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Paper 1 Unit 9 - People

The document outlines key international development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals, along with their respective targets and indicators. It discusses various environmental issues such as biodiversity, acid rain, air pollution, and soil profiles, as well as significant international conventions and protocols related to climate change and environmental protection. Additionally, it highlights environmental education, notable disasters, relevant acts, important days, and water quality parameters.

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Ashin Anish
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2 views30 pages

Paper 1 Unit 9 - People

The document outlines key international development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals, along with their respective targets and indicators. It discusses various environmental issues such as biodiversity, acid rain, air pollution, and soil profiles, as well as significant international conventions and protocols related to climate change and environmental protection. Additionally, it highlights environmental education, notable disasters, relevant acts, important days, and water quality parameters.

Uploaded by

Ashin Anish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Paper 1 Unit 9

People, Development and Environment

Millennium Development Goals

For the year - 2015


8 International Development Goals
21 Targets

Sustainable Development Goals

By - 2030
17 Global Goals
169 Targets
234+ Indicators
10,000 Publications
Biodiversity

Benefits of Biodiversity are -


~ Aesthetic and Cultural Value
~ Contribution to Human Food Supplies
~ Providing Important Medicines.
~ Supporting Ecosystem Stability.
Toxic Substance Group Level of Carcinogenicity
Group A Human Carcinogen
(Eg.Tobacco Smoke)
Group B Probable Human Carcinogen
(Eg.Asbestos)
Group C Possible Human Carcinogen
(Eg.Formaldehyde)
Group D NOT Classified
(Eg.Caffeine)
Acid Rain

~ Robert Angus Smith discovered Acid Rain.


~ It is formed when - Carbon Dioxide & Sulfur Dioxide mix with the Water
in the atmosphere - creating ; Carbonic Acid & Sulfuric Acid.

Air Pollution

Primary Pollutants ; are emitted DIRECTLY from the Point Source.


Eg - CO, NO2, SO2.
Secondary Pollutant ; Formed by interaction of Primary Pollutants.
Eg - Ozone, PAN, Smog, etc.

B Tex, Air Pollutant, stands for -


B - Benzene
T - Toluene
E - Ethylbenzene
X - Xylenes

Soil Profile

Soil Profile - arrangement from Top to Bottom (below)

O - Horizon Organic Layer Decomposed Leaves ,


Plants,etc.
A - Horizon Topsoil Rich in Minerals and
Organic Material
B - Horizon Subsoil Contains Minerals
leached from the
Upper Layers
C - Horizon Parent Material Weathered Rock or
Unconsolidated
Material
R - Horizon Bedrock Unweathered Rock
beneath The Soil
Layers

Major Environment International Conventions

CBDR (Common But Differentiated Responsibilities) ;

~ Common But Differentiated Responsibilities ( CBDR) is a principle in


International Environmental Law - including Climate Change
Agreements.
1.​ All Countries - share a common Responsibility ,
To - address Global Environmental Challenges - like Climate Change.
2.​ Differentiated Responsibilities - acknowledge that -
Countries have - different Capacities,Historical emissions ,
and Development levels.
So, their Responsibilities should be tailored accordingly.

Conventions and Protocols

Convention Protocol
Convention is a General Protocols are NOT just Agreement
Agreement - Between Nations BUT Legally Binding
Conventions ,
After 1970 -

Between 1971 - 1980 ,


Ramsar Convention - 1971
Stockholm Conference - 1972
CITES - 1973

Between 1981 - 1990,


Vienna Convention - 1985
IPCC - 1988
Basel Convention - 1989

Between 1991 - 2000 ,


Rio Convention - 1992
Rotterdam Convention - 1998

After 2000,

Ramsar Convention
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora)
Between 1981 - 1990,

Vienna Convention
~ Montreal Protocol
IPCC (Inter - Governmental Panel for Climate Change)

Basel Convention
Between 1991 - 2000 ,

Rio Convention

~ Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)


3 Protocols - emerged from CBD.They are -

Miami Group

~ Miami Group is a group of countries that - opposed certain


provisions - of the Cartagena Protocol.
Countries are -
1.Argentina
2.Australia

3.Canada
4.Chile

5.United States (US)


6.Uruguay

These Countries were -


> Major Producers and Exporters of Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMOs)
> Concerned that - The Protocol ‘s Provisions would Restrict their -
Trade & Economic Interests.

~ The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change


(UNFCCC)

2 Protocols -
1.Kyoto Protocol
2.Paris Agreement

1.Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocol has 2 Commitment Periods - (% below 1990 levels)


a).First Commitment Period (2008 - 2012) - Reduce 5% below
b).Second Commitment Period (2013 - 2020) - Reduce 18% below

The Kyoto Protocol divides Countries into following Groups called as


Annexes ;

Annex I Non - Annex I Annex A


Annex II Annex B
Annex I

Annex II

Non - Annex I

Annex A
Annex B

Kyoto Mechanisms -

a).International Emissions Trading (ET)


b).Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

c).Joint Implementation (JI)

2.Paris Agreement
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)

India has committed to -

By 2025 ,
~ Reduction in Emission Intensity Targets.
To achieve that,
India will (also) need - a 175 GigaWatt Power Production Capacity -
from Renewable Energy sources . (By 2025)

By 2030 ,
~ India will have to - Reduce the GreenHouse Gas Emissions 33-35% -
From the levels - in 2005. (The Goal achieve - By 2030)
~ Increase - its Forest cover - by 5 Million Hectares (12.4 Million Acres).
(By 2030)

Others……

~ Renewable Energy sources like - Biomass,Hydro ,Solar & Wind - will


Contribute - 40% of The Total Electricity Generation
(Fossil Fuels like - Coal,Natural Gas & Oil - will
Contribute - 60% or less)
~ Improve - the Quality of Forest cover - on another 5 Million Hectares
(12.4 Million Acres) - of Land.

~ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

In a Nutshell,
Rotterdam Convention

Key aspects of The Rotterdam Convention -

~ Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure - Requires Exporting


Countries ; to inform Importing Countries of Hazardous Chemicals &
obtain their - consent before Export.
~ Aims - to promote shared Responsibility & Cooperation among
Countries ; to protect Human Health and The Environment.
~ Encourages - Exchange of Information on Hazardous Chemicals and
their safe use.

Stockholm Convention

Aims to ; Eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment.

The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)


International Solar Alliance (ISA)
More Info -
The official Languages for International Solar Alliance are -
Hindi , English , French.

Environmental Education

Environmental Education include -


~ Climate Change
~ Consumption of Resources
~ Environmental Degradation

Disasters

After 1950,
1952 - London Smog (England)

1960s - 70s - California Smog


1967 - Torrey Canyon Oil Spill

1976 - Seveso Dioxide Disaster (Italy)

1984 - Bhopal Gas Tragedy


1986 - Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

After 2000,
2010 - Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill

2011 - Fukushima Nuclear Disaster


2014 - Soma Mine Disaster

Environment related Acts

~ After 1970,

1972 Wildlife Protection Act

1974 Water (Prevention and Control of


Pollution)

~ After 1980,

1981 Air (Prevention and Control of


Pollution) Act

After 1985,

1986 Environment (Protection) Act

~ After 2000,

2002 Biological Diversity Act

After 2005,

2010 National Green Tribunal Act

~ After 2010

After 2015,

2019 National Clean Air Programme


Important Days ;

3 March World Wildlife Day


Theme - Wildlife Conservation Finance : Investing in People and Planet.

21 March - World Forest Day


Forests and Food

22 March - World Water Day


Theme - Glacier Preservation.

22 April - Earth Day


Our Power, Our Planet.

5 June - World Environment Day


Beat Plastic Pollution.

16 September - World Ozone Day


Ozone for Life

5 November - World Tsunami Day

5 December - World Soil Day

Full Forms ;

DDT - Di chloro Diphenyl Trichloro Ethane.

More Info ;

COP Related
COP 3 Kyoto Protocol

Water Related

Chemical Parameters refer to the Chemical Composition and


Characteristics of Water.
Chemical Parameters of Water Quality are

BOD Chemical Parameter, reflects


Oxygen needed to break down
Organic matter.
DO Chemical Parameter, shows
Oxygen available in Water.
Hardness Chemical Parameter due to
dissolved Calcium and
Magnesium Salts.
pH Chemical Parameter indicating
Acidity or Alkalinity.

Physical Parameter -

Eg ;

Turbidity Physical Parameter ,related to


Clarity.

Sewage Treatment Related

⭐Tertiary Sewage Treatment ;


Tertiary Sewage Treatment is also called Advanced Treatment.
It is used after Primary and Secondary Treatment, mainly to remove
Nutrients and Fine Pollutants like Nitrogenous Compounds (like
Nitrates , Ammonia) and Phosphorus Compounds (like Phosphates).
Tertiary Sewage Treatment is used to - Remove
~ Nitrogenous Compounds
~ Phosphorus Compounds
From the Waste Water.
These Nutrients can cause Eutrophication (Excessive growth of Algae)
in Water Bodies. So, they must be removed at The Tertiary Stage.
Humic Materials and Organic Waste - are usually removed Earlier
(Primary/ Secondary Treatment).

Facts ;

~ China ; The Country , which is the Largest Emitter of Green House


Gases (GHGs) at Present.
~ Curitiba ; The City which is referred to as a model Sustainable City in
Modern texts.
~ The National e - Governance Plan (NeGP) started in India in ; 2006.
( To improve Online delivery of Government services to Citizens,
increase the efficiency of Government Processes , and bridge The
Digital Divide ).

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