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Apna Project

The project report outlines the construction of an automatic night light using a transistor and a light-dependent resistor (LDR) to address issues with street lighting in various regions. The device automatically turns on at night and off during the day, thus conserving electricity. The report includes details on the apparatus required, circuit design, and procedural steps for assembly.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views15 pages

Apna Project

The project report outlines the construction of an automatic night light using a transistor and a light-dependent resistor (LDR) to address issues with street lighting in various regions. The device automatically turns on at night and off during the day, thus conserving electricity. The report includes details on the apparatus required, circuit design, and procedural steps for assembly.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROJECT REPORT

TOPIC:
TO CONSTRUCT AN AUTOMATIC NIGHT LIGHT USING A
TRANSISTOR AND LDR
Made By:
ZAHID HAMEED
MUHAMMAD ISRAR
ALI RAZA
UMAIR NAZEER
ABDULLAH KHAN

SEMESTER: 4TH
SECTION: B
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. AHMAD RAZA
Sr.No. Contents Page No.
1 Aim of the Experiment 3
2 Introduction 3
3 Apparatus Required 5
4 Principle 6
5 Circuit Diagram 7
6 Theory 7
7 Procedure 11
9 Observation 13
10 Precautions 14
11 Bibliography 15
TO CONSTRUCT AN AUTOMATIC NIGHT LIGHT
USING A TRANSISTOR AND LDR

In some cities and villages, sometimes


street lights glow in day time without any
reason. In mining regions people face
many difficulties due to absence of light in
the nights. In frontier and hilly areas,
people face many problems due to
damaged street lights. For solving these
problems, we create a device in which the
lights glow in night and in day time, they
get switched off automatically and don't
glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above
problems and can also save electricity.
1. n-p-n transistor;
2. Breadboard;
3. Resistors:220Ω, 100K Ω
4. Connecting Wires
5. LED;
6. LDR; 7
7. 9V Battery;
This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.).
LDR is a resistance, in which opposing power of current
depends on the presence of quantity of light present, i.e. the
resistance of LDR increases or decreases, according to
quantity of light which falls on it. If LDR places in darkness, the
resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on it, the
resistance of LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR
in the presence of light and darkness changes its resistance is
depending on the different types of LDR.
1. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch
electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor
material with three terminals for connection to an external circuit.

P a g e 7 | 15
Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
heavily doped;
Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is lightly doped;
Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
moderately doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of thin layer of
n-type semi-conductor in between two relatively thick layers of p-type semi-
conductor.

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer p-type


semiconductor in between two relatively thick layers of n-type semi-
conductor.

P a g e 8 | 15
In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is used.

2. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has generally four rings or bands


A, B, C and D of different colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In
project, we use carbon resistance of 100k ohms and 220 ohms.

3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to complete


the circuit.

P a g e 9 | 15
4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. When
a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. In this project, we use led of blue colour.

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a


polarized snap connector at the top. In project, we use 9-Volt battery.

6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of


metal. These are used to connect components.
7.BREADBOARD: A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of
electronics. Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering,
it is reusable.

P a g e 10 | 15
• Take a breadboard and connect its two halves
• Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.

P a g e 11 | 15
• Connect an NPN transistor on the breadboard with its three legs
(Emitter, Base, Collector) inserted in three different columns of the
breadboard.

• The emitter of the transistor is grounded. Connect one leg of a 100k Ω


resistor to the base of the transistor, and its other leg to any different
column of the breadboard. Connect the corresponding column to Vcc.
• Connect an LDR between the base and emitter of the transistor.

• Connect one leg of a 220 Ω resistor to the collector of the transistor,


and its other leg to any different column of the breadboard.
• Take an LED. Connect its negative terminal to the right leg of 220 Ω
resistor, and its positive terminal to Vcc.

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When the circuit is exposed to light, the led remains off. When
the circuit is taken into dark, the led glows.

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• Excess current should not be passed through LED.
• Make all the connections neat, clean and tight.
• Never exceed the ratings for the current given in the
transistor manual.

P a g e 14 | 15
A n-p-n transistor which broke due
to the passage of excessive current.

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter

P a g e 15 | 15

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