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REPORT ON STUDENT
INDUSTRIAL WORK
5EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)
TRAINING PROGRAMME

AT

DACO GROUP OF
COMPANY

KM 4, ADUROGONGO STREET
IFO LGA

BY

ABDULKAREEM MUBARACK
TENIOLA

F/ND/22/31300

SUBMITTED TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF
METALLURGICAL
ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING

FROM MARCH 2025

TO JUNE 2025

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 BEING A REPORT SUBMITTED
TO THE SIWES
CO-ORDINATOR IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL
WORK EXPERIENCE

JUNE, 2025

DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to Almighty
Allah who gives me strength and the
inspiration in the course of this
work, also my parents, Mr/Mrs
ABDULKAREEM and to my
lecturers in the indigenous
department of Metallurgical
engineering.

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 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project.
However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support
and help of many individuals and
organizations. I would like to extend
my sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to DACO
GROUP OF COMPANY for their
guidance and constant supervision
as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project &
also for their support in completing
the project.
I would like to express my gratitude
towards my parents & members of
DACO GROUPS and CO. for their
kind co-operation and
encouragement which help me in
completion of this project.
I would like to express my special
gratitude and thanks to industry
persons for giving me such attention
and time.
My thanks and appreciations also go
to my colleague in developing the
project and people who have
willingly helped me out with their
abilities.

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 ABSTRACT
This report is aimed at explaining
key areas of my training during the
Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) held at DACO
GROUP OF COMPANY
This report gives a brief
introduction about DACO GROUP
OF COMPANY, an indigenous
company relevant in the Metallic
and the organization’s structure. It
discusses corrosion and cathodic
protection; a corrosion protection
technique which implements
adjustable DC current from an AC
supply to protect metallic structures
by redirecting the corrosion reaction
via electrical connections to a
sacrificial metal which degrades
instead of the metallic structure
being protected. Some of the
activities engaged in during the
SIWES Program which includes
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 testing and monitoring a cathodic
protection system and carrying out
a Flash point test on a petroleum
product to ensure integrity of
products that the company provides
to its consumers.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
ABOUT SIWES
The student industrial work
experience scheme (SIWES) is the
accepted training program, which
forms part of the approval
minimum academic standards in the
various degree programs for all the
Nigerian Universities. It is in an
effort to bridge the gap existing
between theory and practical
science, agriculture engineering and
technology, medical management
and other professional educational
programs in the Nigerian tertiary
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 institutions. It is aimed at exposing
students to equipment, machines,
professional work areas and
workers in industries and other
organizations. The duration of the
SIWES is for three (3) months. The
scheme is a tripartite program,
involving the students, the
universities and the industry
(employers of labour). It is funded
by the Federal Government of
Nigeria and jointly coordinated by
the industrial Training Fund (ITF)
and the National Universities
Commission (NUC).
OBJECTIVE AND
IMPORTANCE OF SIWES
Specially, the objectives of the
student industrial work experience
scheme are to:
i. Provide an avenue for students in
the Nigerian Universities to acquire
industrial skills and experience in
their course of study.
ii.Prepare students for the work
situation they are likely to meet
after graduation.
iii. Expose students to work
methods and techniques in handling
equipment and machinery that may
not be available in the university.
iv. Make the transition from
the university to the world of work
easier, and thus enhance student’s
contacts for later job placements
v.Provide students with an
opportunity to apply their
theoretical knowledge in real work
situation thereby bridging the gap
between university work and actual
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 practice
vi. Enlist and enlighten
employer’s involvement in the entire
educational process of preparing
graduates for employment in
industry.
vii. It also diversifiers the
practical experience and helps
students in developing attributes of
team work and correlation with
members of other professions and
disciplines.

Importance of SIWES
SIWES has the following
importance attached to it;
i. SIWES exposes students to real
life situation, thus supplementing
the theoretical lesson.
ii.It helps to improve the quality of
skilled manpower of the students.
iii. The scheme gives students
practical knowledge of course of
study.
iv. SIWES establishes a close
collaboration between institutions
and industries, a factor which is
essential for preparing people for
the workforce.
v.The scheme provides a forum for
industries to evaluate prospective
employers and gives feedback to the
institutions.

ABOUT INDUSTRIAL
TRAINING FUND (ITF)
The Industrial Training Fund
(ITF) was established by the decree
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 47 of 1971 constitution and charged
with the responsibility of promoting
and encouraging the acquisition of
industrial skills, with the view of
generating a collection of indigenous
trained manpower, sufficient
enough to enhance and meet the
needs of the economy so as to
promote development. Supervision
of students, organizing orientation
programs, and disbursing
allowances to students are some of
the roles played by the industrial
training fund in the implementation
of SIWES.
In the four decades of its
existence, the ITF has not only
raised training consciousness in the
economy, but has also helped in
generating corps of skilled
indigenous manpower which has
been manning and managing
various sectors of the national
economy. The fund has a 13
member Governing Council and
operates with 6 Departments and 3
Units at the Headquarters, 32 Area
Offices, 3 Skill Training Centers,
and a Centre for Industrial Training
Excellence.

LOG BOOK
The log book is essentially a record
book with periodic entries. It helps
keep track of knowledge acquired
over time. It can be a record of data,
thoughts or activities. As a result, it
is the closest companion of the
student during training. The SIWES
log book covered a period of three
months, providing notes to record
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 daily activities, provision for student
and supervisor signatures, a
provision for diagrams, graphs and
figures, and a provision for the
summary of work done. The log
book is examined and endorsed by
visiting coordinators, departmental
lecturers and SIWES officers.
It is a very important part of the
SIWES program as it helps a
student to record his/her daily
activities and what he/she has learnt
over time. It also serves as a guide
for a student’s report and
presentation
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORICAL BAGROUND OF SIWES

SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of

adequate practiced skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian

graduates of tertiary institutions.

The scheme educates student on industrial based skills essential for a

smooth transition from the class room to the world of work. Student of tertiary

institution is given the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the

needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually

available not available in the educational institutions. Partaking in SIWES

industrial training has become a crucial pre condition for the award diploma and

degree certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in

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Nigeria in line wwith the government education policies. The operators are; ITF

the coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, MBTE), employers of labour and various

institutions.

One of the primary goals of SIWES is to help students integrate leadership

development into the experimental learning process. Students are expected to learn

and develop basics nonprofit leadership skills through a monitory relationship with

innovative nonprofit leaders as a mechanical engineer.

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1.2 ABOUT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)

Established in 1971, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) has operated consistently

and painstakingly within the context of its enabling laws Decree 47 of 1971 as

Amended in the 2011 ITF ACT. The objective for which the Fund was established

has been pursued vigorously and efficaciously. In the decades of its existence, the

ITF has not only raised training consciousness in the economy, but has also helped

in generating a corps of skilled indigenous manpower which has been manning and

managing various sectors of the national economy.

The ITF enhances manpower development through training by exposing the

students to the practical aspects of what they learn in the classroom in view to

prepare them face challenges after completion of studies.

1.3 MISSSION OF ITF

The provision of Decree 47 of 8th October, 1971 empowers the ITF to "promote

and encourage the acquisition of skills in industry and commerce with a view to

generating a pool of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet the needs of

the Nigerian economy".

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1.4 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The objective of SIWES includes: -

- SIWES will provide students the opportunity to test their interest in

a particular career before permanent commitments are made.

- SIWES students will develop skills in the application of theory to

practical work situations.

- SIWES students will acquire good work habits.

- SIWES helps the students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge

in real working situations.

- SIWES prepares and expose students towards a successful business career

by margin their analytical power with self -reliance.

- SIWES Students will be able to provide tools to use in prioritizing tasks of

an assigned project and create with staff a tentative schedule for

completion based on these tasks.

1.5 FUNCTION OF THE SIWES UNIT

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By the directive of National Universities Commission (NUC) and Industrial

Training Fund (ITF), the Unit is mandated to carry out the following functions.

i. Supervision of the students placed in the industries located within our

ITF zone.

ii. Processing of students’ logbooks, ITF forms and industrial

attachment reports upon which is based on the Federal Government

funding of supervision and students’ allowances.

iii. Fostering of close links between the university and industries participating

in SIWES programme.

iv. Provision of advisory guidance to participating students on

career employment opportunities.

v. Monitoring of compliance with the requirements of SIWES on the part

of students in eligible disciplines as a condition for graduation.

1.6 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL

WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEMES (SIWES)

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Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a mandatory skills

acquisition and training programme. It is designed to expose students to the

industrial workplace environment in their respective disciplines during their

course of study. The students are also expected to develop occupational

competencies that would facilitate their fitting into the world of work after

graduation.

The objectives of SIWES scheme is to:

• To make the transition from the schooling to world of work easier

through enhancing students’ contact for later job placement.

• Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment

and machineries that may not be available in the university.

• Prepare students for industrial work situation they are likely to meet

after graduation.

• Provide avenues for students to acquire industrial skills and

experience during their course of study.

• Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational

knowledge in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory

and practice.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 DACO GROUP OF COMPANY Ltd

DACO GROUP OF COMPANY Limited is a construction company founded on the

belief that only the best can deliver buildings, roads, bridges and other

infrastructural structures to its intended use and purpose. The company is founded

and run on the principles of six sigma quality management approach with emphasis

on what is critical to individual customer satisfaction. At DC &T we believe that

today's competitive environment leaves no room for error. We must delight our

customer and relentlessly look for ways to exceed their expectations. This is why

Six Sigma Quality is part of our culture. The company is lead by a team of

professionals who have a combined experience of over 50 years in the construction

industry. They have delivered roads, bridges, hotels, commercial buildings,

shopping malls, underground structures, schools, multi-storey structures and

structural steel works to the satisfaction of clients and its intended users.

DC&T is an indigenous contracting company specializing in commercial and

institutional construction. We offer traditional contracting service in innovative

construction , project development and management, structural steel fabrication

and installation. Our construction equipment leasing unit avails us flexibility and

speed in delivering projects. DC&T will perform work on either a negotiated or

competitive bid basic.

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2.1 DC&T MISSION

To improve the environment by using the best construction techniques and

engineering technology available in the construction of buildings, roads, structures,

and civil works to international standards.

2.2 DC&T VISION

To be the best construction engineers and builders on the African Continent by

continuously putting our best into all we do.

2.3 DC&T VALUE

• Quality

• Integrity

• Professionalism

• Creativity

• Team Work

• Positive Attitude

• Passionate People

2.4 DC&T PASSION

We believe that before you can truly aspire to be the best at what you do, you must

have an intense passion for it. If this is missing, you can never be the best at what

you do.

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2.5 Health, Safety & Environment

At DECO GROUP OF COMPANY & Limited, we understand that good quality

work can only be delivered by healthy people who understand the importance of

working in an environment that is safe. The company recognizes its legal

responsibility to health & safety standards which are of international standard and

we are committed to the continuous improvement of our working environment.

Our commitment to health, safety and the environment goes beyond what we do on

our sites on a daily basis; it has become a part of our culture where ever we are.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 INTRODUCTION TO TOOLS AND WORKSHOP MACHINERIES

3.1 Measuring tape

Fig.1a Fig.1b

Measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance. It consists of a

ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement

markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great

length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around

curves or corners.

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3.2 Try square

Fig.2

A try square is a woodworking or a metalworking tool used for marking and

measuring a piece of wood. The square refers to the tool's primary use of

measuring the accuracy of a right angle (90 degrees); to try a surface is to check its

straightness or correspondence to an adjoining surface. A piece of wood that is

rectangular.

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3.3 PLIER

Fig. 3

Pliers are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Some are used for

gripping something round like a pipe or rod, some are used for twisting wires, and

others are designed to be used for a combination of tasks including cutting wire.

3.4 VERNIER CALIPER

Fig. 4

A vernier scale is a visual aid that allows the user to measure more precisely than

could be done unaided when reading a uniformly divided straight or circular

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measurement scale. It is a scale that indicates where the measurement lies in

between two of the graduations on the main scale.

3.5 Steel chalk and marker

Fig. 5a Fig. 5b

The engineers Chalk is specifically suited for metal, specifically steel. Chalk line

refills, for use with the SCCS Chalk line, come in three different colour options

and perfect for drawing straight lines on concrete, plaster, metal.

3.6 Chipping hammer

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Fig. 6

A chipping hammer is a tool used to remove welding slag from a weld and welding

spatter from along side welds.

3.7 Wire Brush

Fig. 7

A wire brush is a tool consisting of a brush whose bristles are made of wire, most

often steel wire. The steel used is generally a medium- to high-carbon variety and

very hard and springy. Other wire brushes feature bristles made from brass or

stainless steel, depending on application.

3.6 WRENCH

Fig. 8

A wrench (or spanner outside of North America) is a tool used to provide grip and

mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects usually rotary fasteners,

such as nuts and bolts or keep them from turning. In Commonwealth English

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(excluding Canada), spanner is the standard term. Monkey wrench, Socket wrench,

Torque wrench, Lug wrench.

3.9 HAMMER

Fig. 9

A hammer is a tool or device that delivers a blow (a sudden impact) to an object.

Most hammers are hand tools used to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal, and break

apart objects. Hammers vary in shape, size, and structure, depending on their

purposes. Hammers are basic tools in many trades.

3.10 SLEDGEHAMMER

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Fig. 10

A sledgehammer is a tool with a large, flat, often metal head, attached to a lever (or

handle). The size of its head allows a sledgehammer to apply more force than other

hammers of similar size. Along with the mallet, it shares the ability to distribute

force overa wide area.

3.11 ANGLE GRINDER

Fig.11

Angle grinders can be used for several functions including sanding, grinding and

cutting processes, depending on the type of disc used.

Disc Selection: The disc must be suitable for the material (example steel,

masonry), the correct size for the grinder (this includes Centre hole size), and

capable of being used at the maximum r.p.m. of the grinder. If any doubt exists,

the disc should not be attached to the grinder. Cutting discs should never be used

for grinding and vice versa.

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Operation:

1. Newly mounted discs should run free for one minute before cutting or grinding.

2. Never apply pressure to stop a disc spinning.

3. The work item should be rigidly supported.

4. Eye/face and hearing protection appropriate to the task must be worn.

5. Flange and flange nuts must suit the disc and be in good condition.

6. Discs should be stored and handled carefully to avoid damage.

3.12 Concrete Drilling Machine

Fig. 12

A hammer drill, also known as a "roto-drill" or "hammering drill", (see also rotary

drill) is a rotary drill with a hammering action. The hammering action provides a

short, rapid hammer thrust to pulverize relatively brittle material and provide

quicker drilling with less effort. .

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3.13 Arc Welding Machine

Fig. 13

Arc welding machine is a machine that is used to join metal to metal by using

electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool

result in a binding of the metals. It is a type of welding that uses a welding power

supply to create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt

the metals at the welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC)

current, and consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is

usually protected by some type of shielding gas, vapor, or slag. Arc welding

processes may be manual, semi-automatic, or fully automated. First developed in

the late part of the 19th century, arc welding became commercially important in

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shipbuilding during the Second World War. Today it remains an important process

for the fabrication of steel structures and vehicles.

3.14 Portable Mini CNC Plasma And Flame Cutting Machine

Fig. 14a

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Fig. 14b

The cutting machine is modern cutting equipment with digital program control. In

addition to automated cutting, it has high cutting precision, high material

utilization and high production efficiency. Along with the mechanical electronic

technology and computer technology progress, the CNC cutting machine with its

good man-machine dialogue operation interface, powerful auxiliary support

function and relative low equipment investment, is being valued by more and

more enterprises and more widely used in the production.

It can be widely used in automobile, shipbuilding, petrochemical, boiler and

pressure vessel, engineering machinery, light industrial machinery and other

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industries. Suitable for cutting metal sheets, such as the carbon steel (flame

cutting), stainless steel, aluminum, copper (plasma). It particularly applies to a

single piece with abnormity surface and the mass production.

3.15 AUTOMATIC CONTROL FAR-INFRARED ELECTRODE OVEN

Fig. 15

Inner housing; stainless steel good for erosion resistance. Heating supplied by

radiant heater of far-infrared. Heating evenly with high efficiency and less heat

consumption. Automatic crystal screen displays black words legible with blue

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background. Key touching easy for operation. Record device can be equipped with

as required. This oven is mainly for rod's dehydrating and drying to extreme

extent. Widely used in electricity power, mechanism, metallurgy, chemical, boiler

and other construction projects.

3.16 Straight High Speed CNC Cutting Machine

Fig. 16

This machine adopts new material, which improves the serviceability, durability

and heat-insulating property. This machine can be matched with plasma torch to

cut stainless steel and non-ferrous metals. It is equipped with interface of arcing. It

can control the arcing of plasma easily. The machine is suitable for straight

cutting. It also can do circle cutting (＞ø200mm). The speed of it is the 3-4 times of
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general carriage. It meets with the need of plasma sheet cutting. The machine can

be used on the fields of shipbuilding, bridge, metallurgy, heavy machinery and so

on.

3.17 Bandsaw Blade

Fig. 17

Bandsaw blades used for cutting metal have bent teeth. The bend in the teeth

creates a cut slightly wider than the thickness of the blade, which is important to

prevent the blade from getting stuck from being pinched by the metal.

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3.18 Ironworker

Fig. 18

Ironworker is a class of machines that can shear, notch, and punch holes in steel

plate. There may have been a brand name called Ironworker.

3.19 Crane

Fig.19

A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or

chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move

them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them

to other places.

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3.20 WORKSHOP SAFETY

3.21 Health and safety guidance on Workshop Safety.

Safety in the workshops is subject to a number of various risk assessments and safe

codes of working practices which have to be observed and adhered to by all

workshop users and enforced by the person in charge of these areas. Due to high

risk activities taking place in the workshops access to these areas is restricted to

authorised personnel only. No other person may enter the workshops without

permission.

3.22 Workshop equipment and tools

1. No machine may be used or work undertaken unless the technician-in-

charge is satisfied that the person is capable of doing so safely. If

equipment is fitted with guards these must be used. Equipment must never

be used if the safety guards have been removed.

2. Any person working in the mechanical and electronic workshop must

have read and signed the appropriate risk assessment if the work or

equipment they are using has been risk assessed. Risk assessments are

kept in a filing cabinet within the mechanical workshop (B.128).

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3. No person shall mount any abrasive wheel unless he/she has been trained

in accordance with the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations

1998. Grinding machines shall only be operated by technical staff and eye

protection must be worn.

4. Service records of all machine tools, plant and equipment must be kept.

They must list the date of any service/repair and name of the person

responsible for carrying out that service/repair. Faults which cannot be

repaired immediately should be reported to the technician-in-charge and a

note should be attached to the machine where it is clearly visible indicating

that the equipment is out of order.

5. All Portable Electrical Equipment must be regularly inspected and tested

for electrical safety.

6. Lifting equipment must be registered with the University’s

Engineering Insurers and be subject to annual inspection.

7. All air receivers must be subject to a thorough examination at the

statutorily required intervals.

8. Where applicable suitable Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) must be used.

The LEV systems must be subjected to a thorough inspection and test at

least once every 14 months.

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 9. Ladders/stepladders should be individually identified and formal

inspections carried out.

10.No welding may be undertaken unless the technician-in-charge is satisfied

that the person is capable of doing so safely. During any welding

operation the fume extraction system must be used.

11.When using woodworking machines the dust extractor and face masks

must be used.

12.Equipment must be cleaned after use. Any materials, tools or

equipment used must be tidied away.

13.Precision measuring equipment, drills, etc. must be replaced in

their appropriate cabinets after each working day.

14.Tools and equipment must not be removed from the workshop

without permission from the technician-in-charge.

3.23 Workshop practices and personal protective equipment

1. Eating and drinking in the mechanical workshop areas are strictly prohibited.

2. When working with machine tools or other equipment with rotating

spindles, jewellery, loose clothing etc. are prohibited and long hair must

be completely covered.

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 3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is supplied and must be used where

necessary. Barrier cream, lab coats/overalls, eye and hearing protection,

dust masks and safety shoes must be used as the work/risk assessment

dictates.

4. Lab coats/overalls and safety boots must be worn by technicians

operating the machines.

5. The gangway through the workshop must be kept clear. Any oil

spillage, grease etc. must be cleaned up immediately.

6. Do not carry loads such that the weight may be dangerous or vision

obscured. Refer to Part Two, Section 4.7 Manual Handling of Loads of

the

University Health and Safety Policy (pdf)

7. No hazardous substance to health can be used before a COSHH risk

assessment is undertaken and a safe system of work issued to the users.

Chapter Four

GENERAL PROCESSES AND STEPS INVOLVED IN FABRICATION

AND CONSTRUCTION

Step one; material selections:

Sheet metal, universal column, universal beam, U channel, pipe, and angle iron

manufacturing requires quality material that will endure the life cycle of any
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product that is produced. The main goal of material selection is to minimize cost

while meeting product performance goals. Systematic selection process of the best

material for a giving application begins with properties and cost of candidate

materials. Cost of materials in sheet metal manufacturing plays a very significant

role in material selection, however, other factors such as product life cycle and

weight, continue to grow in importance. Increases in freight and shipping costs

have highlighted the factor of product weight in transport. Material selection will

ensure that all this issues are addressed before production. For an example,

Thickness: one of the most important decisions when working with sheet metal is

deciding what thickness you will need. Similar to wire, sheet metal thickness is

measured in gauges, with a higher number indicating a thinner sheet. To measure

the thickness, you can use a sheet metal gauge, which will show you thickness in

both gauge number and thousands of an inch.one important note however, is that

ferrous and non-ferrous sheet metals of the same gauge have different thicknesses,

so you will need one gauge for ferrous metals, and one for non-ferrous.

Step two; issued and approval of drawing:

This process is exencial in fabrication and construction of steel, the drawing of a

given project must be issued and approved before the commencement of any

project.

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Step three; marking out, cutting and setting:

Marking out or layout is the process of transferring a design or pattern to a work

piece, as the first step in manufacturing process. It is performed in many industries

or hobbies although in the repetition industries the machine’s initial setup is

designed to remove the need to mark out every individual piece.

Marking out consist of transferring the dimensions from the plan to the work

piece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture. Some of the

tools used to carry out marking are illustrated in the beginning of this chapter

However, in cutting, many different tools cut metal and each has its own strengths

and weakness. Some of the common cutting tools are also illustrated in the

beginning of this chapter, seting is also important in fabrication. Is a process of

bringing together the marked and cut material before it is being weld together, it’s

also called fitting.

Step four; bending and shaping:

Bending sheet metal can be tricky, but with the right tool it is easy. Those who

work with it regularly are likely to have a sheet metal bending brake in their

workshop, but this two can be bit expensive for the hobbyist. Thankfully, there are

a couple wallet-friendly options that can help you get the job done.

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Using the edge of your workbench, a length of wood, two clamps, and a mallet,

you can fashion a rudimentary bending brake. Mark a bend line and place the sheet

metal on the edge of your bench. Next place the wood parallel and slightly behind

the bending line. Clamp the wood on top of the metal to the workbench. Finally,

bend the sheet up by hand to the angle desired. If you want a sharp 900 bend, tap

along the crease with a mallet.

Step five; welding

Welding is the main focus of steel fabrication. The formed and machined parts will

be assembled and tack welded into place then rechecked for accuracy. A fixture

may be used to locate parts for welding if multiple weldments have been ordered.

The welder then completes welding as per the engineering drawings if welding is

detailed or as per his or her own judgment if no welding detail are provided.

Special precautions may be needed to prevent warping of the weldment due to

heat. These may include re-designing the weldment to use fewer welds, welding is

staggered fashion, using a stout fixture, covering the weldment in sand during

cooling, the straightening operations after welding.

Straightening of warped steel weldments is done with an oxy-acetylene tourch and

is somewhat of an art. Heat is selectively applied to the steel in slow, linear sweep.

The steel will have net constraction upon cooling, in the direction of the sweep. A

highly skilled welder can remove significant warping using this technique.

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Steel weldments are occasionally annealed in a low temperature oven to relieve

residual stresses. Such weldments, particularly those employed for engine blocks,

may be line-bored after heat treatment.

Step six; polishing and buffing

Polishing and buffing are finishing processes for smoothing a work piece’s surface

using an abrasive and a work wheel or a leather strop. Technically polishing refers

to processes that use an abrasive that is glued to the work wheel, while buffering

uses a loose abrasive applied to the work wheel. Polishing is a more aggressive

process while buffering is less harsh, which leads to a smoother, brighter finish.

Common misconception is that a polished surface has a mirror bright finish,

however most mirror bright finishes are actually buffed.

Polishing is often used to enhance the appearance of an item, prevent

contamination of instruments, remove oxidation, and create a reflective surface,

or prevent corrosion in pipes. In metallography and metallurgy, polishing is used

to create a flat, defect-free surface for examination of a metal’s microstructure

under a microscope. Polishing stainless steel can also increase the sanitary

benefits of stainless steel.

Step seven; painting

Painting is a more straightforward process and most people are familiar with it. A

primer is first applied to the base metal, followed by multiple layers of liquid paint
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and finally, a protective coating such as lacquer is added to protect the underlying

paint.

The most obvious advantage of painting is that fabricators have a much greater

degree of control over how the finished product will look. Paint comes in just any

color imaginable, meaning that there are endless options for how the final product

will look. Furthermore, company and products logos can also be added to the

surface to further increase its cosmetic value.

Step eight; final assembly

After the weldment has cooled it is generally sand blasted, primed and painted.

Any additional manufacturing specified by the customer is then completed. The

finished product is then inspected and shipped.

Fabrication of structural steel base plate

After successful step one and two in this chapter, structural steel base

plate specification of 0.2×0.2×0.02mm.

Marking out operation was perform using measuring tape, steel chalk, try square,

range and drawing. while Cutting operation was perform with straight high

speed CNC cutting machine

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Fig. 19

Fig. 20

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4.1 Fabrication of structural steel stanchion

After successful step one and two in this chapter, structural steel stanchion

specification of UC 305mm×305mm×97kg/m, UC 254mm×245mm×73kg/m and

UB 457mm×191mm×67kg/m.

Marking out operation was perform using measuring tape, steel chalk, try square,

range and drawing, while Cutting operation was perform with hand gas cutting

machine and drilling operation was perfume using euroboor magnetic drilling

machine.

4.2 Fabrication of structural steel bridge

The sweet able material was selected and drawing was issued for fabrication of

steel bridge of 11.913m long, 3.814m height and 2.784m width. In fabricating the

steel bridge the required part that need to be fabricated are listed below

1. 30 number of UC 154mm×154mm×32kg/m beam.

2. 16 number of UC 154mm×154mm×32kg/m column.

3. 105 number gusset plate

4. 84 number round pipe

5. 8 number connecting plate

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 35

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Fig. 21a

Fig. 21b

4.3 Welding Equipment

Besides the welding machines and suitable electrodes, the accessories necessary

for a welder are:

1. A substantial work table with a fairly heavy mild steel plate for a top.

2. Leads. Two are required — one from the machine to the electrode holder,

called the electrode lead, and one from the job or work table back to the

machine to complete the circuit, called the work or earth lead. These

leads should be heavy enough to carry the required current without

overheating.
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 They must be kept in good condition and in close electrical contact with the

holder and the work for the best utilization of current.

3. Electrode Holders. These should be heavy enough not to overheat and have

well-insulated handles to avoid electric shocks and accidental arcing.

Holders are available that are designed for continuous welding at high

amperages. These are fully insulated and the jaws are made of metals

having high heat conductivity.

4. Shields. These are necessary for protecting the eyes and face from glare and

ultra-violet radiation from the arc, and spatter from the weld pool. Special

tinted glass is used in the shields to absorb ultra-violet rays. A clear piece of

replaceable glass is used in front of the coloured glass to protect it from

spatter and smoke.

5. Clothing. Leather gauntlets and apron should be worn, and clothes should

be of material that will deflect spatter and sparks.

6. Chipping Hammer. Used for deslagging of welds.

7. Wire Brush. Used for removing rust, cleaning slag off welds, etc.

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Safety Considerations

The immediate area should be well marked or sectioned off in the shop prior to

welding. This is necessary as others may be unaware the possible hazards of

welding.

The workshop should contain adequate safety devices such as fire extinguishers.

The locations of these items should be clearly marked. Equipment should be

properly installed with all ground wires intact. Any loose or frayed wires should be

reported immediately. The floor should be clear and dry, free from flammable

materials such as oily rags or sawdust.

The operator should wear protective clothing to include:

Boots – not sandals or open toed shoes;

Welding mask;

Safety glasses;

Jeans or heavy pants, not frayed or torn;

Welding apron and jacket are recommended; and welding gloves.

Welding of trocadero event center structural steel

Welding is the joining of metals through coalescence by the use of either heat or

pressure or both
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Fig. 22

INTRODUCTION TO SITE WORK

I was introduced by my supervisor to the construction site, the contractor,

project manager, and site engineers in charge of the on-going project who further

exposed me to proper site work. Site work involves the entire process involved in

the construction of a building and onsite the following factors must be considered

and applied for effectiveness.

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SAFETY FACTORS:

Safety is an important consideration at any construction site, but I was made to

understand that on a site with a high rise building, extra safety is of crucial

importance and should be everyone's primary concern because construction of

buildings at great heights such as the TROCADERO EVENT CENTER building in

LAGOS can be a dangerous activity. Safety is based on knowledge, skill, and an

attitude of care and concern .Thus safety factors includes all the measures carried

out to protect both the worker, consultants, contractors and all persons present on

the site at every given time from fatalities and injuries, and as well as minimize or

eliminate all possible construction hazards. This safety measures can also be

applied to the safety of the building and building materials from damage of any

kind.

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WORKSHOP MEETINGS

During my training, site meetings were held every weeks on a Thursday. The

essence of the site meetings is dissipating instructions to the contractors and to

assess the progress of the project. The site meeting is chaired by the project

architect who gives out all instructions. During the meetings, all the consultants

are expected to be present in order to obtain an update of a weekly report on each

of their jurisdictions as regards the building project from the contractors. Issues

from what material should be used to the ordering of materials and expenses made

are discussed in full length and all issues or problems encountered are presented to

the architect for instructions. After a few site meetings, my supervisor handed over

the task of writing the minutes of the meeting to me. This i did until my last site

meeting on the site. During the meeting, everyone is presented with their copy of

the minute and is expected to file them afterwards. The site meeting for the

building project is expected to be held till the project is completed and handed

over to the clients.

ERECTION

Erection of steel structures is the process by which the fabricated structural

members are assembled together to form the skeletal structure. The erection is

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normally carried out by the erection contractor. Generally the steps that are

involved in the erection of steel structures are shown in Table 1. The erection

process requires considerable planning in terms of material delivery, material

handling, member assembly and member connection. Proper planning of material

delivery would minimize storage requirement and additional handling from the site

storage, particularly heavy items. Erection of structural steel work could be made

safe and accurate if temporary support, false work, staging etc. are erected. Before

erection the fabricated materials should be verified at site with respect to mark

numbers, key plan and shipping list. The structural components received for

erection should be stacked in such a way that erection sequence is not affected due

to improper storing. Care also should be taken so that steel structural components

should not come in contact with earth or accumulated water. Stacking of the

structures should be done in such a way that, erection marks and mark numbers on

the components are visible easily and handling do not become difficult. From the

earlier discussion it should emphasized that safe transportation of fabricated items

to the site, their proper storage and subsequent handling are the pivotal processes

for the success of fabrication of structural steel work.

Table 1: Sequence of Activities during Erection

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S/N Sequence of Operation

1. Receiving material from the shop and temporarily stacking them, if

2. necessary.

3. Lifting and placing the member and temporarily holding in place.

4. Temporarily bracing the system to ensure stability during erection.

5. Aligning and permanently connecting the members by bolting or

6. welding.

Connecting cladding to the steel structural skeleton.

Application of a final coat of painting.

ERECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL BRIDGE

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 Chapter Five

SUMMARY

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a course coded (SW499)

in the Department of mechanical engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

(ABU Zaria). It’s a six months mandatory exercise (training) for all students

undergoing five year degree program in the second semester 400level. Chapter one

of this report covers brief history about ITF, the purpose of its establishment and

its functions. Chapter two gave a brief introduction about the organization where i

did my industrial training, Chapter three it also talked about some measuring tools,

workshop tools, machineries and their applications, also gave a detailed note about

the steps and processing involved in fabrication and construction. And also about

the fabricated structural steel in my place of attachment. Chapter four rounded up

everything by giving brief explanation about workshop meting; it also contains the

summary of the whole work, conclusions, recommendation and references

CONCLUSIONS

This six months industrial training has enabled me to see how the standard working

environment looks like and the pains and gains of being in the labour market and

also made me understand more about the theories taught in class and how they can

be applied in the practical world

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RECOMMENDATIONS

The industrial training should be encouraged because it is a way to bridge the gap

between theory taught in class and the practical world. The industrial training

program should be closely monitored because some employers use students to do

odd jobs not in line with their main task, yet they expect optimum performance

from students.

The supervisors are always in haste whenever they visit the students, it would have

been more encouraging if they take their time and evaluate students very carefully.

The industrial training coordinating centre should try and build more friendly

relationship with big establishments so as to provide a balance level of training for

students who do not really have the opportunity to get placement in such

establishments.

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REFFERENCES

1. www.google.com

2. www.wikipedia.com

3. My training log book

4. Machines and laboratory manuals

5. Bonaffaire industries ltd.

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