Trop J Nat Prod Res, December 2024; 8(12): 9547 - 9554 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)

ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)

Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research

Available online at https://www.tjnpr.org
Original Research Article
Ethnobotanical Investigation of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional
Treatments in Ain Mediouna and Thar Souk (Taounate; Morocco)
Abdelouahid Laftouhi1*, Youssef El-assri5, El-mehdi El-assri3, Amal Elrherabi2, Mohamed A. Mahraz1, Noureddine Eloutassi1,
Zakia Rais1, Abdslam Taleb4, Mustapha Taleb1
1
Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Fes, Morocco.
2
Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology, and Health Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed First University, Mohammed
VI Boulevard, P.O. Box: 717, 60000, Oujda, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez
30050, Morocco
4
Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
5
Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling, and Environment (LIEME), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi
Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, 30 000, Morocco

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Despite the advancement in modern medicine, medicinal plants still occupies a prominent place
Received 01 May 2024 in Moroccan culture. It has been jealously preserved and passed down from generation to
Revised 01 October 2024 generation. The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive inventory of medicinal and
Accepted 25 November 2024 aromatic plants (MAPs) in two rural areas; Ain Mediouna and Thar Souk of Taounate province,
Published online 01 January 2025 Morocco, and to raise awareness about the importance of this wealth of medicinal plants in order
to preserve them. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires in
twenty-one Douars within the study areas, and by oral interview of selected population. The
survey was conducted from January to December, 2023. The results obtained showed that the
province of Taounate has 40,631.49 hectares of forest located mainly in the northern part, where
there is a great diversity of MAPs. The floristic analysis of the survey identified 61 species
Copyright: © 2024 Laftouhi et al. This is an open- belonging to 31 families of which the lamiaceaes were the most represented (20%), followed by
access article distributed under the terms of the the asteriaceaes (10%), and lastly the other families with low frequencies. The majority of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which
species are cultivated (67%) while 33% are wild. This work affirmed that most MAPs are used to
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original author and
treat digestive disorders and skin infections, followed by neurological disorders, and fever. Most
source are credited. of the respondents use MAPs for therapeutic purposes only, and preserve them by drying, storing
in plastic or glass bottles. The study provided an information base of MAPs of the study area, as
well as its cultural and therapeutic significance in the customs of the populations.

Keywords: Ethnobotanical surveys, Therapeutic indications, Inventory, Preparation methods,

Aromatic, Medicinal plants.

Introduction
Traditional medicine is the set of practices, methods, knowledge and
Medicinal plants have been cherished for their wide-range of beliefs inherited from one generation to another used to diagnose, treat
benefits throughout history, offering remedies for ailments, enhancing and preserve human health (WHO Strategy for Traditional Medicine
well-being, promoting beauty, and contributing to daily comfort and 2014-2023).7 This discipline is widespread throughout the world and
happiness. Their virtues have been recognized and valued since ancient especially in rural areas.8 Traditional medicine is majorly based on the
times, a history as old as humanity. 1,2 Currently, there is an increasing use of aromatic and medicinal plants. which constitute an invaluable
interest in natural products due to their incredible wealth of treasure offered by Mother Nature. These precious plant species are
bioresources with potential therapeutic benefits.3 Herbal teas, capsules, endowed with a variety of active ingredients used in the treatment of
essential oils and herbal elixirs have been formulated and used several diseases. The use of aromatic and medicinal plants is gaining
successfully,4 their exploitation continues to increase in diverse fields, more momentum in developing countries, where several social, cultural
especially in therapeutics.5 Thus, in recent decades, aromatic and and economic factors promote such practices.9,10 In Africa, one cannot
medicinal plants have made great impact due to their efficacy and talk about healing without talking about medicinal and aromatic plants
safety, despite their relegation by modern medical practice.6 (MAPs); up to 80% of the population use MAPs for preventive or
therapeutic purposes. In developed countries; the exploitation of MAPs
*Corresponding author. E mail: laftouhiabdelouahid1993@gmail is constantly growing, it is 48% in Australia, 70% in Canada, 42% in
Tel: +628159561966 the United States, 38% in Belgium, 75% in France and 40% in China.11
In Morocco, MAPs have been used throughout the ages for therapeutic
Citation: Laftouhi A, El-assri Y, El-assri E, Elrherabi A, Mahraz MA, purposes, which nevertheless remain random. Their use often lacks
Eloutassi N, Rais Z, Taleb A, Taleb M.Ethnobotanical Investigation of
precision and do not explore the advancement in modern medicine. 12
Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Treatments in Ain
Moroccos’s rich and diverse heritage of MAPs is not due to chance, but
Mediouna and Thar Souk (Taounate; Morocco). Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2024;
8(12): 9547 – 9554 https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v8i12.28
rather due to its envied geographical location, coupled with the overlap
of several types of bioclimatic floors, as well as its double marine façade
Official Journal of Natural Product Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, positions the country as a rich and unique reservoir of biodiversity. As
University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria a result, Morocco has a rich plant diversity of which there are

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 Trop J Nat Prod Res, December 2024; 8(12): 9547 - 9554 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)

approximately 4200 species, and subspecies, 13 of which 800 are used twenty-one Douars (small villages) located in Ain Mediouna and Tahar
for medicinal purposes.14 Souk in the Taounate region. In addition, some interviews were
The Taounate region is home to a rich botanical heritage, yet this wealth conducted with people from the Regional Directorate of Water and
is rapidly disappearing due to lack of proper valuation and preservation. Forests and the Fight against Desertification. The questionnaires were
Of particular concern is the decline in traditional phyto-therapeutic written in a simple language to facilitate communication with the locals
practices, which have historically played an essential role in the and obtain as much information as possible. During these interviews,
healthcare of the local population. Unfortunately, much of this personal information was requested from the people, such as their age,
knowledge is being lost or applied incorrectly—whether through education level, specialization, profession, address, the relationship of
improper harvesting techniques, inaccurate drying methods, or their occupation with the subject matter. The information collected
incorrect preparation, and usage of medicinal plants. This disconnects includes vernacular names of all the plants used for medicinal purposes,
between traditional knowledge and its correct application threatens both the parts of the plants used, the diseases that they treat, the mode of
the cultural heritage and the sustainable use of these natural resources. preparation and use, cases of toxicity, the frequency of use, the time and
Recognizing the urgency of this problem, this study was designed to technique of harvesting and preservation method. Also, people were
address the need for systematic documentation and preservation of the asked about the types of plants used, both wild and cultivated, and
ethnobotanical knowledge in two key areas of the Taounate region: Ain which plants can be used in combination. Samples of these plants were
Mediouna and Taher Souk. Through an ethnobotanical investigation, purchased and taken to the laboratory to be identified. Figure 2 shows
this research seeks to develop a comprehensive catalogue of aromatic the location of the various douars surveyed. A total of 1300
and medicinal plants, ensuring that the traditional knowledge associated questionnaires were completed in one year, from January 2023 to
with these plants is both preserved and properly understood. By creating December 2023 (more than 15% of the population). Professor and
this inventory, the study aims to support the cultural heritage of the botanist Noureddine Eloutassi identified the medicinal and aromatic
region and promote the sustainable use of these botanical resources for plants obtained.
future generations. Additionally, the work will provide a scientific basis
for further research and development, encouraging engagement of both
local stakeholders and the scientific community.

Materials and Methods

Study area
The study focuses on the Ain Mediouna and Thar Souk regions,
covering an expansive area of 5616 km², situated in the pre-Rif and
Rif’s zones of the Taounate province (Figure 1). Taounate province is
geographically bounded by Al-Hoceima province to the north, the
Wilaya of Fez to the south, the province of Taza to the east, and the
province of Ouazzane to the west. The region experiences a
Mediterranean climate characterized by a pattern of alternating seasons:
one season is wet and cold while the other is dry and hot. This climatic
condition supports an average annual rainfall of 790 mm and an average
temperature of 16.9°C. These conditions are conducive to maintaining
a significant forest cover, which currently spans approximately
40,631.49 hectares. This environmental setting does not only defines
the ecological dynamics of Taounate but also shapes the socio-
economic activities within the region, making it a critical area of study Figure 2: Map of the location of the Douars
for understanding the impacts of climate variations and human
interactions with the natural landscape.
Results and Discussion
Biodiversity of MAPs
This study was based on an ethnobotanical survey and ecological
fieldwork. Also, an interview was conducted with the administrative
staff of the Regional Directorate of Water and Forests and the Fight
against Desertification. This allowed us to conclude that the province
of Taounate has 40,631.49 hectares of forest, which represents 7% of
the total area of the province. These forests are mainly located in the
northern part, where there is a wealth of aromatic and medicinal plants.
Some of these plants are wild and others are cultivated. These plants
include trees, shrubs, and herbs. The main species of aromatic and
medicinal plants found in the area include Lavandula dentata, Erica
australis, Lavandula stoechas, Ceratonia siliqua, Mentha pulegium,
Pistacia lentiscus, Origanum elongatum, Myrtus communis, Thymus
hirtus, Tetraclinis articulata, Thymus riatarum, Copparis spinosa, and
Arbutus unedo. The most prevalent of these plants are Myrtus
communis, Origanum compactum, and Thymus satureioeides.
Figure 1: Map of the study area
Demographic characteristics of the population surveyed
Table 1 provides a comprehensive view of how demographic
Ethnobotanical survey
characteristics influenced the use of medicinal and aromatic plants
In the ethnobotanical survey, questionnaires were administered to
(MAPs) within the surveyed population. According to gender, slightly
different social classes, including the rural population, farmers,
more men (53.8%) than women (46.1%) use MAPs, possibly pointing
students, teachers, and administrative staff in the several Douars of the
to subtle variations in health practices, or cultural roles within the
two study areas; Thar Souk and Ain Mediouna.
community. Age-wise, there was a clear trend where the majority of
The information on medicinal and aromatic plants were obtained by
MAP users fall between 40 and 59 years (50%), suggesting that people
means of questionnaires. These questionnaires were distributed in

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in this age group use MAPs to address emerging health concerns The data also highlights an important correlation between literacy levels
typically associated with middle age, such as stress, chronic pain, or and the use of MAPs. A significant proportion of the MAP-using
other conditions where alternative remedies are sought alongside population (34.6%) are illiterates, which suggests that traditional
modern healthcare. Additionally, the data indicates that older adults, knowledge, passed down through generations, plays a vital role in
particularly those between 60 and 80 years (26.9%), are strongly communities with lower educational attainment. In such areas, reliance
inclined to the therapeutic use of MAPs to manage age-related ailments on MAPs is likely more pronounced due to both cultural familiarity and
and chronic conditions where traditional medicinal plants may offer limited access to formal healthcare. This trend is particularly notable in
relief, or are used as a complement to the limited access to modern the rural communities of Sehoul and Sidi-Abderrazak, part of northern
medicine, especially in rural areas.15 On the other hand, younger age Morocco’s Maamora region, where MAP use is culturally embedded.
groups, particularly those under 19 years (7.6%), and those between 20 In these areas, people aged 40 to 60 years have the highest frequency of
and 39 years (15.4%), show significantly lower use of MAPs. This MAP use, at 42.2%, reinforcing the idea that cultural and traditional
might reflect a generational shift in health practices, where younger knowledge systems deeply influence health practices. The overall
individuals may prefer modern pharmaceuticals or have fewer health findings suggest that MAPs are more widely used in rural, less-educated
conditions necessitating the use of MAPs. It could also be influenced populations, where they serve as both a cultural tradition and a practical
by education, exposure to modern medicine, and lifestyle changes that healthcare solution.16
distance younger generations from traditional remedies.
Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the Population Surveyed.
Demographic Category Frequency Percentage (%)
Age <19 100 7.6
20-39 350 26.9
40-59 650 50
60-80 200 15.4
Sex Male 700 53.8
Female 600 46.1
Primary 100 7.6
College 50 3.8
Educational status Secondary 300 23
University 400 30.7
Illiterate 450 34.6
Discipline Scientific 300 23
Literary 200 15.3
Economic 100 7.6
Social 100 7.6
No discipline 600 46.1
Profession Teacher 200 15.4
Administrative staff 100 7.6
University student 200 15.3
Student 215 16.5
Farmer 500 38.4
Without 85 6.5
Place of Residence Taher souk 800 61.5
Ain Mediouna 500 38.4
Means of knowledge Training 0 0
acquisition about MAPs Family initiation 1300 100
Reading 0 0
Other 0 0
MAPs = Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Inventory of the most used MAPs in the region like fennel and coriander, is often used for digestive health, while
A botanical analysis (Table 2) of the survey reveals an impressive Fabaceae includes legumes and is valued for its nutrient-rich properties.
diversity of medicinal plant species, with 61 species identified across Rosaceae species, like rose and hawthorn, are often used for
31 families, underscoring the rich biodiversity within the study area. cardiovascular health and skin conditions.
The Lamiaceae family, representing 20% of the identified species, Further down the list, families like Oleaceae, Myrtaceae, Liliaceae, and
stands out as the most significant contributor to traditional medicine in Cactaceae, each representing 3% of the species, add to the diversity of
the region. This is not surprising, as Lamiaceae plants, such as mint and medicinal plant used.17 Although small in representation, these families
thyme, are well-known for their medicinal properties and widespread still play key roles in traditional practices. For instance, Oleaceae
use in Morocco for treating ailments ranging from digestive issues to (which includes olive) is important for its oil's medicinal properties,
respiratory conditions. The dominance of this family reflects its deep while Myrtaceae which includes species like eucalyptus, is widely used
integration into traditional Moroccan healing practices, where it is for respiratory issues. Liliaceae, with species like garlic and aloe, is
prized for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant famous for its antimicrobial and wound healing properties, and
properties. Cactaceae which includes plants like prickly pear, is valued for its anti-
The Asteraceae family, which comprises 10% of the species, is also a inflammatory and antioxidant effects,18 The smaller families, each
major player in traditional medicine. Plants from this family, including represented by only one or two species, also contribute to the medicinal
chamomile and dandelion, are commonly used for their anti- landscape, albeit on a smaller scale. Their inclusion reflects the broad
inflammatory and soothing properties. The presence of families like knowledge of local practitioners, who draw on a wide variety of plants
Apiaceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae at 5% each highlights their to address different health needs. Interestingly, the prevalence of
importance in treating various conditions. Apiaceae, known for species Lamiaceae in Moroccan traditional medicine has been widely

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confirmed in the literature. Research shows that this family, along with investigation of some medicinal plants,25 which revealed that decoction
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, and Rosaceae, are frequently used to is the most widely used method of preparation.26
treat conditions such as tuberculosis, highlighting the medicinal The certainty about this method is that it is very effective, allowing
potency and versatility of these plants. better extraction of active ingredients and disinfection of the plant but
In general, the 12 different species of Lamiaceae documented in the could also lead to the distortion of certain active principles. 27
literature further emphasize its widespread use and importance in
traditional medicine across Morocco. The botanical diversity found in
this study underscores the rich heritage of plant-based remedies in 60% 51%
Moroccan healthcare, where indigenous knowledge has been passed
down from generation to generation. This intricate system of plant use
50%
demonstrates a deep understanding of local flora and its medicinal 40%
30% 21%
potential, reflecting both cultural and ecological richness.19, 20 14%
20% 4% 4% 4%
10% 2%
Types of plants
As shown in Figure 3, the majority of the medicinal and aromatic plants 0%
(MAPs) preferred by the respondents are cultivated (67%), while the
remaining 33% are wild plants. This suggests that the population
heavily relies on plants that are grown and managed, likely due to the
easier access and control over the quality and availability of cultivated
species. Cultivated MAPs may include widely known plants that are .
easier to grow and harvest, ensuring a steady supply for medicinal use. Figure 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Preparation Methods
On the other hand, the 33% reliance on wild plants indicates that a
significant portion of the population still value and utilize plants that are
naturally occurring in the wild. These wild species could offer unique Diseases treated by MAPs
medicinal properties or may be part of traditional knowledge passed The information on the pathologies treated by MAPs is displayed in
down from generation to generation. However, the lower percentage of Figure 5. Analysis of the results showed that most of the respondents
wild plants suggests potential challenges in access, seasonal use MAPs to treat digestive disorders (41%), followed by skin
availability, or perhaps a shift towards cultivation as populations seek infections (25%), fever (21%), and the rest of the respondents use MAPs
more sustainable and reliable sources of medicinal plants. to treat other disorders, and infections such as kidney disorders,
This distribution between cultivated and wild MAPs reflects the balance impaired vision, anaemia, rheumatism, and for cosmetic applications.
between tradition and practicality in the respondent populations' use of Similar results were found in Tunisia,28 and Algeria,29 where it was
plant-based medicine. Cultivated plants offer a consistent and reported that 43.47% of the medicinal use of MAPs was for the
controllable resource, while wild plants, though less accessible, may treatment of digestive disorders. Cheng et al. (2022)30 found that the
still play an essential role in local medicinal practices. leaves were the most used part of plants in the field of traditional
medicine with a percentage of 43%. In a study by Ngbolua et al.
(2021),31 it was also reported that the leaf is the most used part of
Wild plants medicinal plants with a percentage of 72.2%, followed by fruit
Cultivateds plants (13.9%).32
Roots
66,67%
Stems
Leaves
Fruit
26,67% Seeds
33,33%

33,33% 20% 6,67%

13,33%

Figure 3: Type of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used

Figure 5: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Parts Used
Preparation methods for MAPs
In order to facilitate the use of aromatic and medicinal plants, and the
extraction of their active ingredients. The study population used several Precaution, adverse reaction and toxicity of MAPs
methods of preparation that differ from person to person (Figure 4). A piece of information that sparked scientific curiosity is that none of
From the results obtained, it was noted that the majority of the the subjects in the surveyed populations paid attention to the
respondents used Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in the form precautions of use, toxicities, or adverse effects. Similar results were
of decoction in water, milk, and tea. This was followed by the powdered mentioned in the work of Ouakrouch et al. (2017),33 which confirmed
form, then the cataplasm, and finally, the infusion, while infusion- that no adverse effects were recorded with the use of WFP (Wild and
shaped essential oil and fumigation were used to a lesser extent. Several Forest Plants).34
scientific studies support the idea that decoction is the most commonly
used method for the extraction of active ingredients.21-23 Form of application and mode of administration of MAPs
Ethnobotanical study in the Middle Central Atlas showed that MAPs Data on the form of application, and the way in which MAPs is
are most commonly used as decoction in water, tea, or milk for 15 to 20 administered are shown in Figure 6. According to the results, oral
minutes, depending on the part of the plant used.24 Similar results were ingestion is the most common method of administration with a
highlighted internationally during an ethnobotanical and floristic percentage of 78%, followed by skin administration at 24%, and finally,

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through the eye and ear routes at 2%. Similarly, a study performed in The findings closely mirror those of Slimani's study conducted in the
the central-western part of the Ivory Coast confirms that the oral route Zerhoun region of Morocco, where 97% of the population also reported
was the most frequently used route of administration.35 using MAPs until recovery.39 This consistency across different regions
With respect to the form of application, it was noted that the liquid form highlights the widespread cultural practice in Morocco of depending on
with an application rate of 63% dominated other forms, followed by the MAPs as a primary or complementary form of healthcare. The
powder form (35%), the oil (15%), and finally, the fresh form (7%). prolonged use of MAPs until recovery could indicate the local
This was corroborated by the work of Achour et al. (2022).36 it has been population's confidence in their effectiveness and their deep integration
reported previously that most of these applications involves the use of into everyday health practices, especially in rural or underserved areas
leaves in the form of decoction,37 which is most often administered where access to modern healthcare might be limited. This reliance on
orally.38 MAPs do not only reflects a cultural tradition, but also the practical
benefits and accessibility of plant-based remedies in the region.40
78%
63% 5%
10%
35%
24% during the
15%
7% Illness
2% 2%
not often
oral
Fresh

liquid

earway

dermal
eyepathway
powder
oil

Always

Forms of employment method of administration 85%

Figure 6: Forms of Application and Method of Administration
of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Figure 7: Frequency of Use of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Frequency of use of MAPs

From the results of the ethnobotanical survey as presented in Figure 7, 3% 7%
the vast majority (85%) of the population surveyed primarily use
medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) for therapeutic purposes. This
high percentage underscores the central role that MAPs play in
traditional medicine and healthcare practices within the community.
The strong reliance on MAPs for healing and treatment suggests that
these plants are deeply embedded in local traditions, particularly in until healing
regions where access to modern healthcare may be limited or where
cultural preferences favour natural remedies.
A week
A smaller portion of the population (10%) acknowledge the therapeutic, One day
cosmetic, and culinary uses of MAPs. This indicates that while healing
remains the predominant use, some individuals recognize the versatility
of these plants in other aspects of daily life, such as skincare and food 90%
preparation. These multiple uses highlight the multifaceted value of
MAPs beyond their medicinal properties, reflecting a broader
understanding of the plants' benefits. Figure 8: Duration of Treatment with Medicinal and Aromatic
Additionally, a very small proportion of respondents (5%) use MAPs Plants
for all three purposes; therapeutic, cosmetic, and culinary,
demonstrating a more holistic approach to the application of these
plants. This group views MAPs as not only valuable for healing but also MAPs harvesting period and technique
for enhancing beauty, and for nutrition, showcasing the plants' wide- The data presented in Figure 9 reveals important insights into the
ranging benefits in daily life. The results revealed the diverse harvesting periods and techniques for medicinal and aromatic plants
applications of MAPs in the region, with a strong emphasis on their (MAPs) in the study region. According to the results, a significant
therapeutic strength, and also an acknowledgment of their broader uses portion of MAPs (54%) are harvested throughout the year, suggesting
in other personal and cultural practices. that many of these plants are either perennials or have long growing
seasons, making them readily available to the population regardless of
seasonal changes. This year-round availability highlights the
Treatment duration with MAPs importance of these plants in the daily lives of the local communities,
Based on the results obtained (Figure 8), it was evident that the majority who may rely on them continuously for medicinal and therapeutic
of respondents (90%) use aromatic and medicinal plants (MAPs) for purposes.
healing purposes until they achieve full recovery. This reflects a deep- Seasonal variations in harvesting are also noteworthy, with 26% of
rooted cultural and traditional reliance on the continuous use of MAPs MAPs being harvested specifically during the summer. This could be
as a long-term healing method. Only a small fraction of the population due to the fact that many plants reach full maturity or optimal potency
(7%) uses these plants for just one day, while 3% use them for a week. during the warmer months, making them ideal for harvest. Meanwhile,
This pattern of extended use aligns with the traditional belief in the 13% of the plants are harvested in winter, which may include species
gradual healing process offered by MAPs, which may take a long time that thrive in cooler climates or those that are traditionally used during
to fully address ailments, particularly chronic or persistent health issues. the cold season for treating winter-related ailments like respiratory
issues. Spring and autumn saw the least amount of harvesting, with 5%

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and 1%, respectively, indicating that fewer species are ready for harvest Figure 9: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Harvesting Period
during these transitional seasons. and Technique.
The harvesting technique predominantly used is manual uprooting,
which reflects traditional, hands-on methods that have likely been
passed down from generation to generation. Manual uprooting allows Preservation of MAPs
for careful selection of plants while minimizing damage to the According to the data presented in Table 3, the preservation methods
surrounding environment, ensuring sustainability in the long run. for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are primarily focused on
However, it can also be labour-intensive, suggesting that the harvesting drying and storing them in containers like plastic bags or glass bottles.
process requires a significant amount of time and effort. This traditional The ethnobotanical studies revealed that 76% of the surveyed
method highlights the connection between the local population and their population utilizes this method, highlighting the importance of proper
natural environment, as well as the reliance on indigenous knowledge preservation techniques to ensure the longevity and efficacy of these
and practices for the collection of MAPs. plants for medicinal use. Drying is a common and effective method for
preserving MAPs, as it reduces moisture, prevents mold and spoilage
Percentage 54% while maintaining the plants' active compounds. Storing the dried plants
60% in plastic bags or glass bottles protects them from environmental factors
40% 26% like humidity and light, which could degrade their medicinal properties.
13% Meanwhile, 24% of the population do not engage in preservation
20% 5% 2% techniques, instead they use MAPs that are still fresh, and available in
0% nature, and do not require long-term storage. This practice likely
manually manually manually manually manually reflects a reliance on wild plants or plants that are seasonally harvested
throughout during the during the during the during the when fresh. It also indicates that some communities may have ready
the year summer winter spring fall access to natural habitats where these plants grow abundantly, thereby
reducing the need for preservation.

Table 2: Summary of the various Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) Investigated and their Families.
S/N Vernacular name French name Scientific name Family
lkharob Caroubier Ceratonia Siliqua Fabaceae
zaatar Thym Thymus Vulgaris Lamiaceae
Azir Romarin RosmarinusOfficinalis Lamiaceae
Trilan Inule visqueuse Inula viscosa Asteracea
Rihan Basilic Ocimum Basilicum Lamiceae
Lkrmoss Figue Ficus Carica Moraceae
Fliyo Menthe pouliot MenthaPulegium lamiaceae
Dro Lentisque PistaciaLentiscus Anacardiaceae
Dfla Laurier-rose NeriumOleander Apocynaceae
Manta Calmant Valériane Officinale Valirianaceaae
Chngora Ajuga Iva Ajuga Iva Lamiaceae
Salmiya Sauge Salvia Officilis Lamiaceae
Lwiza Verveine AloysiaCitrodora Verbanaceae
Horiga Ortie UrticaSp Uticaceae
Ziton Olivier Olea Europaea Oleaceae
Arar Genévrier commun JuniperusCommunis Cupressaceae
lkhzama Lavande LavandulaAngustifolia Lamiaceae
Mriwta Marrube commun MarrubiumVulgare Lamiaceae
Mkhinza Anserine ArtemissiaAbsinthium Asteraceae
Lblot Chêne Quercus Robur Fagaceae
Chiba Absinthe ArtemissiaAbsinthium Asteraceae
Lhlba Fenugrec TrigonellaFoenum-Graecum Fabaceae
Naenae Menthe MenthaAquatica Lamiaceae
Babonj Camomille Chamaemelum Nobile Asteraceae
Lksbour Coriandre CoriandrumSativum Apiaceae
Lbakdounss Persil PetroselinumCrispum Apiaceae
Lkif Chanvre Cannabis Sativa Cannabaceae
Lmzah Néflier commun MespilusGermanica Rosaceae
Rman Grenadier commun PunicaGranatum Rosaceae
Lkhrchof Cardon CynaraScolymus Astéraceae
Lcaliptoss Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Globulus Myrtaceae
Toma Ail Allium Sativum Liliaceae
Sanawbar Pin d’Alep Pinus Halepensis Pinaceae
Chih Armoise Artemisia Schmidtiana Astéraceae
Lbri Oléastre Olea Oleaster Oleaceae
Lbsla Oignon Allium Cepa Liliaceae
Khobbeza Mauve Malva Sylvestris Malvaceae
Lhabbasawdae Nigelle cultivée Nigella Sativa ranunculaceae
Arksouss Réglisse Glycyrrhiza Glabra Fabaceae
Zanjabil Gingembre-épice Zingiber Officinale Zingiberaceae
Alwivira Aloe Vera Aloe Barbadensis Mill Aleoceae
Zitra Thym Thymus Sp Lamiaceae
Sbar Cactus Cactaceae Cactaceae

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Limon Citronnier Citrus xLimon Rutaceae

Awrma Mauve Malva Parviflora Malvaceae
Nwarchms Tournesol Helianthus Annuus Asteraceae
Dalya Vitis Vitis Vinifera Vitaceae
Mrssita Mélisse officinale Melissa Officinalis Lamiaceae
Lkamon Cumin CuminumCyminum Apiaceae
Lkrnfl Giroflier Syzygium Aromaticum Myrtaceae
Lhna Henné Lawsonia Inermis Lythraceae
Lward Rosier Rosa Canina Rosaceae
Ezaafran Safran Crocus Sativus Iridaceae
Nbak Jujube Ziziphus lotus Rhamnaceae
Lhndiya Figuier de barbarie Opuntia Ficus-Indica Cactaceae
Hummayda Oseille Oseille Commune Polygonaceae
Swak Noyer Juglans x Intermedias Juglandaceae
Dora Mais Zea Mays Poaceae
Dom Palmier doum Hyphaenethebaicia Arecaceae
Tghighcht Saponaire Saponaire Officinale caryophyllaceae
Lkhyar Concombre Cucumis Sativus cucurbitaceae

Table 3: Methods of Preservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Conservation method Amber drying and stored in plastic bags Amber drying and preservation in glass bottles
Percentage 46% 30%

Conclusion 3. Holaly GE, Simplice KD, Charlemagne G, Kodjovi A,

Kokou A, Tchadjobo T. Ethnobotanical study of plants used
The present investigation conducted an ethnobotanical survey of in the treatment of diabetes in traditional medicine in the
medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) among the population in two Maritime region of Togo. Pan Afr Med J. 2015; 20:437.
localities of Ain Mediouna and Tahr Souk in the Taounate region of 4. Maxime LLG, Phalone KM, Dalatou T, Constantin AA,
Morocco. The study aimed to highlight the scope of traditional medicine Adoum dona, Laela ZZ, Rosette N, Guidawa F, Germo NJ,
within the rural population in the Taounate region. The information Néhémie DT, Gabriel AA, Jean PBV, Wackilou W. .
obtained from the study indicated that respondents in the age bracket of Reciprocity in ethnobotanical research: case of a study
39 to 60 years are most likely to use traditional therapy given their fairly carried out in the Mbe plain of Adamawa, Cameroon.
strong social connections. Ethnobot Res Applic. 2020; 20:1-12.
In addition, the floristic analysis identified 61 species belonging to 31 5. Lazli A, Beldi M, Ghouri L, Nouri NEH. Ethnobotanical
families, with Lamiaceae being the most represented (20%), followed study and inventory of medicinal plants in the Bougous
by Asteraceae (10%), and other families with lower frequencies. The region: (El Kala National Park, - North-East Algeria). Bull
majority of the listed species are cultivated (67%), while 33% are wild. Soc Roy Sci de Liège [Internet]. 2019; 88:22‑43.
This work also affirms that most aromatic and medicinal plants are used 6. Brixius D. From ethnobotany to emancipation: Slaves, plant
to treat digestive disorders and skin infections, followed by neurological knowledge, and gardens on eighteenth-century Isle de
disorders and fever. France. Hist Sci. 2020; 58(1):51‑75.
Furthermore, this study revealed that most of the investigated 7. Emre G, Dogan A, Haznedaroglu MZ, Senkardes I, Ulger M,
respondents use Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) only for Satiroglu A. An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in
curative treatment and preserve them by drying, storing them in plastic Mersin (Turkey). Front Pharmacol. 2021; 12:664500.
bags, or glass bottles. Additionally, the study provided a prodigious 8. 8. Bouyahya A, El Omari N, Elmenyiy N, Guaouguaou FE,
information base for recognizing the medicinal flora of the study site, Balahbib A, Belmehdi O. Moroccan antidiabetic medicinal
as well as its cultural and therapeutic significance in the customs of the plants: Ethnobotanical studies, phytochemical bioactive
populations. The data collected could be integrated into a database for compounds, preclinical investigations, toxicological
possible enhancement of this precious floristic heritage, which is the validations and clinical evidences; challenges, guidance and
pride of the Moroccan herbarium. perspectives for future management of diabetes worldwide.
Trends Food Sci Technol. 2021; 115:147‑254.
Conflict of interest 9. Nesrine B, Rajaa R, Sakina N. Ethnobotanical survey and
The authors declare no conflict of interest. inventory of medicinal plants used in the treatment of
dermatological diseases in the city of Ain Temouchent . J
Appl Biosci. 2022; 170:17704‑17719.
Authors’ Declaration
10. Tareau MA, Bonnefond A, Palisse M, Odonne G.
The authors hereby declare that the work presented in this article is Phytotherapies in motion: French Guiana as a case study for
original and that any liability for claims relating to the content of this cross-cultural ethnobotanical hybridization. J Ethnobiology
article will be borne by them. Ethnomedicine. 2020; 16(1):54.
11. Oumar DA, Raphiou DO, Héléna FS, Aliou DM, Ismaël D,
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