Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

PAPER: 1

Unit:1 Non-chordata and chordata

1) Write a brief account on the salient features of Rotifera with suitable

examples. (8 M, IFS 2020)

2) Write an account on recent system of animal classification. Outline its

differences from earlier
empirical approaches. (15 M, IFS 2020)

3) Define body symmetry. Give its types with examples. (8 M, IFS 2019)

4) Write notes on the following in about 150 words each: Protostomes and
Deuterostomes. (10 M,
2018)

5) Differentiate between major and minor phyla. Describe the salient features of
any one minor
phylum. (10 M, 2017)

6) What are Bilateria? Explain the theories of origin of Bilateria.(15 M, 2017)

7) Write a note on minor phyla. (8 M, IFS 2016)

8) What are minor phyla? Enlist minor phyla with suitable examples. (10 M, 2015)

9) Discuss the affinities of Onychophora and suggest a suitable place for this in
the animal
kingdom. (15 M, IFS 2015)

10) Write a note on the affinities of Onychophora in about150 words. (8 M, IFS

2014)

11) Comment briefly on the following in not more than 90 words each: (5 M each, IFS
2012)
a) Acoelomata and Coelomata
b) Symmetry

12) Write briefly on Protostomes and Deuterostomes. (10 M, IFS 2011)

13) Write briefly on the topic Bilateral versus Radial symmetry. (8 M, IFS 2010)

14) Discuss the status of Parazoa. (20 M,IFS 2010)

15) Write a brief account on nutrition and osmoregulation in Euglena. (8 M, IFS

2021)

16) Write a short note on Gamontogamy in Monocystis. (10 M, 2020)

17) Write in brief about the method(s) of ingestion, digestion of food and
excretion of wastes in
Paramecium. (8 M, IFS 2019)

18) Give an account of nutrition in Protozoa. (20 M, 2019)

19) Write a brief account of the sol-gel hypothesis of protozoan locomotion. (8 M,

IFS 2018)

20) Schematically present the process of conjugation in Paramecium sp. Comment on

its biological
significance. (15 M, IFS 2018)

21) Write an essay on modes of reproduction in Protozoa. (15 M, IFS 2017)

22) Give an account of nutrition in Protozoa with suitable examples. (10M, IFS
2016)

23) Give an account of conjugation in Paramecium and its significance. (10 M, 2016)

24) Write a note on the significances of conjugation in Paramecium. (8 M, IFS 2015)

25) Give an account of locomotion in Protozoa indicating locomotor organelle with

suitable
examples. (15 M, 2015)

26) Describe the organs and mode of locomotion in Paramecium. (10 M, 2014)

27) Write a brief note on nutrition in Protozoa. (8 M, IFS 2013)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

28) Describe various types of locomotion in Protozoa. (15 M, 2012)

29) Describe various types of sexual reproduction in Protozoa. Trace the evolution
of sex in the
phylum. (20 M, IFS 2011)

30) Write briefly on the following topics: (IFS 2010)

a) Autogamy in Paramecium (8 M)
b) Life history of Monocystis (8 M)

31) What are the common malaria-causing species? Write an account of life cycle of
the malarial
parasite and its pathogenicity in man. (15 M, IFS 2021)

32) Write a note in about 150 words on the canal system in sponges. (10 M, 2021)

33) Give an illustrated account of life cycle of Leishmania. (15 M, 2021)

34) Write a note in about 150 words on the skeleton in sponges. (10 M, 2020)

35) Write a note on general characters and classification of Porifera. (10 M, 2019)

36) Write a brief account of spicules in Porifera. (8 M, IFS 2018)

37) Name important malaria vectors of India. Elaborate the life cycle of any
malaria vector of India.
How can the transmission of malaria be checked? (15 M, IFS 2018)

38) Give an illustrated account of the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax. (15 M, 2018)

39) Describe in detail, the life cycle and pathogenicity of Leishmania donovani.
(15 M, IFS 2017)

40) Write an account of the canal system in sponges. (10 M, IFS 2017)

41) Write a note on the spicules in Porifera. (8 M, IFS 2016)

42) Give an account of asexual and sexual life phases of Plasmodium vivax in their
hosts. (20 M,
2016)

43) Explain various types of canal systems in Porifera. Also give their importance.
(20 M, 2016)

44) Give an account of various types of canal systems. (15 M, IFS 2013)

45) Give an elaborate account of canal system in Porifera and discuss the taxonomic
importance of
spicules. (25 M, 2013)

46) Comment briefly on the canal system in Porifera in about 90 words. (5 M, IFS
2012)

47) What is Polymorphism? Explain different polymorphic forms in Coelenterates. (15

M, IFS 2021)

48) Write a note on the nematocysts of Aurelia in about 150 words. (10 M, 2021)
49) What is alternation of generations? Illustrate this phenomenon with the life
history of Obelia.
(15M, 2021)

50) What are Great Barrier Reefs? Describe how climate change influences coral reef
formation? (15
M, IFS 2020)

51) Describe different kinds of coral reefs on the basis of their formation. (10 M,
2020)

52) Explain the structure and mechanism of action of nematocysts in the defence
mechanism of
coelenterates. (10 M, IFS 2019)

53) Metagenesis — does it differ from alternation of generations? (10 M, 2019)

54) Define Metagenesis. Elaborate the process of Metagenesis in Obelia with

suitable diagram. (15
M, IFS 2018)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

55) With the help of labeled diagrams only, explain the structure and different
stages of the life
cycle of Obelia (no description is required). With reference to Obelia, also
explain the
polymorphism and the status of metagenesis. (15 M, 2018)

56) Write short note on the phenomenon of polymorphism with reference to

Coelenterates. (8 M,
IFS 2017)

57) Give the structure of cnidoblast, the defensive organ in Cnidaria. Also,
describe its mechanism of
action. (15 M, 2017)

58) What are coral reefs? Write about different types of coral reefs and various
theories of coral
reef formation. (15 M, IFS 2016)

59) “Evolution of metazoan is the differentiation of the cells to perform different

functions.” Justify

this in relation to the cellular organization of hydrozoans. (15 M, IFS 2015)

60) What are corals and coral reefs? Describe different types of coral reefs and
their formation
indicating different theories. (15 M, 2015)

61) Give an account of the structure of cnidoblast and various types of nematocysts
of Hydra. (10 M,
2014)

62) What is Metagenesis? Describe the structure and life history of Obelia.(15
M,IFS 2013)

63) Give an account of coral reefs, their constituent compartments and

significance. (25 M, 2013)

64) Comment briefly on polymorphism. (5 M, IFS 2012)

65) Write briefly on Metagenesis. (10 M, IFS 2011)

66) What are coral reefs and how are they formed? Discuss critically the reasons
for their
destruction. (20 M, IFS 2011)

67) Write briefly on Cnidoblast in Hydra. (8 M, IFS 2010)

68) Describe the life history of Taenia solium and its parasitic adaptation.(10 M,
IFS 2021)

69) Write a brief account on the parasitic adaptations of Fasciola. (8 M, IFS 2020)

70) With the help of labelled diagrams only, explain the different larval stages in
the life cycle of
Fasciola hepatica (No description is required). (15 M, 2020)

71) Enumerate the general features and parasitic adaptations of Fasciola. (15 M,
IFS 2019)

72) Write a short note on parasitic adaptations in Platyhelminthes. (10 M, 2019)

73) Write a short note on structure of scolex in Taenia solium. (8 M, IFS 2017)

74) Discuss parasitic adaptations of Platyhelminthes. (10 M, IFS 2016)

75) Give general characters of phylum platyhelminthes. Classify it giving the main
features and
examples of each class. (15 M, 2016)

76) Explain how the structure and life history of Fasciola hepatica are suitable
for parasitic mode of
life? (10 M, IFS 2015)

77) Write a brief note on parasitic adaptations in Taenia. 8 M, IFS 2013)

78) Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium through a labeled diagram only and
discuss its parasitic
adaptations. (25 M,2013)

79) Fasciola, Taenia and Ascaris are adapted to parasitic mode of life. Define the
convergent and
divergent strategies employed by these parasites for successful existence and
propagation. (20
M, 2012)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

80) Give an account of the general features and life history of Taenia, and its
relation to man. (20 M,
IFS 2010)

81) How is Ascariasis caused? Describe the mode of transmission and life history of
Ascarias. Give
the harmful effects of Ascariasis and its control measures. (15 M, IFS 2019)

82) Write a brief note on the parasitic mode adaptations in nematodes. (8 M, IFS
2018)

83) Give an account of the structure and life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti. Add a
note on the
pathogenicity and control of the disease caused by this parasite. (15 M, 2018)

84) Write a note on parasitic adaptations in Ascaris. (8 M, IFS 2014)

85) Draw a transverse sectional diagram of female Ascaris and label it. (10 M,
2014)

86) Give an account of the general features, life history and parasitic adaptations
of Ascaris. (15 M,
IFS 2012)

87) Fasciola, Taenia and Ascaris are adapted to parasitic mode of life. Define the
convergent and
divergent strategies employed by these parasites for successful existence and
propagation. (20
M, 2012)

88) Write a note in about 150 words on Trocophore larva and its evolutionary
significance. (10 M,
2021)

89) Define nephridium. Describe the various types of nephridia found in Pheretima.
(15 M, 2021)

90) Write a note on Vermiculture. (10 M, 2021)

91) Describe the life cycle of Nereis. (10 M, IFS 2020)

92) Polychaetes exhibit different modes of life adapted to different habitats.

Elaborate. (10 M, IFS
2020)

93) With the help of suitable diagrams, describe the different stages of the life
cycle of Nereis. (15
M, 2020)

94) Describe the external features of Nereis. What is Heteronereis and how does it
differ from
Nereis. Comment upon Metamerism in Annelida. (15 M, 2019)

95) Write a note on adaptive diversity in Polychaetes based on habitat. (8 M, IFS

2015)

96) Polychaetes exhibit different modes of life adapted to habitats. Elaborate the
statement. (10 M,
2015)

97) Write a note on Metamerism in Annelids. (8 M, IFS 2014)

98) Describe locomotion in Hirudinaria. (10 M, 2013)

99) What is Metamerism? Describe the general features of Nereis. (10 M, IFS 2012)

100) Discuss general features and life history of Hirudinaria. Mention its
parasitic adaptations. (15 M,
IFS 2012)

101) Describe the general features and life history of Nereis. (20 M, IFS 2010)

102) Describe morphological structures of Peripatus and discuss its affinities. (15
M, IFS 2021)

103) Describe the larval forms of Crustacea with suitable diagrams. (15 M, IFS
2021)

104) Write an account on modification of mouthparts in Insecta. Give suitable

examples and
diagrams. (15 M, IFS 2020)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

105) With the help of labelled diagrams, describe the mouthparts of the house fly,
butterfly and
honey bee. (20 M, 2020)

106) Elaborate on the structural organisation of compound eye in Prawn. (8 M, IFS

2019)

107) Explain the structure of respiratory organs and write the mechanism of
terrestrial and aquatic
respiration in arthropods. (15 M, IFS 2019)

108) Peripatus is a connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda. Explain. (15
M, IFS 2018)

109) Give an illustrated account of different types of mouth parts in insects and
write a note on their
functional significance. (20 M, 2018)

110) Write a note on Peripatus. (10 M, 2018)

111) Describe the biting and chewing, siphoning and piercing and sucking mouth
parts in insects with
suitable examples. (15 M, IFS 2017)

112) Give an account of larval forms in Crustacea with examples and diagrams. Also,
write a note on
the significance of larvae. (20 M, 2017)

113) Give an account of larval forms in Crustacea giving suitable examples and
diagrams. Add a note
on the significance of larvae. (15 M, IFS 2016)

114) Discuss parasitism in ‘Copepoda’. Comment on structural peculiarities of

parasitic copepods. (15
M, 2015)

115) Draw neat labeled diagrams of any four larval forms of Crustacea. (Description
not required) (10
M, IFS 2013)

116) Draw a labeled diagram of alimentary canal and salivary apparatus in

Periplaneta americana. (10
M, 2013)

117) Draw labeled sketches of Alima and Phyllosoma larvae. Identify the
neuroendocrine factors that
cause metamorphic changes in them.(12M, 2012)

118) Give an account of the parasitism in crustaceans citing suitable examples. (20
M, IFS 2011)

119) Write a note on status of Peripatus. (8 M, IFS 2010)

120) Write a note on vision in cockroach. (8 M, IFS 2010)

121) Write an account of Tiger Prawn culture with an emphasis on seed resources and
transportation.
(10 M, IFS 2021)

122) What is metamorphosis? Describe the hormonal regulation of metamorphosis in

insects. (20 M,
2021)

123) What is apiculture? Describe the various methods of beekeeping and also add a
note on the uses
of honey. (15 M, 2021)

124) Define apiculture. Explain the methodology, status and scope of apiculture in
India. (15 M, IFS
2020)

125) Describe the names of any four diseases of silkworm and their casual agents
(scientific names),
sources of infection, symptoms and management. (20 M, 2020)

126) Describe the characteristics of social insects with examples. (15 M, 2020)

127) Enlist the various species suitable for prawn culture. Also, describe methods
of its seed
production and culture techniques. (15 M, IFS 2019)

128) Write an account on the social behaviour in Apis and Termites. (20 M, 2019)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

129) Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of life history of Mulberry
Silkworm. Explain the
various aspects of rearing techniques in sericulture and add a note on different
diseases of
silkworm. (20 M, 2019)

130) Explain the neuro-endocrine regulation of insect metamorphosis with suitable

illustrations.
Comment on the role of JH (Juvenile Hormone) in insect metamorphosis. (15 M, IFS
2018)

131) Comment on the prospects of Sericulture in India. (8 M, IFS 2018)

132) Explain the types of metamorphosis in insects and their hormonal regulation.
(10 M, 2017)

133) Give an account of prawn culture indicating important cultivable species. (10
M, IFS 2016)

134) Discuss the status and scope of prawn culture in India. Mention commercially
viable
species of fresh water and brackish water prawns. (15 M, 2015)

135) Apis is known for social behavior. Discuss. (10 M, 2015)

136) Write a note on modern apiculture. (8 M, IFS 2014)

137) Describe the principal steps in Apiculture and add a note on various aspects
of its rearing
techniques. (15 M, 2014)

138) Discuss the phenomenon of metamorphosis with reference to insects, and add a
note on its
hormonal regulation. (15 M, IFS 2013)

139) Through a labeled diagram, show the stages of life-history of Bombyx mori. (10
M, 2013)

140) Discuss social organisation in insects. (15 M, IFS 2012)

141) Name different species of silkworm. Give an account of life history of

silkworm and describe the
diseases which cause damage to the sericulture industry. (20 M, IFS 2012)

142) Give an illustrated account of interaction of neuroendocrine secretions in

promoting
metamorphosis in an orthopteran and a lepidopteron insect. Mention the type of
metamorphosis that these insects undergo. (20 M, 2012)

143) Delineate the principal steps in initiating sericulture. Add a note on various
aspects of rearing
techniques to get quality product in sericulture. (20 M, 2012)

144) Give an elaborate account of prawn culture in India. (20 M, IFS 2011)

145) Write a brief account on torsion in Gastropoda. (8 M, IFS 2021)

146) Describe the respiratory organs and mechanism of respiration in Pila. (15 M,
2021)

147) Write a brief account on feeding mechanisms of Mollusca. (8 M, IFS 2020)

148) Describe the respiratory organs and mechanism of respiration in Unio. (15 M,
2020)

149) Elucidate the structural diversity of shells in molluscs. Also, write their
functions. (8 M, IFS 2019)

150) What do you understand about Torsion and Detorsion in Mollusca? Elucidate. (15
M, 2019)

151) Give the scientific name of one amphibious mollusc. How does it respire in
aquatic medium? (10
M, IFS 2018)

152) What is Torsion? Describe the significance of torsion and detorsion in

Gastropods. (10 M, IFS
2017)

153) Discuss respiration in Mollusca indicating suitable examples. (15 M, 2017)

154) Write a note on shell diversity in Mollusca. (8 M, IFS 2016)

155) Explain phenomenon of Torsion and Detorsion in gastropods and also write their
significance.
(10 M, 2016)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

156) Write a note on effects of torsion in gastropods and its significance. (8M,
IFS 2015)

157) Describe "Torsion and Detorsion" in Gastropoda. Add a note on the significance
of this
phenomenon. (15 M, 2014)

158) Describe the shell diversity encountered in Molluscs.(10 M, IFS 2013)

159) Briefly bring out the shell diversity in Mollusca and the larval forms in
Echinodermata. (10 M, IFS
2012)

160) What is torsion? How does it occur in certain gastropods? Give an illustrated
account of torsion
and detorsion in this molluscan class. (20 M, 2012)

161) Describe different types of locomotion in molluscs giving suitable examples.

(20 M, IFS 2011)

162) Describe torsion and detorsion in Gastropoda. (20 M, IFS 2010)

163) Write a brief account about Ambulacral system in Asterias. (8 M, IFS 2021)

164) With the help of labeled diagrams, give an account of the larvae found in
Asteroidea,
Ophiuroidea and Holothuroidea. (15 M, 2020)

165) Write a short note on water vascular system in Asterias. (10 M, 2019)

166) Describe different larval forms of Echinoderms and comment on their

evolutionary significance.
(20 M, 2018)

167) Describe the larval forms in Echinodermata. Add a note on their evolutionary
significance. (15
M, IFS 2017)

168) Draw labeled diagrams of basic echinoderm larval forms and describe their
evolutionary
importance. (20 M, 2016)

169) Discuss the significance of echinoderm larvae. (15 M, IFS 2015)

170) Give an illustrated account of the reproductive system, life history and
development of Asterias.
(15 M, 2015)

171) Make a labeled diagrammatic representation of the basic forms and diversities
in Echinoderm
larvae and describe their evolutionary significance. (20 M, 2014)

172) Comment briefly on the water vascular system in Asterias. (5 M, IFS 2012)

173) Briefly bring out the shell diversity in Mollusca and the larval forms in
Echinodermata. (10 M, IFS
2012)
174) Write a brief account about feeding mechanism in Branchiostoma. (8 M, IFS
2021)

175) Describe habitat, habits and life history of Branchiostoma. (15 M, 2021)

176) Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendant of ancestral chordates.

Discuss. (10 M, IFS
2020)

177) Write a brief account of ciliary mode of feeding in Branchiostoma. (8 M, IFS

2018)

178) What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account of this

phenomenon in
Herdmania. Also write a note on its affinities. (15 M, 2018)

179) What is Retrogressive Metamorphosis? Discuss briefly with reference to life

history of Ascidians.
(10 M, IFS 2017)

180) Explain primitive, degenerate and advanced characters of Branchiostoma.

Comment on its
systematic position. (15 M, 2017)

181) Explain primitive, degenerate and advanced characters of Branchiostoma. (10 M,

IFS 2016)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

182) Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendent of ancestral chordates.

Explain. (10 M,
2015)
183) What do you mean by Retrogressive metamorphosis? Give an illustrated account
of the gonads,

developmental sequences and metamorphosis in Herdmania. (20 M,2014)

184) Balanoglossus is the forerunner of chordates"-Justify the statement. (15 M,

2014)

185) Write a brief note on Branchiostoma. (8 M, IFS 2013)

186) Comment briefly on Hemichordata. (5M, IFS 2012)

187) Compare the tornaria larva of Balanoglossus with bipinnaria larva of

echinoderms. Give reasons
for including Hemichordata as a distinct phylum of invertebrates. (30 M, 2012)

188) Write briefly on Endostyle in lower chordates. (10 M, IFS 2011)

189) Describe different patterns of fish migration and write about its
significance. (15 M, IFS 2021)

190) Describe the parental care in Amphibians with suitable examples. (10 M, IFS.
2021)

191) Write a note in about 150 words on the origin of tetrapods. (10 M, 2021)

192) Write a brief account of air-breathing fishes. (8 M, IFS 2020)

193) Explain the origin of Amphibia and classify Amphibia up to sub-class with
characters and
examples. (15 M, 2020)

194) Describe the various accessory respiratory organs of fishes with examples. (20
M, 2020)

195) Briefly describe types of dermal scales and their structures in fishes. (8 M,
IFS 2019)

196) Giving suitable examples and diagrams, describe the phenomenon of parental
care in Apoda,
Anura and Caudata. (10 M, IFS 2019)

197) Define Migration and describe various types of migration in fishes with
suitable examples.
Comment upon its significance. (15 M, 2019)

198) Define parental care. Give an illustrated account of parental care in

Amphibia. (15 M, 2019)

199) Write a brief account of phenomenon of Paedomorphosis in Amphibia. (8 M, IFS

2018)

200) Give an account of accessory respiratory structures in fishes with a note on

their biological
significance. (15 M, IFS 2018)

201) Write a short note on Paedomorphosis. (10 M, 2018)

202) Write a short note on Catadromous migration in fishes. (8 M, IFS 2017)

203) Explain adaptations of animals inhabiting fast flowing waters. (15 M, 2017)

204) Discuss the origin of Tetrapods. (10 M, 2017)

205) Some fishes can breathe air. Elaborate. (10 M, 2017)

206) Write a note on scales in bony fishes. (8 M, IFS 2016)

207) Describe parental care in Amphibia giving suitable examples. (15 M, IFS 2016)

208) Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with
suitable drawings.
(15 M, IFS 2016)

209) Explain parental care in amphibians and its significance. (15 M, 2016)

210) Define migration and its causes. Discuss the migration of Anadromous and
Catadromouls fishes.
(10 M, 2016)

211) Describe the adaptive devices of tropical freshwater fishes to live in marshes
and swamps. (15
M, IFS 2015)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

212) Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with
suitable examples.
(20 M, 2015)

213) Give an account of locomotion in Pisces indicating the role of muscles and
fins. How do some
fish fly? Comment. (20 M, 2015)

214) Write a note on aerial respiration in bony fishes. (8 M, IFS 2014)

215) Trace the origin of tetrapods. (15 M, IFS 2014)

216) Write an essay on the parental care in Amphibians. (15 M, IFS 2014)

217) Give an illustrative account of the appendicular skeleton of a bony fish. (15
M, IFS 2014)

218) Differentiate the basic characters of cartilaginous and Bony fishes with
relevant diagrams. (15 M,
2014)

219) Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus. (10 M, 2013)

220) Write an account of parental care in Amphibia. (25 M, 2013)

221) Comment briefly on migration in fishes. (5 M, IFS 2012)

222) Comment briefly on Paedomorphosis. (5 M, IFS 2012)

223) Write briefly on scales in fishes. (10 M, IFS 2011)

224) Write an account of different types of respiration in fishes. (20 M, IFS 2011)

225) Write an account on the ways by which parental care is effected in amphibians.
(20 M, IFS 2010)

226) Write a brief account about Archaeopteryx. (8 M, IFS 2021)

227) Draw a well labelled diagram of avian brain. (10 M, 2021)

228) Write a brief account on skull types in Squamata. (8 M, IFS 2020)

229) Discuss that Sphenodon is the most primitive and Crocodile is the most
advanced for all living
reptilians. (15 M, IFS 2020)

230) Write a note on flight adaptations in birds. (10 M, 2020)

231) Describe the distribution, habit and habitat of Rhynchocephalia. Write a note
on crocodilian and
lacertilian characters of Sphenodon. (20 M, 2020)

232) Enlist the distinctive features of various subclasses of Reptilia. Also, write
the differentiating
characters of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes. (15 M, IFS 2019)

233) Write a short note on connecting link between Reptiles and Aves. (10 M, 2019)
234) Give an account of types of skulls in Reptilia with the help of relevant
diagrams. (15 M, 2019)

235) Sphenodon is considered to be a living fossil — Justify. (15 M, IFS 2018)

236) Why do birds migrate? Give an account of different methods of navigation

during bird migration.
(15 M, IFS 2018)

237) Give an account of Migration in birds. Add a note on the problems faced by
them during
migration. (15 M, 2018)

238) Write a note on the status of Sphenodon. (10 M, 2018)

239) Write a short note on types of feathers in birds. (8 M, IFS 2017)

240) Give an elaborate account of various flight adaptations in birds. (20 M, 2017)

241) Discuss that Sphenodon is the most primitive and crocodilians are the most
advanced of all living
reptiles. (15 M, IFS 2016)

242) Describe flight adaptations in birds. (15 M, IFS 2016)

243) Write a note on air sacs in pigeon and their functions. (8 M, IFS 2015)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

244) Describe the types of skull in Reptilia with neat labeled sketch. (10 M, IFS
2015)

245) Compare the aortic arches of reptiles with birds with neat sketch. (15 M, IFS
2015)

246) Sphenodon is the most primitive and crocodilians are most advanced of all
living Reptiles.
Discuss the statement. (15 M, 2015)

247) Discuss the status of Rhynchocephalia. (10 M, IFS 2014)

248) Write a detailed account of diurnal and nocturnal migration in birds. (15 M,
IFS 2014)

249) Describe the different types of skulls in Reptilia with the help of labeled
diagrams. (10 M, 2014)

250) Write a brief note on air sacs in pigeon. (8 M, IFS 2013)

251) Give a detailed account of skull types in Reptilia and discuss the status of
Sohenodon and
crocodiles. (20 M, IFS 2012)

252) Differentiate among anapsid, diapsid and synapsid reptiles. Give examples. (20
M, 2012)

253) Describe the salient features of Prototheria. Explain how it is different from
Metatheria with
example. (10 M, IFS 2021)

254) Give an account of chemical nature and function of Neurohypophyseal hormones

in mammals.
(15 M, IFS 2021)

255) What is hypothalamo-pituitary axis? Draw a labelled diagram of pituitary gland

and describe the
functions of its hormones. (20 M, 2021)

256) Describe the structural organization of thyroid and parathyroid glands in

different vertebrate
groups with a note on the hormone-producing cells and hormones. (15 M, IFS 2020)

257) Write a note on general characters of Prototheria. (10 M, 2020)

258) Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and

aquatic
mammals. (10 M, IFS 2019)

259) Describe in detail about the organization of mammalian pituitary gland with
emphasis on its
hormones and their functions. (15 M, IFS 2019)

260) Describe the dentition in Mammals along with relevant diagrams. (20 M, 2019)

261) Explain HPA axis. Draw a transverse section of the Adrenal gland and describe
the functions of
its different hormones. (15 M, 2018)

262) Write a short note on functional morphology of pancreas in mammals. (8 M, IFS

2017)

263) Write an essay on dentition in mammals. (15 M, Ifs 2017)

264) Explain various types of dentition in mammals. (15 M, 2017)

265) Write a note on Primates. (8 M, IFS 2016)

266) Describe various hormones secreted by Pituitary gland and their role in
humans. Also, explain
feedback mechanisms of hormonal regulation. (15 M, 2016)

267) Give an account of calcium homeostasis in mammals. (10 M, 2016)

268) Write a note on adaptations of aquatic mammals. (8 M, IFS 2015)

269) Describe the functions of ovarian hormones. (10 M, IFS 2015)

270) Give an account of fresh water, egg laying and pouched mammals with suitable
examples. (15
M, 2015)

271) Write note on characteristics of Cetaceans. (8 M, IFS 2014)

272) Describe the functions of testosterone and estrogen in man. (10 M, IFS 2014)

273) Write a brief note on Dentition in mammals. (8 M, IFS 2013)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

274) Discuss the role of reproductive endocrines in life of vertebrates, and add a
note on regulation
of such glands. (20 M, IFS 2013)

275) Describe the functional anatomy of neuro-endocrine inter-relationship in

mammalian
hypophysis. Name hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing
their
functional relationship. With the help of the diagram only, explain feedback
mechanism in the
HPG axis. (25 M, 2013)

276) Through a comparative chart, give an account of accessory sex glands in the
male vertebrate
animal types such as dogfish, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit. (25 M, 2013)

277) What are the evidences against the traditional concept that pituitary gland is
the (master of
endocrine orchestra? Highlight the current concept on this endocrine gland. (15 M,
2012)

278) Differentiate between structure and functions of parathyroid hormone and

thyroid gland
hormones. (20 M, 2012)

279) Describe the role of liver and endocrine pancreas in blood-glucose regulation.
(15 M, 2012)

280) Tabulate the differences among prototherians, metatherians and eutherians with
suitable
examples. (15 M, 2012)

281) Draw a labeled diagram of hypothalamo-hypophyseal ovarian hormones, and

comment on the
following: Effect of photoperiod, Role of hormones in ovarian cycle and, Feedback
regulation of
hormonal cycle. (30 M, 2012)

282) Write briefly on molar teeth in mammals. (10M, IFS 2011)

283) Enumerate the functions and main components of endoskeleton of vertebrates.

Give an account
on the types of jaw suspensoria with suitable diagrams. (15 M, IFS 2020)

284) Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with
suitable drawings.
(15 M, IFS 2016)

285) Describe different types of jaw suspension in vertebrates with neat sketch.
(15 M, IFS 2015)

286) Discuss the terrestrial locomotion in vertebrates. (20M, IFS 2014)

287) Describe with illustrations various types of respiratory systems in

vertebrates. (20 M, IFS 2012)

288) Give an account on the integumentary derivatives in mammals. (20 M, IFS 2010)
289) Give a comparative account of the aortic arches in vertebrates. (15 M, IFS
2021)

290) Draw a well-labeled diagram of avian brain. (10 M, 2021)

291) Describe the structure and functions of internal ear in mammals. (15 M, 2021)

292) Define double circulation. Give a comparative account of heart in reptiles,

birds and mammals.
(20 M, 2021)

293) Give an account of aortic arches in reptiles, birds and mammals. (15 M, 2020)

294) Describe the structure of human internal ear. Also, explain the mechanism of
hearing and
balancing. (15 M, 2019)

295) Describe urino-genital system in both the sexes of Amniotes with the help of
diagrams only (No
description is required). (15 M, 2019)

296) Give a comparative account of aortic arches in different Vertebrates with

suitable illustrations.
(15 M, 2018)

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Unit-wise Previous Years’ Questions (Updated till 2021 Mains)

297) Compare the functional anatomy of the brain in Calotes, Columba and
Oryctolagus. (15 M, IFS
2017)

298) Give an account of evolution of aortic arches in reptiles, birds and mammals.
(20 M, 2017)

299) Describe with the help of a suitable diagram, the major structures in the
mammalian ear
involved in hearing and balance. (15 M, 2016)

300) Compare the aortic arches of reptiles with birds with neat sketch. (15 M, IFS
2015)

301) Give a comparative account of the arterial loops in Reptiles and Mammals. (20
M, IFS 2014)

302) With the help of labeled diagrams describe the embryonic disposition and
modification of aortic
arches in different vertebrates. (20 M, 2014)

303) Give an illustrated account of comparative anatomy of vertebrate urinogenital

system. (15 M,
IFS 2013)

304) Illustrate comparative functional anatomy of heart with reference to reptiles,

birds and
mammals. (20 M, IFS 2013)

305) Comment on the evolutionary change in the proportion of limbic system versus
cerebral
hemisphere in vertebrates. (10 M, 2013)

306) Enumerate the anatomical and physiological changes that occur in a venous
heart during
vertebrate evolution leading to emergence of heart with separate chambers for
arterial and
venous blood and a pacesetter mechanism. (20 M, 2012)

307) Compare the structure and function of uricotelic and ureotelic kidney with
suitable examples
and diagrams. (15 M, 2012)

308) Describe with illustrations the salient features of heart in reptiles, birds
and mammals. (20 M,
IFS 2011)

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