Motion In One Dimension 69

Chapter

2
Motion In One Dimension
Position Frame of Reference : It is a system to which a set of
coordinates ere attached and with reference to which observer
An object is situated at point O and three observers from
three different
descnbes any event.
places are looking A passenger standing on platform observes that a tree on a
at same object, platform is at rest. But the same passenger passing away in a train
then all three
through station, observes lhal tree Is In motion . In both conditions
observers wm
observer is right. But observations are different because in first
have different
situation observer stands on a platform, which is reference frame at
observations Fig. 2.1
about the position rest and in second situation observer is moving in train, which is

of point O and no o ne will be wrong. Because they are observing reference frame in motion.
the object from different posit ions. So rest and motion are relative terms depending upon the
Observer 'A ' says: Point O is 3 m away in west direction. choice of frame of reference.
Observer 'B' says : Point O is 4 m away in south direction.
Table 2.1 : Types of motion
Observer 'C' says : Point O is 5 m away in cast direction.

Therefore position or ~ny point Is completely expressed by One dlmen.lonal Two dlm«-n1lon■I Three dlmH•lon ■I
two factors: Its distance from the observer and its direction with
Motion of a body in Motion of body in a Motion of body m
respect to observer.
a straight fine is plane is called IWO space is caUed three
That is why position is characterised by called one dimensional motion. dimenst0nal motion.
a vector known as posllion vector. y dimensional motion.

Consider a point P in xv plane and its When only one When two When all three
coordinates are (x, v). Then position vector coordlnale of the coordinates of lhe coordinates of the
0
(;) of point will be xi+ vi and if the point P z
position o f a body
chnnges with hme
position ol II body
change with ume
position of II body
change with ume
is in space and its coordinates are (x, y, z) then position vector can then it is said to be then it is said 10 be then ti ,s said lo be
be expressed as ;- = xi. + yj + zk. movmg one moving two moving three
dimensionally. dimensionally. dimensionally.
Rest and Motion
Ex. . (iJ Motion of car Ex. (i) Motion of car Ex.. (i) :Motion of
If a body does not change its position as time passes with on a straight road. on a circular tum. flying kite.
respect to frame of reference, ii is said to be a t rest.
(If) Motion ol lreely (ii) Motion ol (ii) Motion of flying
And if a body changes its position as lime passes with
lallmgbody. bilhards baD. insed.
respect to frame of reference, it is said to be in motion.
 70 Motion I n One Dimension

Particle or Point Mass or Point object (v) In general magnitude of displacement is not equal to
distance. However, i1 can be so if the motion Is along a straight line
The smallest part of malter with zero dimension which ran be
desaibed by its mass and position Is defined as a particle or point mass.
without change in direction. y

~
II the size of a body is negligible in comparison to its range of (vi) U ;:A and r8 are the
motion then that body is known as a particle. position vedors of particle initially
A body (Group of partides) can be treated as a particle, and finally.
depending upon the type of Its motion. For example In a planetary Then displacement of the
motion around the sun the different planets can be presumed Lo be particle i'AB = i'8
the particles.
- i'A
and s is the distance travelled
.:'....-·· '"'
~··-· - - - - -- -. X
In above consideration when we treat body as particle, all if the particle has gone through the Ag. 2.3
parts of the body undergo same displacement and have same path APB.
velocity and acceleration.
Speed and Velocity
Distance and Displacement
( 1) Speed : The rate of distance couered ~1th time is called speed.
(1) Distance : It is the actual length of the path covered by a
( i) It is a scalar quantity having symbol v .
moving particle In a given interval of lime. 1
(ii) Dimension (M"L1, )
(i) If a particle starts from A and reach to C through point 8 as
(iii) Unit : metrdsecood (S.I.). an/second (C.G.S.)
shown in the figure. C

Then distance travelled by particle ~ (iv) Types of speed :

(a) U niform speed : When a particle covers ,equal distances
= AB+ BC= 7 m 4m
in equal intervals of time, (no matter how small the Intervals are)
(ii) Distance is a scalar quantity. then it is said to be moving with uniform speed In given illustration
(iii) Dimension : [M°L 17°) A 3m B motorcyclist travels equal distance (= Sm) in each second. So we
(iv) Unit : metre (S. I.) fig. 2 .2 can say that particle is moving with uniform speed of S m/s.
(2) Displacement : Displacement is the change in position
vedor i.e., A vector joining initial to final position.
- ~
(i) Displacement Is a vedor quantity
(ii) Dimension: (M1L
(Ill) Unit : metre (S. I.)
1T°)
- rime
I 5m
I sec

5,n/s
I 5m
I sec

5m/s
I 5m
1 sec

5m/s
I 5m
1 sec

5m/s
l 5m
1sec

5m/s
Sm
ls«

5m/s
Uniform Speed
(Iv) In the above figure the displacement of the particle
- - -
ACaAB+BC
Ag. 2 .4
(b) Non-uniform (variable) speed : In non-uniform speed
⇒ I AC I = J(AB) + (8C) + 2(AB)(8C)cos90° = S m
2 2 particle covers unequal distances in equal Intervals of time. In lhe
given lllustraUon motorcydlst travels Sm in 1• second, Sm in 2 rd
(v) If S1,S2 , S3 •••••••• s. are the displacements of a body then second, IOm in 3"' second. 4m in 4.., second etc.
Therefore its speed is different for every lime interval of one
the total (net) displacement is the vedo r sum of the individuals.
second. This means particle is moving with variable speed,
s-s, +s +5 +....... +s.
2 3

(3) Comparleon between distance and displaceme nt :

(I) The magnitude of dlsplacemenl ls equal lo minimum
--
Distance
~ I 5m 8m !Om t 4m I 6m I 7m
possible distance between two positions.
So distance I
~ Displacement! .
(ii) For a moving particle. distance can never be negative or
zero while displacement can be.
-Time

Variable Speed
I sec

5m/s

Ag. 2 .5
I sec

Sm/s
I sec

! Om/s

(c) Average speed : The average speed or a particle for a

I sec

4m/s
I .sec

6m/&
I sec

7m/s

(zero displacement means that body after motion has come given 'Interval of time' Is defined as the ratio or total distance
back to initial position] travelled lo lhe time taken.
i.e., Distance > 0 but Displacement > = or < 0 Total dlstance travelled 6s
Average spee d = - - - - - - - - : u.., • -
(iii) For motion between two points, displacement is single valued Time taken /!J
while distance depends on actual path a nd so can have many values. 0 Time average speed : When particle moves with different
(Iv) For a moving particle distance can never decrease with uniform speed 111 , ½ , l'3 ... etc in different time intervals 11 • t 2 ,
lime while dlsplacemenl can. Decrease In displacement with time 13 , ••• etc respectively, its average speed over the total time of
means body ls moving towards the initial position. journey is given as
 Motion In One Dimension 71
Total distance covered afJt 2
u"" = Total time elapsed (b) Distance travelled by the body= _ ...:.;..._
(2a+ 2/J)
=d1 +dz +d3+ ...... = 1>it1+u2ti+u313+ .... . (v) Comparison between Instantaneous speed and
11+12+ 13 +.... r1 +12 +t 3 + .... . lnltantaneous velodty :
□ Distance averaged speed : When a partide desaibes (a) Instantaneous velocity Is a lways tangential to the path
different dJstances d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , ...... with different time intervals followed by the particle.
11 , tz,
13, ...... with speeds u1,u 2,u 3...... respectively then the When a stone is thrown from point O then et point of
speed of partide averaged over U1e total distance can be given as projection the instantaneous velocity of stone is ii1 , at point A the

Totalc6stance covered = d 1 +d 2 +d3 + ...... instantaneous velocity o f stone Is ii 2 , similarly at point B and C are
Total lime elapsed 11 + Li + 13 + ...... ii3 and ii4 respectively.
y
- d1 + d 2 + d 3 + ......
- d1 d z d3
- + - + - + ......
U1 Uz U3

□ If speed is continuously changing with time then

u•• -
-~
Idi Ag. 2 .6
X

Direction or these veJoclties can be found out by drawing a

(d ) Instantaneous speed : It is the speed of a partide at a tangent on the trajedory at a given point.
particular instant of lime When we say "speed", ii usually means (b) A particle may have constant instantaneous speed but
instantaneous speed. variable instantaneous velocity.
The instantaneous speed is average speed for infinitesimaUy Example · When a particle is performing uniform drailar
small time interval (I.e .. /lt ➔ 0 l, Thus motion then for every instant of its circular motion its speed
remains constant but velocity changes at every Instant.
6s els
Instantaneous speed u = llm - = - (cl The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the
.Y-0 !J.I dt
instantaneous speed
(2) VelocUy : The rate or chr;1nge or position I e. rate or (d) If a particle is moving with constant velocity then its
displacement with time is called velocity. average velocity and instantaneous velocity are always equal
(i) It is a vedor ~anlity having SYmbol ii . (e) U displacement is given as a function of time, then lime
(ii) Dimension : [MVT- 1] derivative of displacement wiU give velocity.
(iii) Unit : metre/second (S.I.). cm/second (C.G.S.) Let displacement x == Ao -A11+ A2 t 2
(iv) Types of velocity :
Instantaneous velocity ii= dx = ~(Ao -A1t +
d1 d1
Ai 1J
(a) Uniform velodty : A particle Is sald to have unif0m1
velocity, if magnitude as well as diredion of its velocity remains ii =-A1 + ~ I
same and this is possible only when the particle moves in same For the given value of t. we can llnd out the instantaneous
straight line without reversing its direction with constant speed velocity.
(bl Non-uniform velocity : A particle is said to have non- e.g for I .. 0 ,lnst.intaneous velocity ii = -A1 and
uniform velocity, if either magnitude or d irection of velocity
changes or both of them change. Instantaneous speed I ii I= A 1
(c) Average veloc ity : II ls defined as lhe ratio of (vi) Comparison between average speed and average
displacement lo time taken by the body velocity :
(a ) Average speed is a scalar while avera ge velocity is a
Average velocity
Displacement . - !J.r
Time taken ' u.., = & vedor both having same units (m/ s) and dimensions [LY-1 ) .
(d ) Instantaneous velocity : Instantaneous velocity is (b) Average speed or velocity depends on time interval over
defined as rate of change of position vector of particles with lime at which it is defined
a certain Instant of lime. (cl For a given lime interval average velocity is single valued
·1y _ •
Inst antaneous ve1oa u = 11m -
dr
=- .
c,., while average speed can have many values depending on path
followed
.Y ... O 61. di
(d ) If after motion. body comes back lo its initial position
□ If a body starting from rest acceJemtes at a constant rate a
then ii., .. O (as tJ.r = 0 ) but u-. > 0 and finite as (!J.s > 0l
for certain time and then retards a t constant rate /J and comes to
rest alter I sec from the starting point. then (el For a moving body average speed can never be negative
or zero (unJess 1 ➔ -) while average velocity can be I.e. u. > 0
(a) The maximum velocity of the body= apt and
(a+ /J) while ii0 ., = or < 0.
 72 Motion In One Dimension
(0 As we know for a given lime Interval Ex.. (a) In uniform cira.dar motion 8 = 90° always
Distance .?: Idisplacement I
(b) In a pttjedile molion (J is wriable for every po.int of trajectory.
.·. Average speed~ IAverage velocity I
Acceleration (vi) If a foroe F ads on a pal1icle of mass m , by Newton's
The time rate of change of velocity of an object Is called 2od law, acceleration ii= f:
acceleration of the objed. m
(1) It is a vector quantity. It's direction Is same as that of
change in velocity (Not of the velocity)
.. By definition
(vu) .. o- = -dii = -z
dt dt
2
d x [ As -u = -
dt
dx]
Table 2 .2 : Possible ways o r w loci:ty chan~
I.e. , if x Is given as a rundion or time, second lime derivative
Whmonly Whm only When both of displacement gives acceleration
dlrec:t1on of magnitude of magnitude and
velocity changu velocity chani,e• direc tion of
(viii) Ir velocity Is given as a fundlon or position, then by
velocity changes
dt dx dt
du
chain rule o= -du =- - x -dx =u. - asu= -
dx dt
du[ dx]
Accelcralion A<xelerabon parallel Acceleration hns two
perpendicuLllr to or anb-pnrallel to components one is (ix) Acceleration can be positive, :zero or negative. Positive
velocity velocity perpendicular to acceleration means velocity increasing wilh time, ze ro acceleration
veloaty and another means velocity is uniform while negative acceleration (retardation)
parallel or anti-
means velocity is decreasing with time.
parallel lo veloaty
(x) For motion or a body under gravity, acceleration will be
&;, Unlfonn drculor &. Motion under &.. Pl'ojedile
motion gr1,vity motion equal to •g" . where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Its value Is
9.8 m/s2 or 980 cm/s 2 or 32 reet1s 2 •
(2) Dimension : (MIL 11"2)
Position time Graph
(3) Unit . metre/second' (S I ): an/St!oonrf (C G S .)
During motion of the particle its parameters of klnematlcal
(4) Types of acceleration :
analysis (u, o, s) changes with time. This can be represented on the
(I) Uniform acce leration : A body is said lo have uniform
graph.
acceleration if magnitude and diredion of the acceleration remains
constant during particle motion. Position lime graph is plotted by taking lime t along x-axis
and position or the panicle on y-axis.
(ii) Non-uniform acceleration : A body is said to have
non-uniform accelleration, if either magnitude or diredion or both V
of them change during motion.
,B ,: f D
-
(iii) Average accel enition : o.u = - = - -
~ ~ - ai -g
0..
Y2 ---~d.J····-·-···,8
•• 'I
& & -
: 0 :
The diredlon of average acceleration vedor is the direction Vi ____: --- ------l C
A•
: ;'
of the change in velocity vector as a= ~
a.I 0--t,- - - -'2- - X

(iv) Instantaneous acceleration : ii = lim ~ii = dii Time

.»~f,J dt
fig. 2.8
(v) For a moving body there is no definite relation between
Let AB is a position-time graph for any moving particle
the diredJon of instantaneous velocity and direction of acceleration.
'ly = Change in position = Y2 - Yi
As Veloa .•. (i)
Time taken t2 - t1

. Ie ABC, tan O = -BC = -AD = -

From triang Y2 -
- Yi
- .... ('i)
1
II AC AC 12 -1 1

By comparing (I) and (II) Velocity = tanO

o.__________.__
~ x
u = tanO
It is dear that slope ol tangent on position-time graph
Ag. 2.7 represents the velocity of the particle.
 Motion In One Dimension 73

Table 2 .3 : Various position - tlme gra phs and their lnterpretatJon

:~r 8=0°sou=O
I.e., Une parallel lo lime axis represents thal the particle is at rest.

:ur 8=90"sou .. •
I.e ., line perpendicular to time axis represents that particle Is changing its position but time
does not change II means the partide possesses infinite velocity.
Practically this is not possible

:~r 8 = constant so v = constant, a = 0

I.e., ~ne with constant slope represents uni.form velocity of the particle.

:~r 8 Is Increasing so v is lnaeaslng, a is positive.

I.e., line bending towards position axis represents increasing velocity of particle II means
lhe particle possesses c1Ccelcration

:Lr I} is decreasing so u is decreasing. a is negative

l.e , line bendlng towards time axis represents decreasing velocity of the particle II means
the particle possesses retardation

:~r 8conslant but > 90" sou wiU be constant but negative
l.e . line with negative slope represent that particle returns towards the point of reference.
(negative displacement)

lc1
0
s
T
Straight line segments of different slopes represent that velocity of the body changes after
cerlain interval of lime.

* r
p
This graph shows that at one Instant the particle has two positions, which is not possible

The graph shows that particle coming towards origin initially and aft.er that ii Is moving away

0
\ )T from origin
 74 Motion In One Dimension

rY/oln: □ If the graph is plotted between distance and

here A 1 and A2 are area or triangle 1 and 2 respectively and
A 3 is the area of trapezium .
time then It Is always an inaeasing
curve and ii never comes back towards
origin because distance never decrease
~r
if
A
Calculation of Acceleration : Let AB is a velocity-time
graph for any moving particle
with time. Hence such type or distance :i
0
time graph is vaUd up to point A only, y
after point A , it is not valid as shown in 0 Time--+
the figure. Fig. 2 .9 •-s§'11J2 ····£:·········:
D B
Velocity-time Graph > '' ''
Ut ••..! •••••••••
0 ,l C
The graph is plotted by laking lime t along x-axls and A '' '
velocity or the particle on y-axis. '
' '' '
Calculatio n of D lstance and dJsplacem e nt : The area 0~-,~.- - -~t, ---+ X
covered between lhe velocity time graph and time axis gives the
Time->
displacement and distance travelled by the body for a given time
interval. Fig. 2 . 1 J
Total distance =I Ail+I Az l+I A3 I
= Addition or modulus or different area. i.e. s =JI u Idt As Acceleration = Change In velocity
Time taken
Total displacement = A 1 + Az + A 3
= Addition or different area c-0nsldering their slg,. .•. (i)
i.e. r=Jvdl
BC AD
Area above lime axis is taken as positive, while area below From triangle ABC, tan (J .. - =-
lime axls is taken as negative AC AC

+II =~ ....(ii)
I:! -1.
By comparing (i) and (ii)
Acceleration (a ) = tanO
It is clear that slope or tangent on velodty•lime gaph represents
- II
Ag. 2 .10 the acceleration of the particle.

Table 2 .4 : Various veloc ity •time graphs and the ir Interpretation

0= o•. a = 0. u = constant
1rL i.e.. Une parallel to time axls represents that lhe par1icle Is moving with constant

~L0 -
velocity.

0 = 900, a = oo, u = inaeasing

!l__L i.e., line perpendicular to time axls represents that the particle is inaeas:lng its
velocity, but time does not change It means the particle possesses Infinite
acceleration. Pract.ically it is not possible,
0 -
11me

0 = constant. so a .,. constant and u is increasing unifonnly with time

J'lc
O Tmit
I e., line with constant slope represents unlfonn acceleration of the particle
 Motion In One Dimension 75

flf } Oincreasmg so acceleration increasing

~LL_. I.e.• line bending towards velocity axis represent the increasing acoele-ratlon In the
0 nnit body.

,rr~
~L
Odcaeasing so acceleration decreasing

I e. Une bending towards time axis represents the deacasing acceleration in the
o rim: body

Positive constan1 acceleration because Ois constant and < 90" but initial velocity
of the particle is negative

iiV
~
Positive constant acceleration because O is constant and < 90° but initla.l velocity
of particle is positive
0 --+
Time

Negative constant acceleration because O Is constant and > 90' but Initial velocity
of the particle Is posiiive.

Negative constant acceleration because O is constant and > 90' but initial velocity
of the particle is .zero

Negative constant acceleration because Ois amstant and > 90" but initial velocity
of the particle is negative.
 76 Motion In One Dimension

Equation of Kinematics Now lo find the velocity of a moving object relative to

another moving object, consider a particle P whose position
These are the various relations between u, u, a. t and s for the
relaHve to frame S is rPS while relative lo S' is 'PS' ,
particle moving with unifonn aa:eleration where the notations are
used as : If lhe position of frame S' relative to S at any lime is 's-s
u = Initial velocity of the particle at time t = 0 sec then from figure, i'PS = rps + 's·s
u = Anal veloclty al time I sec
Differentiating this equation with respecl to time
a = Accelerralion of the particle
°'PS drPS' drss
s = Distance travelled In lime r sec dt=dt+dt
s. = Distance travelled by the body in na. sec or ii PS = iiPS" + iiss [as ii =d r/dt ]
(1 ) When particle moves with zeio acceleration

(ii It is a unidirectional motion with constant speed.

(2) Gene.rat Formula : The relative velocity ol a particle P 1
(ii) Magnitude of displacement is always equal lo the
moving with velocity ii 1 wllh respect to another particle P2 moving
distance trave Ued
(iii) u = u, s = u t (As a == OJ with velocity ii2 is given by, u,12 = u1 - u2

(2) When particle movu with constAnt accelentJon

(i) Acceleration Is said to be cons1ant when both the
magnitude and direction of acceleration remain constanl
( ii) There will be one dimensional motion if initial
ve locity and acceleration are parallel or anti-parallel to each Fig. 2.13

ot her.
(iii) Equations of motion Equation of motion (ii If both lhe particles a re moving In the same direction then:

(in scalar fonn) (in vector fonn)

V=U +at ii=ii +ot (Ill If the two particles are moving in the opposite direction,
then:

V 2 =U2 + 2os ii ii -ii.ii= 20.s (iii) If the two particles are moving in the mutually
perpendicular directions , th en:
S=
(U+l2 -l)
- I
-s = -(u+u)r
1 - -
2

sn = ii + ~2 (2n - 1) (Iv) If the angle between ii 1 and ii2 be 0, then

Relative Velocity
v,. 2 •Iv~+u: - 2v u coso] 1 2
112
,

( 1) lntrodu.c fion : When we consider the motion of a (3) Relative velocity of satellite : II a satellite is moving
particle, we assume a fixed point relative lo which the given in equatorial plane with velocity ~. and a p oint on the surface ol
particle is in motion. For example, if we say that water is flowing or ...
earth with u, relative to the centre o f earth, the velocity or sateWle
wind is blowing or a person is running with a speed u, we mean
that these all are relative to the earth (which we have assumed to relative to the surface of earth
be fixed) Y Y' p ➔ ➔

UNI = 01 - Ve

So if the satellite moves lrom west to eas1 (In the direction of

rotation of earth on its axis) its velocity relative lo earth's surface
.,;.-----x· will be u.. =u, -u.

And If the salellite moves from east to west , I.e., opposite to

the motion o f earth, u.., = u, - (-u.) = u, + u.
Ag. 2. 12
 Motion In One Dimension 77
(4) R.e latil1e velocity of rain : If rain is falling vertically Here OAB Is the triangle of vedors, in which

with a velocity ;R and an observer Is moving horizontally with

- - .....
OA .. u,.. AB• u, . Their resultant is given by
~
OB = u . The
.... direction of swimming makes angle (J with upstream. From the
speed uM the velocity of rain relative lo observer will be
triangle OBA. we llnd.

cos 8 = !l.. Also sin a=!!!...

u.,.
which by law of vector addition has magnitude
Where a is the angle made by the direction of swimming
with the shortest distance (08) aaoss the river

direction (J = tan -• (uM / uR) with the vertical as shown in fig. Time taken to cross the river : If w be the width of the river,
then time taken lo aoss the river will be given by

(ii) To aoss the river in shortest possi1>le time : The man

should swim perpendicular to the bank.
The time taken lo aoss the river will be:
Fig. 2 . 14 w
'2=-
u,.
So lnorder to save himself from wetting person should hold ....
A u, 8
umbrella at angle (}with vertical.

(5) Rela tive velocity of swimmer : If a man can swim

relative to water with velocity u and water Is nowing relative to

l
w -t
Um
u,

l
~ ➔

ground with velocity uR , velocity of man relative lo ground uM

will be given by: 0
-
Upstream Downstream
.... _. ..... Ag. 2. 16
U e UM - UR, I.e., UM m U + U11

So IC the swimming is in the direction of flow of water, In this case. the man will touch the opposite bank at a
distance AB down stream This distance will be given by:
UM =u+uR
w
And if the swimmlng is opposite to the now of water, AB=u,ti =u,-
u,,.
UM =u-uR

(6) Crossing the river : Suppose, the river is flowing with

velocity ii, . A man can swim in stlU water with velocity ii'" . He is
Motion of Body Under Gravity (Free Fall)
standing on one bank of the river and wants lo aoss the river, two
cases arise. The force of attraction of earth on bodies , is called force
of gravity Acceleration produced in the body by the force of
( i) To cross the river over shortest distance : That Is to cross
gravity, Is called acceleration due to gravity. II is represented
the river straight. the man shou Id swim making angle (J with the
by the symbol g
upstream as shown.
...u, 8
In the absence of air resistance. ii is found that all bodies
A
lirrespedive of the size, weight or composition) fall with the same
acceleration near the surface of the earth. This motion of a body
f
w
➔
u falling towards the earth &om a small altitude (h < < R) is called

Upstream
l _______,_8_ , . _ _ _ a_
O Downstream
free fall
An ideal example of one-dimensional motion is motion
under gravity in which air resistance and the small changes in
Fig. 2 .15 acceleration with height are negleded.
 78 Motion In One Dimension

( 1) If a body Is dropped &om some height (lnltial (3) If a body l1 projected vertically upward
velocity :tero) (!) Equation ol motion : Taking initial position as origin and
direction ol motion (I e. . vertically up) as positive
(i) Equalio111s of motion : Taking Initial ~Ilion as origin and
direction of motion (Le., downward d!redlon) as a positive, here o =- g [As accelernUon ls downwards while motion upwards)
we have So, if the body is projected with velocity u and after time t it
u=O reaches up lo height h then

I l'r , _ [ih_!: v = u-gt · h • ut-.!.g 12 • u 2 = u2 - 2gh · h =u-!!(2n-l)

I ,. ~; II ' 2 ' . " 2

I I (Ii) For maxlmum height u = 0

u• ~
11 II · So from above equation u = gt,
j I
u2 h=_!_g12
h• -
I_ I'' 211 2

and u 2 = 2gh 0 11•0

fig. 2. 17 lb
h
I= 12h =~
v-; g
u= O [As body storts from rest I u
O= +g [As acceleration Is In the direction of motion) l u = ./2ii
u = gt •.• (I)
2
1 2 u
h= 2gt •.• (ii) h•-
29
u2 = 2gh ••• (iii)
g Fig. 2 .19
h,, = - (2n -1) ..(iv)
2
(iii) Graph ol displacement, velocity and acceleration with
(ii) Graph of distance. velocity and acceleration with respect respect to time (for maxlmum height) :
to time :
& (irf29)

'LL_'~:~
0 I 08 IO I
0
Ag. 2 . 18
+a
(iii) As h = (l/2)gr. i.e.. hoc P. distance covered in time t.
2t, 3t, etc., will be in the ratio of 12 : 22 : 32 • i.e., square of integers.
01---------+
(iv) The dlstance covered in the n• sec. h" = .!. g (2n -1) -9 1 - - - - -- -
2
So distance covered in 1•. 3,d 21111, sec, etc., will be in the -a
ralio or 1 : 3 : 5 , I.e.. odd integers only. Fig. 2.20
(2) If a body Is projected vertically downward with It is dear that both quantities do not depend upon the mass
some lnltlal vefodty of the body or we can say that In absence of air resis:tance, all
Equation of motion : v = u +gt bodies fall on the surface o r the earth with the same rale.
1 (4) The motion Is independent of the mass or the body, as in
h =ut+ - g t 2
2 any equation of motion. mass is not involved . Thal is why a heavy
and light body when released from the same height. reach the
u2 = u 2 + 2gh
ground simultaneously and with same velocity I.e., t = J(2h I g)
h. =u+l!.(2n-l)
2 and u = J2gh .
 Motion ln One Dimension 79

(5) In case of motion under gravity, time taken to go up is

equal to the time taken to fall down through the same distance.
Tlme of descent (~) = time of ascent (11) = u/g
:. Total time of flight T = 11 + '2 = 2u
g
l!S During translational motion of the body, there is change in
(6) In case of motion under gavity. the speed with which a
the location of the body.
body Is projeded up is equal to the speed with which it comes back to
the point of projection. 15 During rotational motion of the body, there is change in lhe
orientation of the body, while there Is no change In the location
As well es lhe magnitude of velocity at any point on the paih is
of the body from the axis of rotation.
same whether the body is lllO\ling in upwards or downward diredlon.
l!S A point object is just a mathematical point. This concept Is
(7) A body Is thrown vertically upwards Ir air resistance is lo
be taken into account, then the time or ascent is less than the time introduced ID study the motion of a body in a simple manner.

of descent. t.i > !1 l!S The choice of the origin is purely arbitrary.

Let u is the initial velocity of body then time of ascent l!S For one dimensional motion the angle between
u u2 acceleration and velocity is ei1her O" or 180° and it does not
11 = - - and h = - - -
g +a 2(g+o) change with time.
where g is acceleration due lo gravity and o is retardation by Jl!S For two dimensional motion , the angle between
air resistance and for upward motion both will work vertically acceleration and velocity is other than o• or 180° and also It
downwa rd. may change with lime.
For downward motion o and g will work in opposite l!S U the angle between ii and ii is 90", the path or the particle
direction because o always work in direction opposite to motion
is a drde.
and g always worl<s vertically downward
l!S The particle speed up. that is the speed of lhe particle
1 2
So h= (g-o) '2 increases when the angle be1ween ii and ii lies between 0° and
2
+90".
u2 1
~ - - = -(g -O)li 15 The particle speeds down, that Is the speed of the particle
2(g + ol 2
decreases, when the angle between ii and ii lies between +90•
u and 180°.
~ iz--.=====
J (g + o)(g - o)
15 The speed or the particle remains constant when the angle
Comparing t 1 and t.i we can say tha t t.i > 11 between o and ii is equal 10 90'.
since (g +a )> (g - o) l!S The distance covered by a particle never deaeases with
time, ii always inaeases.
Motion with Variable Acceleration
Jl!S Displacement of a particle is the unique path between the
(I) If acceleration is a function of lime
initial and final positions of the particle. II may or may not be
0 = / (t) then u =u + J~/(1)d1 the aduaUy travelled path of the particle.

and s =ul + t (J /(1)d1 )d1

15 Displacement of a particle gives no information regarding
the nature or the path followed by the partide.

( II) If acceleration Is a fundion of clislance Jl!S Magnitude or displacement s Distance covered.

l!S Since c:&stance ~ IDisplacement I - so average speed of a

o= /(x) then u2 =u 2 +2f / (x)dx
body is equal or greater than the magnitude of the average
velocity of the body.
(Hi) If acceleration is a functio n of velocity

J•du f"-udu l!S The average speed of a body is equal to its instantaneous
a= f (u) then I• - a nd x:sx 0 + speed if the body moves with a constant speed
• / (u) • / (u)
 80 Motion In One Dimension

JlS No force is required to move the body or an objed with ..S If a body starts from rest and moves with uniform
unifonn velocity. acceleration then distance covered by the body in t set is
JlS Velocity of the body is positive. if it moves to the right side
proportional to cl (i.e. s oc I 2 ).
of the origin. Velocity is negative if the body moves to the left
side of the origin. So we can say that the rallo of distance cowred In I sec,
JlS When a body reverses its directlon of motion while moving 2secand 3secis 12 · 2 2 · 3 2 or I · 4 : 9.
along a s1raighl line, then the distance travelled by the body is
greater than the magnitude of the displacement of the body. In ..S If a body starts from res1 and moves with uniform

this case, average speed of the body is greater than Its average acceleration then distance covered by the body in nth sec Is
velocity. proportional lo (2n -l) (I.e. Sn .. (2n -1))
.IIS Speedometer measures the inslantaneous speed of a
So we can say that the ratio of distance covered in 1•, 2 nd and
vehicle.
3rd is l · 3 · 5 .
.IIS When particle moves with speed v 1 upto half time or its
Iota! motion and in res1 lime It is moving with speed u2 lhen .IIS A body moving with a velocity u Is slopped by
U1 +V2 applicallon of bn1kes after covering a distance s Ir the same
u.. ---2-
body moves with velocity nu and same bralklng force Is
.IIS When particle moves the first half or a distance at a speed applied o n it then ii will come lo rest after covering a
or u1 and seconcll half or lhe distance a l speed u2 then distance or n 2s.
_ 2u u
u.,.----
1 2
u2
u, +u2 As u 2 = u 2 - 2as ~ 0 = u 2 - 2as => s = 2o. s « u2
JlS When particle covers one-lhird distance at speed u1, next
one third at speed u2 and las1 one third al speed UJ, then (since o Is constant)

So we can say that if u becomes n limes then s becomes n2

limes that or previous value.
JlS For two particles having displacement time graph with
IS The body returns to its point or projection with the same
slopes Bi and B, possesses velocities u1 and 1'11 respectively then
magnitude of the velocity with whlch ii was thrown vertically
u lan8
-1= - -1 upward, provided air resistance is negleded.
Liz tan82
JlS Velocity of a particle having uniform motion = slope of IS All bodies fall freely with the same acceleration.
displacement-time graph,
IS The acceleration or the (ailing bodies do not depend on the
is Greater lhe slope or displacement-time graph, geater is lhe
velocity and vice-versa. mass of the body.

IS Area under u - t graph = displacement of the particle .IIS If two bodies are dropped from the same height, they reach
.IIS Slope of velocity-lime graph = acce.lerallon the ground in the same time and with the same velocity,
.IIS If a particle is aa:elerated for a time , 1 with acceleration o,
.IIS If a body is thrown upwards with velocity u from the top or
and for time ~ with acceleralion ai then average acceleration is
a lower and another body is thrown downwards from the same
0 = 0111 +02~
•• t1+ti point and with the same velocity, then both reach the ground

IS If same force is applied on two bodies of different masses with the same speed.

m 1 and m2 separately then it produces accelerations a I and IS When a particle returns to the starting po!nl its average
o 2 respectively. Now these bodies are attached together and velocity is zero but the average speed is not zero.

form a combined system and same force is applied on that .IIS U both the objects A and B move along parallel lines in
system so that a be the acceleration of the combined system.
the same direction, then the relative velocity of A w.r.l. 8 is
then
given by uAB = VA - Ila

and the relative velocity of B w.r.I. A is gjven by vBA = u8 - uA