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Lecture 5

The document discusses structural vibration, focusing on natural frequency, resonance, and modal analysis as crucial for understanding engineering product performance. It explains the concept of vibration, the importance of frequency response functions (FRF) in characterizing dynamic behavior, and the parameters involved in modal analysis. Additionally, it covers experimental considerations for measuring FRF, including types of measurements and estimators used in the analysis.

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2 views27 pages

Lecture 5

The document discusses structural vibration, focusing on natural frequency, resonance, and modal analysis as crucial for understanding engineering product performance. It explains the concept of vibration, the importance of frequency response functions (FRF) in characterizing dynamic behavior, and the parameters involved in modal analysis. Additionally, it covers experimental considerations for measuring FRF, including types of measurements and estimators used in the analysis.

Uploaded by

chinhpq.23bi14077
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measurement & Condition Monitoring

Department of Aeronautics, USTH


Signals and Systems Lab

Bui Quang Thanh, Ph.D.

1
Lecture 5

Structural Vibration: Natural Frequency and Resonance, Frequency Response


Function, Modal Analysis

2
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis
Most structures vibrate, so the study of structural dynamics is essential for understanding and evaluating the performance of any engineering
product.

What is vibration?
Stored energy within a structure is
transformed between potential (elastic
deformation) and kinetic (moving mass)
energy. The oscillatory motion is vibration.
The stored energy results in standing
waves (modes) at inherent natural
frequencies.

3
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis
All Structures Exhibit Modal Behaviour

An alternative approach is the system-analysis technique in which a dual-channel FFT analyser can be used to measure the ratio
of the response to a measured input force. The frequency response function (FRF) measurement removes the force spectrum
from the data and describes the inherent structural response between the measurement points. From a set of FRF measurements
made at defined points on a structure, we can begin to build up a picture of its response. The technique used to do this is modal
analysis.

We see that each SDOF model is associated with a frequency, a damping and a mode shape. These are the MODAL
PARAMETERS:
• modal frequency
• modal damping
• mode shape

4
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

5
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

6
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

7
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

8
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

9
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

10
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

11
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

12
Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

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Introduction on Vibration and Modal Analysis

From Jefferson Lab

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FRF – Case Study

Mass, Stiffness, and


Damping Regions of a FRF

Frequency Response Function (FRF) of a Single-Degree-of-


Freedom (SDOF) system in terms of displacement over force

15
FRF – Case Study
Background
- Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Response
- Mass, Stiffness, and Damping Regions of a FRF

Experimental FRF Measurement Considerations


- Measurement Types and Equipment
- Input Force
- Cross-power, Spectrum, and Auto-power Formulation
- Imaginary FRFs and Mode Shapes
- Averaging FRF Measurements: Coherence
- FRF Estimators
H1 Estimator
H2 Estimator
Hv Estimator

16
Frequency Responses Function (FRF)
A Frequency Response Function (or FRF) is:

• a frequency based function, used to measure and


characterize the dynamic behavior of a structure

• used to identify the resonant frequencies, damping


and mode shapes of a physical structure

• sometime referred to a “transfer function” between


the input and output

• to express the frequency domain relationship


between an input (x) and output (y) of a linear,
time-invariant system

Bode Plot of Amplitude and Phase of a FRF function.


Amplitude has peaks corresponding to natural
frequencies/resonances of test object. Phase has shift
at resonant frequency.

17
Frequency Response Function (FRF)
A Frequency Response Function (or FRF) is:

• is a frequency based function


• used to identify the resonant frequencies, damping and mode
shapes of a physical structure
• sometimes referred to a “transfer function” between the input
and output
• expresses the frequency domain relationship between an input
(x) and output (y) of a linear, time-invariant system

The following can be learned about a structure from a FRF:

• Resonances - Peaks indicate the presence of the natural


frequencies of the structure under test
• Damping - Damping is proportional to the width of the peaks.
The wider the peak, the heavier the damping
• Mode Shape - The amplitude and phase of multiple FRFs
acquired to a common reference on a structure are used to Bode Plot of Amplitude and Phase of a FRF
determine the mode shape function. Amplitude has peaks corresponding to
natural frequencies/resonances of test object. Phase
has shift at resonant frequency

18
Experimental Modal Analysis
Crosspower, Spectrum, and Autopower Formulation

• H represents the FRF between input X and output Y

• The FRF is the crosspower (Sxy) of the input (x) and


output (y) divided by the autopower (Sxx)

• The autopower Sxx is the complex conjugate (a-ib) of the


input spectrum multiplied by itself (a+ib), which becomes
an all real function, containing no phase.

• The crosspower Sxy is the complex conjugate of the


output spectrum multiplied by the input spectrum, and
contains both amplitude and phase.

19
Frequency Responses Function (FRF)
Crosspower, Spectrum, and Autopower Formulation

Left - FRF expressed in Amplitude and Phase Right - FRF expressed in Real and Imaginary
20
Frequency Responses Function (FRF)

Structure Response

Structure Frequency Response Function

21
Frequency Responses Function (FRF)

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Frequency Responses Function (FRF)

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Frequency Responses Function (FRF)

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Frequency Responses Function (FRF)

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Frequency Responses Function (FRF)

26
Analytical Modal Analysis

27

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