Unit-4

Implementation of IoT using Raspberry pi

Implementation of IoT using Raspberry pi

The Implementation of IoT using Raspberry pi in following areas
Smart_Health:
The Internet of things is the inter-connection of devices, apps, sensors and
network connectivity that enhances these entities to gather and exchange
data. The distinguishing characteristic of Internet of Things in the healthcare
system is the constant monitoring a patient through checking various
parameters and also infers a good result from the history of such constant
monitoring.
The most tremendous use of IoT is in healthcare management which
provides health and environment condition tracking facilities. IoT is nothing
but linking computers to the internet utilizing sensors and networks . These
connected components can be used on devices for health monitoring. The used
sensors then forward the information to distant locations like M2M, which are
machinery for computers, machines for people, handheld devices, or
smartphones. It is a simple, energy-efficient, much smarter, scalable, and
interoperable way of tracking and optimizing care to any health problem.
Nowadays, modern systems are providing a flexible interface, assistant devices,
and mental health management to lead a smart life for the human being. The
major hardware components which are used here are pulse sensor,
temperature sensor, BP sensor, ECG sensor, and raspberry pi. The data
were collected from sensors and sent it to raspberry pi for processing and again
transmitted it to IoT network.
Smart Home automation
IOT is transforming the way devices operate at home. Using IOT several home
devices are automated and they can interact among themselves and with
humans. Sensors are often used for automation in home appliances. Some
home automation IOT projects for engineering students are automation using
hand gestures, smart garage door, facial recognition door, smart alarm clock.
Home automation manage your household—e.g. lights, heating and cooling,
security systems, locks, etc.—via connected devices, eliminating the need
for manual controls. Tasks are performed in real time based on sensory data,
pre-set schedules or a prompt from your device. For homeowners, it means less
worry, and a safe and convenient lifestyle.

Smart car Navigation:

Vehicles connected with the IoT system will report to the user the condition of
the car, such as the amount of gasoline, general maintenance, road map,
etc. This will result in significant savings and efficiency in terms of time and
many more things. With the smart car applications, the car will heat the engine
by running itself before the user leaves the house, and will also be able to set a
special tracking distance for the vehicle user in constant communication with
other vehicles to reduce the risk of accidents while cruising. Some of the most
successful companies using this technology today for beneficial cruising such
as Mercedes, Google, Toyota, and BMW, and they are making revolutionary
progress in history. Google, in particular, has developed driverless vehicles with
special technology.
Industrial IoT
Automation has been extensively used in all the industries to reduce the
manual errors in the production process. Using IOT devices, industries will
be able to control and monitor various equipment, machinery, processes
and other applications with less or no human intervention. Automation
helps in reducing the errors and improving the efficiency of production.
Thus, many industries are trying to adapt IOT system into their operations.
Some industries also offer IOT training to their employees to get knowledge on
how to handle IOT systems and devices. Some of the industrial automation IOT
projects for final year students are vehicle simulation, smart parking system,
smart building project, biometrics and smart security model. IOT can help to
perform any desired action like controlling a device or monitoring from a
remote location. This technology makes equipment and machinery more
digitized and connected. This technology is preferred even by the government to
achieve better energy efficiency, a cleaner city and higher productivity.
Smart city IoT applications:
The aim is to ensure that citizens live in maximum comfort and resource
consumption is made wisely. It aims to reduce and ultimately eliminate
traffic density, air pollution, polluted water resources, garbage and waste
problems, population agglomeration, and crime rates.
In short, the goal of smart city IoT applications is basically to put an end to all
problems that endanger human safety, health and well-being. Smart cities that
solve the traffic problem with smart traffic lights or end the dirty water
problem with clean water projects get very efficient results.

Smart Farming IoT Applications:

To understand smart farming IoT applications, first, let’s define the concept of
smart farming. Combining many advanced technologies and using them in
agriculture is called smart farming. Smart farming and smart agriculture use
modern informatics methods in agriculture and aim to increase
productivity. Smart agriculture makes the life of both producers and farmers
is much easier. IoT applications in agriculture, control of agricultural areas can
be done remotely. This saves time for everyone working in the agricultural
sector. The simultaneous operation of agricultural machinery is one of the
factors that save time and speed.
The use of IoT based applications in agriculture is also an action aimed at
protecting the environment. With the spread of smart farming practices all over
the world, it is aimed to prevent problems such as water scarcity and drought
in time. It is aimed to reduce the chemical products used in agriculture and
thus to produce healthier products. Thus, the cost of such chemical products
will be eliminated and savings will be provided. IoT based applications in
agriculture, which ensure that each natural resource is used only in the
required amount, aim to avoid waste.

Smart Grids IoT Applications:

It is aimed to establish mutual electronic communication between the
supplier and the consumer through smart grids. Smart grids IoT and its
applications work intertwined with each other. Smart grids IoT applications
are encountered in many fields especially in the energy systems. It is aimed
to add smart meters and monitoring systems to the electricity networks
and thus to monitor a more reliable, quality and safe process.
Wearables IoT Applications:
Wearable IoT applications are mainly used in the health and fitness sectors.
The wearable devices manufactured with IoT technology, it is possible to make
measurements of people’s body, disease follow-up and many other
measurements at any interval of time. The number of wearables IoT
applications that are causing serious and positive changes especially in the
health sector is increasing day by day.
Software Defined Network (SDN)

Software defined networking (SDN) is an approach to network

management that enables dynamic, programmatically efficient
network configuration to improve network performance and
monitoring. It is a new way of managing computer networks that
makes them easier and more flexible to control.
In traditional networks, the hardware (like routers and switches)
decides how data moves through the network, but SDN changes this by
moving the decision-making to a central software system. This is done
by separating the control plane (which decides where traffic is sent)
from the data plane (which moves packets to the selected
destination).

SDN Architecture

In a traditional network, each switch has its own control plane and data
plane. Switches exchange topology information to build a forwarding table
that decides where to send data packets. In Software-Defined Networking
(SDN), the control plane is removed from switches and assigned to a
centralized SDN controller. This allows network administrators to manage
traffic from a single console instead of configuring each switch individually.

The data plane remains in the switch, forwarding packets based on flow
tables set by the controller. These tables contain match fields (like input port
and packet header) and instructions (forward, drop, or modify packets). If a
packet doesn’t match any entry, the switch contacts the controller, which
provides a new flow entry to decide the packet’s path. A typical SDN
architecture consists of three layers.

 Application Layer: It contains the typical network applications

like intrusion detection, firewall, and load balancing.
 Control Layer: It consists of the SDN controller which acts as the brain of
the network. It also allows hardware abstraction to the applications.
 Infrastructure Layer: This consists of physical switches which form the
data plane and carries out the actual movement of data packets.
The layers communicate via a set of interfaces called the north-bound APIs
(between the application and control layer) and southbound APIs (between the
control and infrastructure layer).
OpenFlow Concept In SDN Network

OpenFlow is the protocol that allows the SDN controllers to communicate with
the forwarding plane of network devices. It is considered one of the first
software-defined networking (SDN) standards. An SDN Controller is the “brain”
of the SDN network.

Any device that wants to communicate to an SDN Controller must support

OpenFlow protocol. Through the OpenFlow, the SDN Controller pushes down
changes to the switch or router flow-table allowing network administrators to
segment traffic, control flows for optimal performance, and start testing new
configurations and applications.

Only one protocol is available for rule placement that is Open Flow protocol.
The match fields the protocol uses is :

● Source IP
● Destination IP
● Source port
● Priority
The amount of time that the flow rule has to be kept is given by :

Hard Timeout:

● All the rules are deleted during this time in the switch
● This can be used to reset the switch

Soft Timeout:

● If no flow is received associated with a rule for particular time then the
rule is deleted.
● This is used to empty the rule space by deleting an unused rule.

Benefits of OpenFlow Protocol in any SDN Network

Programmability:

● Programmability enables innovation/differentiation.

● Accelerate new features and services introduction.
Centralized Intelligence:

● Simplify provisioning.
● Optimize performance.
Abstraction:

● Decoupling of Hardware and Software,

● Control plane and forwarding
● Physical and logical configuration.

Controller Placement:

● Controllers specify the flow rule based on the application specific

requirements.
● The controllers must be able to handle all incoming requests from the
switches.
● Rule should be placed without incurring much delay.
● Typically, a controller can handle 200 request in a second.
● The controllers are logically connected to the switches in one Hop -
distance.
● If we have a very small number of controllers for a large network, the
network might be congested with control packets.

So, typically a controller can handle roughly about 2 hundred requests in a

second and that is applicable for only the single threaded applications thing.
So, the controllers which are implementing similar thread, but currently multi
threaded applications in controllers are also possible. The controllers are
logically connected to the switches in a one-hop distance it is just a logical
connection. So, the controller from the switch the switch thinks that the
controller is away just a hop distance from it just one hop from it, but actually
it is not so; actually you know physically when we are talking about the
controller and the switch can be multiple hops away and typically they are
multiple hops away.

Control mechanism:

1. Distributed

2.Centralized

In the distributed the control divisions can be taken in a distributed

manner. For example, each sub network is controlled by a different controller.
And in the centralized mechanism the control decisions are taken in a
centralized manner. For example, a network is controlled by a single controller.
If the controller is down so, in such a case it is a centralized control and
dividing into different sub networks are having a controller corresponding to it
will be distributed solution there is also a concept of backup controller. So, if
the primary controller is down then the backup controller takes over. So,
backup controller has a replica of the main controller and if the main controller
is down the backup controller controls the network to have uninterrupted
network management another very important thing is true in SDN one can
have enhanced level of security in the networking.
SDN for IoT:
SDN is useful to manage and control IoT network
 Wireless sensor nodes (WSN) and network can be controlled using SDN-
based applications.
 Network performance can be improved significantly using SDN-based
approaches over the traditional approaches.
Benefits of Integrating SDN :
● Intelligence routing decisions can be deployed using SDN
● Simplification of information collection, analysis and decision making
● Visibility of network resources - network management is simplified based
on user, device and application - specific requirements
● Intelligent traffic pattern analysis and coordinated decision

SDN for IoT Architecture:

Challenges
● Real-time programming of sensor nodes
● Vendor-specific architecture
● Resource constrained - heavy computation cannot be performed
● Limited memory - cannot insert too many control programs
Opportunities
● Program the sensor nodes in real-time
● Change the forwarding path in real-time
● Integrate different sensor nodes in a WSN

Sensor management
● Multiple sensors can be implemented in a single sensor board.
● Sensors can be used depending on application-specific requirements.
→ Delay management
● Delay for sensing can be changed dynamically in real-time.
→ Active-Sleep Management
● States of active and sleep mode can be changed dynamically.
Soft-WSN
Topology Management
- Node-specific management - forwarding logic of a particular sensor can
be modified
- Network-specific management
● Forward all traffic of a node in the network.
● Drop all traffic of a node in the network.
Data Handling

 Definition: The process of collecting, storing, managing, and preparing data for use.
 Key Steps:
o Collection: Gathering data from sources like surveys, sensors, transactions, etc.
o Storage: Saving data securely in databases, data warehouses, or cloud platforms.
o Processing: Cleaning, organizing, and transforming data to make it usable.
o Security: Protecting data from unauthorized access and ensuring privacy.

Data:
Data are pieces of information collected for reference, analysis, or decision-making.

Big Data:
Big Data refers to extremely large and complex datasets that are so massive that traditional data
processing software cannot manage, store, or analyze them efficiently.

Big Data is characterized by its Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity, and Value — often called the "5 Vs".

 Volume: Huge amounts of data (terabytes, petabytes, or more)

 Velocity: Data is generated and processed at very high speeds
 Variety: Different types of data (structured, semi-structured, unstructured — like text,
video, images, etc.)
 Veracity: Data quality and accuracy can vary; not all data is reliable
 Value: Extracting useful information from the data is crucial

Types of Big Data

Following are the types of Big Data:

1. Structured Data
2. Unstructured Data
3. Semi-structured Data

1. Structured Data

 Definition: Data that is organized in a fixed format, like rows and columns.
 Examples:
o Databases (like MySQL, Oracle)
o Spreadsheets (Excel files)
o Sensor readings (e.g., temperature: 25°C)

Structured data is easy to enter, store, and analyze using traditional tools.

2. Unstructured Data
  Definition: Data that has no predefined structure, making it harder to organize and analyze.
 Examples:
o Text files (emails, reports)
o Images (JPEGs, PNGs)
o Videos (YouTube videos)
o Social media posts (tweets, Facebook posts)

Most Big Data today is unstructured.

3. Semi-Structured Data

 Definition: Data that is not fully structured but has some organizational properties (like tags or
markers) that make it easier to analyze.
 Examples:
o XML files
o JSON files

Semi-structured data sits between structured and unstructured data.

Data Analytics – Definition:

Data Analytics is the process of examining, organizing, and interpreting raw data in order to find useful
information, patterns, and insights, and then using those insights to make better decisions.

Key Steps in Data Analytics:

1. Data Collection – Gathering data from various sources (sensors, surveys, websites, databases).
2. Data Cleaning – Removing errors, duplicates, and irrelevant information.
3. Data Analysis – Applying statistical or computational techniques to find trends and patterns.
4. Data Interpretation – Making sense of the results to support decision-making.
5. Data Visualization – Presenting the findings in graphs, charts, dashboards, etc.

Types of Data Analytics:

Type Purpose Example

Descriptive Analytics What happened? Sales report of last quarter
Diagnostic Analytics Why did it happen? Investigating a drop in sales
Predictive Analytics What could happen? Forecasting future sales
Prescriptive Analytics What should we do? Suggesting marketing strategies