Class 9th

PHYSICS
MOTION
Motion
An object is said to be in the state of motion if it changes its position with respect to time and its surroundings.

Rest
An object is said to be in the state of rest if it does not change its position with respect to time and its surroundings.

Scalar Quantities
Physical quantities having magnitude but no direction are called scalar quantities. e.g., distance, speed.

Vector Quantities
Physical quantities having both magnitude and direction are called vector quantities. e.g., displacement, velocity.

Distance
• The actual path or length travelled by an object during its journey from its initial position to its final
position is called the distance.
• Distance is a scalar quantity.
• Distance can never be negative.
• S.I Unit is “metre”

Displacement
• It is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of an object.
• Displacement is a vector quantity.
• Displacement can be positive, negative or zero.
• S.I Unit is “metre”.

Uniform Motion
When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time, then the motion is said to be uniform motion.

Non uniform motion

When a body travels equal distance in an unequal interval of time or unequal distance in equal interval of time, then
the motion is said to be non uniform motion.

Speed
• The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit time is called speed.
• Speed = Distance travelled / Time taken
• Speed is a scalar quantity.
• S.I Unit is m/s.

Velocity
• It is the speed of a body in a given direction.
• Velocity = Displacement / Time
• Velocity is a vector quantity.
• S.I unit is m/s.
Average Speed
• The total distance travelled divided by the total time taken is called average speed.
• Average speed = Total distance travelled / Total time taken
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Average Velocity
• Average Velocity is defined as the total displacement travelled by the body in time t.
• If final Velocity “V” and Initial velocity “U” are known-
U+V
Vav =
2
Acceleration
• The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
• It is a vector quantity.
• S.I unit is ms-2

Types of acceleration
1. Positive Acceleration: Acceleration is said to be positive if velocity of an object increases with time.
2. Negative acceleration: Acceleration is said to be negative if velocity of an object decreases with time.
3. Zero acceleration: Acceleration is said to be zero if velocity of an object remains constant with time.

Graphical representation of Motion

Distance-Time Graph
• Distance-Time graphs show the change in the position of an object with respect to time.
• Linear variation implies uniform motion and non-linear variations imply non-uniform motion.
• The slope gives us speed.

Velocity-Time Graph
• Velocity-Time graphs show the change in velocity with respect to time.
• Slope gives acceleration.
• The area under the curve gives displacement.
• Line parallel to the x-axis implies constant velocity.

Equations of Motion
The motion of an object moving at uniform acceleration can be described with the help of three equations, namely
(i) v = u + at
(ii) v2 – u2 = 2as
(iii) s = ut + (½)at2
where u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity, t is the time, a is the acceleration and s is the displacement.

Uniform Circular Motion

• If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion.
• Velocity changes as direction keeps changing.
• Acceleration is constant.

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 Class 9th

PHYSICS
FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
Force:
It is a push or pull on an object that produces an acceleration in the body on which it acts. S.I. unit- Newton.

• Balanced force - When balanced forces are applied to an object, there will be no net effective force acting on
the object. Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion.
• Unbalanced force - Unbalanced forces acting on an object change its speed and/or direction of motion. The net
effective force is not zero in this case.

Frictional Force:
The force that opposes relative motion is called friction. It arises between the surfaces in contact.

Frictional Force
(FS)max A
Limiting Friction
FR
C Kinetic
Friction

Static
Friction
DB X
Applied Force

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Types of friction:

Static friction:
Static friction is defined as the frictional force that acts between the surfaces when they are at rest with respect to
each other.

Sliding friction:
Sliding friction is defined as the resistance that is created between any two objects when they are sliding against each
other.

Rolling friction:
Rolling friction is defined as the force which resists the motion of a ball or wheel and is the weakest type of friction.

Fluid friction:
Fluid friction is defined as the friction that exists between the layers of the fluid when they are moving relative to
each other.

Inertia:
The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia.
• The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia.
• A body with greater mass has greater inertia.

Types of inertia
1. Inertia of rest:
An object stays at rest, and it remains at rest until an external force affects it.
Example: the tendency of moving back when the stationary bus starts to move is due to the inertia of rest.

2. Inertia of motion:
An object will continue to be in motion until a force acts on it. Example: the passengers fall forward when a moving
bus stops suddenly due to inertia of motion.

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3. Inertia of direction:
The tendency of a body to oppose any change in its direction of motion is known as inertia of direction.
Example: when a car takes a sharp turn, the driver tends to get thrown to the other side due to inertia of direction.

First law of motion:

An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external unbalanced
force.

Momentum :
The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and velocity. p = mv. It is a vector quantity. S.I unit
of momentum is kg ms-2

Second law of motion:

The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the
force.
• F=m×a

Unit of force (Newton) - Force is said to be 1N if 1kg force is applied on an object and it accelerates by 1ms-2.

Applications of Second Law of Motion

• When we catch a ball, the momentum of the ball is transferred from ball to hand. If we keep our hand stationary,
the force with which momentum is transferred might hurt our hand. But as soon as we pull our hands back, net
momentum is decreased, thus reducing the force with which the ball makes an impact with our hands.

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 • A karate player makes use of the second law of motion to perform the task of breaking a slab of bricks. Since,
according to law, the force is proportional to the acceleration, the player tends to move his/her hands over the
slab of bricks swiftly. This helps him/her to gain acceleration and produce a proportionate amount of force. The
force is sufficient enough to break the bricks.

Impulse:
Impulse is the change of momentum of an object when the object is acted upon by a force for an interval of time.
• I = F*t
• S.I unit- Newton second
• Vector quantity

Third law of motion:

To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies.
Example: When a bullet is shot from a gun, the gun puts a force on the bullet that propels it forward. In the backward
direction, the bullet exerts an equal force on the rifle.

Law of Conservation of momentum:

For two or more bodies in an isolated system acting upon each other, their total momentum remains constant unless
an external force is applied. Therefore, momentum can neither be created nor destroyed.

mA mB A B
uA uB
before collision FAB
(a) FBA
(b)

mA mB
vA vB

after collision
(c)
mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB

Recoiled Velocity of Gun:

Recoil velocity is the backward velocity encountered when a shooter fires a bullet. The shooter experiences a
backward jerk because of the recoil velocity.

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 Class 9th

PHYSICS
GRAVITATION
Centripetal Force
• A force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed towards the centre around which the body is
moving.
• Motion of the moon around the Earth and Motion of Planets around the Sun is due to centripetal force.

Universal Law of Gravitation

• Every object in this universe attracts every other object with a force which is directly proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.

m1m2
F=G
r2
• “G” is called the Universal Gravitational Constant.
• G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2

Importance of Universal Law of Gravitation

1. Gravitational Force binds us to the earth.
2. It is the reason for the motion of the moon around the earth and planets around the sun.
3. It causes tides due to the moon and the Sun.

Free Fall
• Whenever objects fall towards the earth under gravitational force alone, we say that the objects are in free fall.
• The acceleration of an object under free fall is called acceleration due to gravity.
• The acceleration due to gravity is denoted by “g”.
• Value of g = 9.8 m/s2
• Value of “g” is independent of the mass of the object.

Variation of g
• The value of “g” increases as we move from equator to poles.
• The value of “g” decreases as we move above the surface of the earth.

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Motion Under Gravity
For solving equations of motion of an object under free fall , replace “a” by “g” and “s” by “h”.
v = u + gt
1 2
h = ut + gt
2
v2 = u2 + 2gh

Kepler’s law of Planetary motion:

• Law of orbits: According to Kepler’s first law, “All the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits having
the sun at one of the foci”.
• Law of areas: The radius vector drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time”.
• Law of periods: According to Kepler’s law of periods, “The square of the time period of revolution of a planet
around the sun in an elliptical orbit is directly proportional to the cube of its semi-major axis”.

Mass and Weight

• Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a body. Mass is constant everywhere.
• The force of attraction of the Earth on the object is known as weight of the object. Weight varies from place to
place.
• W = mg
• Weight of an object on moon = ⅙ x Weight of an object on Earth.

Thrust and Pressure

• The force acting perpendicular to a surface is called thrust.
• The thrust acting per unit area is called pressure.
• Pressure = Force / Area
• Unit of Pressure = Pascal or N/m2

Buoyant Force
• The upward force exerted by the fluid on an object immersed fully or partially immersed in it is called buoyant
force.
• This phenomenon is called buoyancy.
Fb = gV
Where:
Fb is the buoyant force
 is the density of the fluid
g is the gravitational acceleration
V is the volume of the fluid displaced

Why do objects float and sink in water?

• Object will float if the density of liquid is more than the density of the object.
• Object will sink if the density of liquid is less than the density of the object.

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Archimedes Principle
When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by it.

Applications of Archimedes Principle

• In designing ships and submarines.
• In designing lactometers.
• In designing hydrometers.

Relative Density
It is often convenient to express the density of a substance in comparison with that of water. The relative density of
a substance is the ratio of its density to that of water.

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 Class 9th

PHYSICS
WORK AND ENERGY
Work
• Work is said to be done when force is applied on an object and it gets displaced due to the application of force.
• It is a scalar quantity.
• Mathematically, work done is a product of force and displacement.
• Work = Force × Displacement
• S.I Unit of Work = Joules (J)
•1J=1N×1m

Types of Work Done

1. Positive Work done - Work done is said to be positive if force and displacement are in the same direction.
2. Negative Work done - Work done is said to be negative if force and displacement are in opposite directions.
3. Zero Work done - Work done is said to be zero if force and displacement are perpendicular to each other.

Energy
• The ability or capacity of an object to do work is called energy.
• It is a scalar Quantity.
• S.I Unit of energy - Joules
• The object which does work loses energy and the object on which work is done gains energy.

Kinetic Energy
• The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy.
• K.E = ½ mv2

• Work done = Change in Kinetic Energy

= K.Ef – K.Ei
= ½ mv2 – ½ mu2

Potential Energy
• The energy possessed by an object due to its position or configuration is called potential energy.

Gravitational Potential Energy

• The gravitational potential energy of an object at a point above the ground is defined as the work done in raising it
from the ground to that point against gravity.
 • P.E = Work done = m × g × h

A
mg Ground

Law of Conservation of Energy

• According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be
converted from one form to another.
• The total energy before and after the transformation remains the same.

Conservation of energy for a freely falling body

At maximum height
P.E = Maximum, K.E = 0
At Mid Point
P.E = K.E
At just before touching the ground
P.E = 0
K.E = max

Power
• The rate of doing work is called Power or the work done per unit time is called power.
• Mathematically, Power = (Work / Time)
• S.I unit of power is Watt (W) or (Joule / sec)

Commercial Unit of Energy

• It is defined as energy consumed by an appliance of 1kW when it is used for one hour.
• 1 Kilowatt hour = 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10–6 J
• 1 kWh = 1 Unit of energy
 Class 9th

PHYSICS
SOUND
Sound
• Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.
• The matter or substance through which sound is transmitted is called a Medium.

Sound Waves
• A wave is a disturbance that moves through a medium when the particles of the medium set neighboring particles
into motion.
• Sound waves are characterized by the motion of particles in the medium and are called mechanical waves.
• Compression : When a vibrating object moves forward, it pushes and compresses the air in front of it creating a
region of high pressure. This region is called a compression (C).
• Rarefaction : When the vibrating object moves backwards, it creates a region of low pressure called rarefaction.

Sounds needs a medium to travel

• Sound needs a material medium for its propagation. It does not travel through vacuum.

Types of Waves
• LONGITUDINAL WAVES : In these waves the individual particles of the medium move in a direction parallel
to the direction of propagation of the disturbance.
• TRANSVERSE WAVES : In a transverse wave particles do not oscillate along the line of wave propagation but
oscillate up and down about their mean position as the wave travels.

Characteristics of Sound Waves

• We describe a sound wave by its :
1. SPEED
2. AMPLITUDE
3. FREQUENCY

• A peak is called the crest and a valley is called the trough of a wave.
• The distance between two consecutive compressions (C) or two consecutive rarefactions (R) is called the
wavelength.
• The number of such oscillations per unit time is the frequency of the sound wave.
• The time taken by two consecutive compressions or rarefactions to cross a fixed point is called the time period of
the wave.
• The way in which the brain interprets the frequency of a sound is called Pitch.
• The faster the vibration of the source, the higher is the frequency and the higher is the pitch.
• The magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium on either side of the mean value is called the amplitude
of the wave.
• The loudness or softness of a sound is determined basically by its amplitude.
• The quality or timber of sound is that characteristic which enables us to distinguish one sound from another having
the same pitch and loudness.
• A sound of a single frequency is called a tone.
• The sound which is produced due to a mixture of several frequencies is called a note.
• The speed of sound is defined as the distance at which a point on a wave, such as a compression or a rarefaction,
travels per unit time.
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Intensity of Sound
• The amount of sound energy passing each second through the unit area is called the intensity of sound.

Echo
• If we shout or clap near a suitable reflecting object such as a tall building or a mountain, we will hear the same
sound again a little later. This sound which we hear is called an echo.
• Echoes may be heard more than once due to successive or multiple reflections.

Reverberation
• A sound created in a big hall will persist by repeated reflection from the walls until it is reduced to a value where it
is no longer audible. The repeated reflection that results in this persistence of sound is called reverberation.

Range of Hearing
• The audible range of sound for human beings extends from about 20Hz to 20000Hz.
• Sounds of frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic sound or infrasound.
• Frequencies higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sound or ultrasound.

SONAR
• Sound Navigation And Ranging Also known as echo-ranging.
• Uses ultrasonic waves.
• Measures distance, speed and direction of objects under water.
• Consists of a transmitter and detector.
• Used to locate underwater objects.
• Used to determine the depth of the sea.

Human Ear
• Outer Ear is called Pinna. It extends into the auditory canal.
• Middle Ear consists of the eardrum and bone ossicles.
• Inner Ear consists of the cochlea and three semicircular canals.
• Sound waves collected by the pinna. It passes through the auditory canal and reaches the eardrum.
• Transmission of waves by middle ear to inner ear.
• Amplification of vibrations by 3 bones.
• Cochlea converts sound waves to electrical signals.
• Auditory nerve sends these signals to the brain.

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