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Effect of Plant Spacing and Fertilizer Levels on Growth, Yield And Quality Of
Castor (Ricinus Communis L.)

Article · April 2019

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Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences
Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 8 [5] April 2019 : 15-18
©2019 Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India
Online ISSN 2277-1808
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Effect of Plant Spacing and Fertilizer Levels on Growth, Yield And

Quality Of Castor (Ricinus Communis L.)
R.S. Shinde, A.S. Dambale, P.O.Bhutada and V.P Suryavanshi
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Latur
Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 413 512 (MS)
Email id- [email protected]

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2016 at Experiment Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of
Agriculture, Latur, to study the effect of plant to plant spacing and fertilizer levels on castor.The results indicated that
growth and yield attributing characters of castor viz. plant height, number of functional leaves, number of capsules
plant-1, total dry matter, seed yield per plant were appreciably improved with the spacing of 75 cm (P3). The plant to
plant spacing of 45 cm (P1) was found to be significantly effective in producing higher seed yield (kg ha-1), oil yield (kg
ha-1), gross monetary returns, net monetary returns and B: C ratio which was at a par with the spacing of 60 cm (P2) and
significantly superior over 75 cm spacing.Among different fertilizer levels, the application of 80:50:40 NPK kg ha-1(F3)
produced significantly higher growth and yield attributing characters, higher seed yield and oil yield (kg ha-1), gross and
net monetary returns with higher B: C ratio as compared to 40:30:20 NPK kg ha-1(F1) and it was at par with 60:40:30
NPK kg ha-1 (F2).
Keywords: kharif season, Castor, Yield And Quality

Received 13.12.2018 Revised 20.01.2019 Accepted 31.01.2019

INTRODUCTION
Castor (Ricinus commuunis L.) is one of the oilseed crop and plays an important role in country’s
vegetable oil economy. It is indigenous to Eastern Africa and originated in Ethiopia. Red and white seeded
variety of castor were described in the ancient book of Indian “Susrut Samhita” written nearly 2000 years
ago, which indicates familiarity of the crop to Indians since ancient time. Castor seed contain 50-55 per
cent oil and occupies second position in the production of non-edible oil in the world. It is sticky,
dissolved slowly in petrol and other organic solvents and does not freeze at very low temperature (-12 to
-18oC) which makes it superb lubricating material.
India is the world’s largest producer of castor contributing to around 80 per cent of total world
production and dominating the global trade with a share of more than 10 lakh tonnes of castor seed and
around 5.5 lakh tonnes of castor oil, India meets more than 80 per cent demand of castor oil, thereby
enjoying a dominant position in the world castor scenario.The production in India has been with standing
an increasing trend in the 2001-2014 decade due to rising usage of castor oil in different industries.
Moreover, strong export demand for castor oil was also one of the reasons for rise in production. Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh contributes 96 per cent of the total castor seed production in India.
Gujarat is the chief producing state, having a share of 75 per cent of domestic production, followed by
Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. Total area under castor crop in India for year 2013-14 was 9.84 lakh ha
and production of castor seed was 12.03 lakh tonnes. Average yield for 2013-14 was 1223 kg ha-1. [1]
In Maharashtra, castor is grown on an area of 10132 ha with the production of 3036 tonnes of castor seed
and average productivity of 310 kg ha-1 [2]. Thus, the statistics on area, production and productivity of
castor in Maharashtra are not encouraging when compared with Gujarat and India

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2016-17 at Experimental Farm, Department of
Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Latur. The topography of experimental field was uniform and
levelled.The soil of the experimental site was deep, black in colour with good drainage the soil of

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 Shinde et al

experimental plots was clayey in texture. The chemical composition of experimental plots indicated that
the soil was low in available nitrogen (159.6kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (18.00kg ha-1), very
high in available potassium (454.06 kg ha1) content and alkaline in reaction having pH of 7.90.The mean
annual precipitation was about 735 mm. Most of the monsoon rains (72 per cent) received from June to
September.The present experiment was laid out by using Factorial Randomized block design with three
replications. There were nine combinations of two factors i.e plant spacing (45,60 and 75 cm) and
fertilizer doses (40:30:20,60:40:30,80:50:40 kg N, P and K per ha) each three levels.The seeds of hybrid
DCH 117 were sown at the depth of 5 cm. Sowing was done by dibbling by using seed rate kg ha-1. The
gross and net plot size was 6.3x 4.5m and 2.7 m x variable respectively. The total rainfall received during
growth period of cowpea was 1096 mm with 38 rainy days. The recommended dose of fertilizer was
60:40:30 kg NPK ha-1 applied as per treatments through Urea, single super phosphate and murate of
potash.Weed control was done by hand weeding. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using
standard analysis of variance.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table No 1: Growth attributes of castor as influenced by plant spacing’s and fertilizer levels
Oil
Leaf Number of Dry matter content
Plant Stem girth
Treatment area nodes (g) plant- (%)
height (cm) plant-1(cm)
(dm2) plant-1 1

A. Plant to plant spacing

P1 - 45 cm 133.87 11.60 13.08 6.12 129.67 49.72
P2 - 60 cm 126.94 13.25 12.92 6.96 142.91 49.94
P3 - 75 cm 126.18 14.61 14.29 7.10 143.90 50.47
SEm+ 2.35 0.40 0.34 0.23 2.83 0.17
CD at 5 % NS 1.23 1.04 0.69 8.48 0.53
B. Fertilizer Levels
(NPK kg/ha)
F1 - 40:30:20 125.38 12.36 12.73 3.23 132.64 49.52
F2 - 60:40:30 127.86 13.07 13.32 6.61 140.38 50.24
F3 - 80:50: 40 133.76 14.03 14.23 7.23 143.46 50.37
SE m+ 2.35 0.40 0.34 0.23 2.83 0.17
CD at 5 % NS 1.23 1.04 0.69 8.48 0.53
Interaction (P x F)
SE m+ 4.08 6.70 0.60 0.40 4.90 0.30
C.D. at 5 % NS NS NS NS NS NS
General Mean 133.87 13.25 13.43 6.73 139 50.00

Effect of plant spacing and fertilizer levels on growth of castor results show that at harvest the closer
plant to plant spacing (45 cm) was recorded higher plant height (133.87 cm) and at harvest the maximum
plant height was recorded with the application of 80:50:40 Kg NPK ha-1. This treatment significantly
superior over 40:30:20 Kg NPK ha-1. The narrow inter row and intra row plant spacing might have
provided insufficient space for spread or low plant canopy area and energy diverted upward increasing
height instant of spreading due to lower area available to each plant and increased in height at narrow
spacing 90 x 45 cm. This is in agreement with the findings Ivanovet al. [3], Virender sardana et al. [6].
Among the plant to plant spacing, 75 cm (P3) was significantly superior over 60 cm (P2) and 45 cm (P1) at
harvest. This might be due to sufficient availability of nutrients, space, sunlight and soil moisture leads to
more number of leaves and broader leaves resulted in higher leaf area under wider plant to plant spacing
(75 cm). The closer plant to plant spacing (45 cm) was recorded lower number of nodes plant-1. This
might be due to lower production of photosynthesis and more competition for nutrient, light and
moisture. Due to reduced nutritional area per plant resulted in low supply of nutrients which might have
decreased growth rate of crop under narrow spacing. Such type of advantage of wider spacing in castor
was also reported from Talod [2].Mean stem girth is the result of amount of total dry matter accumulation
in stem and subsequent development of stem tissue. The mean stem girth was increasing substantially as
the plant to plant spacing was increasing from 45 cm to 75 cm and it was maximum with wider plant to
plant spacing (75 cm) that was 6.77 and 7.10 at 120 DAS and at harvest. This might be because of
availability of more unit area per plant under wider spacing, thereby resulting in total dry matter
accumulation and subsequently increase in mean stem girth of the castor crop plant.wider plant to plant

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 Shinde et al

spacing (75 cm) was recorded significantly higher total dry matter per plant and at par with the narrow
plant to plant spacing (60 cm) and found significantly superior over 45 cm. Thus the increased total dry
matter per plant at wider plant spacing which usually associated with increased leaf area per plant has
led to greater accumulation of photosynthates. Due to wider plant to plant spacing (75 cm) better
availability of light, nutrient and moisture. Similar findings reported by Rao and Venkateswarlu (1988)
from Hyderabad. Oil content (%) m in castor was differed significantly due to different plant spacings.
The highest percent oil (50.47) was estimated with wider plant spacing (75 cm). The oil percent was
increase with increase in plant spacing due to better utilization and less competition for nutrient.
Application of 80:50:40 NPK kg ha-1 (F3) was found significantly effective than 40:30:20 NPK kg ha-1 and
60:40:30 NPK kg ha-1 in increasing in all growth and yield parameter.This might be due to enhanced
mostly all the growth and yield parameters with higher levels of balanced fertilizer (NPK). The nitrogen
promotes leaf, stem and other vegetative growth, produce rapid and early growth. Phosphorus stimulate
early root development, flowering and aids in seed formation. Adequate supply of phosphorus in early
stage helps in increasing number of branches for the reproductive plant parts. Whereas potassium helps
in seed.

Table No 2: Yield attributes of castor as influenced by plant spacing’s and fertilizer levels
Oil yield Seed yield
Number Number of Seed yield Seed
(kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
Treatments of Spike capsule plant-1 index
plant-1 plant-1 (g) (g)
A. Plant to plant spacing
P1 - 45 cm 5.30 131 82 23.47 599 1205

P2 - 60 cm 5.68 141 87 23.76 557 1120

P3 - 75 cm 6.40 169 97 24.90 483 957
SEm+ 0.29 3.00 2.36 0.37 19 37.61

CD at 5 % 0.87 9.48 7.07 1.13 56 113

B. Fertilizer Levels
(NPK kg/ha)
F1 - 40:30:20 4.97 135 80 22.81 487 983
559
F2 - 60:40:30 5.97 146 86 24.36 1113

598
F3 - 80:50: 40 6.44 161 99.39 24.96 1187

19
SE m+ 0.29 3.16 2.36 0.37 37.61

56
CD at 5 % 0.87 9.48 7.07 1.13 113

Interaction (P x F)
SE m+ 0.50 5.48 4.08 0.65 32.16 65
NS
C.D. at 5 % NS NS NS NS NS

General Mean 3.79 147 88 24 547 1094

development, improves the quality of final products. These activities of nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium are responsible for better growth and yield attributes. Similar results for P and K were
reported by Kathmale et al. [5] Sardana et al. [6] also found higher growth attributes with higher levels of
fertilizers
Among the different plant to plant spacings, 75 cm (P3) produced significantly highest number of spikes
per plant (6.40) and number of capsules per plan over rest of spacing and lowest produced due to 45 cm
(P1). This happens may be due to the wider plant to plant spacing (75 cm) provides the better nutrients,
light and moisture in adequate amount resulted in higher dry matter production alternatively it converts
in higher number of spikes and capsuls plant-1.
The mean seed index (100 seed weight) of castor was significantly influenced due to different spacing.
The spacing 75 cm (P3) was recorded significantly highest seed index (24.90 g) than closer spacing might
be due to lower competition among plant for nutrient, light and moisture which increase dry matter

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 Shinde et al

accumulation per plant and resulted in better development of seed due to increased test weight under
wider spacing. Such wider spacing was reported by Thadoda et al. [9]. Thus, the increased number of
spikes per plant at wider plant densities which usually associated with increased number of capsule per
plant has led to greater seed yield per plant. This resulted in relatively better yield per plant at wider
plant spacing than at lower plant spacing.
The mean seed yield per plant was influenced significantly due to different spacings. The spacing of 75 cm
(P3) was recorded highest mean seed yield per plant over rest of the spacings this might be due to higher
photosynthesis and higher dry matter production converted into seed yield by the availability of
sufficient space for growth.
The yield attributing character viz. number of spikes plant-1, number of capsule plant-1, seed yield plant-1
and seed index (g) were influenced significantly due to different fertilizer levels.
The application of fertilizer @ 80:50:40 NPK kg ha-1 (F3) recorded higher yield attributes. It might be due
to higher fertilizers levels (80:50:40 NPK kg ha-1) enhanced the growth attributes through increasing
photosynthetic efficiency which ultimately contributes to higher yield attributes of the plant. Similar
result also reported by M.S. Jakasaniya et al. [4], Singh I. [7]. The mean oil yield (kg ha-1) was influenced
significantly due to different plant spacing. Plant spacing 45 cm (P1) recorded significantly higher oil yield
(kg ha-1). It might be due to higher seed yield per unit area obtain with the 45 cm plant to plant spacing
same result was found with Anonymous [2] S.K. Nagar Gujrat.
Application of 80:50:40 NPK kg ha-1 (F3) recorded significantly higher seed yield (kg ha-1) over the
40:30:20 NPK kg ha-1 (F1) and found to be at par with 60:40:30 (F2). This might be due to higher growth
and yield contributing characters with higher levels of fertilizers which results in increasing the final
yield. The similar results were obtained by Singh [7], Shrivastava S.K. and Singh N.D. [8].

REFERENCES
1. Anonymous. (1995). Package of practices for increasing production of castor. The Project Directorate,
Rajendranager, Hyderabad, pp.1-13.
2. Anonymous (1996). Effect of different spacing on yield of DCH 5 under irrigated condition in North Gujrat
region, Talod. Annual Progress Report, Castor 1996, DOR, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, pp 158.
3. Ivanov, V.K., Krieeva, S.A., Moroz , A.P. and Salatenko, V.M. 1966. Castor beans on irrigated land in the South
Ukraine Stpee, (Russ.) rest. Sel- Khoz, Nauki, Mosk. No.2:29-34 (Fide: Field Crop ABSTR., 19(4):302.
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8. Srivastava, S.K. and Singh, N.D., (2009). Investigation on sowing time, plant spacing and fertilizer requirement on
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9. Thododa, N. K., Suhodia, N. M., Malvia, D. D. and Mordia, A.M. (1996). Response of castor (Ricinus communis L.)
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of castor varieties J. Res.APAU 16 (1): 37-39.

CITATION OF THIS ARTICLE

R.S. Shinde, A.S. Dambale, P.O.Bhutada and V.P Suryavanshi. Effect of Plant Spacing and Fertilizer Levels on Growth,
Yield And Quality Of Castor (Ricinus Communis L.). Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 8 [5] April 2019: 15-18

BEPLS Vol 8 [5] April 2019 18 | P a g e ©2019 AELS, INDIA

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