CBSE 2025 EXAMINATIONS

XII MATHEMATICS (041)

Series ZXW4Y ♦ Q.P. Code 65/4/1; 65/4/2; 65/4/3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time Allowed : 180 Minutes Max. Marks : 80
General Instructions :
1. This Question paper contains five sections - A, B, C, D and E. Each section is compulsory.
However, there are internal choices in some questions.
2. Section A has 18 MCQs and 02 Assertion-Reason (A-R) based questions of 1 mark each.
Section B has 05 questions of 2 marks each.
Section C has 06 questions of 3 marks each.
Section D has 04 questions of 5 marks each.
Section E has 03 Case-study / Source-based / Passage-based questions with sub-parts (4
marks each).
3. There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in
 02 Questions of Section B
 03 Questions of Section C
 02 Questions of Section D
 02 Questions of Section E
You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions.

 Q.P. Code - 65/4/1

SECTION A
This section has 20 multiple choice questions of 1 mark each.
  10   
01. The principal value of sin 1 sin     is
  3 
2   2
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
  10    1     1   
Sol. (c) sin 1 sin      sin sin  3      sin sin   .
  3    3   3 3
02. If A and B are square matrices of same order such that AB  A and BA  B , then A 2  B2 is
equal to
(a) A  B (b) BA (c) 2(A  B) (d) 2BA
Sol. (a) A B  A  A (BA)  A  (AB) A  A  A A  A i.e., A  A 2
Also B A  B  B(AB)  B  (BA) B  B  B B  B i.e., B  B2
Now A 2  B2  A  B .
03. For real x, let f (x)  x 3  5x  1 . Then
(a) f is one-one but not onto on  (b) f is onto on  but not one-one
(c) f is one-one and onto on  (d) f is neither one-one nor onto on 
Sol. (c) Since f (x)  3x  5  0  x   so, f (x) is a strictly increasing function. That means, it
2

must be one-one on  .
Since y  f (x)  x 3  5x  1 is continuous and takes all values from  to  .
That is, for any y   , there exists an x   . So, f (x) is onto on  .
d2y
04. If y  sin 1 x , then (1  x 2 ) is equal to
dx 2

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dy dy dy dy
(a) x (b)  x (c) x 2 (d)  x 2
dx dx dx dx
dy 1
Sol. (a) y  sin 1 x  
dx 1  x2
dy
 1 x2 1
dx
d 2 y dy 2x
 1 x2 2
  0
dx dx 2 1  x 2
d2 y dy
 (1  x 2 ) 2  x 0
dx dx
2
2 d y dy
 (1  x ) 2  x
dx dx
05. The values of  so that f (x)  sin x  cos x   x  C decreases for all real values of x are
(a) 1    2 (b)   1 (c)   2 (d)   1
Sol. 
(c) For f (x)  sin x  cos x   x  C , f (x)  cos x  sin x  
 1 1   
 f (x)  2  cos x  sin x     2 sin   x   
 2 2  4 
 
As the function is decreasing on x   so, f (x)  2 sin   x     0
4 
 
   2 sin   x  …(i)
4 
   
We know that for all x  , sin   x   [1, 1] i.e.,  2  2   x   2 …(ii)
4  4 
By (i) and (ii), we conclude that   2 .
06. If P is a point on the line segment joining (3, 6, –1) and (6, 2, –2) and y-coordinate of P is 4,
then its z-coordinate is
3 3
(a)  (b) 0 (c) 1 (d)
2 2
x  3 y  6 z 1
Sol. (a) Equation of line passing through (3, 6, –1) and (6, 2, –2) is   .
3 4 1
The coordinates of any random point say P on this line will be P (3   3,  4   6,    1) .
1
As y-coordinate is 4 i.e., 4   6  4 i.e.,   .
2
1 3
Therefore, the z-coordinate is   1    1   .
2 2
07. If M and N are square matrices of order 3 such that det (M)  m and M N  m I , then det (N)
is equal to
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) m 2 (d) m 2
Sol. (d) Considering M N  m I
 M N  m3 I
 m  N  m3 1
 N  m2 .

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3x  2 , 0  x  1
08. If f (x)   2 is continuous for x  (0, 2) , then a is equal to
2x  ax , 1  x  2
7
(a) –4 (b)  (c) –2 (d) –1
2
Sol. (d) Since f (x) is continuous for x  (0, 2) so, it must be continuous at all the values of the
interval x  (0, 2) . Therefore, it must be continuous at x  1  (0 , 2) .
Further it means, lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (1) .
x 1 x 1
2
That is, lim (2x  ax)  3(1)  2
x 1
2
 2 (1)  a (1)  1
 a  1  2  1 .
n
 , if n is even
09. If f : N  W is defined as f (n)   2 . Then f is
0, if n is odd
(a) injective only (b) surjective only
(c) a bijection (d) neither surjective nor injective
Sol. (b) Since f (1)  f (3)  0 but, 1  3 . That means, f (n) will not be injective.
Moreover, for each output f (n)  W (codomain) , we have an input n  N (domain) .
Hence, f (n) is surjective.
 0 1 2 
10. The matrix  1 0 7  is a
 2 7 0 
(a) diagonal matrix (b) symmetric matrix
(c) skew symmetric matrix (d) scalar matrix
Sol. (c) Since a ij  a ji and the matrix is square matrix also. So, it will be a skew-symmetric matrix.
11. If the sides AB and AC of ABC are represented by vectors ˆj  kˆ and 3iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ respectively,
then the length of the median through A on BC is
34 48
(a) 2 2 units (b) 18 units (c) units (d) units
2 2
 
AB  AC 3iˆ  5kˆ
Sol. (c) The median through A will be 
2 2
9 25 34 34
Required length of the median is    units .
4 4 4 2
 x , if x  1
12. The function f defined by f (x)   is not continuous at
5, if x  1
(a) x  0 (b) x  1 (c) x  2 (d) x  5
Sol. (b) Here lim f (x)  lim (5)  5 . Note that, f (1)  1  lim f (x) .
x 1 x 1 x 1
Clearly, f is not continuous at x  1 .
13. If f (x)  2x  cos x , then f (x)
(a) has a maxima at x   (b) has a minima at x  
(c) is an increasing function (d) is a decreasing function
Sol. (c) For f (x)  2x  cos x , f (x)  2  sin x

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Since f (x)  0 for all x   . [As 1  sin x  1  x  

So, f (x) is an increasing function.
cos 2x  cos 2
14.  cos x  cos  dx is equal to
(a) 2(sin x  x cos )  C (b) 2(sin x  x cos )  C
(c) 2(sin x  2x cos )  C (d) 2(sin x  x sin )  C
cos 2x  cos 2 (2 cos 2 x  1)  (2cos 2   1)
Sol. (a)  cos x  cos  dx   dx
cos x  cos 
2(cos2 x  cos 2 )
 dx  2 (cos x  cos ) dx
cos x  cos 
 2(sin x  x cos )  C .
1
dx
15. The value of e x
is
0
 e x
  
(a)  (b) (c) tan 1 e  (d) tan 1 e
4 4 4
1 1 1
dx e x dx e x dx 1 
Sol. (c)  x x
  2x
  x 2 2
  tan 1 (e x )   tan 1 (e)  tan 1 1  tan 1 (e)  .
0
e e 0
e  1 0 (e )  1 0 4
2 2
 d 2 y   dy   dy 
16. The order and degree of the differential equation  2      x sin   are
 dx   dx   dx 
(a) order : 2, degree : 2 (b) order : 2, degree : 1
(c) order : 2, degree : not defined (d) order : 1, degree : not defined
Sol. (c) Order : 2, degree : not defined.
17. The area of the region enclosed by the curve y  x and the lines x  0 and x  4 and x-axis is
16 32 16 32
(a) Sq.units (b) Sq.units (c) Sq.units (d) Sq.units
9 9 3 3
4
2 4 2 16
Sol. (c) Required area   x dx   x 3/ 2    43/ 2  0   Sq. units .
0
3 0 3 3
Refer the diagram shown.

18. The corner points of the feasible region of a Linear Programming are (0, 2), (3, 0), (6, 0), (6, 8)
and (0, 5). If Z  ax  by; (a , b  0) be the objective function, and maximum value of Z is
obtained at (0, 2) and (3, 0), then the relation between a and b is
(a) a  b (b) a  3b (c) b  6a (d) 3a  2b

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Sol. (d) As Z (0, 2)  Z(3, 0) so, a (0)  b (2)  a (3)  b (0)  3a  2 b .

Direction : Question numbers 19 and 20 are Assertion (A) and Reason (R) based questions
carrying 1 mark each. Two statements are given, one labeled Assertion (A) and other labeled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
19. Assertion (A) : If A and B are two events such that P(A  B)  0 , then A and B are
independent events.
Reason (R) : Two events are independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the occurrence
of the other.
Sol. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
If P(A  B)  0 , it means the events A and B are mutually exclusive (disjoint) events, not
necessarily independent. Two events A and B are independent if P(A  B)  P(A).P(B) . So, if
P(A  B)  0 , then for independence to hold, at least one of P(A) or P(B) must be 0. Otherwise,
independence is not guaranteed. Hence, we can conclude that Assertion (A) is false.
20. Assertion (A) : In a Linear Programming Problem, if the feasible region is empty, then the
Linear Programming Problem has no solution.
Reason (R) : A feasible region is defined as the region that satisfies all the constraints.
Sol. (a) The statement in Assertion (A) is correct. In a Linear Programming Problem, the feasible
region consists of all points that satisfy the given constraints. If the feasible region is empty, it
means no point satisfies all the constraints simultaneously, implying that no optimal solution
exists. Hence, the LPP has no solution.
Also Reason (R) is correct. Since the feasible region is the set of all points that satisfy the given
constraints in an LPP. This definition is correct.
Hence, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and the Reason (R) correctly explains the
Assertion (A), as the definition of feasible region directly supports the claim in Assertion (A).
SECTION B
This section has 5 Very Short Answer questions of 2 marks each.
21. Let A and B be two square matrices of order 3 such that det (A)  3 and det (B)  4 . Find the
value of det (6 A B) .
Sol. 6 A B  (6)3 A B  216  3  (4)  2592 .
We have used k A  k n A , where n is order of A; also A B  A B .
22. (a) Find the least value of ‘a’ so that f (x)  2x 2  a x  3 is an increasing function on [2, 4] .
OR
1
(b) If f (x)  x  , x  1 , show that f is an increasing function.
x
Sol. (a) For f (x)  2x 2  a x  3 , f (x)  4x  a
Since f is increasing function on [2, 4] so f (x)  4x  a  0  x  [2, 4]
Clearly, minimum value of f (x) occurs at x  2 .
It implies, 4(2)  a  0  a 8.
Hence, the greatest value of a  8 .
Therefore, there is ‘no least value of a’ possible.
OR
1 1  1  1 
(b) For f (x)  x  , f (x)  1  2  1  1  
x x  x  x 
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 1  1 
Note that,  1   1    0  x  1 .
 x  x 
That is, f (x)  0 for all x  1 .
Hence, f is an increasing function.
 x 
23. (a) Simplify sin 1  .
2
 1 x 
OR
1
(b) Find domain of sin x 1 .
Sol. (a) Put x  tan     tan 1 x …(i)
 x   tan    tan    sin  cos  
Now sin 1    sin 1    sin 1    sin 1  
 1 x 
2 2
 1  tan    sec    cos  1 
 sin 1 (sin )    tan 1 x .
OR
1
(b) sin x  1 is defined when 1  x  1  1
 0  x 1  1
1 x  2
Hence, domain is x  [1, 2] .
x 2 y2
24. Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve   1 and the x-axis using
9 4
integration.
x 2 y2 4(9  x 2 ) 2
Sol. From   1 , we get y 2  i.e., y   9  x2 .
9 4 9 3
x 2 y2
Since the ellipse   1 is symmetrical about both the axes.
9 4
3
2
So, required area  2   9  x 2 dx
0
3
3
4 x 2 9 1 x 
 9  x  sin
3  2 2 3  0
4  9 1  
   0  sin 1  0 
3  2  
4 9 
   
3 2 2
 3  Sq.units .
25. For the curve y  5x  2x 3 , if x increases at the rate of 2 units/s, then how fast is the slope of
the curve changing when x  2 ?
dy
Sol. Slope of the curve   5  6x 2  m
dx
dm dx  dx
Now
dt
 0  12x
dt
 12x (2)  24x  dt  2 units/s
dm
At x  2 ,  24 (2)  48 units/s .
dt
Hence, slope of curve is changing at the rate of 48 units/s.
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SECTION C
There are 6 Short Answer questions in this section. Each is of 3 marks.
26. (a) If f :     is defined as f (x)  log a x , (a  0 and a  1) , prove that f is a bijection.
(   is a set of all positive real numbers.)
OR
(b) Let A  {1, 2, 3} and B  {4, 5, 6} . A relation R from A to B is defined as R  {(x , y) :
x  y  6, x  A , y  B} .
(i) Write all elements of R.
(ii) Is R a function? Justify.
(iii) Determine domain and range of R.
Sol. (a) Let x1 , x 2    such that f (x1 )  f (x 2 ) .
Then log a x1  log a x 2  x1  x 2
So, f is one-one.
Also let y  f (x) , y   .
That is, y  log a x
 x  a y  0 i.e., x     y   .
That is, for each element in codomain ( ) , we have a pre-image in the domain (  ) .
Therefore, range  codomain . So, f is onto.
Hence, f is bijection as it is both one-one and onto.
OR
(b) We have A  {1, 2, 3} and B  {4, 5, 6} .
Also, R : A  B, R  {(x , y) : x  y  6, x  A , y  B} .
(i) R  {(1, 5) , (2, 4)} .
(ii) Note that, the element 3  A has no image in B under R. So, R is not a function.
Note that, a function must assign every element in A to exactly one element in B.
(iii) Domain of R  {1, 2} , range of R  {4, 5} .
 x 2  2x  3
 , x  1
27. (a) Find k so that f (x)   x  1 is continuous at x  1 .
 k , x  1

OR
(b) Check the differentiability of function f (x)  x x at x  0 .
Sol. (a) As f is continuous at x  1 so, lim f (x)  f (1) .
x 1

x 2  2x  3
 lim  f (1)
x 1 x 1
(x  1)(x  3)
 lim k
x 1 x 1
 k  lim (x  3)  1  3  4
x 1
Hence, k  4 .
OR
2
 x , if x  0
(b) f (x)  x x   2 .
 x , if x  0

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f (x)  f (0) ( x 2 )  (02 )

Lf (0)  lim  lim  lim (x)  0 .
x0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0

f (x)  f (0) (x 2 )  (02 )

Rf (0)  lim  lim  lim (x)  0 .
x0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0

As Lf (0)  Rf (0) so, f is differentiable at x  0 .


 1  sin x 
28. Evaluate  e x   dx .
  1  cos x 
2

 x x
 1  2 sin cos 
x  1  sin x  x 2 2 dx  e x  1 cosec 2 x    cot x   dx
Sol.  e  1  cos x  dx   e     2  
 2 sin 2
x
 2  2  
 2 
 x
 e x   cot   C
 2
x 1 x
Here f (x)   cot , f (x)  cosec 2 and we have used  e x  f (x)  f (x) dx  e x f (x)  C .
2 2 2
 
 1  sin x 
x  x x 
Now  e   dx   e   cot   C  
  1  cos x    2 
2 2

       
  e    cot   C   e 2   cot   C 
  2    4 
 
 
  e   0  C   e 2  (1)  C   e 2 .
 
29. (a) Find the probability distribution of the number of boys in families having three children,
assuming equal probability for a boy and a girl.
OR
(b) A coin is tossed twice. Let X be a random variable defined as number of heads minus
number of tails. Obtain the probability distribution of X and also find its mean.
Sol. (a) Let X represents number of boys. So, values of X are 0, 1, 2, 3.
Let E be the event of boy.
1 1
Then P(E)  , P(E)  .
2 2
1 3
Now P(X  0)  P(E) P(E) P(E)  , P(X  1)  3 C1P(E) P(E) P(E)  ,
8 8
3 1
P(X  2)  3C 2 P(E) P(E) P(E)  , P(X  3)  P(E) P(E) P(E)  .
8 8
The table of probability distribution is given below.
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8
OR
(b) Here S  {HH , HT , TH , TT} .
It is given that, X  Number of heads  Number of tails .

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Clearly, values of X are 2 – 0, 1 – 1, 1 – 1, 0 – 2 i.e., 2, 0, 0, –2.

1 1 2 1 1
Now P(X  2)  , P(X  0)  2    , P(X  2)  .
4 4 4 2 4
The table of probability distribution is given below.
X 2 0 –2
P(X) 1 2 1
4 4 4
1 2 1 2 2
Mean   X P(X)  2   0   (2)     0 .
4 4 4 4 4
x 1
30. Find the distance of the point (–1, –5, –10) from the point of intersection of the lines 
2
y  2 z 3 x  4 y 1
 and   z.
3 4 5 2
x 1 y  2 z  3 x  4 y 1
Sol. Let P(–1, –5, –10). Also, let     and  z.
2 3 4 5 2
The coordinates of random points on the respective lines are A (2  1, 3  2, 4  3) and
B(5  4, 2  1, ) .
When the lines intersect, then the points A and B must coincide.
That is, A (2  1, 3  2, 4  3)  B (5  4, 2  1, )
 2  1  5  4  2  5  3 ...(i) , 3  2  2  1  3  2  1 ...(ii) , 4  3   ...(iii)
Solving (i) and (iii), we get 2  5(4  3)  3
 18  18
  1,   1 .
LHS of (ii) : 3  2  3(1)  2(1)  3  2  1  RHS of (ii).
Hence, the points A and B coincide. So, the point of intersection is A (1,  1,  1) .
 Required distance (AP)  (1  1)2  (5  1) 2  (10  1)2  0  16  81  97 units .
31. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem using graphical method.
Maximise Z  100x  50y
Subject to the constraints 3x  y  600, x  y  300, y  x  200, x  0, y  0 .
Sol. Consider the graph shown below.

Corner Points Value of Z

A(0, 200) 10000

B(50, 250) 17500
C(150, 150) 22500  Max.
D(200, 0) 20000

Maximum value of Z  22500 and

it is obtained at (150, 150).

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SECTION D
There are 4 Long Answer questions in this section. Each is of 5 marks.
1 1
32. If A is a 3  3 invertible matrix, show that for any scalar k  0 , (k A)1  A . Hence calculate
k
 2 1 1 
(3 A) , where A   1 2 1 .
1

 1 1 2 
Sol. Let k A  B
1
 A  B, k  0
k
1
 A 1A  A 1B [Pre-multiplying by A 1 both sides
k
1 
 I   A 1  B [ PQ  QP  I  P 1  Q, Q 1  P
 k 
1
 B 1  A 1
k
1
That is, (k A)1  A 1 .
k
 2 1 1   3 1 1
For A   1 2 1 , A  2 (3)  (1) (1)  1(1)  4 and adj.A   1 3 1  .
 
 1 1 2   1 1 3 
 3 1 1
adj.A 1
So, A 1
 1 3 1 .
det.(A) 4  
 1 1 3 
 3 1 1
1 1 1 
1
Hence, (3 A)  A  1 3 1 .
3 12  
 1 1 3 
33. The relation between the height of the plant (y cm) with respect to exposure to sunlight is
1
governed by the equation y  4x  x 2 , where x is the number of days exposed to sunlight.
2
(i) Find the rate of growth of the plant with respect to sunlight.
(ii) In how many days will the plant attain its maximum height?
What is the maximum height?
1 2 dy 1
Sol. (i) y  4x  x   4   2x  4  x
2 dx 2
dy
(ii) For  0, 4  x  0  x 4.
dx
d2 y
Also  1  0 at x  4 .
dx 2
So, height of plant (y) will be maximum in 4 days.
1
Maximum value of height is  4  4   42  16  8  8 cm .
2

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cos x
34. (a) Find  (4  sin 2
dx .
x)(5  4 cos 2 x)
OR

dx
(b) Evaluate a 2
.
0
cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2

Sol. (a) Put sin x  t  cos x dx  dt

cos x cos x
So,  2 2
dx   dx [ cos2 x  1  sin 2 x
(4  sin x)(5  4 cos x) (4  sin x)(5  4  4sin 2 x)
2

cos x
 dx
(4  sin x)(1  4sin 2 x)
2

1
 dt
(4  t )(1  4 t 2 )
2

1  4 1 
  dt
15  (1  4 t ) (4  t 2 ) 
 2

1  1 1 t
 4  tan 1 (2t)  tan 1   C

15  2 2 2
2 1 sin x
 tan 1 (2 sin x)  tan 1 C.
15 30 2
OR
1
(b) Let f (x)  2 .
a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2

1 1
As f (  x)  2  2  f (x) .
a cos (  x)  b sin (  x) a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2 2 2

2a a
Using  f (x)dx  2 f (x)dx , if f (2a  x)  f (x) , we get
0 0
 / 2
dx dx
0 a 2 cos2 x  b2 sin 2 x  2 0 a 2 cos2 x  b2 sin 2 x [Divide Nr and Dr by cos2 x

/ 2  Put tan x  t  sec2 x dx  dt

sec 2 x dx 
2
0
a 2  b 2 tan 2 x  When x  0  t  0, when x    t  
 2
 
dt 1 1 bt 
 2 2 2 2
 2   tan 1 
0
a b t a b a 0
2   
   0  .
ab  2  ab
 
35. (a) Show that the area of a parallelogram whose diagonals are represented by a and b is given
1  
by a  b . Also find the area of a parallelogram whose diagonals are 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and ˆi  3jˆ  kˆ .
2
OR
(b) Find the equation of a line in vector and Cartesian form which passes through the point
x  8 y  19 z  10
(1, 2,  4) and is perpendicular to the lines   and
3 16 7

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
r  15iˆ  29ˆj  5kˆ   (3iˆ  8jˆ  5k)
ˆ .
Sol. (a) Consider the diagram shown below.
   
Assume that OA  p and OB  q represent the adjacent sides of parallelogram.
       
It is clear that, OC  OB  BC  OB  OA  q  p  a …(i)
     
Also, AB  OB  OA  q  p  b …(ii)
[Using triangular law of vectors
   
 ab  ab
By (i) and (ii), p  , q .
2 2
   
  ab ab 1        
Now, the area of parallelogram  p  q    a a  a b  ba  bb
2 2 4
1      
 0 ab ab0
4
1  
 2a  b
4
1  
 ab .
2
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Consider (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ  (iˆ  3jˆ  k)
ˆ  2 1 1  2iˆ  3jˆ  7kˆ
1 3 1
1 ˆ ˆ 4  9  49 62
 Required area of the parallelogram  2i  3j  7kˆ   Sq.units .
2 2 2
OR
(b) Let the d.r.’s of required line passing through (1, 2, –4) be a, b, c.
x 1 y  2 z  4
So, the required line is   ...(i)
a b c
x  8 y  19 z  10 
Since line (i) is perpendicular to   and r  15iˆ  29ˆj  5kˆ   (3iˆ  8jˆ  5k)
ˆ .
3 16 7
So by using a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2  0 , we get
3a  16b  7c  0 …(ii) and 3a  8b  5c  0 …(iii)
2b
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get c  2 b , a  .
3
x 1 y  2 z  4 x 1 y  2 z  4
Therefore, equation of line (i) becomes :   i.e.,   ; this is
2b b 2b 2 3 6
3
the Cartesian equation of line.

Also the vector equation of line is r  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ   (2iˆ  3jˆ  6k)
ˆ .
SECTION E
In this section there are 3 Case Study questions of 4 marks each.
36. Some students are having a misconception while comparing decimals. For example, a student
may mention that 78.56  78.9 as 7856  789 . In order to assess this concept, a decimal
comparison test was administered to the students of class VI through the following question.
In the recently held Sports Day in the school, 5 students participated in a javelin throw
competition. The distances to which they have thrown the javelin are shown below in the table.
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Name of student Distance of javelin (in meters)

Ajay 47.7
Bijoy 47.07
Kartik 43.09
Dinesh 43.9
Devesh 45.2
The students were asked to identify who has thrown the javelin the farthest.
Based on the test attempted by the students, the teacher concludes that 40% of the students have
the misconception in the concept of decimal comparison and the rest do not have the
misconception. 80% of the students having misconception answered Bijoy as the correct answer
in the paper. 90% of the students, who are identified with not having misconception, did not
answer Bijoy as their answer.
On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) What is the probability of a student not having misconception but still answers Bijoy in the
test?
(ii) What is the probability that a randomly selected student answers Bijoy as his answer in the
test?
(iii) (a) What is the probability that a student who answered as Bijoy is having misconception?
OR
(iii) (b) What is the probability that a student who answered as Bijoy is amongst students who do
not have the misconception?
Sol. Let E1 and E 2 denote the events of the students who have misconception and who do not have
the misconception. Also let E be the event that students answered Bijoy as the correct answer.
Now P(E1 )  40% , P(E 2 )  60% , P(E | E1 )  80%, P(E | E 2 )  90% .
(i) As P(E | E 2 )  P(E | E 2 )  1  P(E | E 2 )  90%  1
1
 P(E | E 2 )  10%   0.1 .
10
(ii) By using law of total probability, we get P(E)  P(E1 )  P(E | E1 )  P(E 2 )  P(E | E 2 )
40 80 60 10 32  6 19
 P(E)        0.38  38% .
100 100 100 100 100 50
P(E1 )  P(E | E1 )
(iii) (a) By using Bayes’ theorem, P(E1 | E) 
P(E)
40 80

32 16
 P(E1 | E)  100 100   .
38 38 19
100
OR
P(E 2 )  P(E | E 2 )
(iii) (b) By using Bayes’ theorem, P(E 2 | E) 
P(E)
60 10

 P(E 2 | E)  100 100  6  3 .
38 38 19
100

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37. An engineer is designing a new metro rail network in a city.

Initially, two metro lines, Line A and Line B, each consisting of multiple stations are designed.
x  2 y 1 z  3
The track for Line A is represented by l1 :   , while the track for Line B is
3 2 4
x 1 y  3 z  2
represented by l2 :   .
2 1 3
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Find whether the two metro tracks are parallel.
(ii) Solar panels are to be installed on the rooftop of the metro stations. Determine the equation
of the line representing the placement of solar panels on the rooftop of Line A’s stations, given
that panels are to be positioned parallel to Line A’s track ( l1 ) and pass through the point
(1,  2,  3) .
(iii) (a) To connect the stations, a pedestrian pathway perpendicular to the two metro lines is to
be constructed which passes through point (3, 2, 1). Determine the equation of the pedestrian
walkway.
OR
(iii) (b) Find the shortest distance between Line A and Line B.
Sol. (i) The d.r.’s of l1 and l2 are respectively 3, –2, 4 and 2, 1, –3.
3 2 4
Since the d.r.’s are not proportional so, the lines are not parallel. Note that   .
2 1 3
Hence the two metro tracks are not parallel.
x 1 y  2 z  3
(ii) Required equation of line :   .
3 2 4
As the parallel lines have proportionate direction ratios and required line is parallel to line l1 .
(iii) (a) Let the direction ratios be a, b, c for the equation of the pedestrian walkway.
x  3 y  2 z 1
Therefore, its equation is   …(i)
a b c
Since it is given that (i) is perpendicular to both the lines l1 and l2 .
So, using a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2  0 , we get 3a  2b  4c  0 , 2a  b  3c  0
2c 17c
Solving these equations, we get a  , b 
7 7
x  3 y  2 z 1 x  3 y  2 z 1
By (i), required line is   i.e.,   .
2c 17c c 2 17 7
7 7
OR
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(iii) (b) For the given lines l1 and l2 , we have

   
a1  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ , b1  3iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ ; a 2  ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ b2  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ .
ˆi ˆj kˆ
   
Now a  a  ˆi  4jˆ  5kˆ , b  b  3 2 4  2iˆ  17ˆj  7kˆ
2 1 1 2

2 1 3
   
b1  b 2 . (a 2  a1 ) (2iˆ  17ˆj  7k).(
ˆ ˆi  4jˆ  5k)
ˆ
Shortest distance    
b1  b 2 2iˆ  17ˆj  7kˆ
2  68  35 31 31
  units .
4  289  49 342 3 38
38. During a heavy gaming session, the temperature of a student’s laptop processor increases
significantly. After the session, the processor begins to cool down, and the rate of cooling is
proportional to the difference between the processor’s temperature and the room temperature
( 25o C ). Initially the processor’s temperature is 85o C . The rate of cooling is defined by the
d
equation  T(t)   k  T(t)  25  , where T(t) represents the temperature of the processor at
dt
time t (in minutes) and k is a constant.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the expression for temperature of processor T(t) , given that T(0)  85o C .
(ii) How long will it take for the processor’s temperature to reach 40o C ?
Given that k  0.03, log e 4  1.3863 .
d d  T(t) 
Sol. (i) Given  T(t)   k  T(t)  25     k dt
dt  T(t)  25 
d  T(t) 
On integrating, we get   T(t)  25   k dt
 log  T(t)  25   k t   , where  is constant of integration
  T(t)  25  e  k t  i.e., T(t)  C e  k t  25, where C  e .
As it is given that T(0)  85o C , so T(0)  C e  k 0  25
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CBSE 2025 Exams - Maths (041) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)

 85  C  e0  25  C  85  25  60
 Required expression is T(t)  60 e  k t  25 i.e., T(t)  60 e 0.03t  25 .
(ii) When T(t)  40o C , then 40  60e 0.03t  25
 15  60e 0.03t
 e 0.03t  4
Taking log on both the sides, we get log e 0.03t  log 4
 0.03 t  log e  1.3863 [ log e  1
1.3863
t  46.21 minutes.
0.03

 Q.P. Code - 65/4/2

01. The principal branch of cos1 x is
  3 
(a)  , (b)   , 2 (c)  0,   (d)  2 , 3
 2 2 
Sol. (c) The principal branch of cos1 x is  0,   .
1  sin 3 x 
 3cos2 x , for x  2 
04. If f (x)   is continuous at x  , then the value of k is
k , for x   2
 2
3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
2 6 2
 
Sol. (c) As f is continuous at x  so, lim f (x)  f   .
2 x 2
2
3
1  sin x
That is, lim k
x 3cos2 x
2

(1  sin x)(1  sin x  sin 2 x)

 lim k
x 3(1  sin 2 x)
2

(1  sin x)(1  sin x  sin 2 x)

 lim k
x 3(1  sin x)(1  sin x)
2

(1  sin x  sin 2 x)
 k  lim
x 3(1  sin x)
2

  2 
 1  sin  sin  1  1  12 1
2 2
k    .
  3(1  1) 2
3 1  sin 
 2
06. If the direction cosines of a line are  ,  ,  , then  is equal to
1 1 1
(a)  (b) 1 (c) (d) 
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol. (d) Using l m  n  1 , we get       1  3  2  1

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1
   .
3
1 2 4
07. If 1 x 1  57 , the product of the possible values of x is
0 3 3x
(a) –24 (b) –16 (c) 16 (d) 24
st 2
Sol. (a) Expanding along 1 column, we get 1(3x  3)  1(6x  12)  0  57
 3x 2  6x  72  0  x 2  2x  24  0
constant 24
Product of roots of a quadratic equation  2
  24 .
coefficient of x 1
x
14. e (cos x  sin x)dx is equal to
(a) e x sin x  C (b) e x sin x  C (c) e x cos x  C (d) e x cos x  C
Sol. (d) Using  e x  f (x)  f (x) dx  f (x) e x  C , here f (x)  cos x , f (x)   sin x , we get
x
e (cos x  sin x)dx  e x cos x  C .
dy
16. The integrating factor of the differential equation  y tan x  sec x  0 is
dx
(a)  cos x (b) sec x (c) logsec x (d) esecx
dy
 y tan x  sec x , P(x)  tan x . So, integrating factor  e 
tan x dx
Sol. (b) For  elogsec x  sec x .
dx
21. Using matrices and determinants, find the value (s) of k for which the pair of equations
5x  ky  2 , 7x  5y  3 has a unique solution.
5 k  x  2
Sol. Let A    , X   , B    .
 7 5  y 3 
5 k
As the pair of equations has a unique solution, so A  0
7 5
 25  (7k)  0
25
k  .
7
8
25. Find the local maxima and local minima of the function f (x)  x 3  12x 2  18x  5 .
3
8 3
Sol. For f (x)  x  12x 2  18x  5 , f (x)  8x 2  24x  18  2(4x 2  12x  9)
3
 f (x)  2(2x  3)2

3
For f (x)  0, 2(2x  3)2  0  x 
2
3
Note that, f (x) does not change its sign as x passes through x  .
2
3
In fact, in the left and right neighborhood of x  , sign of f (x) is positive.
2
3
That means, x  is neither the point of local maxima nor of local minima.
2
Hence, there is no local maxima and local minima of the function f (x) .
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 17
CBSE 2025 Exams - Maths (041) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)

cos x dx
28. Find  1  cos x  sin x .
d
Sol. Let cos x  A (1  cos x  sin x)  B (1  cos x  sin x)  C
dx
 cos x  A (1  cos x  sin x)  B(cos x  sin x)  C
On comparing the coefficients of like terms, we get A  B  1, A  B  0, A  C  0
1 1 1
On solving these equations, we get A  , B  , C   .
2 2 2
cos x dx
Now let I  
1  cos x  sin x
1 (1  cos x  sin x) 1 (cos x  sin x) 1 1
  dx   dx   dx
2 (1  cos x  sin x) 2 (1  cos x  sin x) 2 (1  cos x  sin x)
1 1 (cos x  sin x) 1 1
  1dx   dx   dx
2 2 (1  cos x  sin x) 2 2 x x
1  tan 2 tan
1 2 2
2 x 2 x
1  tan 1  tan
2 2
x
1  tan 2
1 1 (cos x  sin x) 1 2
  1dx   dx   dx
2 2 (1  cos x  sin x) 2 1  tan 2  1  tan 2 x  2 tan x
x
2 2 2
1 2x
1 1 (cos x  sin x) sec
  1dx   dx   2 2 dx
2 2 (1  cos x  sin x)  x
2 1  tan 
 2
In second integral, put (1  cos x  sin x)  t  (cos x  sin x)dx  dt .
x 1 x
In third integral, put 1  tan  u  sec 2 dx  du .
2 2 2
1 1 dt du 1 1 1
 I   1dx      x  log t  log u  C
2 2 t 2u 2 2 2
x 1 1 x
 I   log 1  cos x  sin x  log 1  tan  C
2 2 2 2
 2x x
 cos  sin 2  dx
cos x dx 2 2
Alternatively, let I    
1  cos x  sin x x x x
2 cos2  2sin cos
2 2 2
 x x x x
cos 2  sin 2  cos 2  sin 2  dx
I
x x x
2cos  cos  cos 
2 2 2
 x x
cos 2  sin 2  dx 1  x
I   1  tan  dx
x 2  2
2cos
2
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1 x
 I   x  2log cos   C
2 2
x x
 I   log cos  C .
2 2
29. (a) Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it again; but if it
shows a tail, then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the event A : ‘the die shows a
number greater than 3’ given that B : ‘there is at least one tail’.
OR
(b) The probability distribution of a random variable X is given as :
X 1 2 3 2 3 4
P(X) 11 1 1 3 1 1
30 15 10 10 15 10
(i) Calculate  , if E(X)  3.2 .
(ii) Find P(X  1) .
Sol. (a) Here S  {(HH), (HT), (T1), (T2), (T3), (T4), (T5), (T6)}.
Let A : the die shows a number greater than 3, B : at least one tail appears on the coin.
So, A  {(T4), (T5), (T6)}, B  {(HT), (T1), …, (T6)} and, A  B  {(T4), (T5) , (T6)} .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
We have P(A  B)        3  and,
2 6 2 6 2 6 12 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
P (B)               
2 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 4
1
P(A  B) 4 1
 P(A | B)    .
P(B) 3 3
4
OR
(b) (i) E(X)   X .P(X)  3.2
11 1 1 3 1 1
 1  2   3   2   3   4   3.2
30 15 10 10 15 10
11 4 9 9 2 3
    2   3   4   3.2
30 30 30 30 30 30
24  18  6  12 
    3.2
30  30 
24 36
    3.2
30 30
 24  36   3.2  30  96
 36   96  24  72
72
  2.
36
11 19
(ii) P(X  1)  1  P(X  1)  1  P(X  1)  1   .
30 30
31. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically.
Minimise Z  3x  5y
subject to the constraints x  2y  10, x  y  6, 3x  y  8; x , y  0 .

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Sol. Consider the graph shown below.

The corner points are A(0, 8), B(1, 5), C(2, 4), D(10, 0).
Corner Points Value of Z
A(0, 8) 40
B(1, 5) 28
C(2, 4) 26  Minimum
D(10, 0) 30
The minimum value of Z is 26. But since the feasible region is unbounded so, Z  26 may or
may not be the minimum value of Z. To check, let 3x  5y  26 .
As there is no common point between the feasible region and 3x  5y  26 . So, Z  26 is the
minimum value and it is obtained at (2, 4).

4
sin x cos x
34. (a) Evaluate  cos 4
dx .
0
x  sin 4 x
OR
2 2
x  1  log (x  1)  2 log x 
(b) Find  dx .
x2
dt  1
Sol. (a) Put sin 2 x  t  sin x cos x dx  . As x  0  t  0; also x   t  .
2 4 2
 
4 4
sin x cos x sin x cos x
Let I   4 4
dx   dx
0
cos x  sin x 0
(1  sin 2 x) 2  sin 4 x
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
I  2 2
dt   2 dt   dt
2 0 (1  t)  t 2 0 2t  2t  1 4 0 t2  t  1
2
1
2
1 1
I  dt
4 0  1 2  1  2
t    
 2 2
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1 1/2 1
 I   2  tan 1 (2t  1)    tan 1 (0)  tan 1 (1) 
4 0 2
1   
 I  0    .
2 4 8
OR
2
log (1  x )  2log x 
(b) Let I   1  x 2  dx
x4
1 x2 dx
I   log (1  x 2 )  log x 2 
x x3
1 x2   1  x 2   dx
I log  2   3
x2   x  x
1
  1   dx
 I   1 log 1  x 2   x 3
x2
  
1 dx dt
Put 1  2  t  3   .
x x 2
1
 I    t log tdt
2
1 d  
 I   log t  t dt    (log t)  t dt  dt 
2  dt  
1  2t 3/ 2 2 1  
I  log t     t 3/ 2  dt 
2 3 3 t  
 t 3/ 2 1  2t 3/ 2  
 I   log t     C
 3 3  3  
t 3/ 2  2
I log t    C
3  3
3/ 2
1 1    1  2
So, I   1  2  log  1  2     C .
3  x    x  3
Remark The integrand given in (b) is wrong, however we have taken correct integrand.

 Q.P. Code - 65/4/3

01. Domain of sin 1 (2x 2  3) is
(a) (1, 0)  (1, 2) (b) ( 2 ,  1)  (0, 1)
(c) [ 2 ,  1]  [1, 2] (d) ( 2 ,  1)  (1, 2)
Sol. (c) sin 1 (2x 2  3) is defined when 1  (2x 2  3)  1
That is, 2  (2x 2 )  4
 1  x2  2
  2  x  1  1  x  2
Hence, the domain is x  [ 2 ,  1]  [1, 2] .
dy
04. If y  log 2x ( 2x ) , then is equal to
dx

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1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
x 2x
1 1 dy
Sol. (a) y  log 2x ( 2x )  log 2x (2x)   1   0.
2 2 dx
06. The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A (2, 3, 5) on the y-axis
is
(a) (0, 0, 5) (b) (0 , 3, 0) (c) (2, 0, 5) (d) (2, 0, 0)
Sol. (b) (0 , 3, 0) .
1
07. If A and B are invertible matrices of order 3  3 such that det (A)  4 and det[(A B)1 ]  ,
20
then det (B) is equal to
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 20 (d) 5
20 5
1 1 1 1 1
Sol. (d) (A B) 1   (A B)    A B  
20 20 20
 4  B  20
 B 5.
14. If  e 3log x dx  f (x)  C , then f (x) is
 1 
log  3  1 1
(a) e 3log x (b) e x 
(c)  (d) 
2x 2 4x 4
Sol. (c)  e 3log x dx  f (x)  C
3
  e log x dx  f (x)  C   x 3 dx  f (x)  C
x 31
 f (x)  C  C
3  1
1
 f (x)   2 .
2x
dy x
16. The solution of the differential equation   represents family of
dx y
(a) parabolas (b) circles (c) ellipses (d) hyperbolas
dy x
Sol. (b)   gives,  y dy   x dx
dx y
y2 x2
   C i.e., x 2  y 2  2C  0 , which represents a family of circles.
2 2
 2 2 
21. If A    and A 2  k A , then find the value of k.
 2 2 
2 2   2 2   8 8
Sol. A2  A A   
 2 2   2 2   8 8 
 8 8   2 2 
Now A 2  k A implies,   k 
 8 8   2 2 
 8 8  2k 2k 
  
 8 8   2k 2k 
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By equality of matrices, we get 2k  8 k  4 .

25. A cylindrical water container has developed a leak at the bottom. The water is leaking at the rate
of 5 cm3 /s from the leak. If the radius of the container is 15 cm, find the rate at which the height
of water is decreasing inside the container, when the height of water is 2 metres.
dV
Sol. Given  5 cm3 /s .
dt
Now V   r 2 h   152  h  225  h
dV dh
  225 
dt dt
dh
 5  225 
dt
dh 1
  cm/s
dt 45 
1
Hence, height of water is decreasing at the rate of cm/s .
45
x
26. Find  1 dx .
x 3/ 2
x x
Sol. Let I   dx   dx
1  x 3/2 1  x 3/ 4
4 1/3
Put x 3/ 4  t  x  t 4/3  dx  t dt . Also, x  t 4/3  t 2/3 .
3
4 t 2/3  t1/3 4 t 4  1 
Now I   dt   dt   1  dt
3 1 t 3 1 t 3  1  t 
4
I  t  log 1  t   C
3
4
 I   x 3/ 4  log 1  x 3/ 4   C .
3
29. (a) The probability distribution of a random variable X is given by :
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) p p p p
3 6 12
(i) Determine the value of p.
(ii) Calculate P (X  1) .
(iii) Calculate expectation of X, i.e. E (X) .
OR
(b) In a city, a survey was conducted among residents about their preferred mode of commuting.
It was found that 50% people preferred using public transport, 35% preferred using a bicycle and
20% use both public transport and a bicycle. If a person is selected at random, find the
probability that
(i) the person uses only public transport.
(ii) the person uses a bicycle, given that they also use the public transport.
(iii) the person uses neither public transport nor a bicycle.

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p p p
Sol. (a) (i) Since  P(X)  1 so, p  3  6  12  1
12p  4p  2p  p
 1
12
 19 p  12
12
p  .
19
12 7
(ii) P (X  1)  1  P(X  1)  1  P(X  0)  1  p  1 
 .
19 19
p p p 2p p 11p 11 12 11
(iii) E (X)   X.P(X)  0  p  1  2   3        .
3 6 12 3 4 12 12 19 19
OR
(b) Let A be the event that people used public transport, B be the event that people used bicycle.
Given that P(A)  50%, P(B)  35%, P(A  B)  20% .
30 3
(i) Required probability, P(only A)  P(A)  P(A  B)  50%  20%  30%   .
100 10
P(B  A) 20% 2
(ii) P(B | A)    .
P(A) 50% 5
(iii) P(A  B)  P(A  B)  1  P(A  B)  1   P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)
65 35 7
 1  50%  35%  20%  1 
  35% or .
100 100 20
31. For the given graph of a Linear Programming Problem, write all the constraints satisfying the
given feasible region.

y  200 0  200
Sol. Equation of AB : 
x0 200  0
y  200
 1  x  y  200
x
y  300 0  300
Equation of line BC : 
x 0 300  0
y  300
  1  x  y  300
x

24 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics

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y0 150  0
Equation of CD : 
x  200 150  200
y
  3  3x  y  600
x  200
Since the feasible region is bounded so, the constraints for this LPP will be
x  y  200, x  y  300, 3x  y  600, x  0, y  0 .
3/ 2
34. (a) Evaluate  x cos x dx .
0

OR
dx
(b) Find  sin x  sin 2x .
3
2
Sol. (a) Let I   x cos x dx
0
1 3
2 2
 I   x cos x dx   x cos x dx
0 1
2
1 3
2 2
 I   x cos x dx   x cos x dx
0 1
2

 d 
Consider  x cos x dx  x  cos x dx    dx [x] cos x dx  dx
 sin x  sin x
  x  dx
   
x sin x cos x
  
 2
1 3
 x sin x cos x  2  x sin x cos x  2
Therefore, I     
   2  0   2  1
2

1  1    cos 0   3 3 1 3   1  1 
 I   sin  2 cos   0  2    sin  2 cos    sin  2 cos 
 2 2  2     2 2  2   2 2  2
1  1  3  1 
 I    0   2      0    0
 2      2   2 
5  2
I  .
2 2
OR
dx
(b) Let I  
sin x  sin 2x
dx
I
sin x  2sin x cos x
dx
I
sin x(1  2 cos x)

MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 25

CBSE 2025 Exams - Maths (041) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)

sin x dx
I 2
sin x(1  2cos x)
sin x dx
I (Put cos x  t  sin xdx  dt
(1  cos x)(1  cos x)(1  2cos x)
dt
I  
(1  t)(1  t)(1  2t)
1 A B C
Consider   
(1  t)(1  t)(1  2t) 1  t 1  t 1  2t
 1  A(1  t)(1  2t)  B(1  t)(1  2t)  C(1  t 2 )
1 1 4
On comparing the coefficients of like terms on both the sides, we get : A   , B  , C  
6 2 3
 1 1 1 1 4 1 
I           dt
 6 1  t 2 1  t 3 1  2t 
1 1 1 4 1
 I   log 1  t   log 1  t  log 1  2t   C
6 1 2 3 2
1 1 2
 I  log 1  cos x  log 1  cos x  log 1  2 cos x  C .
6 2 3

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O.P. GUPTA
Author & Math Mentor
Indira Award Winner
 The O.P. Gupta Advanced Math Classes
@ Think Academy, Najafgarh
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26 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics