in The Marine Environment 1st Edition B. Mutlu Sumer Instant Download

The document is a detailed overview of the mechanics of scour in the marine environment, authored by B. Mutlu Sumer and Jorgen Fredsge. It covers various aspects of scour, including its mechanisms, effects on structures like pipelines and piles, and mathematical modeling. The book is part of the Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering and is published by World Scientific Publishing.

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rwotmqiyh544
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering — Volume 17

THE MECHANICS OF
- SCOUR INTHE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT

B. Mutlu Sumer & Jorgen Fredsge

2
World Scientific
Oy Queen Mary
University of London

Main Library

E1 4NS

www. library.qmul.ac.uk

+44 (0)20 7882 8800


QM Library

23 14145584
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2023 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/mechanicsofscourO000sume
THE MECHANICS OF
SCOUR IN THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
ADVANCED SERIES ON OCEAN ENGINEERING

Series Editor-in-Chief
Philip L- F Liu (Cornell University)

Vol. 1 The Applied Dynamics of Ocean Surface Waves


by Chiang C Mei (MIT)
Vol. 2. Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists
by Robert G Dean (Univ. Florida) and Robert A Dalrymple
(Univ. Delaware)
Vol. 3. Mechanics of Coastal Sediment Transport
by Jergen Fredsge and Rolf Deigaard (Tech. Univ. Denmark)
Vol. 4 Coastal Bottom Boundary Layers and Sediment Transport
by Peter Nielsen (Univ. Queensland)
Vol. 5 Numerical Modeling of Ocean Dynamics
by Zygmunt Kowalik (Univ. Alaska) and T S Murty (Inst. Ocean Science, BC)
Vol. 6 Kalman Filter Method in the Analysis of Vibrations Due to Water Waves
by Piotr Wilde and Andrzej Kozakiewicz (Inst. Hydroengineering, Polish
Academy of Sciences)
Vol. 7 Physical Models and Laboratory Techniques in Coastal Engineering
by Steven A. Hughes (Coastal Engineering Research Center, USA)
Vol. 8 Ocean Disposal of Wastewater
by lan R Wood (Univ. Canterbury), Robert G Bell (National Institute of Water
& Atmospheric Research, New Zealand) and David L Wilkinson
(Univ. New South Wales)
Vol. 9 Offshore Structure Modeling
by Subrata K. Chakrabarti (Chicago Bridge & Iron Technical
Services Co., USA)
Vol. 10 Water Waves Generated by Underwater Explosion
by Bernard Le Méhauté and Shen Wang (Univ. Miami)
Vol. 11 Ocean Surface Waves; Their Physics and Prediction
by Stanislaw R Massel (Australian Inst. of Marine Sci)
Vol. 12 Hydrodynamics Around Cylindrical Structures
by B Mutlu Sumer and Jergen Fredsge (Tech. Univ. of Denmark)
Vol. 13 Water Wave Propagation Over Uneven Bottoms
Part | — Linear Wave Propagation
by Maarten W Dingemans (Delft Hydraulics)
Part Il — Non-linear Wave Propagation
by Maarten W Dingemans (Delft Hydraulics)
Vol. 14 Coastal Stabilization
by Richard Silvester and John R C Hsu (The Univ. of Western Australia)
Vol. 15 Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures (2nd Edition)
by Yoshimi Goda (Yokohama National University)
Vol. 16 Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management
by J William Kamphuis (Queen’s Univ.)
Vol. 17 The Mechanics of Scour in the Marine Environment
by B Mutlu Sumer and Jergen Fredsge (Tech. Univ. of Denmark)
Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering — Volume 17

THE MECHANICS OF
SCOUR IN THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT

B. Mutlu Sumer
Jorgen Fredsge
Technical University of Denmark
Denmark

Vo
© World Scientific
ie New Jersey ¢ Singapore eLondon * Hong Kong
Published by

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.


5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data


A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

First published 2002 OM


Cy Ar? i TARY
Reprinted 2005, 2012, 2014 EW ee
(MILE END)

THE MECHANICS OF SCOUR IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT


Copyright © 2002 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy
is not required from the publisher.

ISBN 978-98 1-02-4930-4

Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers.


Contents

1 Introduction and basic concepts 5


(Riel ntromuctinniwmmie arene ts etek ee Re ot eneee 5
2st Amiplincation fictor me, ae ee
eee Ree a if
1.3 Equilibrium scour depth and time scale of scour ........ 8
1.4 Clear-water scour and live-bed scour ......... BR Bout 9
15: bocalandplobal Stouts m Ayiead tain 0 Ae ee ae i
AG. SReTETORCOS Anon: conire csadie tara Sane eee eee nk NY eee 12

2 Scour below pipelines 15


Pole COUISEL COL SCOUT ee cae gel ROA ae seaon Dah aie eile BE mae 16
2.1.1 Mechanism of onset of scour. Seepage flow and piping
UNGERNCALLL TE DIPS seen. Soe tek e eit teeere 16
242° “Criterion for the.onset OL Scour =, .% «= 3). ee Ze
Peper TAMING! CLOSION # cs ee Pee eS ee nS oe 30
Zoe LwO-cimensional SCOUT a x oo... 2. eet ee ee es Oe
21, «leeewake SrOSion | d.s°s) a: a a eee, SE. 33
DS.2 5) COUT GeDEN wwe ars co. Se eid: Gece 38
Diao “WAG Or scour Hole. 4... smoycurs Bieeryreaiee. Oe as 66
Gigiae |MAC SCOIGN thie ee SNR te Be i TR RO Sf 69
eod-0 Change mn, WAVE CUMALO oo oscetn Sea Puck da dalt ok 75
24 Chree-dimensionalSCOUl 2G «als ars « sow en eee 76
2.4.1 Scour, backfilling, and self-burial in the free-span areas 77
2.4.2 Scour, backfilling and self-burial at span shoulders. . . 96
2.4.3 Stimulated self-burial of pipelines ............ 108
De OCCIE CLOCKS MR Ota) ateed eat meee Meare See Pe Ss Ceri eevag Ta
OG ocoul Protection Or DIDCUNCSmurusen@. 8 ae ae 4 an 113
Dae NIOLOPIMALICALINOGCLINE * 28 sete PUR ee Fie. ented tem te. OW Lg,
Da eae OFeUtIa HOW MOUCIS ar wakes a ee ated A wae eo bie
vi CONTENTS

DoT Din aOVANICEU SUOOBIS) er wa cee ten ee eae 125


27 a rmelnteptated aMOdels Ge, ooa.nmsercAey eee ote oe ae 137
D Se NElCnenCes tien, day Sal PD, dees ee ec © ehcae o soeae ce 138

Scour around a single slender pile 149


Sle blows around- ars lender: Die an. ese ee eee tee 150
3.1.1 Horseshoe vortex in steady currents. .......... 151
a2 “Horsesiioe Vortex. waves puts ome coe ee ee 160
Scar ‘Lee-wakervortex 1Ow eo oa wut oe ee ate 169
S14 “Cantraction/oL streamlines: 2 24st) ae ee 174
5) PsoCOUr ATOUNG, a SICHGe IIo 0 Soa eee eta gee 174
3.2.1 Scour around a slender pile in steady currents ..... 174
3.2.2 Scour around a slender pile in waves .......... 188
3.2.3. Scour around a.cone;shaped objec. 5. se cee ees ce 205
3.0 LIME SCAIC: 5-4: 4-5. Cee eeu ora as Satere ieee ee 206
3.4, “Scour protections... see ee Ss ee ROO A Sas oe 212
3.0: ¢Mathematicalimodelling: += 2.3: . 2's 2 eee ae oe 218
iG CEROLOL GR COSt. ho) Wie aeoaer ee ac. Loita sates ties Me etna as eee 228

Scour around a group of slender piles 239


Ae Eile erOUD TIMSLEAMY CLUTORber oie ec ctpre ne lean pahs eg 239
Bel rr WO- DUG OTOUD ra fo accen faele e came ee ee 240
BollontDECC eDEO COTOUD parole ccna cack thas eae een tae ees
Ale Pileigroup Ohi waves = «0 olei. qe eer ee ea 248
A200 GLwo-pile, group... cin eee SR Lo ee 249
42.2 ethree-pile:srouy> 2 ace 3+ SO eae, oe 207
492-3 FOUL-DUE GYOUD: 20% 1 FREE SOU NED eres oe 258
A? doer Kec OF tne GC HUMDER vot) aren a 260
4.3 Global and local scour at pile EPOUPS: - Marv ee. eee 2 eae 264
GA IKCLOY CNC CS oofoaRR eae AE Pleas |Giga SO) sae eg nt ae nce rman are aa 272

Examples of more complex configurations 275


5.1 Scour at pile-supported offshore structures ........... 276
Orde) ocOut Characteristics. .c. v0.2 Wen ngs See ee nee 279
5.3 References
CONTENTS Vii

6 Scour around large piles 287


6.1 Large pile. Diffraction ACC UIELO tee oy i arg 0)Ohare a a 288
6.2 Phase-resolved flow around the pile ............... 291
Ooo steady streaminy around the pile =. ..-. ..2 sc... . 04s 294
ed Me OC OUPRGL OLIN DIE UCR ee. Wie ee waeas ocr ong oehcha ee eea case 301
6.4.1 Mechanism of streaming-induced scour ......... 302
O2boe loluenceomn and WD)Lic ts nae sun ee ene See 305
6.4.3 Influence of combined waves and current, and cross-
BECTONGL SDADOM RF coterie oct Shak era eaery ok tan gee 316
6.4.4 Scour around a cone-shaped object ........... 324
Riromue TRCLORONCOS on uk Nene ar er iid Lan vk ork ae ene 325

7 Scour around breakwaters 329


7.1 Scour at the trunk section of a breakwater ........... ee
7.1.1 Scour at the trunk section of a vertical-wall breakwater 333
7.1.2. Scour at the trunk section of a rubble-mound breakwater 347
7.1.3 Scour protection at the trunk section of a breakwater . 361
7.1.4 Mathematical modelling of scour at the trunk section
Gira OVCOR WALel a gee me Ree ty oi ene a eee eee 365
G2 scour srounddhe- head ofa breakwater... 62. jae eau gees so OU
7.2.1 Scour around the head of a vertical-wall breakwater . . 371
7.2.2 Scour around the head of a rubble-mound breakwater . 377
7.2.3 Scour protection at the head section .......... 385
7.2.4 Influence of finite length of breakwater ......... 387
WO pSOUI AuafCULICS = agch. zheng recae Sueokinawa is ee 390
HAS MAR CLOL OUNCES Biya STi co. fei cP A go get Re lee, a oc ee 391

8 Scour at seawalls 399


8.1 Scour by normally incident breaking waves ........... 402
8.2 Scour by normally incident nonbreaking waves ......... 415
8.59 scour induced by wave overtopping... 5 «4 aa. es a ee 417
See SCOUT DrOLCCOlOl a)nares tuteatae Sey ua iy eee ee eee 419
Oy PROCTER CES sc igi: Cat RS Uae os te a ae Bee 419

9 Ship-propeller scour A23


9.1 Scour due to unconfined propeller wash............. 426
9.9 “Scour due to confined propeller wash’ 2.5 6 wee
wes ee 431
Oe Scour DIOLCChiGi mes te ett Seed eae aie 2 Set lame <n te Wak 436
viii CONTENTS

9.4. Referencés so 2 a a a a oe eee eee Se 442

10 Impact of liquefaction 445


10,1. Physics of liquetaction’ 220: 2 se gee eee 446
10.1.1 Liquefaction induced by the buildup of pore pressure.
Residtial lietaction ecns. tc toe ee ate eee 1 446
10.1.2 Liquefaction induced by the upward-directed pressure
gradient. Momentary liquefaction ............ 448
10:27 Biot equations and (heir SOMMIONS caught nee ee 450
102 hi’ Cquatldus eat. crete esas bee eae a ee ee 450
10.2.2 Stresses in soil under a progressive wave ........ 455
10:3 7Resiiual HiQuelractici tne erie a heook ee is aes a a cy Se 464
10.3.1 Peacock and Seed’s (1968) experiment ......... 464
10.3.2 Equation governing the buildup of pore pressure. . . . 469
10.3.3 Solution to the equation of buildup of pore pressure . . 474
10:40 Viomenbarys NGUCIACHIOO. aig sh ose ie oe mee me 483
Thea Te GeneraGescriptolt irs vaso. oa ees. ada eee ee 483
10.4.2 The case of completely saturated soil .......... A84
L043. The case olamsaturated SOW: 07 i glee as4. oe 485
10.5 Sinking/floatation of pipelines .................. 487
10.5.1 The case of residual liquefaction. ............ 488
10.5.2 The case of momentary liquefaction. .......... 499
10.6 Sinking of armour blocks in liquefied soil .........2.2.. 500
10.6.1 The case of residual liquefaction. ............, 500
10.6.2 The case of momentary liquefaction. .......4.. 503
10.7 Appendix I. Relationships among soil properties ........ 504
10:8 Appendix I> Ranges of soil- properties. - .4. 4 fe... cee 507
10.9 Appendix III. Hsu & Jeng coefficients. ............. 509
MOTOR GLOR ET CAS sotei aki tena po ont ee eI) ees ae oll

Appendix A Small amplitude, linear waves 521


Author index 525
Subject index 533
List of symbols

The main symbols used in the book are listed below. In some cases, the same
symbol is used for more than one quantity. This is to maintain generally
accepted conventions in different fields. In most cases, however, their use is
restricted to a single chapter, as indicated in the following list.

A amplitude of vibrations
a amplitude of the horizontal component of orbital motion of
water particles
width of breakwater
clearance between the propeller tip and the seabed
drag coefficient
62
pa H Smagorinski constant in Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
concentration
celerity at which scour propagates along pipeline (Chapter 2)
QalouG fluctuating component of concentration
pressure coefficient
coefficient of consolidation
pipe/pile diameter
propeller diameter
3 relative density of soil
grain size
LS
FAH
OOS soil depth (Chapter 10)
oO
grain size
&
by modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus)

ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS

clearance between pipeline and the seabed; self-burial depth


of pipeline; burial depth of pipeline
void ratio (Chapter 10)
soil deformation in r—,y— and z—directions
densimetric Froude number
Froude number
frequency of vibrations
source term in the equation governing the buildup of pore
pressure (Chapter 10)
natural frequency
wave boundary layer friction coefficient
shear modulus (Chapter 10)
gap between piles in a pile group
acceleration due to gravity
wave height
deep-water wave height
significant wave height
water depth
bed elevation (Chapter 2); pile height (Chapter 3)
water depth at seawall
inertia moment
imaginary unit
bulk modulus of elasticity of water
apparent bulk modulus of elasticity of water
Keulegan-Carpenter number .
multiplying factors in the design method of Melville-
Sutherland for pile scour-depth prediction
wave number, k = 27/L
kinetic energy (Chapter 2)
coefficient of permeability
coefficient of lateral earth pressure
surface roughness
wave length
pipeline span length (Chapter 2)
deep-water wave length
side slope, beach slope
number of piles in a pile group (Chapter 4)
number of waves
LIST OF SYMBOLS xi

N number of cycles for cyclic shear stress (Chapter 10)


Ne “number of cycles to cause liquefaction
Tr porosity
Pp pressure
pore-water pressure (Chapter 10)
hydrostatic pressure
absolute (not excess) pore-water pressure, which can be
taken equal to the initial value of pressure
pressure induced by waves on the seabed, the bed pressure
maximum value of the bed pressure
period-averaged pore-water pressure (Chapter 10)
bed-load sediment transport rate
Reynolds number
pipe/pile Reynolds number, boundary-layer Reynolds
number, respectively
wave-boundary layer Reynolds number
equilibrium scour depth
equilibrium scour depth in current-alone case (Chapter 3)
degree of saturation (Chapter 10)
scour depth at any instant
specific gravity of sediment grains
specific gravity of pipe
time scale of scour, or time scale of self-burial of pipeline
wave period (Chapter 10)
time scale of span development in pipeline scour
peak period in irregular waves
time scale of two-dimensional scour in pipeline scour
wave period
normalized time scale of scour, that of self-burial of pipeline
time
undisturbed flow velocity at the top of pipeline in current
undisturbed orbital velocity at seabed
undisturbed flow velocity at the center of pipeline in current
critical value of U (see above for U) corresponding to the
onset of scour below pipeline (Chapter 2)
critical flow velocity corresponding to the initiation of
motion at bed, the incipient sediment transport
velocity ratio, U./(Uc + Um)
bed shear velocity
xi LIST OF SYMBOLS

maximum value of bed shear velocity in waves


maximum value of undisturbed orbital velocity at the bed
deflection/sagging at the middle section of pipeline span
plan-view components of period averaged-velocity (plan-
view components of steady-streaming velocity) (Chapter 6)
streamwise component of velocity
x—component of soil displacement (Chapter 10)
ith component of velocity
plan-view components of velocity
plan-view components of ensemble-averaged velocity
mean flow velocity (cross-sectional-/depth-averaged velocity)
efflux velocity for ship propeller scour
sagging velocity of pipeline
reduced velocity
Ve Vy, Ve x—,y— and z—components of ground-water velocity
W half-width of scour hole in pipeline scour in waves
Wi, W2 upstream and downstream widths of scour hole,
respectively, in pipeline scour in steady current
z—component of soil displacement (Chapter 10)
fall velocity of sediment grains
distance from the propeller of the maximum-scour point
Cartesian coordinates
distance from the pile axis to the separation point at the
bed in front of pile, a characteristic length representing the
size of a horseshoe vortex in streamwise direction
depth measured from the mudline/seabed downwards
(Chapter 10)
scour depth in cohesive sediment
maximum (equilibrium) scour depth in cohesive sediment

amplification factor
angle of attack (Chapter 2)
specific weight of water
submerged specific weight of soil
specific weight of sediment grains
Ya Vy Vz shear (angular) deformations in the r—, y— and z—
directions
6 undisturbed boundary layer thickness
displacement thickness of undisturbed boundary layer
5*
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii

rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy


“volume expansion (Chapter 10)
surface elevation
Shields parameter
angle of wave propagation (Chapter 7)
DB
7
Sosa critical value of the Shields parameter, corresponding to the
initiation of motion at the bed
critical value of the Shields parameter, corresponding to the
initiation of suspension from the bed
critical value of the Shields parameter, corresponding to the
suction removal of the fine sediment from between armour
blocks
wave number (Chapter 10), k = 27/L
kinematic viscosity
Poisson’s ratio (Chapter 10)
turbulence viscosity
turbulence viscosity associated with small-scale, unresolved
turbulence in Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
water density
density cf sediment grains
xz—,y— and z—components of normal stress
xz—,y— and z—components of effective stress in the soil
initial effective stress, the overburden pressure value
bed shear stress
amplitude of the cyclic shear stress in soil (Chapter 10)
critical value of shear stress, corresponding to the initiation
of motion at bed
x—,y— and z—components of shear stress in the soil
undisturbed bed shear stress in current
maximum value of undisturbed bed shear stress in waves
maximum value of bed shear stress in waves
potential function
potential function (Chapter 2)
normalized bed-load sediment transport
stream function
vorticity (Chapter 2)
angular frequency of waves, w = 27/T,, or w = 21/T
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Preface

Scour around structures exposed to a steady current has received large atten-
tion at least during the last fifty years. This is because one of the most im-
portant man-made structures, namely the Bridge, the structure constructed
to allow the crossing of a river, may fail due to scouring, which is one of the
major failure modes. Many excellent text books can be found on the sub-
ject, among which we would like to mention the book by H.N.C. Breusers and
A.J. Raudkivi: Scouring. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1991; that by G.J.C.M.
Hoffmans and H.J. Verheij: Scour Manual. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1997;
and, very recently, the book by B.W. Melville and S.E. Coleman: Bridge
Scour. Water Resources Publications, LLC, CO, USA, 2000.
Wave scour has not received the same kind of attention. This is partly
because the use of structures in the ocean is much more recent than the
bridge crossing of rivers, and partly because scour has, not to the same
degree, been recognized as a failure mode. The first important contribution
to the topic is by J.B. Herbich, who published two early monographs on the
subject, J.B. Herbich: Scour around pipelines and other objects. In: Offshore
Pipeline Design Elements. Marcell Dekker, Inc. New York, NY, 1981; and
J.B. Herbich, R.E. Schiller, Jr., R.K. Watanabe and W.A. Dunlap: Seafloor
Scour. Design Guidelines for Ocean-Founded Structures, Marcell Dekker,
Inc., New York, NY, 1984. In these books attention was concentrated on
especially pipelines and piles. It has later been recognized that the scour
pattern around pipelines is much more complex and three-dimensional in
structure. Pipeline scour is one of the main chapters in the present book,
simply because a pipeline is a very important marine structure.
2 PREFACE

However, our aim is to describe the wave scour around other kinds of
coastal and offshore structures as well, such as vertical piles, breakwaters and
seawalls, just to mention the most important ones. Vertical piles of different
shapes will be a very important marine structure in the future when offshore
windmill farms will increase in number.
While we were working on the present book, another one, R. Whitehouse:
Scour at Marine Structures. Thomas Telford, 1998, appeared on the market.
Fortunately, our treatment is fairly different. In the present book the hy-
drodynamic description is very detailed, and very much based on laboratory
tests in conjunction with mathematical/numerical modelling. The reason for
this is that one structure is seldom alike to another, and therefore the un-
derstanding of the processes is a ’must” in order to be able to predict the
scour for a new structure. We hope that, with our book, we have satisfied
this goal.

Acknowledgement
A considerable portion of our research on wave scour during the last 15
years has been supported by the Danish Technical Research Council (STVF)
including two ongoing programs, namely ”Computational Hydrodynamics”
and ”Coast and Tidal Inlets”. Without the support of STVF and without
the time and effort of the scientific staff funded by STVF, the present book
would never have been possible.
We would also like to appreciate the support from the EU programs of
which we would like to acknowledge particularly the support of the‘following
two:

1. "Scour Around Coastal Structures (SCARCOST)”, which ran during


1997-2000, Contract No. MAS3-CT97-0097 of the Commission of the
European Communities, Directorate-General XII for Science, Research
and Development (Program Marine Science and Technology, MAST
III); and

2. ”Liquefaction Around Marine Structures (LIMAS)”, which is currently


running (2001-2004), Contract No. EVK3-CT-2000-00038, of the same
commission (FP5 specific program ” Energy, Environment and Sustain-
able Development”).
PREFACE 3

B. Mutlu Sumer has been the program leader of these two programs.
On this occasion, BMS would like to extend his appreciation to Mr. Chris-
tos Fragakis, the Scientific Officer in Charge of the programs, for the kind
cooperation.
Ms. Kirsten Djgrup edited the language, and Mr. Hans Jgrn Poulsen
prepared the figures and helped with the word processing.
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Chapter 1

Introduction and basic concepts

1.1 Introduction
When a structure is placed in a marine environment, the presence of the
structure will change the flow pattern in its immediate neighbourhood, re-
sulting in one or more of the following phenomena:

i: the contraction of flow;

Zs the formation of a horseshoe vortex in front of the structure:

the formation of lee-wake vortices (with or without vortex shedding)


behind the structure;

the generation of turbulence;

the occurrence of reflection and diffraction of waves;

the occurrence of wave breaking; and

the pressure differentials in the soil that may produce ” quick” condi-
tion/liquefaction allowing material to be carried off by currents.

These changes usually cause an increase in the local sediment transport


capacity and thus lead to scour.
(The term ”scour” is used instead of the more general term ” erosion”
to distinguish the process caused by the presence of a structure, Coastal
Engineering Manual, 2001).
6 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

The scour is a threat to the stability of the structure.


The type of structure where such local scour is involved can vary con-
siderably: it may be a simple structure such as a plain pipeline or a pile
or the trunk section of a vertical-wall breakwater, or it may be a complex
structure such as a group of piles, a subsea template, a protection structure
with horizontal and vertical members, or an offshore platform.
Such structures are usually exposed to currents, waves, and combined
waves and currents. Clearly, scour processes in the marine environment (with
waves being the dominating flow effect) are more complex than in steady-
current flows such as in rivers. In river hydraulics, a long tradition exists
for studying scour around hydraulic structures. Scour at a bridge pier. for
example, has been studied most extensively (Breusers and Raudkivi. 1991:
Melville and Coleman, 2000), simply because it has been realized that this
is an important cause of bridge failure. The scour problems in coastal and
offshore engineering have not received the same kind of attention. One of
the first important contributions is that of Herbich, who published two early
monographs on the subject, Herbich (1981) and Herbich et al. (1984). How-
ever, at the time of publication of these monographs, the knowledge of the
hydrodynamic processes was quite sparse, and many of the design rules were
based on only empirical information. Recent years, however, have witnessed
a rapid development of the knowledge of flow and scour processes around
marine structures, particularly those which have simple geometries such as
pipelines, piles, etc. A substantial volume of knowledge has accumulated as
a result of this intensive research activity. The book by Whitehouse (1998)
has covered developments which took place until mid nineties.
The present book is an attempt to give a comprehensive account,of scour
at marine structures, and also taking into consideration all state-of-the-art
knowledge. It is our aim to describe the hydrodynamic processes causing
scour in details. With a hydrodynamic understanding, it is easier for the
consulting engineer to predict expected scour in those many cases, where
physical model tests are not available.
We shall start off with the basic concepts (the present chapter). These
include the amplification factor in the bed shear stress in the vicinity of a
structure; the equilibrium scour depth and the time scale of scour; the clear-
water scour versus the live-bed scour; and the local scour versus the global
scour.
Next, we shall concentrate on scour at pipelines (Chapter 2), which will
be followed by a full account of scour around piles (Chapters 3-6); namely,
1.2. AMPLIFICATION FACTOR G

scour around slender piles (Chapter 3), scour around a group of slender piles
(Chapter 4), scour at ”complex” structures comprising vertical/inclined and
horizontal slender cylindrical elements (such as a piled steel platform, a sub-
sea template, or a wind turbine foundation) (Chapter 5), and scour around
large piles (Chapter 6). In Chapters 7 and 8, attention will be concentrated
on scour at breakwaters and seawalls, respectively. Chapter 9 will study
ship-propeller scour. Chapter 10 will address the question of the impact of
liquefaction.
It may be noted that some marine-engineering projects may include struc-
tural elements or flow conditions that are typically associated with inland
waters and estuaries. Breusers and Raudkivi (1991), Hoffmans and Verheij
(1997) and Melville and Coleman (2000) review techniques for estimating
maximum scour characteristics for cases that may be applicable to marine-
engineering projects, such as scour downstream of sills and stone blankets;
scour downstream of hard bottoms due to horizontal submerged jets; scour
at control structures due to plunging jets; scour at 2-D and 3-D Uren: and
scour at abutments and spur dikes.
The topics covered in these latter books and the material presented in
the present book form a complementary source of information on scour.

1.2 Amplification factor


Consider a structure placed in a marine environment. The presence of the
structure will cause the flow in its neighborhood to change. This local change
in the flow will generally cause an increase in the bed shear stress and in the
turbulence level. The sediment transport close to the structure is increased
mainly because:

1. the average bed shear stress is increased close to the structure, and

2. the degree of turbulence is increased in the vicinity of the structure.


Both features will lead to an increase in the local sediment transport
capacity. Today, however, much more knowledge is available about item (1)
than about item (2).
Usually the increase in the bed shear stress is expressed in terms of the
so-called amplification factor defined by

a=— (1.1)
T co
Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
Goarshausen, qui en fait la base au bord du Rhin, marque les deux
angles avec ses deux vieilles tours, l'une carrée, l'autre ronde.—Les
deux châteaux ennemis se guettent et semblent se jeter des coups
d'œil foudroyants à travers le paysage; car, lorsqu'un donjon est en
ruine, sa fenêtre défoncée regarde encore, mais avec ce regard
hideux d'un œil crevé.
En face, sur la rive droite, et comme prêt à mettre le holà entre les
deux adversaires, veille le spectre colossal du château-palais des
landgraves de Hesse, le Rheinfels.
A Saint-Goar le Rhin n'est plus un fleuve; c'est un lac, un vrai lac du
Jura fermé de toutes parts, avec son encaissement sombre, son
miroitement profond et ses bruits immenses.
Si l'on reste chez soi, on a toute la journée le spectacle du Rhin, les
radeaux, les longs bateaux à voiles, les petites barques-flèches et les
huit ou dix omnibus à vapeur qui vont et viennent, montent et
descendent, et passent à chaque instant avec le clapotement d'un
gros chien qui nage, fumants et pavoisés. Au loin, sur la rive
opposée, sous de beaux noyers qui ombragent une pelouse, on voit
manœuvrer les soldats de M. de Nassau en veste verte et en
pantalon blanc, et l'on entend le tambour tapageur d'un petit duc
souverain. Tout près, sous sa croisée, on regarde passer les femmes
de Saint-Goar avec leur bonnet bleu de ciel pareil à une tiare qui
aurait été modifiée par un coup de poing, et l'on entend rire et jaser
un tas de petits enfants qui viennent jouer avec le Rhin. Pourquoi
pas? Ceux de Tréport et d'Etretat jouent bien avec l'Océan. Au reste,
les enfants du Rhin sont charmants. Aucun d'eux n'a cette mine
rogue et sévère des marmots anglais, par exemple. Les marmots
allemands ont l'air indulgent comme de vieux curés.
Si l'on sort, on peut passer le Rhin pour six sous, prix d'un omnibus
parisien, et l'on monte au Chat. C'est dans ce manoir des barons de
Katzenellenbegen que s'est accomplie en 1471 la lugubre aventure
du chapelain Jean de Barnich. Aujourd'hui die Katz est une belle
ruine dont l'usufruit est loué par le duc de Nassau à un major
prussien quatre ou cinq florins par an. Trois ou quatre visiteurs
payent la rente. J'ai feuilleté le livre où s'inscrivent les étrangers; et
sur trente pages,—un an environ,—je n'ai pas vu un seul nom
français. Force noms allemands, quelques noms anglais, deux ou
trois noms italiens, voilà tout le registre. Du reste, l'intérieur du Chat
est complétement démantelé. La salle basse de la tour où le
chapelain prépara le poison pour la comtesse sert aujourd'hui de
cellier. Quelques vignes maigres se tortillent autour de leurs échalas
sur l'emplacement même où était la salle des portraits. Dans un petit
cabinet, le seul qui ait porte et fenêtre, on a cloué au mur une
gravure qui représente Bôhdan Chmielnicki et au bas de laquelle on
lit: Belli servilis autor (sic) rebelliumque Cosaccorum et plebis
Ukraynen. Le formidable chef zaporavien, affublé d'un costume qui
tient le milieu entre le moscovite et le turc, semble regarder de
travers, par la faute du graveur peut-être, deux ou trois portraits de
princes actuellement régnants rangés autour de lui.
Du haut du Chat, l'œil plonge sur le fameux gouffre du Rhin appelé
la Bank. Entre la Bank et la tour carrée de Saint-Goarshausen il n'y a
qu'un passage étroit. D'un côté le gouffre, de l'autre l'écueil. On
trouve tout sur le Rhin, même Charybde et Scylla. Pour franchir ce
détroit très-redouté, les bateaux s'attachent au côté gauche par une
assez longue corde un tronc d'arbre appelé le chien (hund), et, au
moment où ils passent entre la Bank et la tour, ils jettent le tronc
d'arbre à la Bank. La Bank saisit le tronc d'arbre avec rage et l'attire
à elle. De cette façon elle maintient le radeau à distance de la tour.
Quand le danger est passé, on coupe la corde, et le gouffre mange
le chien. C'est le gâteau de ce Cerbère.
Lorsqu'on est sur la plate-forme du Chat, on demande à son
cicerone: Où est donc la Bank? Il vous montre à vos pieds un petit
pli dans le Rhin. Ce pli, c'est le gouffre.
Il ne faut pas juger des gouffres sur l'apparence.
Un peu plus loin que la Bank, dans un tournant des plus sauvages,
s'enfonce et se précipite à pic dans le Rhin, avec ses mille assises de
granit qui lui donnent l'aspect d'un escalier écroulé, le fabuleux
rocher de Lurley. Il y a là un écho célèbre qui répète, dit-on, sept
fois tout ce qu'on lui dit ou tout ce qu'on lui chante.
Si je ne craignais pas d'avoir l'air d'un homme qui cherche à nuire à
la réputation des échos, j'avouerais que pour moi l'écho n'a jamais
été au delà de cinq répétitions. Il est probable que l'oréade de
Lurley, jadis courtisée par tant de princes et de comtes
mythologiques, commence à s'enrouer et à s'ennuyer. Cette pauvre
nymphe n'a plus aujourd'hui qu'un seul adorateur, lequel s'est creusé
vis-à-vis d'elle, sur l'autre bord du Rhin, deux petites chambres dans
les rochers et passe sa journée à lui jouer du cor de chasse et à lui
tirer des coups de fusil. Cet homme, qui fait travailler l'écho et qui en
vit, est un vieux et brave hussard français.
Du reste, pour un promeneur qui ne s'y attend pas, l'effet de l'écho
de Lurley est extraordinaire. Un batelet qui traverse le Rhin à cet
endroit-là avec ses deux petits avirons y fait un bruit formidable. En
fermant les yeux, on croirait entendre passer une galère de Malte
avec ses cinquante grosses rames remuées chacune par quatre
forçats enchaînés.
En descendant du Chat, avant de quitter Saint-Goarshausen, il faut
aller voir, dans une vieille rue parallèle au Rhin, une charmante
maison de la renaissance allemande, fort dédaignée de ses
habitants, bien entendu. Puis on tourne à droite, on passe un pont
de torrent, et l'on s'enfonce, au bruit des moulins à eau, dans la
«Vallée-Suisse,» superbe ravin presque alpestre formé par la haute
colline de Petersberg et par l'une des arrière-croupes du Lurley.
C'est une délicieuse promenade que la Vallée-Suisse. On va, on
vient, on visite les villages d'en haut, on plonge dans d'étroites
gorges tellement sombres et désertes, que j'ai vu dans l'une d'elles
la terre fraîchement remuée et le gazon bouleversé par la hure d'un
sanglier. Ou bien on suit le bas de la ravine, entre des rochers qui
ressemblent à des murs cyclopéens, sous les saules et les aunes. Là,
seul, englouti profondément dans un abîme de feuilles et de fleurs,
on peut errer et rêver toute la journée et écouter, comme un ami
admis en tiers dans le tête-à-tête, la causerie mystérieuse du torrent
et du sentier. Puis, si l'on se rapproche des routes à ornières, des
fermes et des moulins, tout ce qu'on rencontre semble arrangé et
groupé d'avance pour meubler le coin d'un paysage du Poussin. C'est
un berger demi-nu seul avec son troupeau dans un champ de
couleur fauve, et soufflant des mélodies bizarres dans une espèce de
lituus antique. C'est un chariot traîné par des bœufs, comme j'en
voyais dans les vignettes du Virgile Herhan que j'expliquais dans
mon enfance. Entre le joug et le front des bœufs il y a un petit
coussinet de cuir brodé de fleurs rouges et d'arabesques éclatantes.
Ce sont de jeunes filles qui passent pieds nus, coiffées comme des
statues du bas-empire. J'en ai vu une qui était charmante. Elle était
assise près d'un four à sécher les fruits qui fumait doucement; elle
levait vers le ciel ses grands yeux bleus et tristes, découpés comme
deux amandes sur son visage bruni par le soleil; son cou était
chargé de verroteries et de colliers artistement disposés pour cacher
un goître naissant. Avec cette difformité mêlée à cette beauté, on
eût dit une idole de l'Inde accroupie près de son autel.
Tout à coup on traverse une prairie, les lèvres du ravin s'écartent, et
l'on voit surgir brusquement au sommet d'une colline boisée une
admirable ruine. Ce schloss, c'est le Reichenberg. C'est là que vivait,
pendant les guerres du droit manuel du moyen âge, un des plus
redoutables entre ces chevaliers bandits qui se surnommaient eux-
mêmes fléaux du pays (landschaden). La ville voisine avait beau se
lamenter, l'empereur avait beau citer le brigand blasonné à la diète
de l'empire, l'homme de fer s'enfermait dans sa maison de granit,
continuait hardiment son orgie de toute-puissance et de rapine, et
vivait, excommunié par l'Eglise, condamné par la diète, traqué par
l'empereur, jusqu'à ce que sa barbe blanche lui descendit sur le
ventre. Je suis entré dans le Reichenberg. Il n'y a plus rien, dans
cette caverne de voleurs homériques, que des scabieuses sauvages,
l'ombre déchirée des fenêtres errant sur les décombres, deux ou
trois vaches qui paissent l'herbe des ruines, un reste d'armoiries
mutilées par le marteau au-dessus de la grande porte, et çà et là,
sous les pieds du voyageur, des pierres écartées par le passage des
reptiles.
J'ai aussi visité, derrière la colline du Reichenberg, quelques
masures, aujourd'hui à peine visibles, d'un village disparu qui
s'appelle le village des Barbiers. Voici ce que c'était que le village des
barbiers:
Le diable, qui en voulait à Frédéric Barberousse à cause de ses
nombreuses croisades, eut un jour l'idée de lui couper la barbe.
C'était là une vraie niche magistrale, fort convenable de diable à
empereur. Il arrangea donc avec une Dalila locale je ne sais quelle
trahison invraisemblable au moyen de laquelle l'empereur
Barberousse, passant à Bacharach, devait être endormi, puis rasé
par un des nombreux barbiers de la ville. Or, Barberousse, n'étant
encore que duc de Souabe, avait obligé, du temps de ses amours
avec la belle Gela, une vieille fée de la Wisper qui résolut de
contrecarrer le diable. La petite fée, grosse comme une sauterelle,
alla trouver un géant très-bête de ses amis, et le pria de lui prêter
son sac. Le géant y consentit et s'offrit même gracieusement à
accompagner la fée, ce qu'elle accepta. La petite fée se grandit
probablement un peu, puis alla à Bacharach dans la nuit même qui
devait précéder le passage de Barberousse, prit un à un tous les
barbiers de la ville pendant qu'ils dormaient profondément, et les mit
dans le sac du géant. Après quoi elle dit au géant de charger ce sac
sur ses épaules et de l'emporter bien loin, n'importe où. Le géant,
qui, à cause de la nuit et de sa bêtise, n'avait rien vu de ce qu'avait
fait la vieille, lui obéit et s'en alla à grandes enjambées par le pays
endormi avec le sac sur son dos. Cependant les barbiers de
Bacharach, cognés pêle-mêle les uns contre les autres,
commencèrent à se réveiller et à grouiller dans le sac. Le géant de
s'effrayer et de doubler le pas. Comme il passait par-dessus le
Reichenberg et qu'il levait un peu la jambe à cause de la grande
tour, un des barbiers, qui avait son rasoir dans sa poche, l'en tira et
fit au sac un large trou par lequel tous les barbiers tombèrent, un
peu gâtés et meurtris, dans les broussailles en poussant
d'effroyables cris. Le géant crut avoir sur son dos un nid de diables
et se sauva à toutes jambes. Le lendemain, quand l'empereur passa
à Bacharach, il n'y avait plus un barbier dans le pays; et, comme
Belzébuth y arrivait de son côté, un corbeau railleur perché sur la
porte de la ville dit au sire diable: «Mon ami, tu as au milieu du
visage une chose très-grosse que tu ne pourrais voir dans la
meilleure glace, c'est-à-dire un pied de nez.» Depuis cette époque, il
n'y a plus de barbiers à Bacharach. Le fait certain, c'est
qu'aujourd'hui même il est impossible d'y trouver un frater tenant
boutique. Quant aux barbiers escamotés par la fée, ils s'établirent à
l'endroit même où ils étaient tombés, et y bâtirent un village qu'on
nomma le village des barbiers. C'est ainsi que l'empereur Frédéric
Ier, dit Barberousse, conserva sa barbe et son surnom.
Outre la Souris et le Chat, le Lurley, la Vallée-Suisse et le
Reichenberg, il y a encore près de Saint-Goar le Rheinfels, dont je
vous ai dit un mot tout à l'heure.
Toute une montagne évidée à l'intérieur avec des crêtes de ruines
sur sa tête; deux ou trois étages d'appartements et de corridors
souterrains qui paraissent avoir été creusés par des taupes
colossales; d'immenses décombres, des salles démesurées dont
l'ogive a cinquante pieds d'ouverture; sept cachots avec leurs
oubliettes pleines d'une eau croupie qui résonne, plate et morte, au
choc d'une pierre; le bruit des moulins à eau dans la petite vallée
derrière le château, et par les crevasses de la façade le Rhin avec
quelque bateau à vapeur qui, vu de cette hauteur, semble un gros
poisson vert aux yeux jaunes cheminant à fleur d'eau et dressé à
porter sur son dos des hommes et des voitures; un palais féodal des
landgraves de Hesse changé en énorme masure; des embrasures de
canons et de catapultes, qui ressemblent à ces loges de bêtes fauves
des vieux cirques romains, où l'herbe pousse; par endroits, à demi
engagée dans l'antique mur éventré, une vis de Saint-Gilles ruinée et
comblée, dont l'hélice fruste a l'air d'un monstrueux coquillage
antédiluvien; les ardoises et les basaltes non taillées qui donnent aux
archivoltes des profils de scies et de mâchoires ouvertes; de grosses
douves ventrues tombées tout d'une pièce, ou, pour mieux dire,
couchées sur le flanc comme si elles étaient fatiguées de se tenir
debout; voilà le Rheinfels. On voit cela pour deux sous.
Il semble que la terre ait tremblé sous cette ruine. Ce n'est pas un
tremblement de terre, c'est Napoléon qui y a passé. En 1807
l'empereur a fait sauter le Rheinfels.
Chose étrange! tout a croulé, excepté les quatre murs de la chapelle.
On ne traverse pas sans une certaine émotion mélancolique ce lieu
de paix préservé seul au milieu de cette effrayante citadelle
bouleversée. Dans les embrasures des fenêtres on lit ces graves
inscriptions, deux par chaque fenêtre:—Sanctus Franciscus de Paula
vixit 1500. Sanctus Franciscus vixit 1526.—Sanctus Dominicus vixit...
(effacé). Sanctus Albertus vixit 1292.—Sanctus Norbertus, 1150.
Sanctus Bernardus, 1139.—Sanctus Bruno, 1115. Sanctus
Benedictus, 1140.—Il y a encore un nom effacé; puis, après avoir
ainsi remonté les siècles chrétiens d'auréole en auréole, on arrive à
ces trois lignes majestueuses:—Sanctus Basilius magnus, episc.
Cæsareæ Cappadoci, magister monachorum orientalium, vixit anno
372.—A côté de Basile le Grand, sous la porte même de la chapelle,
sont inscrits ces deux noms: Sanctus Antonius magnus. Sanctus
Paulus eremita...—Voilà tout ce que la bombe et la mine ont
respecté.
Ce château formidable, qui s'est écroulé sous Napoléon, avait
tremblé devant Louis XIV. L'ancienne Gazette de France, qui
s'imprimait au bureau de l'Adresse, dans les entresols du Louvre,
annonce, à la date du 23 janvier 1693, que «le landgrave de Hesse-
Cassel prend possession de la ville de Saint-Goar et du Rheinfels à
lui cédés par le landgrave Frédéric de Hesse, résolu d'aller finir ses
jours à Cologne.» Dans son numéro suivant, à la date du 5 février,
elle fait savoir que «cinq cents paysans travaillent avec les soldats
aux fortifications du Rheinfels.» Quinze jours après, elle proclame
que «le comte de Thingen fait tendre des chaînes et construire des
redoutes sur le Rhin.» Pourquoi ce landgrave qui s'enfuit? Pourquoi
ces cinq cents paysans qui travaillent mêlés aux soldats? Pourquoi
ces redoutes et ces chaînes tendues en hâte sur le Rhin? C'est que
Louis le Grand a froncé le sourcil. La guerre d'Allemagne va
recommencer.
Aujourd'hui le Rheinfels, à la porte duquel est encore incrustée dans
le mur la couronne ducale des landgraves, sculptée en grès rouge,
est la dépendance d'une métairie. Quelques plants de vigne y
végètent, et deux ou trois chèvres y broutent. Le soir, toute la ruine,
découpée sur le ciel avec ses fenêtres à jour, est d'une masse
magnifique.
En remontant le Rhin à un mille de Saint-Goar (le mille prussien,
comme la legua espagnole, comme l'heure de marche turque, vaut
deux lieues de France), on aperçoit tout à coup, à l'écartement de
deux montagnes, une belle ville féodale répandue à mi-côte jusqu'au
bord du Rhin, avec d'anciennes rues comme nous n'en voyons à
Paris que dans les décors de l'Opéra, quatorze tours crénelées plus
ou moins drapées de lierre, et deux grandes églises de la plus pure
époque gothique. C'est Oberwesel, une des villes du Rhin qui ont le
plus guerroyé. Les vieilles murailles d'Oberwesel sont criblées de
coups de canon et de trous de balles. On peut y déchiffrer, comme
sur un palimpseste, les gros boulets de fer des archevêques de
Tréves, les biscaïens de Louis XIV et notre mitraille révolutionnaire.
Aujourd'hui Oberwesel n'est plus qu'un vieux soldat qui s'est fait
vigneron. Son vin rouge est excellent.
Comme presque toutes les villes du Rhin, Oberwesel a sur sa
montagne son château en ruines, le Schœnberg, un des décombres
les plus admirablement écroulés qui soient en Europe. C'est dans le
Schœnberg qu'habitaient, au dixième siècle, ces sept rieuses et
cruelles demoiselles qu'on peut voir aujourd'hui, par les brèches de
leur château, changées en sept rochers au milieu du fleuve.
L'excursion de Saint-Goar à Oberwesel est pleine d'attrait. La route
côtoie le Rhin, qui là se rétrécit subitement et s'étrangle entre de
hautes collines. Aucune maison, presque aucun passant. Le lieu est
désert, muet et sauvage. De grands bancs d'ardoise à demi rongés
sortent du fleuve et couvrent la rive comme des tas d'écailles
gigantesques. De temps en temps on entrevoit, à demi cachée sous
les épines et les osiers et comme embusquée au bord du Rhin, une
espèce d'immense araignée formée par deux longues perches
souples et courbes, croisées transversalement, réunies à leur milieu
et à leur point culminant par un gros nœud rattaché à un levier, et
plongeant leurs quatre pointes dans l'eau. C'est une araignée en
effet.
Par instants, dans cette solitude et dans ce silence, le levier
mystérieux s'ébranle, et l'on voit la hideuse bête se soulever
lentement tenant entre ses pattes sa toile, au milieu de laquelle
saute et se tord un beau saumon d'argent.
Le soir, après avoir fait une de ces magnifiques courses qui ouvrent
jusque dans leurs derniers cæcums les cavernes profondes de
l'estomac, on rentre à Saint-Goar, et l'on trouve au bout d'une
longue table, ornée de distance en distance de fumeurs silencieux,
un de ces excellents et honnêtes soupers allemands où les
perdreaux sont plus gros que les poulets. Là, on se répare à
merveille, surtout si l'on sait se plier comme le voyageur Ulysse aux
mœurs des nations, et si l'on a le bon esprit de ne pas prendre en
scandale certaines rencontres bizarres qui ont lieu quelquefois dans
le même plat, par exemple, d'un canard rôti avec une marmelade de
pommes, ou d'une hure de sanglier avec un pot de confitures. Vers
la fin du souper, une fanfare mêlée de mousquetade éclate tout à
coup au dehors. On se met en hâte à la fenêtre. C'est le hussard
français qui fait travailler l'écho de Saint-Goar. L'écho de Saint-Goar
n'est pas moins merveilleux que l'écho de Lurley. La chose est
admirable en effet. Chaque coup de pistolet devient coup de canon
dans cette montagne. Chaque dentelle de la fanfare se répète avec
une netteté prodigieuse dans la profondeur ténébreuse des vallées.
Ce sont des symphonies délicates, exquises, voilées, affaiblies,
légèrement ironiques, qui semblent se moquer de vous en vous
caressant. Comme il est impossible de croire que cette grosse
montagne lourde et noire ait tant d'esprit, au bout de très-peu
d'instants on est dupe de l'illusion, et le penseur le plus positif est
prêt à jurer qu'il y a là-bas, dans ces ombres, sous quelque bocage
fantastique, un être surnaturel et solitaire, une fée quelconque, une
Titania qui s'amuse à parodier délicieusement les musiques
humaines et à jeter la moitié d'une montagne par terre chaque fois
qu'elle entend un coup de fusil. C'est tout à la fois effrayant et
charmant. L'effet serait bien plus profond encore si l'on pouvait
oublier un moment qu'on est à la croisée d'une auberge et que cette
sensation extraordinaire vous est servie comme un plat de plus dans
le dessert. Mais tout se passe le plus naturellement du monde;
l'opération terminée, un valet d'auberge, tenant à la main une
assiette d'étain qu'il présente aux offrandes, fait le tour de la salle
pour le hussard, qui se tient dans un coin par dignité, et tout est
terminé. Chacun se retire après avoir payé son écho.
NOTES:
[1]
L'auteur à cet égard a poussé fort loin le scrupule. Ces
lettres ont été écrites au hasard de la plume, sans livres,
et les faits historiques ou les textes littéraires qu'elles
contiennent çà et là sont cités de mémoire; or la
mémoire fait défaut quelquefois. Ainsi, par exemple, dans
la lettre neuvième, l'auteur dit que Barberousse voulut se
croiser pour la seconde ou troisième fois, et dans la lettre
dix-septième il parle des nombreuses croisades de
Frédéric Barberousse. L'auteur oublie dans cette double
occasion que Frédéric Ier ne s'est croisé que deux fois, le
première n'étant encore que duc de Souabe, en 1147, en
compagnie de son oncle Conrad III; la seconde étant
empereur, en 1189. Dans la lettre quatorzième, l'auteur a
écrit l'hérésiarque Doucet où il eût fallu écrire
l'hérésiarque Doucin. Rien n'était plus facile à corriger
que ces erreurs; il a semblé à l'auteur que, puisqu'elles
étaient dans ces lettres, elles devaient y rester comme le
cachet même de leur réalité. Puisqu'il en est à rectifier
des erreurs, qu'on lui permette de passer des siennes à
celles de son imprimeur. Un errata raisonné est parfois
utile. Dans la lettre première, au lieu de: la maison est
pleine de voix qui ordonnent, il faut lire: la maison est
pleine de voix qui jordonnent. Dans la Légende du beau
Pécopin (paragraphe XII, dernières lignes), au lieu de:
une porte de métal, il faut lire; une porte de métail. Les
deux mots jordonner et métail manquent au Dictionnaire
de l'Académie, et selon nous le Dictionnaire a tort.
Jordonner est un excellent mot de la langue familière, qui
n'a pas de synonyme possible, et qui exprime une nuance
précise et délicate: le commandement exercé avec sottise
et vanité, à tout propos et hors de tout propos. Quant au
mot métail, il n'est pas moins précieux. Le métal est la
substance métallique pure; l'argent est un métal. Le
métail est la substance métallique composée; le bronze
est un métail.
(Note de la première édition.)
[2]
A Monza, près Milan.
[3]
La chose est diversement racontée par les historiens.
Selon d'autres chroniqueurs, c'est en voulant traverser le
Cydnus ou le Cyrocadnus de vive force, que l'illustre
empereur Frédéric II, atteint d'une flèche sarrasine au
milieu du fleuve, s'y noya. Selon les légendes, il ne s'y
noya pas, il y disparut, fut sauvé par des pâtres, au dire
des uns, par des génies, au dire des autres, et fut
miraculeusement transporté de Syrie en Allemagne, où il
fit pénitence dans la fameuse grotte de Kaiserslautern, si
l'on en croit les contes des bords du Rhin, ou dans la
caverne de Kiffhæuser, si l'on en croit les traditions du
Würtemberg.
[4]
A Aix-la-Chapelle, pour voir les reliques, le pourboire à
la fabrique est fixé à un thaler, 3 fr. 75 c.
TABLE.
PRÉFACE 1
LETTRE I. De Paris à la Ferté-sous-Jouarre 17
LETTRE II. Montmirail.—Montmort.—Épernay 25
LETTRE III. Châlons.—Sainte-Menehould.—Varennes 31
LETTRE IV. De Villers-Cotterets à la frontière 49
LETTRE V. Givet 68
LETTRE VI. Les bords de la Meuse.—Dinant. Namur 74
LETTRE VII. Les bords de la Meuse.—Huy.—Liége 81
LETTRE VIII. Les bords de la Vesdre.—Verviers 92
LETTRE IX. Aix-la-Chapelle.—Le tombeau de Charlemagne 96
LETTRE X. Cologne 118
LETTRE XI. A propos de la maison Ibach 142
LETTRE XII. A propos du musée Wallraf 149
LETTRE XIII. Andernach 156
LETTRE XIV. Le Rhin 166
LETTRE XV. La Souris 186
LETTRE XVI. A travers champs 195
LETTRE XVII. Saint-Goar 200
Ch. Lahure, imprimeur du Sénat et de la Cour de Cassation,
rue de Vaugirard, 9, près de l'Odéon.

TYPOGRAPHIE DE CH. LAHURE


Imprimeur du Sénat et de la Cour de Cassation
rue de Vaugirard, 9
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