TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 23, No. 2, April 2025, pp. 267~274
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v23i2.26226 267
Enhancing terahertz patch antenna performance with
metamaterials for biomedical applications
Siraj Younes1, Foshi Jaouad1, Kaoutar Saidi Alaoui2
1
ISMSE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
2
Higher School of Technology (EST), Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history: This paper presents the performance enhancement of a terahertz (THz) patch
antenna using the metamaterials (MTM). The antenna design features a
Received Mar 24, 2024 rectangular patch with a modified ground structure, implemented on an FR4
Revised Nov 30, 2024 substrate with dielectric properties of 4.4, a tan (δ) of 0.02, and a thickness
Accepted Dec 26, 2024 of 1.6 µm. Operating at 4.92 THz, the antenna exhibits a -10 dB bandwidth
of 0.25 THz (250 GHz), catering to diverse biomedical applications. To
investigate the impact of incorporating MTM, the proposed MTM is
Keywords: positioned beneath the antenna at a separation of 12.8 µm. A comparative
analysis of the antenna’s performance with and without MTM reveals a
Biomedical applications significant influence of MTM insertion. However, the results confirm the big
High frequency structure influence of the addition of the MTM. As results, the return loss was
simulator improved from -23.16 dB to -44.73 dB. The gain was additionally elevated
Metamaterials from 1.46 dB to 5.06 dB. The design and simulation of the antenna were
Patch antenna carried out through high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software.
Terahertz
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Siraj Younes
ISMSE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University
B.P. 509, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Meknes, Morocco
Email: [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
The world is witnessing continuous development in various fields, including the world of
communications and antennas. Due to the significant increase in demand for small antennas with high
specifications, which can be integrated into various applications, including 5G [1], wireless communication
systems [2], and medical field [3], [4]. Patch antennas are characterized by their small size and ability to be
used in applications that required small spaces like cell phones [5], Bluetooth applications [6], and
biomedical capsule [7].
The need for advanced technologies in the field of biomedical has created significant interest in
terahertz (THz) frequencies due to its special properties in probing biological tissues. As presented in
Figure 1, THz waves occupy the spectrum between microwaves and infrared radiation, offering non-invasive
and non-ionizing characteristics ideal for various biomedical imaging and sensing applications. Moreover,
THz waves exhibit exceptional penetration capabilities, enabling them to traverse various materials without
deterioration, such as clothing, and biological tissues (fat, skin, and muscle). This penetrating power
facilitates the use of THz patch antenna in various biomedical application such as THz imaging techniques
[8], which provide detailed insights into internal structures and abnormalities within tissues. Additionally,
with its wide bandwidth, THz technology also presents a strong candidate for high-speed communication
[9], [10] and data transfer applications [11] and other applications that require a wide bandwidth.
Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id
268 ISSN: 1693-6930
Figure 1. Electromagnetic spectrum
Patch antennas have used as effective candidates for THz applications due to their flexibility and
their very small size [12], [13]. Nevertheless, conventional patch antennas encounter some limitations in
performance, particularly in terms of bandwidth, gain, and directivity. To address these challenges, the
integration of metamaterials (MTM) has proposed by the researchers as a recent solution to improve the
characteristics of patch antennas [14], [15]. MTM, engineered structures with tailored electromagnetic
characteristics that are absent in natural substances [16], offer special control over electromagnetic waves at
various frequencies ranges including THz frequencies. As results, the incorporation of MTM unlocks novel
functionalities and features in patch antennas world, paving the way for innovative solutions in biomedical
applications, sensing [17], and imaging [18].
The gain improvement of THz patch antennas with MTM is proposed in [19], the antenna operates
at 1.85 THz, and the gain was increased by 45% using an enz MTM superstrate composed of (InSb) an
(SiO2) multilayers. The authors [20]-[22] proposed the utilization of a reflective frequency structure
simulators (FSSs) for the gain enhancement patch antennas. Resonates at 1.07 and 1.7 THz. The
improvement in bandwidth of patch antenna utilizing metasurfaces is presented in [23], the suggested
antenna reached a bandwidth of 45.4 % accompanied by a maximum gain of 3.8 dBi. The use of artificial
magnetic conductor (AMC) is presented in [24], operating at 3.5 GHz, with gain improvements of about
3.3 dB (about 42%). The bandwidth enhancement of a planar antenna using MTM is presented, the MTM
is directly integrated inside the feed line, the gain was improved by 2.7 dBi and the efficiency increased by
12% [25].
This work presents the integration of the MTM with patch antennas to propel the advancement of
THz technology in biomedical applications. Specifically, we investigate the proposed design and the
characterization of the MTM based antennas. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis, numerical
simulations, this study provides a detailed insight into the performances improvement achieved through the
inclusion of MTM into a THz antenna. Especially, the focus lies on assessing the enhancement impact on the
return loss (S11), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and gain. The structure of our paper is as follows: the
first part presents the patch and MTM designs. Following that, the part two delves into a parametric analysis,
and the third section analyzes the results. Lastly, a concise conclusion and future work are presented in the
final section.
2. THE PROPOSED METAMATERIAL BASED ANTENNA DESIGN
2.1. The configuration of the antenna
Our antenna features a patch design with a partial ground structure, implemented on an FR4
substrate, measuring L×W in total dimensions. The measurements of the patch antenna were established
utilizing the subsequent (1) [26]:
𝑐 2
𝑊𝑝 = √𝜀 (1)
2𝑓 𝑟 +1
where 𝐶 is the the velocity of light, 𝑓 the frequency and 𝜀𝑟 is the dielectric of the substrate,
1
εr +1 εr -1 12h -
εreff = 2
+ 2 [1+ w ] 2 (2)
where εreff is the effective dielectric and hs the substrate thickness:
w
(εref +0.3)( +0.264)
ℎ𝑠
∆L=0.412ℎ𝑠 w (3)
(εref -0.258)( +0.8)
ℎ𝑠
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 23, No. 2, April 2025: 267-274
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control 269
where △ 𝐿 is the length extension,
𝐿𝑝 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2 △ 𝐿 (4)
where 𝐿𝑝 is the patch length and 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the effective length.
𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (5)
2𝑓𝑟 √ℇ𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
Following the initial antenna design, certain adjustments were made to enhance the antenna
characteristics. These modifications involved slotting the radiating element and reducing the size of the
ground. The ultimate design is detailed in Figure 2. The utilization of a partial ground, as opposed to a full
ground, plays a crucial role in achieving a good impedance matching. The antenna resonates at 4.92 THz, the
resonance at this frequency signifies the antenna’s capability to emit and receive THz waves, a capability
poised to revolutionize biomedical applications. THz imaging and sensing, enabled by such antennas, offer
unparalleled precision in visualizing biological structures, and probing molecular compositions. Table 1
presents the antenna dimensions values.
Figure 2. Antenna structure
Table 1. The antenna parameters
Variable W L Wp Lp Wf Lf a b c d e S1 S2 Hs Hg
Value (µm) 49 35 39 25 4.8 15 35 21 25 11 5 2 4.2 2 12.9
2.2. The metamaterials design
The suggested MTM consists of a split-ring resonator integrated in a substrate of FR4. The
resonators are strategically placed and separated by a distance W 3 to minimize the mutual coupling and
interact with incident waves and control the propagation characteristics. Figure 3 illustrates the configuration
of the MTM design. The overall dimensions of the design are specified as Lm×Wm, and detailed design
parameters can be found in Table 2.
Figure 3. The MTM design
Enhancing terahertz patch antenna performance with metamaterials for biomedical … (Siraj Younes)
270 ISSN: 1693-6930
Table 2. The MTM parameters values
Variable Wm Lm W1 W2 W3 L1 L2 Hm
Value (µm) 80 70 64 50 5 54 40 1.7
2.3. Metamaterials based antenna
As disputed in Figure 4, the MTM is located beneath the antenna, with a gap (G) of 12.8 µm. The
MTM alters the local electromagnetic environment, leading to enhanced impedance matching, reduced
backward radiation, and improved radiation pattern control. These effects contribute to increased antenna
performance.
Figure 4. Configuration of the MTM based antenna
2.4. Parametric analysis
2.4.1. Effect of the ground length (Hg)
The ground plane’s dimensions play a crucial role in establishing the suited frequency and attaining a
good impedance matching, which is a critical factors for minimizing reflection and optimizing power transfer.
Adjusting the ground plane length becomes a strategic approach to tune the antenna’s resonant frequency and
tailor its impedance characteristics. Figure 5 illustrates the reflections coefficients with various Hg values. The
parameter underwent adjustments within the range of 10.9 to 13.9 µm, with increments of 1 µm. It’s very clear
that the parameter plays a big influence. The antenna reached a S11 of -44.73 dB with Hg=12.9 µm, marking it
as the optimal outcome. Whereas it did not surpass the value of -17 dB for the other Hg values.
Figure 5. Reflection coefficient with differents Hg values
2.4.2. Effect of the air gap between the metamaterials and the antenna (G)
In order to more improve the MTM based antenna performance, a parametric study was conducted
by varying the air gap value between the MTM and the antenna. The parameter was ranged from 10.8 to
13.8 µm. Figure 6 disputed the obtained results, the S11 was enhanced from -30 dB at G=10.8 µm to -44.73 dB
at G=12.8 µm signify a substantial reduction in reflected power. Notably, the observed peak at an air gap of
12.8 µm highlights an optimal configuration within the studied range.
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TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control 271
Figure 6. Reflection coefficient with differents G values
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this part, we introduce and present the obtained results. Providing analysis and insights garnered
from our research.
3.1. Reflection coefficient and the voltage standing wave ratio
The reflection coefficient and VSWR serve as pivotal indicators elucidating the patch antenna’s
behavior and offering a precise assessment of power transmission quality. Optimal performance is typically
indicated by S11 values below -10 dB and VSWR values below 2 (S11<-10 dB and VSWR<2). Figures 7(a)
and (b), present our proposed antenna S11 and VSWR characteristics, respectively. Integration of MTM
noticeably enhances antenna performance. The reflection coefficient experiences a significant improvement
from -23.16 dB to -44.73 dB, accompanied by a bandwidth of 250 GHz (4.81-5.06 THz) with a resonance
frequency of 4.92 THz, while the VSWR attains an impressive value of 1.02. This remarkable improvement
indicates a substantial decrease in the amount of reflected power, signifying improved impedance matching
and overall antenna efficiency.
(a) (b)
Figure 7. MTM based antenna; (a) reflection coefficient and (b) VSWR
3.2. Radiations patterns
The radiations patterns of an antenna are a crucial parameter that illustrates how effectively it emits
electromagnetic waves into space. In Figures 8(a) and (b), the 2D radiations patterns, without and with MTM,
are depicted. While the 3D radiations without and with MTM are presented in Figures 8(c) and (d),
respectively. Notably, the integration of MTM has yielded a noticeable enhancement in antenna gain. The
antenna experienced a gain enhancement from 1.42 dB to 5.06 dB at 4.9 THz (increased by approximately
256%). This enhancement in gain signifies an improvement in the antenna’s capability to concentrate and
steer the radiation in a specific direction, resulting in more efficient signal transmission and reception.
Enhancing terahertz patch antenna performance with metamaterials for biomedical … (Siraj Younes)
272 ISSN: 1693-6930
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 8. Radiations patterns; (a) 2D without MTM, (b) 2D with MTM, (c) 3D without MTM, and (d) 3D
with MTM
3.3. Current distribution
The antenna current distribution without and with MTM are showed in Figures 9(a) and (b),
respectively. This comparison reveals the significant enhancement that MTM brings to antenna performance.
Without MTM, the current is more dispersed, especially towards the edges of the patch, with a maximum
density of 7.75×104 A/m, leading to inefficient electromagnetic field confinement and increased surface wave
losses. This results in lower gain and directivity. In contrast, with MTM, the current becomes more
concentrated and uniform, particularly around the feed line and the inner edge of the patch, with the peak
current density rising to 9.34×104 A/m. This focused distribution reduces energy losses, enhances field
confinement, and improves the various antenna performance, including gain and directivity.
(a) (b)
Figure 9. Current distribution of the suggested antenna; (a) without MTM and (b) with MTM
Table 3 presents a comprehensive comparison of the performance of the suggested antenna both
with and without MTM, through this comparison, it becomes evident that the inclusion of MTM has exerted
a significant influence on various key parameters, notably the reflection coefficient, VSWR, and gain.
Table 4 presents a comparison of our antenna with previous antennas. By showcasing the best results, our
proposed antenna establishes itself as a leading candidate in antenna design.
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TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control 273
Table 3. Antenna performance comparison with and without MTM
Parameter Frequency (THz) S11 (dB) VSWR Gain (dB)
Antenna alone 4.92 -23.16 1.2 1.42
With MTM 4.92 -44.73 1.02 5.06
Table 4. Antenna performance comparison with other antenna designs
Ref. Size (µm2) Frequency (THz) S11 (dB) Gain (dB)
Prince et al. [27] 23×19 4.95 −55.31 4.25
Christydass and Nurhayati [28] 32×36 4.60 −44.28 3.10
Shalini [29] 50×50 4.83 −38.00 4.30
This work 49×35 4.92 −44.73 5.06
4. CONCLUSION
This paper presented the use of MTM for the improvement of a patch antenna performance. The
suggested design is a very small patch antenna with size of 49×35 µm2 and an incomplete ground plane
optimized for operation at 4.92 THz for biomedical applications. The radiating element is positioned over a
substrate of FR4 and fed with a feed line of 50 Ω. The proposed MTM is a periodic SRR integrated into an
FR4 substrate and positioned bellow the antenna at a gap of 12.8 µm. This integration enhances clearly the
antenna characteristics in terms of return loss, VSWR, and the radiation pattern. The S11 underwent an
improvement from -23.16 dB to -44.73 dB. Additionally, the VSWR saw an improvement, decreasing from
1.2 to 1.02, while the gain increased by 3.64 dB, rising from 1.42 dB to 5.06 dB. The integration MTM offer
the capability to overcome inherent limitations of conventional antennas, enabling the realization of compact,
high-performance antennas tailored for THz frequencies. As results, the utilization of MTM with THz patch
antennas represents a promising path for advancing biomedical applications in the THz frequency range,
including cancer detection, tissue characterization, and non-invasive imaging. For future work, we aim to
simulate the suggested antenna alongside a human body model to examine its performance in proximity to a
human body.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Siraj Younes received his Master’s degree in Industrial Computer Engineering
and Instrumentation from the Faculty of Science and Technology Errachidia (FSTE), Moulay
Ismail University, Morocco, in 2020. Presently, he is pursuing a Ph.D. at FSTE in Errachidia,
Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, starting in 2022. His research focuses on the design and
optimization of patch antennas for biomedical applications. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].
Foshi Jaouad Professor of Higher Education in Telecommunications at the
Faculty of Science and Technology in Errachidia Morocco since 2008, he obtained his
National Doctorate in 2001 from the Faculty of Sciences at Moulay Ismail University in
Meknes, Morocco. Currently, he serves as the dean of FSTE. His research interests encompass
the investigation of patch antennas in various applications. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].
Kaoutar Saidi Alaoui Assistant Professor of Higher Education in
Telecommunications and Electronics at the Dakhla Higher School of Technology, Ibn Zohr
University, Agadir Morocco since 2021, she obtained his National Doctorate in 2020 from the
Faculty of Science and Technology in Errachidia at Moulay Ismail University in Meknes,
Morocco. Currently, she’s the coordinator of the electrical engineering branch at the Dakhla
Higher School of Technology. Her research interests encompass optical fiber, OCDMA, and
patch antennas for biomedical applications. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].
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