Examining the Repellent Efficacy of Papaya Leaf Extract and Citronella Leaf Extract

Mixture in Candle Form Against Mosquitoes: A Comparative Study

Presented to
Danny T. Cañete
Faculty
Mangingisda National High School
Senior High School Department
Puerto Princesa City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Research Project

By:

Jen Loyd Alib

Andrie Atay
Avril Lavigne Costillas
Hazel Jean Desabelle
Jackilyn Francisco
Divine Grace Moreño
Ma. Eloisa Rodel
Carla Jane Sottomayor
Ghaira Grace Vasquez
Avegail Villano

FEBRUARY 2025
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research proposal entitled “Examining the Repellent Efficacy of Papaya Leaf Extract
and Citronella Leaf Extract Mixture in Candle Form Against Mosquitoes: A Comparative
Study” prepared and submitted by Jen Loyd Alib, Andrie Atay, Avril Lavigne Costillas,
Hazel Jean Desabelle, Jackilyn Francisco, Divine Grace Moreño, Ma. Eloisa Rodel, Carla
Jane Sottomayor, Ghaira Grace Vasquez and Avegail Villano, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Research Project is hereby recommended for oral defense.

DANNY T. CAÑETE
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Defense with a grade of ____________

Approved and approved in partial fulfillment for Research Project.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher wishes to express his sincere appreciation and gratitude to the following

persons for their generous assistance and whole-hearted support in the preparation of this

study.

To teachers, I would like to say thank you for the guidance given and correcting us

whenever we make some mistakes and a sincere gratitude for the support and motivations.

Would also like to thank you for all the learnings that have been thought.

To parents, we would like to thank you for all the sacrifices and supports that have

been given to us and also for the tireless understanding. So much appreciation for their

fulltime support that is either in terms of financially or emotionally.

To friends, so much appreciation for them who provided constant support and

encouragement for us to make this study.

To group mates, for all the efforts given, cooperation, trust, support, and motivations

and especially for all the understandings to one another even though it is a struggle but still

manages to overcome it.

Above all, to the Almighty God, for all the wisdom and strength given and also for

not abandoning us for all the struggles that we have faced.

The Researcher

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework................................................................................... 23

Figure 2. Research Paradigm........................................................................................ 26
Figure 3. Map of the Barangay Mangingisda....................................................................29

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET.............................................................................................................................2
PANEL OF EXAMINERS....................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................................3
LIST OF APPENDICES.....................................................................................................................5
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER I.........................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................8
1.1 Background of the Study.........................................................................................................8
1.2 Statement of the Problem............................................................................................................10
1.3 Scope and Delimitation..........................................................................................................12
1.4 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................13
1.5 Definition of Terms................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER II.....................................................................................................................................18
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.......................................................................................18
2.1 Review of Related Literature......................................................................................................18
2.2 Review of Related Studies...........................................................................................................22
2.3 Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework.....................................................................24
2.4 Synthesis of the Existing Literature...........................................................................................25
2.5 Research Paradigm......................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER III....................................................................................................................................28
METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................28
RESEARCH DESIGN.......................................................................................................................28
POPULATION AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY.........................................................................29
DATA GATHERING TOOL............................................................................................................30
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE..............................................................................................31
STATISTICAL TREATMENT........................................................................................................32
CHAPTER IV....................................................................................................................................33
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA......................................33
CHAPTER V......................................................................................................................................40
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................40
Summary............................................................................................................................................40
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................41
Recommendation...............................................................................................................................42
APPENDIX A....................................................................................................................................43

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Survey Question.................................................................................................................................43
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................46
References...........................................................................................................................................46
Curriculum Vitae...............................................................................................................................47

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a family of small flies consisting of 3,600 species.

Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, and Zika virus continue to pose

significant public health threats worldwide. According to the World Health Organization

(WHO), mosquito-borne diseases account for over one million deaths annually. In the

absence of vaccines for number of mosquito-borne diseases, repellents could be an attractive

option for civilians to minimize the risk of different mosquito-borne diseases (Aldar and

Deshmukh 2019). Mosquito repellents can be an effective method for personal protection

against mosquito bites that are a nuisance and carry the risk of transmission of mosquito-

borne pathogens like plasmodia, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Zika virus (Moore

2018).

Plant-based mosquito repellents have gained increasing attention in recent years due

to their potential as effective and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic repellents. Papaya

(Carica papaya) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) are two plants that have been

traditionally used in folk medicine and insect repellent preparations.

This study aims to investigate and compare the repellent efficacy of papaya leaf

extract, citronella leaf extract and the combination of two extracts against mosquitoes. The

findings of this study will contribute to the development of natural, plant-based mosquito

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repellents and provide a significant help to the society as through this study is we will know

how the three differ as a mosquito repellent and how effective they are toward each other.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore the effectiveness the repellent efficacy of papaya leaf

extract and citronella leaf extract against mosquitoes.

Specifically, it seeks to find answer to the following questions.

1. What is the efficacy of Papaya and Citronella leaf extract as mosquito’s repellent?

2. What properties are forms in combining Papaya and Citronella leaf extract that gives

a strong effect as mosquito repellent?

3. How effective are Papaya and Citronella leaf extract combination as mosquito’s

repellent?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the efficacy of Papaya and Citronella leaf

extract individually compared to the combination of Papaya and Citronella leaf

extract as mosquito’s repellent?

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Research Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

There is no significant relationship between the efficacy of papaya and citronella leaf

extract individually compared to the mixture of papaya and citronella leaf extract as mosquito

repellent.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

There is a significant relationship between the efficacy of papaya and citronella leaf

extract individually compared to the mixture of papaya and citronella leaf extract as mosquito

repellent.

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1.3 Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to know the repellent efficacy of papaya leaf extract and citronella

leaf extract against mosquitoes. This study will also identify the effectiveness of combining

of papaya leaf extract and citronella leaf extract in fighting mosquitoes, compared to using

each extract individually. This study focus only on papaya leaf extract and citronella leaf

extract. The researcher utilized the experimental research design. The subject of this study are

mosquitoes only and are limited to. The researchers will conduct this study at Brgy.

Mangingisda, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.

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1.4 Significance of the Study

The result of this study may be useful and will be a great help to students, parents,

teachers, and future researchers.

Teacher. This study will benefit the teacher so that they will create a healthier

classroom. They learn new ways to teach science and health, without using chemicals.

Students benefit from hands-on learning with the help of plant based oil that is surely

environmental friendly and is much safer.

School. The result of this study will benefit mainly the school for them to know the

significance of papaya leaf extract and citronella leaf extract against mosquitoes and this

research makes schools safer and healthier. It promotes eco-friendly practices, improving

student well-being and academic performance.

Parents. The result of this study will be helpful to parents so they can protect their

kids from mosquito disease. This study offers natural, affordable solutions, giving parents

peace of mind.

Students. The result of this study may be helpful to students so they can learn science

and critical thinking skills. This study inspires curiosity, sparking future careers in science

and healthcare.

Future researchers. The result of this study will be a great helpful to the future

researchers since it can be served as a foundational data and methodology for research in

students

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1.5 Definition of Terms

 Repellent Efficacy - The ability of a substance to prevent mosquitoes from landing or

biting.

 Papaya Leaf Extract - A liquid solution obtained from the leaves of the Carica papaya

plant, studied for its potential to repel mosquitoes.

 Citronella Leaf Extract - A natural liquid derived from the leaves of citronella grass

(Cymbopogon species), commonly known for its mosquito-repellent properties.

 Mosquitoes - Small, flying insects of the family Culicidae that feed on blood and are

vectors for diseases such as malaria and dengue.

 Comparative Study - A research method that evaluates and compares the effectiveness

or characteristics of two or more subjects.

 Examining - The act of investigating or analyzing something systematically to

determine its properties, effectiveness, or outcomes.

 Repellency– The property of repelling or driving away something, particularly

insects.

 Ligusticum sinense – A plant species known for its medicinal and insect-repellent

properties.

 Citronella – An essential oil commonly used as a mosquito repellent.

 Rhizophora mucronata – A mangrove species with potential insect-repellent

properties.

 Larvicidal – Refers to substances that kill the larval stage of insects, particularly

mosquitoes.

 Phytochemicals – Chemical compounds produced by plants, often with biological

activity.

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 Flavonoids – Plant compounds known for antioxidant and other health-related

properties.

 Saponins – Naturally occurring plant compounds with soap-like properties.

 Alkaloids – Organic compounds found in plants, often with medicinal or toxic

properties.

 Tannins – Plant compounds with astringent properties, often found in bark and leaves.

 Temephos– A commercial chemical larvicide used for mosquito control.

 Tinospora rumphii– A medicinal plant species with bioactive properties.

 LC50 and LC90 – Lethal concentration values, indicating the concentration required

to kill 50% and 90% of a target population, respectively.

 Bioactive compounds – Chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms.

 Excito-repellency test– A method used to evaluate the repellent and irritant properties

of substances on insects.

 N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET)– A widely used synthetic chemical in insect

repellents.

 Oreganum vulgare – Scientific name for oregano, often used in cooking and

medicinal applications.

 Isopropyl alcohol – A common solvent and disinfectant.

 Subgroup analysis– A method in research to analyze data within specific

subcategories of a study population.

 Confidence Interval (CI) – A statistical range used to estimate the reliability of a

measurement.

 Concentration- The amount of a substance present in a mixture or solution.

 LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50) - The concentration of a substance that kills 50% of a

test population.

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 Evaporation Method - A technique where substances are released into the air, often

through vaporization.

 Eugenol- A chemical compound commonly found in cloves, used for its antiseptic

and analgesic properties.

 Tripenoid (Terpenoid)- A class of organic chemicals derived from terpenes, often

found in essential oils.

 Essential Oil- Concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile chemical

compounds from plants.

 Larvae - The immature form of insects, such as mosquitoes, that undergo

metamorphosis.

 Mortality Rate- The proportion of deaths in a particular population over a certain

period.

 LD50 (Lethal Dose 50) - The dose of a substance that kills 50% of a test population.

 OR (Odds Ratio)- A measure of association between an exposure and an outcome,

used in statistical studies.

 Citronella - An oil derived from lemongrass, commonly used as an insect repellent.

 Clover Leaf Oil- Oil extracted from clove leaves, known for its insect-repelling and

antimicrobial properties.

 Repellent- A substance used to repel insects or other pests.

 CPT (Complete Protection Time) - The duration for which a repellent provides full

protection against pests.

 N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) - A widely used synthetic chemical in insect

repellents.

 Larvicide- A substance or agent used to kill insect larvae.

 PPM (Parts Per Million)- A unit of measurement for the concentration of a substance

in a solution.
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 KFDA (Korean Food and Drug Administration)- The regulatory agency in South

Korea responsible for food and drug safety.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter shows local related review literature, foreign related review literature,

conceptual framework, research paradigm and definition of terms.

2.1 Review of Related Literature

A. Local

Results measures were rate repellency and security time. 62 trials were done and met

the incorporation criteria. The most repellency impact was recognized from Ligusticum

sinense extricate, taken after by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and

Rhizophora mucronata oils with total security time extending from 9.1 to 11.5 h. In addition,

Essential oils from plants such as camphor, catnip, jasmine lavender, geranium, broad-leaved

eucalyptus, lemon-scented eucalyptus, lemon grass, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus,

cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, olive, tagetes,

violet, sandalwood, litsea, niaouli, Curcuma longa and galbanum moreover it shows great

repellency with 8 h total repellency against diverse species of Anopheles. essential oils and

extract of a few plants might be defined for the improvement of eco-friendly repellents

against Anopheles species. Plant oils may serve as reasonable choices to manufactured

repellents within the future as they are moderately cheap, secure, and are available in

numerous parts of the world. Asadollahi, Khoobdel, et al. (2019). According to Biñas, Cuba,

et al. (2021) the control group commercial mosquito patches was able to get the highest

mosquitoes repelling rate. But statistical analysis revealed no differences in the three patches.

Therefore, the production of organic mosquito patches repels mosquitoes just like

commercial mosquito patches does. Furthermore, when compared to commercially available

17
patches, organic mosquito patches are affordable because of the low cost. As a result,

creating organic mosquito patches is not only just as successful as buying commercial

patches, but it's also far less expensive. It is suggested to use organic mosquito patches as an

alternative to mosquito repellant. Dumay, Perdizo, & Arcilla (2019) stated that the use of

treated shirt specimen with citronella and garlic extract repulse mosquitoes. Furthermore, it is

also revealed that the working pattern of mosquitoes as predators were at earlyn dawn and

dusk. The result can be used as a mosquitoes’ repellant. An extra research can also be created

to increase extract efficacy by having more trials. According to Pansit, Avila, and Calumba

(2018), lemonsito and papaya shows a certain larvicidal potential similar to commercial

available larvacide founded on the mortality of the dengue-vector Aedes sp. mosquito larvae.

But, it is found that lemonsito shows a relatively greater potential, actually it is higher than

the larvacidal activity of a commercial larvicide - temephos at the concentration used in the

experiment. The exchange of fatty acid and other phytochemicals may help to the significant

difference in the efficacy of lemonsito extract compared to papaya extract about the mortality

of Aedes sp. The larvacidal property of these plant may be attributed to the existence of

flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins which are known to have insecticidal and

larvacidal characteristics. While both plants are known to possess these same

phytochemicals, fatty acid was also noticed to be present in lemonsito extract except for

papaya extract. It is suggested to have more study to clarify the possible mode of action of

fatty acids and synergistic action and other phytochemiclas to further explain the efficacy of

lemonsito. According to Reyes, et al. (2020) All plant extracts revealed a significant

larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae at a significance level of 0.05. The

leaf extract of Tinospora rumphii shows to be the most potent larvicide, that has a mortality

rate of 90% and 93% after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. The corresponding LC50 and LC90

values were determined to be 10 mg/mL and 46 mg/mL after 48 hours of exposure. Both

Citrus grandis bark and Tinospora rumphii stem extracts exhibited a significant increase in
18
mosquito larval mortality with rising concentrations of the extracts, also at the 0.05

significance level. The noticable larvicidal activity of Tinospora rumphii leaf is attributed to

the high concentration of phytochemicals, which exhibit synergistic effects in their larvicidal

properties against mosquito larvae. The larvicidal effectiveness of the three plant species

varies based on the specific plant species and the part used which is supported by the

presence of different bioactive compounds. Using Arm-cage-method with Oreganum vulgae,

Isophryl alcohol, mentha leaves and a little of cloves as ingredients place in a 40ml spray.

Three replicates were carried out for each extract, It showed 100% mosquito repellency in the

first replicate, While both second and third replicate products had decreased at 93%

repellency.The 16 volunteers that was asked to participate in the study wearing black shirt

from the researcher came from Alido, Malolos Bulacan. Indoor field trial was done in seven

days from 8pm to 11pm by applying it seperately. The spray revealed 84% of mosquito

repellency indoor that last for three hours eah day and week and approximately 10 times of

spray must be applied in the clothin for the mosquito repellent to work Santos (2018). 37

plant species within 14 plants families are revealed to have mosquito repellent properties, 9

plants species were identified with the use of excito-repellency test. Tisgratog, Sanguanpong,

et al. (2016) claimed that five Essential oils that is pull out from the plants shows a promising

insect repellent activity. These active ingredients revealed an assurance development into

formulations that may be used as alternative to N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) or perhaps

be used as natural bio-pesti ides to kill mosquitoes. Yuson-Sunga (2021) stated that, using six

randomized trials it is stated that the supplementation with C. papaya leaf extract in patients

with dengue greatly help in increasing platelet count. it is revealed that it significantly

increases the platelet count at Day3 MD=12.18; CI 10.28-14.08), Day 4(MD=31.30; CI

27.77-34.83), and Day 5 (MD=13.23; CI 9.90-16.55). Random response model at Day 5

showed a rise in platelet count. In addition, a subgroup analyses of studies that depends on

19
route of administration, frequency, and dosage were performed and showed significant

increase in platelet count.

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2.2 Review of Related Studies

B. Foreign

Aji, Rustam (2017) stated that the boiled extract of Carica papaya leaf influenced the

mortality rate of the Aedes aegypti larvae. Treatment with Carica papaya leaf increased the

chance of Aedes larvae dying by four times (OR= 4.10; p= 0.043). Thus, it is proven that the

use of Carica papaya leaf extract has the ability to increase Aedes aegypti larvae mortality.

Ambarwati & Nurdin, (2024) stated that the papaya leaf extract (carica papaya L) show to be

effective against the death of aedes aegypt mosquito larvae (p=0.379) with the LD50 equation

that need 2 hours of minimum period to kill aedes aegypt larvae with a concentration of 85%.

It also shows that with greater dose of papaya leaf extract will result in a higher number of

mosquito larvae death. Harismah, Vitasari et al. (2017) stated that the result of testing

mosquito repellent ink from citronella - clover leaf oil with a ratio of 4:1 and 1:1 of

substances that have insect’s repellent qualities shows that the combination of citronella-

clove oil and newspaper ink with a ratio of 1:4 and 1:1 provides a limited protection against

mosquito bites for a duration of 1 to 5 hours. The effectiveness of the citronella-clover leaf

oil mixture as a mosquito repellent ranged from 75.85% to 91.10%. Therefore, a blending of

clover leaf oil and citronella could have a commercial potential as a short-term mosquito

repellent, adding that it is crucial to connect to public health message that highlight the

remarkable effectiveness of repellent made with citronella and clove oils in areas at risk for

mosquito -borne disease. According to Ilham, Lelo, et al. (2019) that the used of Papaya

leaves (Carica papaya L.) as an alternative larvacide is effective. The findings discovered that

the mortality of larvae was at 360 minutes only or 6 hours in EECPV. Then after 1140

minutes or 1 day, the extracts larvae mortality grown. LT50 and LC50 the values were 215,96

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ppm and 2,369 minutes of each. Using the guidelines provided by the Korean Food and Drug

Administration (KFDA) to test the effectiveness and complete protection times (CPTs) of

three representative mosquito repellents. The fennel oil and N-diethy-3-methylbenzamide

(DEET), citronella shows that the repellency of citronella oil decline over time, from 97.9%

at 0 hour to 71.4% at 1 hour and 57.7% at 2 hours, and fennel oil, decreasing from 88.6% at 0

hour to 61.2% at 1 hour and 47.4% at 2 hours. the difference shows that the repellency of

DEET remained above 90% for 6 hours. The CPT of DEET (360 minutes) was significantly

longer than the CPTs of citronella (10.5 minutes) and fennel oil (8.4 minutes). These findings

are consistent with previous research, thus confirming the applicability of the KFDA

guidelines for testing the efficacy of mosquito repellents. Kwang Yoon J, Kim K, et al.

(2015). According to Rasman, Taha, & Juhaerah (2015) that fhe papaya leaf extract convey

to be effective in controlling aegypti mosquito with a concentration of 60%, 50%, and 70%.

the concentration of 60% papaya leaf extract is more effecient than a concentration of 50%

and 70%. It is suggested to people to put use on papaya leaf extract as an alternative

vegetables insectice. Zaenad, Sahani, et al. (2021) stated that there were contrast in the results

of basil leaf extract trial and the papaya leaf extract. The study shows that the papaya leaf

extract acquired a percentage of 70% death at a concentration of 65%, on the other hand the

basil leaf extract reaches a mortality of 80% at a concentration of 65%. Both Extract meet the

condition in lethal concentration standard.

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2.3 Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Papaya Leaf Extract and Citronella Repellent Efficacy Against

Oil Extract Mixture Mosquitoes

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2.4 Synthesis of the Existing Literature

In local study it assessed the effectiveness of various plant essential oils and extracts

as mosquito repellents and larvicides against species like Anopheles and Aedes sp.

Ligusticum sinense extract exhibited the highest repellency, with total security times ranging

from 9.1 to 11.5 hours, followed by oils from citronella, pine, and other plants showing

repellency lasting up to 8 hours. Organic mosquito patches were found to be as effective as

commercial patches, offering a cost-effective alternative. Additionally, treated clothing with

citronella and garlic extracts effectively repelled mosquitoes, particularly at dawn and dusk.

Research indicated that lemonsito and papaya extracts have larvicidal potential, with

lemonsito demonstrating greater efficacy than the commercial larvicide temephos due to its

phytochemical composition. Tinospora rumphii leaf extract showed a high mortality rate

against Aedes aegypti larvae. Various plant species demonstrated mosquito repellent

properties, and the study supports the development of natural insect repellents as alternatives

to synthetic options like DEET. Furthermore, C. papaya leaf extract was found to

significantly increase platelet counts in dengue patients.

While in the foreign study evaluates the effectiveness of basil leaf and papaya leaf

extracts as natural insecticides against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Basil leaf extract

demonstrated quicker mortality at higher concentrations, with the spray method at 50%

concentration being the most effective. Papaya leaf extract also showed significant

effectiveness, increasing mortality rates at various concentrations, particularly at 60%.

Additionally, a mixture of citronella and clove oils provided effective short-term mosquito

repellent properties. Both basil and papaya extracts are viable alternatives to chemical

insecticides, highlighting their safety for humans and the environment.

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 Both local and foreign studies demonstrate the effectiveness of various plant extracts

and essential oils as mosquito repellents and larvicides. The combined findings strongly

support the development and use of plant-based alternatives to synthetic insecticides and

repellents due to their efficacy, safety, and environmental friendliness.

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2.5 Research Paradigm

Figure 2. Research Paradigm

Input Process Output

Papaya leaf extract and Experimental To know if the

Citronella leaf extract Repellent Efficacy of
Papaya Leaf Extract
and Citronella Leaf
Extract was effective
against mosquitoes

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the Methodology, Research Design, Population and Locale of the Study,

Data Gathering Tool, Data Gathering Procedure and Statistical Treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher utilized the experimental research design. This aims to investigate the

repellent efficacy of the papaya leaf extract, citronella oil, and the mixture of citronella oil

and papaya leaf extract against mosquitoes through the help of comparative study.

27
POPULATION AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY

The researchers will conduct this study at Brgy. Mangingisda, Puerto Princesa City,

Palawan. The researcher will conduct the study in this specific area because the area is a rural

place and the population of mosquitoes around the zone is a lot.

Figure 3. Map of the Barangay Mangingisda

The subject of this study are mosquitoes. The researcher will be going to experiment

the effectiveness of papaya leaf extract and citronella oil and will compare the efficacy of

both papaya leaf extract and citronella oil.

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DATA GATHERING TOOL

The researcher uses random sampling in selecting the mosquitoes for the study. The

mosquitoes are randomly selected for testing the repellency of papaya leaf extract, citronella

leaf extract, or a mixture of both.

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DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher will catch mosquitoes to use for the experiment. We will use the

mosquitoes on the repellent effectiveness of papaya leaf extract, citronella leaf extract, and

the mixture of the papaya and citronella leaf extract. The researcher caught and used alive

mosquitoes as testing samples for their experiment. The researchers estimated approximately

10 mosquitoes as sample for all the candle to test how many mosquitoes will die for each

candle after the candles burnout. The researchers based the effectiveness of the repellents

based on the numbers of dead mosquitoes. After observation, the researcher will be able to

know which of the repellent is effective.

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STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Statistics is a type of analysis that involves using different types of statistical tools to

analyze and understand the outcome of the data that is presented in a certain study. The

researchers will choose the statistical tool below as it was seen fit to use.

Frequencies and Percentage. This is used to determine the repellent effectiveness of

papaya leaf extract and citronella leaf extract against mosquitoes. The formula is:

f
%= ×100
N

Where in:

%: Percentage

f: Frequency

N: Total numbers of subjects

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 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results, the analysis and interpretation of data gathered form

the experiment we conducted to the field. The said data were presented in Tabular form in

accordance with the specific questions posited on the statement of the problem.

Figure: Number of mosquitoes repelled by each repellent.

Figure: Number of mosquitoes repelled by each repellent

20%
Papaya
Citronella
Mixture
50%

30%

Frequency Percentage

Papaya leaf extract 2 20%

Citronella oil 3 30%

mixture 5 50%

Total 10 100%

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Based on the results that is shown in the figure above, the one with the highest percentage

that gained 50% shows that the mixture of papaya and citronella oil extract is effective in

repelling mosquitoes, followed by citronella oil with an effectiveness of 30%, while the one

with the lowest percentage with a percent of 20% shows that papaya extract is less effective

in repelling mosquitoes.

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The goal of this study is to know the efficacy of papaya candle, citronella candle, and

the combination of both ingredients as mosquito repellent and to determine what is the most

effective and less effective in the experimentation using papaya, citronella, and the

combination of both ingredients as candle mosquito repellent. The study used quantitative

study that is designed to examine the efficacy of papaya leaf extract, citronella leaf extract

against mosquitoes and the combination of both ingredients. A random sampling was applied

in the survey to test the effectiveness of the mosquito repellent. The results of the experiment

showed that the effectiveness of papaya leaf extract candle as mosquito repellent is 20%

mortality rate, while the citronella oil candle gain 30% mortality rate effectiveness as

mosquito repellent. Furthermore, the combination of both ingredients appear to be more

effective in contrast to both mosquito repellents that obtained 50% mortality rate of mosquito

killed in total of 100% mortality rate. It is proven that the combination of papaya leaf extract

and citronella oil as candle mosquito repellent revealed to be the most effective as mosquito

repellent on the other hand, the papaya candle is the less effective as mosquito repellent.

Overall the findings highlight the efficacy of the papaya candle and citronella candle

as mosquito repellent and the combination of both ingredients as mosquito repellent.

34
Conclusion

The study concludes that combining papaya leaf and citronella leaf oil extracts

increases the repellent effectiveness against mosquitoes the combined formula achieved a

50% mortality rate in the observation that the researchers have conducted. This synergy

makes the formula of combined citronella oil and papaya leaf extract are more effective than

either extract alone, with citronella being more potent than papaya individually. Thus, mixing

both extracts creates a stronger, natural mosquito repellent.

Furthermore, this is a great alternative repellent for chemical based repellents, natural

solution offers a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to chemical-based

mosquito repellents.

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 Recommendation

 Test in real-life situations – Since mosquitoes behave differently in various places and

weather conditions, try using the repellents in different areas, like indoors, outdoors, or near

water. This will help see which one works best in everyday use.

 Search further - We recommend to find more sources and information about papaya leaf

extract and citronella leaf oil as mosquito repellent to have more basis for the experiment to

be done.

 Have enough materials – Make sure that before conducting an experiment, you have enough

materials to avoid having conflict about lacking of materials.

 Improve the way the extracts are made – Try different methods to get the strongest mosquito-

repelling effect from papaya and citronella leaves. This will help make sure the repellents

work well.

 Other form - We recommend that instead of making it a candle, make it an itchy product or

topical product

36
 Bibliography

References
Aji, R. (2017). Effect of Boiled Carica Papaya Leaf on Death of Aedes Aegypti Larvae. Journal of
Epidemiology and Public Health.

Asadollahi, A. K.-R. (2019). Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles

species: a systematic review.

Biñas N., C. E. (2021). Organic Mosquito Patch: The Use of Lemongrass, Garlic and Marigold.

Dumay M, .. P. (2019). The Effectiveness of Citronella Extract (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowit ex Bor)
and Garlic Extract (Allium sativum) as Mosquito (Culicidae) Repellant.

Emily Lucille Moore, M. A.-N. (2018). An online survey of personal mosquito-repellent strategies.

Hamsir Ahmad, A. I. (2019). The Effectiveness of Evaporation and Spray Methods in Killing Aedes
Aegypti Using Basil (Ocimum sanctum, Linn) Leaf Extract. International Journal of Sciences:
Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 43(2), 210–218.

Harismah, K., Vitasari, D., Mirzaei, M., Fuadi, A. M., & Aryanto, Y. H. (2017). Protection capacity of
mosquito repellent ink from citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) and clove leaf oils (Syzygium
aromaticum) againts Aedes aegypti. Author & Article Information.

Ilham, R. L. (2019). The Effectivity of Ethanolic Extract from Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) as an
Alternative Larvacide to Aedes spp. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences,
7(20), 3395–3399.

Kwang Yoon J., K. K.-W. (2015). Comparison of Repellency Effect of Mosquito Repellents for DEET,
Citronella, and Fennel Oil.

Nina Adista Ambarwati, &. F. (2024). An Analysed Of Effect Papaya Leaf Extract The Concentration
Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Larva. Jurnal Ekonomi, 13(03), 782–792.

Pansit N., A. S. (2018). Larvicidal activity of Citrofortunella microcarpa (Lemonsito) and Carica papaya
(papaya) extracts against the dengue-vector mosquito, Aedes sp.

Rasman, R. T. (2015). Ability of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya) in Controlling Aedes Aegypti
Mosquito (Experimental Study). International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied
Research (IJSBAR), 24(3), 164–172.

Reyes E., M. M. (2020). Mosquito Repellent Property of “Ylang-Ylang”(Cananga odorata) Essential Oil
in Urea-FormaldehydeMicroencapsulated Cotton Fabric.

Santos J., S. J. (2018). THE FEASIBILITY OF OREGANO EXTRACT AS A MOSQUITOREPELLENT IN ALIDO,

MALOLOS, BULACAN.

Supriya Aldar, G. D. (2019). Mosquito Repellent, Prevention is better than cure. Asian Journal of
Research in Pharmaceutical Science 9 (3), 193-198.

Tisgratog R., S. U.-K. (2016). Plants traditionally used as mosquito repellents and the implication for
their use in vector control.

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Yuson-Sunga, J. C.-j. (2021). The Effect of Carica Papaya Leaf Extract on Increasing Platelet Count
Among Dengue Fever Patients: A Meta-Analysis.

Zaenab, Z. S. (2021). The Comparison Between Extracts of Basil Leaves (Ocimum sanctum) and
Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya) in Killing Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes.

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