RSA with CSIR-CRRI Yr 2023

Road Furniture &

RSA- Road Safety Audit
“Safety isn’t a slogan.
It’s a way of life.
by
Er. Sabyasachi Naik
Think for your safety.” Executive Engineer (Civil)
Lifetime Member of Indian Road Congress (ELM-103530)
Ph: 8895240609,email: [email protected]
 2

Road Safety Furniture

“Safety isn’t a slogan. It’s a way of life. Think for your safety.”
 Road Furniture/Traffic Control Devices
 KM Stones(IRC 8)
 Road Signs (IRC 67)
 Road Markings(IRC 35)
 Road Channelizers/Delineators/Studs(IRC 79)
 Work Zones(IRC SP 55)
 VMS (IRC SP 85)
 Black Spot (MoRTH & IRC 131 )

3
 IRC 8
-
HIGHWAY
KILOMETRE
STONES

4
 HIGHWAY KILOMETRE STONES

A kilometer stone is one of a series

of numbered markers placed along
a road or boundary at intervals of one
km or occasionally, parts of a km. They
are typically located at the side of the
road or in a median Kilometer stones
are constructed to provide reference
points along the road. This can be used
to reassure travellers that the proper
path is being followed, and to indicate
either distance travelled or the
remaining distance to a destination.
 DESIGN OF KILOMETRE STONES
FOR NH,SH,& MDR:- The stones are of two sizes

1. Ordinary kilometer stone(small size)

2. Fifth kilometer stone(bigger size)

ORDINARY KILOMETER STONES

SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION EXAMPLE

 FIFTH KILOMETER STONE

Wrong EXAMPLE

On each kilometer stone its number shall be

inscribed on side of stone facing the carriage way.

This numbering is meant for maintenance staff and

will start with zero at starting station.
 IRC 67
–
Road Signs

8
 IRC 67
Shape of Road Signage Road Signs

Circles give Orders, Triangles Warn/Caution & Rectangles Inform

9
 IRC 67
Road Signs

Classification of Road Signs

10
 STOP Sign
Purpose
• This is for indicating priority for the right of way.
Required to stop before entering a Major road.

11
 GIVE WAY Sign
Purpose
• The GIVE WAY sign is used to assign right-of-way
to traffic on certain roadways at intersections.

12
 IRC 67
Road Signs
Red Light Violation Detection (RLVD)
System Surveillance Camera
 Installed near traffic signals where
there is active RLVD system

 To warn and inform the road users

about its presence Most of the road
crashes associated with signalized
intersections is due to the violation of
Red light.

 Red light violation and ‘STOP’ line

violation
STOP Sign Violation

13
 IRC 67
Road Signs
Free Left Turn Prohibited at “Signal”
/on Signalised Intersections
 The sign shall be placed at least
15 m before intersection
equipped with traffic signal
wherein left turn is not allowed
on “Red Signal”.
 Normally, such signs are
warranted at locations where
there is absence of channelisers
at an intersection to facilitate the
free movement of left turning
traffic.
 “Free Left” turn allows when
the Signal turns “Left Turn
Green” at “Red Signal”.

14
 IRC 67
Road Signs

Speed Camera

 This sign is to be installed at

regular intervals along roads
which have speed detection
cameras installed

 Drivers made fully aware of

the presence of cameras and of
the prevailing speed limit.

15
 IRC 67
Road Signs
Lane Discipline Information Sign

 Vehicle Category wise

 Speed wise lane dedication
 Heavy vehicle drivers are to be informed to use the left
most lane with shoulder mounted signs as well
16
 Gateway Signs

 Shallbe used with backing boards to distinguish the new

speed limit applicable at the approach road.

 Such signs boards shall be placed on approach to a town or

an old town area, or on local roads merging with any arterial
/ sub-arterial roads.
17
Compulsory Control and Other Signs

Dimensions of Compulsory Direction Control Sign

Diameter
Design Speed Border (mm)
(mm)
300* 10
Up to 65 Kmph
600 20
66 - 80 Kmph 750 25
81-100 Kmph 900 30
101-120 Kmph 1200 40
> 120 Kmph 1500 50

18
Maximum Speed Limit

19
 Minimum Speed Limit
Where engineering judgment determines that
slow speeds, especially on an expressway, might
impede the normal and reasonable movement of
traffic,
This shall be used on specific sections to avoid the
slow moving vehicles acting as a hindrance so as to
improve the efficiency of the traffic movement on
the expressway.
 It is compulsory to install the “Restriction End”
sign at the end

20
Straight Prohibited/No Entry
The signs shall be located at places where the vehicles are not allowed to enter.
It is generally erected at the end of one-way road to prohibit traffic entering the
roadway in the wrong direction and also at each intersection along the one-way
road.

21
 Priority to Vehicles from
Opposite Direction

 The sign shall be used to indicate that

drivers must give priority to vehicles from
opposite direction.

 It should be used only when vehicles at

each end of priority sections are clearly
visible to each other.

 The sign must not be displayed to traffic

approaching from opposite directions. It
must not be used upside down in an
attempt to imply reversed priority.

22
No Parking, No Stopping and No Standing Signs

23
Classification of Road Signs contd..
Cautionary/Warning Signs
They are used to caution and alert the road users to potential
danger or existence of certain hazardous conditions either on or
adjacent to the roadway
 They are triangular in shape with red border and black symbol
in white background
 Examples of these signs are Hairpin Bend. Narrow Bridge, Gap in
Median, School Ahead etc

24
Typical Cautionary/Warning Signs

25
Built Up Area Overhead Cables
• The sign shall be used to caution the • This “Warning: Overhead Cables” sign
vehicles about Built up Area. is a cautionary notice for personnel,
indicating the presence of overhead
•The sign shall be placed at the high-voltage cables and the need to
beginning of such area. exercise caution to prevent electrical
hazards.

26
 School Sign Board

MDR-80 Nimapara to Astaranga, Odisha GOP to Baliga State Highway

School Ahead Sign

GOP to Baliga State Highway MDR-80 Nimapara to Astaranga, Odisha

27
 Backing Board and Use of Fluorescent
Colour for Pedestrian Crossing
 Warrants for Using Backing Boards
 When all other normal treatments have been
tried

 Higher-than-expected crash rate is

experienced

 They should be used very sparingly as a

special case and not as a matter of course.

 In summary, yellow backing board or
fluorescence are somewhat visually
intrusive and hence should be used with
discretion.

28
Additional Cautionary/Warning Signs

29
Informatory /Guide Signs
 It indicates location and direction to facilities like "fuel station“
“hospital” or "eating place" or “parking”
 They are rectangular in shape. Letter Size also follows IRC rule.

30
Modifications Direction Informatory Signs (ctrl+click to follow link)

Near Destination on Top

No of arrows based on No of lanes

Gantry Mounted Advance Direction Sign Ahead of

Flyover/In Urban or City Area

31
32
New Facility Information Signs

33
 Route Marker Signs

Highway Shield
“A highway shield or route
marker is a sign denoting the
route number of a highway,
usually in the form of a
symbolic shape with the route
number enclosed.”

34
Addition of Cautionary or Regulatory Signs along with
Direction Signs

35
Toll Plaza Related Signs

36
37
Tourism Related Signs

38
Remove Old Practices , Adopt New Regulation

Backing Board: IRC has proposed use of Backing

Boards having fluorescent yellow background to
improve conspicuity for drawing attention to signs
mounted in deep shadow or places affected by dull or
foggy weather conditions. Backing board provides
neater assembly for signs which require a
supplementary plate. IRC does not recommend use of
backing board as a routine practice.

39
 IRC SP 55
TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
IN
WORK ZONES

40
 Traffic Control Devices
Category Color Shape Examples
Normal Regulatory As given in
Circular
(NR) Signs IRC:67-2012
Regulatory/
Mandatory Work Zone
Regulatory Red & White Rectangular
Road Signs – Work (WR) Signs
Zone
Normal Warning As given in
Information Signs (IS)
(NW) IRC:67-2012 but in Triangular
or Signs yellow background
Temporary Direction Warning
Signs (DS) Sign
Work Zone Warning Black &
Rectangular
(WW) Signs Yellow

Work Zone Black &

Rectangular
Information Signs (IS) Yellow
Informatory
Signs
Work Zone Direction Black &
Rectangular
on Signs (DS) Yellow

41
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Traffic Control Devices
Normal Regulatory Signs
These signs are used in work zones to instruct road users of traffic laws or regulations and to
indicate the applicability of legal requirements that would not otherwise be apparent.

Stop sign is used where traffic is required to stop as per temporary

traffic management plan.

Give way sign used to assign right-of-way to the vehicles controlled by

the sign must give way to other traffic having the right of way due to
road works.
No Parking sign is used on the roads to prevent any parking of vehicles
on the main carriageway which will lead to congestion.

Speed limit is used to prescribe the speed limit and warrants reduction
in the speed on approaches.

Pedestrian sign is used where only pedestrians are allowed and the
traffic is not allowed on this portion of street due to temporary traffic
management.
42
Traffic Control Devices
Work Zone Regulatory Signs

Road ahead sign is used to indicate that road ahead has been
closed as part of temporary traffic management plan.

Slow board is used to slow down the traffic.

Sign to permit exit only.

The "GO" board in STOP and GO traffic control in work zone in a

one lane two directional traffic control.

Sign to indicate the one-way movement to direction to which

arrow is shown.

43
Traffic Control Devices
Normal Warning Signs
✔ The warning signs in work zone are classified into two categories namely normal triangular warning signs and work zone
specific warning signs.
✔ The triangular warning sign when used for work zones shall be on yellow background in order to highlight the hazardous
situation in work zone.
✔ The work zone warning sign shall be in black arrows/border/text in yellow background.

Sign to indicate a traffic control in an alternate one way

movement ahead through a portal signal.

Sign to indicate road suddenly narrows due to road

Construction.

Sign to warn that school in work zone area.

Sign is displayed when men or machines are working on the

road or adjacent to it.

Sign to warn speed reduction with rumble strip due to work

zones.

44
Traffic Control Devices
Work Zone Warning Signs

Sign is used to indicate the road works progresses ahead and sign is
installed in the advance warning area.

Sign to inform the Detour of traffic at 300 m ahead.

Sign is used as supplementary plate to inform the particular hazardous

situation shown previously ceases to exist.

Sign to warn of blasting zone at 500 m ahead.

Sign to inform of one lane road due to traffic control and can be installed at
advance warning area.

45
Traffic Control Devices
Work Zone Information Sign
The informatory signs shall be either work zone Information Signs (IS) or temporary Direction signs (DS), and
their color schemes shall be black texts/arrows/borders in yellow background.

Sign to indicate the footpath for pedestrian to walk.

Sign to warn that footpath has been closed due to roadwork.

Sign is to inform that priority has been given to forward movement and traffic in
opposite direction is expected to yield.

Sign to inform the pedestrians to proceed the arrow leading to.

Sign to inform of cycle track and for a facility for cyclist to avail.

46
Traffic Control Devices
Work Zone Direction Information Sign

Sign to inform approaching traffic to take a detour due to temporary

traffic diversion plan.

Sign is a direction information that traffic bound to destination

shown here may take the direction shown, as part of traffic detour.

Sign to inform of end of detour.

Sign to inform pedestrians to take a detour due to road works.

Sign to inform to take a detour at the location where the sign is

placed.

47
 Traffic Control Devices: Channelising Devices
TRAFFIC CONES
✔ The traffic cones are ideally proposed for temporary
works and maintenance activities.
✔ The traffic cones are easily portable and can be used at
places where they are required to be installed and
dismantled quite often.
✔ The application of traffic cones on roadways for
various speeds are described in the table below-

Cones in Cones in
Speed Size
Transition Area Straight Portion
Upto 65
500 mm 1.5 m 9m
kmph
66- 100
750mm 1.5 m 9m
kmph
> 100 kmph 1000 mm 1.5 m 9m
A minimum 300 mm clear distance shall be provided from the traffic edge
lane marking to the traffic cones

48
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Traffic Control Devices: Channelizing Devices

TUBULAR MARKERS/ Delineators

✔ These may be used effectively to divide opposing

lanes of road users, or to divide vehicular traffic
lanes when two or more lanes of moving vehicular
traffic are kept open in the same direction.

✔ To delineate the edge of a pavement drop-off where

space limitations do not allow the use of larger
devices . These shall be flexible plastic bollards.

✔ Tubular markers are suitable in urban or in rural

sections where pedestrian and cyclist movements
are there due to abutting roadside activities.

49
 Tabular marker Roadway Indicators/Delineators
or Guide Poles (IRC 79)
Concrete Delineators are effective guidance devices at night and during adverse weather. An
important advantage of delineators in certain locations is that they remain visible when the
roadway is wet or snow covered. Delineators are considered guidance devices rather than
warning devices.

(i) Curved Sections

(a) Horizontal curves of radius 300 m or less.
(b) Vertical curves with inadequate visibility.
(ii) Straight Sections
a) Approaches to important intersections
b) Road sections where visibility is often poor
due to mist, fog or snowy conditions
c) Pavement width transitions, temporary road
diversions, etc.
d) Approaches to narrow bridges and culverts
e) Valley side of hill roads
f) Special problem points such as causeways and
tunnels.

50
 Traffic Control Devices: Channelising Devices
HAZARD MARKERS
✔ The hazard markers shall be alternating yellow and black retro-
reflective stripes, sloping downward at an angle of 45 degrees in
the direction of vehicular traffic.
✔ All exposed roadside fixed objects, like tree, culvert/bridge
parapet, etc. adjacent to traffic movement are to be delineated
with hazard markers just in front of them and also at location of
diversion.

DRUMS
✔ Drums are generally of lightweight and with deformable materials.
✔ The application of drum delineators is permitted in work sites where
there is adequate space to install drums with adequate minimum
clearance distance.

51
 Traffic Control Devices: Channelizing Devices

BARRICADES
 Barricades are intended to provide containment without
significant deflection or deformation under impact and to
redirect errant vehicles along the barrier.
 Barricades can be portable or permanent.
 They are designed to be easily relocated and have four specific
functions such as to:
 Prevent traffic from entering work areas including excavations or
material storage sites;
 Provide protection and perceived safety to both traffic as well as
construction workers;
 Separate two-way traffic; and
 Protect construction, such as form work for culverts and other
exposed objects, so as to avoid hazard to road users.

52
 Traffic Control Devices: BARRICADES

Direction Indicator Barricade Water filled Construction Barrier Water filled Attenuator
at Barrier End

Other type Water-filled New Jersey Barricade

Barricade
53
 Traffic Control Devices: Channelizing Devices
PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND ROAD STUDS
✔ Pavement markings shall be maintained along paved streets and highways in all long- and intermediate-

term stationary work zones.

✔ All pavement markings shall be in accordance with IRC:35.

✔ Pavement markings shall be placed along the entire length of any surfaced detour or temporary roadway

prior to the detour or roadway being opened to road users.

✔ The material used should be hot/cold thermoplastic or ordinary paint. The word messages like 'DO NOT

PASS', 'PASS WITH CARE' and 'NO PASSING ZONE' can be written upon the pavement surface.
✔ The pavement markings shall be reinforced with road studs and the color of the road studs shall be

amber.
✔ Roads studs shall be used at acute temporary diversions to reinforce the temporary continuous marking

and also where contra-flow situation is required to be adopted as part of work zone traffic management
plan.

54
Traffic Control Devices: Channelizing Devices
Channelizing Devices
PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND ROAD STUDS

Pavement
Marking

Road
Studs

55
 Traffic Control Devices: Lighting Devices

 Lightning devices are used to supplement channelization.

 The maximum spacing for warning lights should be
identical to the channelizing device spacing
requirements.
 Four types of lighting devices are commonly used in
work zones. They are floodlights, flashing warning
beacons, warning lights, and steady-burn electric lamps.

FLOODLIGHTS
When construction work is being performed during
nighttime, floodlights should be used to illuminate the
work area, equipment crossings, and other areas as
shown in the image.

56
Traffic Control Devices: Lighting Devices

57
 Traffic Control Devices: Lighting Devices

 Lightning devices are used to supplement channelization.

 The maximum spacing for warning lights should be
identical to the channelizing device spacing requirements.
 Four types of lighting devices are commonly used in work
zones. They are floodlights, flashing warning beacons,
warning lights, and steady-burn electric lamps.

FLOODLIGHTS
When construction work is being performed
during nighttime, floodlights should be used to
illuminate the work area, equipment crossings,
and other areas as shown in the image.

58
Traffic Control Devices: Flash Warning Lighting Devices

FLASHING WARNING BEACONS

Flashing warning beacons are often used to supplement a traffic
control device.

FLASHING WARNING LIGHTS

Flashing warning lights are used to warn road users during both
daylight and nighttime hours that they are approaching a potentially
hazardous area.

ELECTRIC LAMPS
These are signaling devices positioned at road intersections,
pedestrian crossings and other locations to control conflicting
flows of traffic.

59
Traffic Control Devices: Portable Variable Message for Work Zone

60
 Traffic Control Devices: Arrow Boards

 An arrow panel shall be a sign with a

matrix of elements capable of either
flashing or sequential displays.

 This sign shall provide additional

warning and directional information to
assist in merging and controlling road
users through or around a work zone.

 An arrow panel shall have the following

three mode selections:
• A Flashing Arrow, Sequential Arrow,
or Sequential Chevron mode;
• A flashing Double Arrow mode;
• A flashing Caution

61
 Temporary Traffic Control Zones

• Temporary Traffic Control Zone means the area of

a roadway where traffic conditions are changed
temporarily by the use of temporary traffic control
devices, flaggers, police or other authorized
personnel for facilitating the road works and to
manage the normal traffic operations in a safe and
efficient manner.
• A Temporary Traffic Control Zone starts from the
first advance warning sign or flagger and extends
through the last traffic control device where traffic
returns to normal conditions.
 Temporary Traffic Control Zones
Distance
Advance Warning Work end
Transition Zone Activity Zone Between Sites in
Zone Zone
Km
Speed at
the start of Terminal Taper length Buffer Space
Approach Taper length
traffic Min. (TTL) (m.) Radius
Advanc (ATL) (m.)
Distance in Case
Control e
between of Min. Min. Work Zone
Zones warning Min. exit Latera Work Desirab Exception
two For width of Circula End Length
Length For Lateral Approach longitud l Space le al
(kmph) successive
Rate hazard (S1) r (WEL)
(AWL) Shift (S1) (m.) longitudin inal Buffer
signs, d (m.) Rate of curves
(m.) of al Buffer Buffer Space
(m.) Taper (m.)
Taper (ALB) (m) (ELB) (LBS)
2 4 2 4
(m) (m)
Up to 50 180 40 1:12 24 48 1:10 20 40 30 10 5 0.5 45 2 1
51 to 65 270 55 1:15 30 60 1:12 24 48 90 15 10 0.9 60 5 2
66 to 80 350 80 1:18 36 72 1:15 30 60 165 30 15 1.2 Varies 75 10 5
81 to 100 500 100 1:20 40 80 1:18 36 72 250 60 30 1.2 105 10 5
101 to 120 1100 120 1:25 50 100 1:20 40 80 400 100 60 1.5 135 10 5

Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Traffic Management Practices
at Work Zones
Alternate One Way Operations
• The Alternate One-way operations can be put in place on a two-lane bi-directional road.
• This strategy is generally limited to low volume roads, and requires at least two flaggers,

or temporary traffic lights to safely handle the 'Stop' and 'Go' arrangement of traffic.
• Traffic control methods employed for alternate one-way operation :
✔ "Give and take" system
✔ Priority sign

✔ "STOP/GO" boards or flags

✔ Portable traffic signals

64
 Traffic Management Practices at Work Zones
Alternate One Way Operations

“Give and Take” System

Priority Sign
65
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Traffic Management Practices at Work Zones
Alternate One Way Operations

"STOP/GO" boards or Portable Traffic

flags Signals

66
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Traffic Management Practices at Work Zones
Alternate One Way Operations
Choice of Control Methods
Maximum
Traffic Control Length of Work Zone Maximum Two Way
Speed Limit
Methods + Transition Zone (m) Traffic Flow
(kmph)
"Give and take" 50 50m (max) • 400 veh/hour
system • 20 commercial
veh/hour
Priority sign 60 80m (max) 850 veh/hr
"STOP/GO“ boards 60 100m 1400 veh/hr
or Flags 200m 1250 veh/hr
300m 1050 veh/hr
400m 950 veh/hr
500m 850 veh/hr
Portable Traffic 60 300m (max) No limit
Signal

67
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Traffic Management Practices at Work Zones (DETOURS)

 In this strategy, traffic is

rerouted on to an
alternate road and the
traffic totally avoids the
work zone.
 Traffic is directed from a
road stretch under DETOURS
construction/improveme
nt, to an alternative traffic
route, construction
operations can proceed
rapidly.

68
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Traffic Management Practices at Work Zones

Diversions
Median
Crossovers

69
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Traffic Management Practices
at Work Zones

Use of shoulder as a travel lane

Night Construction
• Night construction may be preferred in many cases as the volume of traffic is generally lower and conflicts are
minimized.
• Consideration must be given to the effect of night operations on the surrounding environment as well as the workers.
• The major drawback is that the agency cost is escalated and social pattern of workers is disrupted.

70
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
Vulnerable Road Users
Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) in India are generally considered to be the road users in
the form of pedestrians, cyclists and two- wheeler riders and other non motorized
vehicles, who are more exposed and susceptible to road traffic hazards.

Protected Pedestrian Path Pedestrian Barrier

Mesh Barrier

71
Vulnerable Road Users
Alternate Way for Pedestrians

✔ An alternative safe route for pedestrians must be provided if it is necessary to close a footpath or
part of a footpath as shown.
✔ Pedestrian access to property must always be ensured.
✔ Temporary pedestrian ways should never be less than 1 m wide and, wherever possible, they
should be 1 .5 m or more in width.
✔ It must be ensured that pedestrians are not diverted onto an unguarded carriageway.

72
 Vulnerable Road Users
Speed Reduction Measures
✔ In urban roads and highways passing
through urban areas, physical measures
like speed breaker or raised rumble strip
markings may be adopted.
✔ Such installation of speed breaker must
be with adequate warning signs on
approaches and proper lighting of the
area for clear conspicuity of the speed Speed Breakers for Highways Passing through Urban Area
breaker to approaching vehicles.

Raised Rumble Strip Markings

73
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014
 Personnel and Construction Zone Safety
Reflective Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)

• Retroreflective PPE is equipment that will protect the user against health or
safety risks at work. Include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye
protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses. Also
includes respiratory protective equipment (RPE).
• All the workers, exposed to moving roadway traffic or equipment in road
construction zones shall wear high-visibility safety apparel, headgear, boots,
gloves and protective gears for their protection.
74
 Personnel and Construction Zone Safety
Warning Signs on Hand Paddles

Rollup Stands
Marshalling Torch

Flagman at Construction Site

75
 SIZE of SIGNS of Warning and Regulatory
Sizes and Dimensions of Cautionary / Warning Sign & Siting Distances
All Signs are based on design Side Border Clear Visibility Distance of sign from hazard
Design speed
speed of corridor. (mm) (mm) Distances (m) (m)
Upto 50 kmph 600 45 45 45
Hence confirmation of Design 51 -65 kmph 750 60 60 45-110
66- 80 kmph
speed is must prior to prepare 81-120 kmph
900
1200
70
90
70
90
110-180
180-245
signage plan. 121 - 150 kmph 1500 110 110 245-305

Size and Dimension of Mandatory / Regulatory Signs

Design Speed
Diameter
Border (mm)
Oblique bar Font Size Size of Road signs on
(mm) (mm) (mm)
300* 35 35 75 crossroads is also important
Up to 65 Kmph
600 50 50 100 which shall be derived based
66 – 80 Kmph
81 - 100 Kmph
750
900
60
75
60
75
125
150
on category of crossroads.
101 - 120 Kmph 1200 100 100 225
121-150 kmph 1500 120 120 250

76
SIZE OF SIGNS(Informatory Signs)
Size of informatory
signage shall based on
Table 11.1 of IRC
67:2012 .
Font type is “Transport
Medium” for English &
“Hindi7” for Hindi.
Text height(x) and
stroke width (s/w) will
derived size of each sign
boards.
Layout of signages shall
follow Forward, Left &
Right direction of travel
pattern.

77
Colour pattern for direction information signs is given in Table 8.3.
The colours chosen for informatory or guide signs shall be distinct
for different categories of roads. (ctrl+click to follow link)

78
 RETROREFLECTION
Definition:
“The reflection of light where the returned luminous flux is near the original direction of the
light source, even when the light source's direction varies. “

79
RETROREFLECTION
at NIGHT

80
 Siting of Signs
w.r.t. Carriage Way

81
Orientation of Signs
The signs unless otherwise stated shall normally be placed at right
angles to the line of travel of the approaching traffic.

 Signs relating to parking, however, should be fixed at an angle

(approximately) 15° to the carriageway so as to give better visibility.

 Sign faces are normally vertical, but on gradients it may be desirable

to tilt a sign forward or backward from the vertical to make it normal
to the line of sight and improve the viewing angle.

 Where light reflection from the sign face is encountered to such an

extent as to reduce legibility. The sign should be turned slightly away
from the road

82
Chevron Signs
 At the curved alignment, used to inform the sharpness of curve.
 Installedalways on the outside of curve, in line with and at
approximately right angle to approaching traffic.

 Use of a single chevron sign for treating a curve should be avoided. Spacing
of chevron signs should be such that the road user always has at least two
signs in view i.e. min 2 nos of Chevrons .

Single Chevron signs are

preferred to be used for
roads >100 Kmph,
bigger size of 750 mm x
900 mm shall be used.

83
Chevron Signs contd..
When the deflection angle is greater than 90 degree, double
chevron signs shall be used.

Triple chevron sign shall be essentially used at the

hairpin bends, loops of the interchanges and preferred
at central islands of a roundabout.
84
CHEVRON SIGN
Used on curved alignment of a
roadway, to inform the drivers about
sharpness of curve.

85
86
Object Hazard Marker contd..

2
1

87
Hazard Marker contd..

88
 IRC SP 85
–
VARIABLE
MESSAGE SIGNS

89
 VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNS ( IRC SP 85 )

 Full-colour 10 mm pitch LED display

having a brightness of 7500-8000 cd/m2

 Facility to switch to Low Power mode

screens in case of Mains power failure.

 These screens should be monitored

remotely for pixel level failure detection

 It shall also provide Android and iOS

based application for Disaster
Management.

 Can be used at tourist place or bus stops

to display the live journey time of buses

90
 IRC 35
-
ROAD MARKINGS

91
What is Road markings?
 Road markings are lines, patterns, words
which are applied or attached to the
carriageway
 Road markings normally include
longitudinal markings, transverse
markings, text and symbols etc. on the
road surfaces.

Why we need Road markings?

 For guiding and controlling traffic on a
highway and serve as a psychological
barrier
 Channelize the pedestrians and cyclists
movement into safe location
92
Classifications of Road Markings
Pavement Markings are broadly classified into
following seven categories based on the placement of
markings
1. Longitudinal Marking (LM)
2. Transverse Marking (TM)
3. Hazard Marking (HM)
4. Block Marking (BM)
5. Arrow Marking (AM)
6. Directional Marking (OM)
7. Facility Marking (FM)

93
94
 Colour Pattern for Markings
White
Because of the visibility and good contrast against the road surface, the
white colour should be widely used for road markings.
Yellow
Longitudinal marking where to convey the message that “it is not
permitted to cross the markings”. It also used to show parking
restrictions and to impose other traffic control.
Blue
Indicate new and special markings which are not conventional. Blue is the
colour of public transportation including three wheelers, scooter and
rickshaws.
Green
Distinguish the bicycle and non-motorised transport facilities provided on
the road. Green colour background should be marked at the
intersection to give priority to the cyclists and pedestrians in
crossing the road.
95
No Overtaking Central Line 96
 Longitudinal Marking for Undivided Roads
• Longitudinal marking at mid-block section of single/
intermediate lane roads, where the carriageway is less than
5.5 m.

• Longitudinal marking at mid-block section for two lane roads,

where the carriageway is 5.5 m to 7 m without any paved
shoulder.

97
 ROAD STUDS/ CAT EYES / RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS
Road studs are used (in series) across the carriageway
to serve as Speed Arrestor coupled with eschewing
warning through the creation of the rumbling
sensation to the user.
Colour for Road Studs:
• White - To indicate traffic lane line and centre of
carriageway.
• Red - Mainly to delineate left hand edge of the
running carriageway
• Yellow - Aim to delineate the right hand edge of
the running carriageway (multilane divided
carriageways).
• Green - Green road studs are to be employed to
indicate crossable edge line.

98
STOP AND GIVEWAY MARKINGS

99
Marking for Road Hump
100
101
Road studs for Bi-Directional Road 102
 Markings for Objects Markings for Objects
within the Carriageway adjacent to Carriageway

103
 Markings for Objects adjacent to Carriageway

All objects located within 2.4 m from shoulder/kerb shall be painted

104
 IRC 99
–
TCM IN URBAN AND
RURAL AREAS

105
 TCM Checklist
• Highway Corridor (Divided Carriageway)
• Highway Corridor (Without Central Median)
• Stretches of Highway without Pedestrian Footpaths
• Stretches of Highway without Service Lane
• Road Junctions on Highways
• Rail-road Intersection on Highways
• Bridges on Highways
• Urban Roads
• Hill Roads

106
 Rumble Strips
Rumble Strips are provided at places where speed
control is unavoidable in highways and arterial
roads
Rumble strip can be cast in situ with cement
concrete or premix bituminous material
Rumble strips may be provided across the entire
width of carriageway and paved shoulders
Raised section should be 20 to 30 mm high, 200-
300 mm wide and spaced about one meter centre to
centre roughly 6 numbers at one location

107
Rumble Strip made of Pre mix

108
Rumble Strips contd..

 Precast ready to install bumps are available and are being fixed on the road.
These bumps can be nailed to the pavement.
 In high speed environment, these bumps prove to be traffic hazard.
 Once the bump get damaged by repeated striking of the traffic movement,
the nail remains on the pavement and prove to be damaging the tyres of
vehicles.
 Therefore, its usage is recommended for local and collector streets.
109
Treatment for Safety of Vulnerable Road Users(VRU)

Typical Example of Hazardous Reach Treatment with Traffic Calming

using Thermoplastic Bar Markings (TBM)
110
 TBM-
Transverse bar
marking made
of thermoplastic
markings is
another
treatment to
alert and to
reduce the speed
respectively in
Figs. 2.7 and 2.8.

111
Circular hump

112
Circular Hump – Shape of a Circular Arc Trapezoidal Hump – Flat Top with Tapered Sides

Intersection Treatment for Major to Minor Roads

Speed Table Intersection Treatment at a Minor Crossing

113
Pedestrian Crossing

114
115
116
 IRC 119
–
TRAFFIC SAFETY
BARRIERS

117
 Overlapping in Steel Barrier
For the barrier itself we always overlap the rails in the direction of travel for the adjacent lane (to
minimise the risk of snagging as a vehicle impacts/pockets the system). This is the same for the leading
terminal, however the trailing terminal is the other way around. This is to ensure that the terminal
functions as crash tested. This is for the length of the terminal and its splice joints.

118
 End Treatment of Barrier
Depending upon their mode of performance, traffic safety barriers can be classified generally as:
1. Flexible [e.g., Cable (wire) type barriers]
2. Semi-rigid [e.g., Steel beam type barriers]
3. Rigid [e.g., Concrete barriers]

119
 End Treatment of Barrier
Types of End Treatments:

Slope-down Terminals:
These are designed to guide a vehicle away from the
barrier, reducing the likelihood of impact at the end.

Anchored-in Backslope Terminals:

These are secured to the back of the slope, preventing the
end of the barrier from being pulled towards the vehicle.

Turned-down Guardrail Terminals:

These are designed to bend the guardrail downward,
preventing it from piercing the vehicle.

Energy-absorbing End Terminals:

These use materials that deform and absorb impact
energy, minimizing the force transmitted to the vehicle.

120
 Flexible Median Marker (FMM)
Flexible Median Marker (FMM) should be used for improving median visibility during dark hours.
Use of Median Marker provides safety against collision happening with medians during night time
or severe weather. Flexible Median Markers shall be provided with fluorescent yellow colour retro
reflective sheeting Type XI as per IRC:67.

121
 Anti-glare Screen/Boards (IRC SP 84 & 99)
Anti-glare measures,
particularly anti-glare
screens, are a crucial
safety feature on Four-
Laning of highways or
expressways or
especially in areas with
high headlight glare
from oncoming traffic.
The Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways
(MORTH) guidelines,
along with the Indian
Roads Congress (IRC)
codes, provide detailed
specifications for their
use.

122
 Lighting System
Indian Roads Congress (IRC) High Pressure Sodium (HPS) VS Light Emitting Diode (LED)
guidelines specify provision of
lighting at locations such as built-up
sections, toll plaza areas, rest areas,
truck lay-byes, bus bays and bus shelter
locations, grade-separated structures,
interchanges, flyovers, underpasses
(vehicular and pedestrian) and
overpasses.

Proper road lighting significantly

enhances safety by improving
visibility for drivers, pedestrians, and
cyclists, especially during nighttime
and adverse weather conditions.

 Can help to aid navigation.

 Street lighting helps people to feel safe
and can help to reduce crime.
 Route lighting can help to reduce glare
from vehicle headlights.

123
 IRC 131
-
INDENTIFYING &
TREATING
BLACKSPOT

124
 BLACKSPOT

Definition of Road Accident Black Spot

(RABS) on State Highways/MDRs/ODRs:

According to Ministry of Road Transport &

Highways (MoRTH), Government of India, Road
Accident Black Spot is a stretch of road of
about 500 m in length in which either (a) Five
(5 nos) road accidents took place during the
last three consecutive calendar years involving
fatalities/grievous injuries or (b) Ten (10 nos)
fatalities took place during last three
consecutive calendar years.

125
126
RSA

127
CHARACTERISTICS
ACCIdEnTS In IndIA
• Nearly half of all deaths in road accidents
are of people on Two Wheelers
• Road accidents fatalities have been on
the rise in Rural India.

129
 Bird’s Eye View on Accident Scenario in Odisha

Unfortunately, the road crashes recorded a steady increase

since then, with 9,817 accidents in 2020 followed by 10,984
in 2021, 11,663 in 2022, 11,992 in 2023 and 12,375 in
2024. Accident Severity Index: The rate of severity
(number of people killed per 100 accidents) is 49.6 per
cent against the national average of 37 per cent.

Transport Department sources said a total 27,167 people

were killed and 50,041 injured in 56,831 road accidents in
the state over the last five years. While 85 per cent of the
accidents were due to human error and other associated
issues, the rest were attributed to bad road engineering.

Over-speeding and drunk driving are two critical factors

associated with road accidents in the state. Several
accident-prone zones in the state lack proper signages,
adequate lighting, or scientifically designed speed
breakers. Unmarked potholes, sharp curves and poorly
maintained roads have also contributed to accidents.
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
Road Safety Audit
• Prevention Is Better Than Cure:

Safety audit seeks to minimize the risk of

crashes occurring as a result of changes to
the highway.

• What is it ?
• Why do we need it?

It is a formal examination of
future road or traffic project, or
an existing road, in which an
independent, qualified team looks
at the project’s crash potential
and safety performance.
131
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
History of RSE/RSA - Manual/Guideline
Formation of RSE Team RSA Guidelines
and RSA AUSTROADS within Australia
begins in England and New Zealand

1980 1990 1992

RSA Manual
by the Institution of Highways and
Transportation (IHT), England

In subsequent years, many more road agencies in Asia, Europe, North America and parts of the
Middle East adopted the Road Safety Audit (RSA) process in ways that best suited their local needs.

132
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
Road Safety Audit is :
1. A formal process (not just an informal check).
2. Conducted by persons who are independent of the design.
3. Conducted by persons with appropriate qualification, training and experience.
4. An assessment of road safety issues in a road design, a Traffic Management Plan for road
works, a newly completed road scheme, or it can be the identification of safety concerns
on any existing road.
5. Minimizing the likelihood of crashes occurring through safety-conscious planning and
design;
6. Ensuring that, if a crash occurs, then the likelihood of the injury is minimized (such as
provision of anti-skid surfacing and crash barriers );
7. Ensuring that safety related design criteria (e.g. critical sight distances) have been met;
8. Minimizing the risk of crashes on the adjacent road network (particularly at
intersections) as well as on the new road scheme
9. Enhancing the importance and relevance of road safety engineering in highway design
work and to Enhance consideration of the safety of all road users in all new and existing
schemes.

133
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
Just as Importantly,
Road Safety Audit is “Not”:
1. NOT a check of compliance with standards;
2. NOT a substitute for regular design checks;
3. NOT a crash investigation;
4. NOT an opportunity to re-design a project which needs to be carried out
separately;
5. NOT a name for a more detailed site inspection;
6. NOT a way of assessing or rating a project as good or bad.
7. NOT a check on the designer’s competence
8. NOT something to be applied only to high cost projects or only to projects
involving safety problems;
9. NOT an opportunity to raise subjective personal concerns.

134
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
Objectives of
Road Safety Audit
 to minimize the risk of crashes occurring on an existing
road/a new road project
and
 to minimize the severity of any crashes that do occur or are
likely to occur.

Risk is often defined as the likelihood (frequency) of an event

times the consequence (severity) of that event. i.e.

Risk (noun)-possibility of loss

or injury : PERIL, chance of loss
or the perils

VS

Severity (noun)- the condition of

being very bad, serious,
unpleasant, or harsh

135
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
Why do we need the RSA?
• Planning, designing, constructing, operating, managing and maintaining roads and highways is a
complex task.
• The engineers charged with this responsibility usually face a wide variety of competing
constraints and issues as they progress with their work.
• Though, The Design team and the Project Manager of the road authority work to achieve an
optimal solution. But sometimes, compromises are made which can lead to an increase in crash
risk.
Typical constraints include:
• Land acquisition, Project cost, Standards and guidelines, Traffic carrying capacity,
Environmental impacts , Resettlement and other socio-economic impacts, Geotechnical
conditions, Archaeological sites, Safety of road workers and maintenance crews.

136
 Major Problems
• Mixed Traffic
 Fast Moving
 Slow Moving
• Preponderance of old / poorly
maintained Goods vehicles
 Major Problems (Contd.)

Road User Attitude

Public apathy
Poor respect for
traffic rules
Low level of
awareness
Lack of driving
culture
Absence of ample Pedestrian facilities
Missing or Improperly Planned Pedestrian Crossings
Awareness Required for VRUs
on Safe use of Roads
Missing Facilities for Cyclists
Inconsistent/Substandard Signs
in Different Zones
Sign Cluster causing Confusion
 Wrong Practice of Ads:
Adverts on the road could be a distraction for drivers
 Bad Practice Example
Wrong Shape and Wrong Position
Bad Practice Example (Contd.)
 Absence of Barrier/Engineering Error in Barrier

Absence of Barrier for Pillar

Improperly Designed Exit and Signs
Confusing Signs
Useless and Hazardous Footpath
Causative Factors for Work Zones Accidents
• Driver – age, physical wellbeing
• Vehicle – condition, type, speed
• Road – improvement type, improper
delineation, travel width, muck,
slippery conditions
• Location – highway, rural, urban,
intersection
• Time – day, twilight, dusk
• Environment – rains, snow, light
conditions
• Traffic management and guide/
control devices
 General Practice – Major Shortcomings
• Improper delineation
• Inadequate/ non conforming
sign system
• Absence of pavement
markings
• Inadequate protective
measures at level differences
• Lack of facilities for VRUs
specially pedestrians
• Poor maintenance of
travel path/ diversion
• Non systematic emergency
medical attention
• Absence of enforcement
Vulnerable Road Users
Hazardous practices on roads
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
What Type of Projects should be Audited?
• Any road project on a high-speed road.
• Any road project experiencing high volume of traffic and vulnerable Road Users (Pedestrian
and bicycle routes)
• Reconstruction and realignment projects
• Intersection projects both signalized and non-signalized
• Deviated access roads near project roads
• Local area traffic management schemes, and
• Accident reduction schemes (ex: Black Spot, Vulnerable Accident Spot)

156
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
Who Does The Safety Audit?
Needs to be carried out by specialists, who are independent of the
design process so as to take a fresh look at the project focusing on
safety. Audit team should possess expertise and experience in
Road Safety Engineering (RSE).

“The safety auditors for an audit assignment may be taken by the road
authority in the central government from national register of road
safety auditors, which may be administered by the IRC on behalf of the
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, being the lead agency at the
Central Government. The road authorities in the states may also like
the IRC to administer the state level registers so as to ensure
uniformity of approach in empanelment of road safety auditors.”
Empanelment of Road Safety Audit Consultant

Examples: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research -

Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI), Indian
Institute of Technology, Private Firms appointed by State
Transport Authority or PPP firms like Delhi Integrated
Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS) appointed by
Supreme Court Committee on Road Safety (SCCoRS)

157
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
5 Stages of Road Safety Audit

✔ Feasibility / Preliminary Design Stage RSA - at the completion of the preliminary

design/ planning or feasibility study stage

✔ Detailed Design Stage/DPR RSA -when the detailed design is completed but before the
project is put out to Tender

✔ Construction Stage RSA - to ensure safety at the work site during construction
✔ Pre - Opening Stage RSA - to ensure the project is as safe as practical prior to “opening”
✔ Road Safety Inspection (RSI) / O & M Stage RSA - Existing Roads

158
 IRC SP 88
Suggested Stages of RSA Road Safety Audit

Urban
Arterial, Sub
Different Stages of National State Major District Local Streets,
Expressways Arterial and
Road Safety Audit Highways Highways Roads Rural Roads
Collector
Roads
Feasibility ✔ - Optional Optional Optional Optional N/A
Detailed Design
Stage/DPR Design*
✔ - ✔ - ✔ - ✔ - ✔ - ✔ -
Construction ✔ - ✔- ✔ - Optional Optional Optional
Pre-opening ✔ - ✔- ✔ - Optional ✔ Optional
O & M Stage/ Based on the prevalence of the road crashes and prioritization of the corridors at
Existing Roads national / state / district level . According to local policy and resources.

NO. OF AUDITS 4 stages 3 stages 3 stages Minimum 1 Minimum 2 Minimum 1

* For BoT, EPC, Hybrid Annuity, the stage of Feasibility Report by the Road Authority and later Design Stage by the
Concessionaire or the Contractor as relevant.

NOTE: Road safety audits may be commissioned only at selected stages according to the
cost of the road project or the classification of the road.

159
 IRC SP 88
How to use this Road Safety Audit

IRC SP 88 Manual
1. It contains details about engaging an audit team and the

road safety audit process that will assist the members of audit
teams to undertake an audit.

2. This manual includes audit case studies from typical road projects.
3. A full set of audit checklists is included in this manual. There is

one checklist for each stage of audit.

4. This manual does not present all the technical road safety
engineering information that an auditor needs to keep in mind for
the audit task.

5. Hence, Auditors are advised to refer to the various

relevant IRC Codes, Manuals, Guidelines and other
international best practices.

160
 IRC SP 88

Principle of Safer Design Road Safety Audit

Products
MoRTH IRC 67 IRC 35 IRC 79 IRC SP 55 IRC SP 85
Specification Road Signs Road Markings Road Delineators Work Zones VMS

Road Scenario
IRC 99
IRC SP 73 IRC SP 84 IRC SP 87 IRC SP 99 IRC SP 48 IRC SP 91
Traffic Calming
Two Lane Four Lane Six Lane Expressway Hill Roads Tunnel Road
Measures

Other Important
IRC SP 88 IRC SP 43 Rural Road Safety IRC 46 Guidelines for
IRC 103
MoRD Specification LOWCOST TRAFFIC MGMT Roadside Advertisement
Road Safety Audit TECH FOR URBAN AREAS Pedestrian Facilities Manual by NRIDA & Hoarding

161
 Principles of Safe Design: Uniformity and consistency ,
Good visibility of movements, Obvious operations
Build Forgiving Highways Break Driver Fatigue/Monotony
 Wider Shoulders  Passenger-oriented wayside amenities
 Flatter Side Slopes  Truck Parking Lay byes
 Safety Barriers
Take care of Driver Behavior and Errors Pedestrian Facilities
 Signs/ Markings  Foot walks
 Delineators/Hazard Markers  Railing barriers
 Subways
 Paved Shoulders
 Zebra Crossing/ Signals
 Proper alignment/Fluent Alignment/Profile
 Improve Sight Distance/Good visibility of movements
Reduce Conflict Points/Minimum conflict point
 Intersection Design
 Access Control
 Four Laning/Dividing Median
 Segregation of slow and vulnerable users from fast moving
traffic by provision of service roads and safe facilities for
crossing
Areas of Attention

• Highways
Trees
Run off the Road
Horizontal Curves
Utilities Port
Unsignalised Intersection
Head on Collisions
Work Zones
• Management
Data
Integration
Safety management Process
 Areas of Influence for Engineers / Planners
Influencing the ability of the driver to maintain vehicle control and
identify hazards

Influencing the number and types of opportunities that exist for

conflicts between vehicles

Affecting the consequences of out-of-control vehicle leaving the

travel lanes by adjusting the design of the road and road networks
to accommodate human characteristics and to be more ‘forgiving’ if
an error is made
Affecting the behavior and attentiveness of the driver, particularly,
the choice travel speed
Affecting the consequences of out-of-control vehicle
leaving the travel lanes ..

By adjusting the design of

the road and road
networks to accommodate
human characteristics and
to be more ‘forgiving’ if an
error is made

Significant features include:

shoulders width and
type, edge drop,
roadside conditions, side
slopes, and
guardrail
Affecting the consequences of out-of-control vehicle
leaving the travel lanes ..
Affecting the behaviour and attentiveness of the driver
Infrastructure and its environment should be easily understood so that road users can
quickly identify :
• LOCATION,
• determine which direction they must follow, and
• easily anticipate events with which they may be confronted -
• Driver behavior is affected virtually by all the elements of the road way environment,
particularly, the choice travel speed
 Investment Needed for Road Safety

This 'safety culture' cannot be developed

without investment it is an investment that
is surely worth making. June 2025
Magnitude of Investment:
The World Bank estimates that India needs to
invest an additional $100-109 billion
(approximately ₹9 trillion) over the next decade
to achieve a significant reduction in road crash
fatalities.

Economic Benefits:
Implementing these road safety measures is
projected to bring significant economic
benefits, equivalent to 3.7% of GDP annually.
 Designing for Safety:
Geometric Design Elements
1. Cross Section Elements
2. Sight Distance Considerations
3. Horizontal Alignment
4. Vertical Alignment
Design Control and Criterion
Safety considerations in design controls
Safety is one of the most important features from initial planning to final construction,
limitations are imposed by
 Road User Characteristics
 Vehicle Characteristics
 Design Speed
 Sight Distance
 Highway Cross Section Elements
 Carriageway
 Shoulders
 Foot Paths
 Cycle Tracks
 Side Slopes
 Side Drain
 Camber
 Super- Elevation
 Gradient
Typical Cross-Section
 Cross-Sections
Safer Practice
• Properly maintained cross-sectional profiles assist safety.
• Side slope gradients for embankments and drains should be
as flat as possible.
• Open channel drains should be covered or separated from
the carriageway.
• Incorporation of properly maintained shoulder allows room
for parking, in emergency use and segregation of
pedestrians.
• Provision of the number of lanes primarily dependent on
the projected traffic volume.
 Shoulders

Poorly Maintained Shoulder of Adequate and Well Maintained

Inadequate Width and Strength. Trees Shoulders
along Shoulders also Pose Safety
Hazards
 Shoulders
• Safer Practice
• Shoulder should support vehicles under all weather
conditions.
• Hard shoulders, should be differentiated from
carriageway.
• Edge line markings help to discourage traffic from
using the shoulder.
• Shoulder cross slopes should be so designed as to
avoid draining onto the carriageway.
 Medians and Kerbs

Well Maintained Median Width Impact of Median Width on Accidents

with Proper Median Markings
 Median Barriers
• Median barriers are not the same as safety barriers. They are designed to
segregate and prevent certain opposing pedestrian and vehicle movements.
• Problems
• Inadequate pedestrian crossing provisions will encourage pedestrians
to climb over the barriers and ignore their purpose.
• Median barriers without gaps for emergency vehicles can cause
delays and congestion if vehicles break down.
• Poor design and maintenance such as unprotected ends or damaged
and stolen sections.
• Clear and effective signing along with enforcement is necessary to
ensure that drivers drive on the correct side of the barrier.
 Median Gaps Width of
opening

Median narrower than 3 m

R 0.6

Control Radius
Width of
opening

Median width 3 m to 5 m
Typical Median End Treatments

Median Openings on Urban Corridor C ontrol Radius R 0.6

Width of
opening

Median wider than 5 m

 Median Gaps
• Safer Practice
• Their number should be kept to the minimum.
• Openings for right turns through bullet nosed shape
should be adopted .
• Openings for U-turns, semi-circular openings are more
appropriate for the vehicle paths.
• Median openings in urban areas: should be spaced at
500m on the more important arterial roads,
• Median openings for four lane divided carriageways and
expressways should be located near all terminal
junctions.
 Road Furniture :
Traffic Signage & Control Devices
 Sight Distance
Safety Issues
• Braking and acceleration ability of vehicles variable, due to poor
maintenance.
• Trucks and buses require greater distances to stop due to their weight,
but driving positions are generally higher.
• Industrialised country standards may not be appropriate because of
differing vehicle performance and driver behaviour in India.
• Untended vegetation can obstruct sight distances
Sight Distance
 Horizontal Alignment
Safer Practice
• Horizontal curvature of a road should be consistent with speed
requirements.
• Potentially unsafe overtaking on curves with inadequate sight distances
should be prevented by signs, road markings or physical barriers.
• Large radius horizontal curves instead of straight alignments should be
provided to relieve driver of monotony and enable him to make better
judgment of approaching vehicles' speed.
 Horizontal Alignment

Absence of Road Markings on 2-way Well Marked Horizontal Curve with

Single Carriageway Guardrails and Service Road
 Radius of Horizontal Curve
Vs Road Accident

Effect of Radius of Horizontal Effect of Length of Straight

Curve on Safety Section on Accident Rate
 Vertical Alignment
• Safer Practice
• Provide adequate sight distances.
• Broken-back curves should be avoided.
• Frequent changes in vertical profile should be avoided
• On long grades, steepest grade should be placed at the
bottom and lighter grade near top.
• Sag curves associated with highway underpasses, curve
lengths must be chosen to ensure the necessary
vertical clearances and to maintain adequate sight
distances into the underpass.
 Effect of Grade on Safety

• The accident rate

reduces considerably
when grade difference is
less than 4%

Effect of Grade on Accident Rate

 Combination of Vertical
and Horizontal Alignment
Safer Practice
 Proper alignment enhances scenic views of the natural
and manmade environment
 Easier to make adjustments at design stage
 Sharp horizontal curvature should not be introduced on
top of crest curve
 Designer should study long, continuous stretches of
highway in both plan and profile and visualize the whole
in three dimensions.
Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment

Broken Back Curve Replacement of Broken Back Curve

by Single radius long curve

Local dip on long grade Local dip eliminated on long

grade
Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment

Short humps on long Removal of humps on

horizontal curve horizontal curve

Short humps on long horizontal curve

 The Road Safety Audit Checklists
While engineers may be described as problem solvers, road safety auditors are best thought of
as problem finders! To help them in their problem finding work, a set of checklists can be a
useful memory jogger.
IRC SP 88 Clause 7.3.1 Following Checklists are included:
• Table 7.1 Checklist for Planning/Feasibility Stage
• Table 7.2 Checklist for Detailed Design Stage
• Table 7.3 Checklist for Construction Stage
• Table 7.4 Checklist for Pre-opening Stage
• Table 7.5 Checklist for Audit of Existing Roads
IRC SP 88 Clause 7.3.2 A separate checklist for Detailed Design Stage Audit of Rural Roads (Refer
Table 7.6) has been included for rural roads.
• Do not append the checklists to Audit report. Audit report should contain sufficient explanation
of its recommendations, without any need to refer to handwritten notes on checklists.

190
191
 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
RSA Procedure
 Safety Audit Team consisting of minimum two members travels in Day Light along the
Route
 Team Walks, Drives where appropriate
 One Team Member Notes all the Hazardous Points/Accident Spots/Blackspot
 The Other Member takes the Photographs of all the Hazardous Points
 Before Leaving the Site, Short Comings are Discussed and Confirmed
 Visit during Night is equally important
 One Member Prepares the Report
 The Other Member Edits the Report

 Final Report is prepared for Submission to the client.

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 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit

RSA
Reports
CRRI STA

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 IRC SP 88
Road Safety Audit
RSA Report & its Contents
A Title page - with the name of the road project and its Statement signed and dated by the Team Leader on
location.
behalf of the team, indicating that the team has
A Brief description of the road project - what type of project, audited the drawings, inspected the site and
why it has been proposed, and the stage of the audit. identified the road safety concerns noted in the
report.
The Names of the road safety audit team members.
Dates of the audit inspections and the weather conditions reviewed
List of all drawings, reports and documents (if
as part of the audit by including drawing
on-site at those times.
numbers and dates). This may be useful for reference
A table of all the safety concerns found from the desktop later as large road projects often have several
audit as well as from the site inspection. generations of drawings.
Priority rating for each safety concern. It may prove necessary at a later time for referring to
A practical and clear recommendation for corrective action actual drawing and design report that was audited.
for each safety concern.(For JE/Client to take ATR)
Digital photographs (having date and time stamp - if possible
with GPS Coordinates help in getting exact location) of
important safety concerns linked / aligned with the road
chainage as far as possible.

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Action Taken Report based of RSA Recommendation
by Field Officers

Submission of ATR/Compliance Report (Geotagged) to District Road Safety

Committee, CE Roads, State Transport Authority (STA, Cuttack),
Local Police Dept/CBI , High Court, MoRTH and SCCoRS.

Preparation of Road Furnitures Budget Estimate as per SoR & Analysis of

Rate of OPWD & Standard Data Book for Analysis of Rate of
MoRTH for RS Measures and submit to the Higher Authority .

Mandatory Use of Integrated Road Accident Databse (iRAD)

mobile apk/Website developed by MoRTH.

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