MARKING GUIDELINE

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

ELECTROTECHNICS N6

7 AUGUST 2019

This marking guideline consists of 11 pages.

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 1: DC MACHINES

1.1 Given: A series motor

Ia1 = 20 A Rser = 0 Ω N1 = 1 200 r/min
. RSer1 = 0 Ω
Ø1 α Ia

za
VS =440 V
Ra1 = Rm+ Rse =0, 3 Ω

E1 =?

o.
1.1.1
Ia2 = 15 A Rser = 3 Ω N2 =?

.c
Ø2 = 0, 8
Ø1
RSer2 = 3 Ω
VS =440 V
rs Ω
Ra + RSer2 = 0, 3 Ω
pe
E2 =?

𝐸1 = V − 𝐼𝑎1 𝑅𝑎1 = 440 − (20 × 0, 3)  = 440 − 6 = 434 V 

Pa

𝐸2 = V − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎2 = 440 − 15(3 + 0, 3)  = 440 − 49,5

= 390, 5 V 

E2 N2 ∅2 E2 N1 ∅1 390, 5 1 200 × 1
= ∴ N2 = × = × 
et

E1 N1 ∅1 E1 ∅2 434 0, 8
= 1 349,654 r/min  (6)

1.1.2 P1 ∝ ∅1 ∙ N1 ∙ Ia1 P2 ∝ ∅2 ∙ N2 ∙ Ia2

Tv

P1 ∅1 ∙ N1 ∙ Ia1 ∅1 × 1 200 × 20
= = 
P2 ∅2 ∙ N2 ∙ Ia2 0, 8 × ∅1 × 1 349, 654 × 15
= 1, 482
(2)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -3-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

1.2 Advantages:
 It is convenient and economical.
 The efficiency can be predetermined at any load.
Disadvantages:
 No account is taken of the change in iron losses from no-load to full-load.
 As the test is on no-load, it is impossible to know whether the commutation
would be satisfactory at full-load and whether the temperature rise would
be within the specified limit. (2 + 2) (4)

za
1.3 A DC machine works at maximum efficiency when the constant losses and
the armature copper losses are equal. (2)
[14]

o.
QUESTION 2: AC CIRCUIT THEORY

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2.1  Synchronous motors (or capacitors)
 Static capacitors
 Phase advancers (Any 2 × 1) (2)
rs
2.2 Given: Series circuit consisting of a resistor and an inductor.
Take ω = 314 rad/s.
pe
L = 0, 05 H R =20 Ω
Pa

e = 250 sin ωt + 50 sin(3ωt + π/3) + 20 sin(5ωt + 5π/6) volts

250 50
et

2.2.1
𝑖= Sin(𝜔𝑡 − 38, 146°)  + Sin(3𝜔𝑡 + 60° − 67°)
25, 431 51, 192
20
+ Sin(5𝜔𝑡 + 150° − 75, 713°) 
81,065
Tv

= 9, 831 Sin(𝜔𝑡 − 38, 146°) + 0, 977 Sin(3𝜔𝑡 − 7°)

+ 0, 247 Sin(5𝜔𝑡 + 74, 287°) 
(4)

2.2.2
𝐼𝑀1 2 𝐼𝑀3 2 𝐼𝑀5 2
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = √ + +
2 2 2

(9, 831)2 (0, 977)2 (0, 247)2

= √ + + 
2 2 2
= 6, 998 A  (2)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -4-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

2.2.3 2
𝑉𝑀1 2 𝑉𝑀3 2 𝑉𝑀5 2 √(250) (50)2 (20)2
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 =√ + + = + + 
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 180, 831 V  (2)

2.2.4 𝑃𝑇 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 48.972 × 20 = 979,44 W  (2)

2.2.5 Watts 979,44

za
pf = =  = 0, 774 
VI 180, 831 × 6, 998 (2)
[14]

o.
QUESTION 3: TRANSFORMERS

Given: A 50 kVA, 4 400/220 V transformer

.c
R1 = 3, 45 Ω X1 = 5, 2 Ω
R2 = 0, 009 Ω X2 = 0, 015 Ω.

𝑇1 𝑉1 4 400 20
3.1
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 ′ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: = = =
rs

𝑇2 𝑉2 220 1
𝑇1 2 20 2
𝑅1 2 = 𝑅2 × ( ) = 0, 009 × ( )  = 3, 6 Ω
𝑇2 1 (4)
pe

3.2
1
𝑇1 2 20 2
𝑋 2 = 𝑋2 × ( ) = 0, 015 × ( )  = 6 Ω
𝑇2 1 (2)

𝑅𝑝𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅1 2 = 3, 45 + 3, 6 𝑋𝑝𝑇 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋1 2 = 5, 2 + 6
Pa

3.3
= 7, 05 Ω  = 11, 2 Ω  (4)

3.4 Method 1
et

𝑍𝑝𝑇 = 𝑅𝑝𝑇 + 𝑋𝑝𝑇 = 7, 05 + 𝑗11,2

= 13, 23457, 811° Ω

OR
Tv

Method 2

ZpT = √R pT 2 + XpT 2 = √(7, 05)2 + (11, 2)2  = 13,234 Ω

(2)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -5-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

za
o.
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rs
pe
Pa
et
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MARKING GUIDELINE -6-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

3.5 S 50 × 103
I1 = = = 11, 364 A 
V1 4 400
S 50 × 103
I2 = = = 227, 273 A
V2 220
Cu loss = I1 2 ∙ R1 + I2 2 ∙ R 2
= (11,3642 × 3, 45) + (227, 2732 × 0,009)√

za
= 910, 412 W√
AND
2 2
Cu = I1 R pT = (11, 364) × 7, 05 √= 910, 441 Ω√ (4)
[16]

o.
QUESTION 4: AC MACHINES – ALTERNATORS

.c
4.1


rs

pe

(5)

4.2 Given: A 3-phase, 50-Hz, star-connected alternator

Pa

P = 2 000 kW Xs = 3 ohms per/phase

VL = 11 kV pf = 0, 8 lagging
Ra = 0,25 ohms/phase
et

Calculating the percentage regulation.

𝑃 = √3 ∙ 𝑉𝐿 ∙ 𝐼𝐿 ∙ Cos 𝜃
𝑃 2 000 × 103
Tv

𝐼𝐿 = =  = 104, 973 A
√3 ∙ 𝑉𝐿 √3 × 11 000

𝑉𝐿 11 000
𝑉𝑝 = = = 6 350, 853 V
√3 √3

IR a = 104, 973 × 0,25 = 26,243 0° V

𝐼𝑋𝑆 = 104,973 × 3 = 314, 919 𝑉 90° 𝑉

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MARKING GUIDELINE -7-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

Method 1
Ep = Vp θ + IR a 0° + IXs 90°
= 6 350, 853 36, 87° + 26,243 0° + 314, 919 90°
= 6 565, 04938, 932° 𝑉

𝐸𝑝 − 𝑉𝑝
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑉𝑝

za
6 565,049 − 6 350, 853
= × 100%
6 350, 853
= 3, 373%

o.
OR
Method 2
2 2

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𝐸𝑝 = √(𝑉𝑝 ∙ Cos 𝜃 + 𝐼𝑅𝑎 ) + (𝑉𝑝 ∙ Sin 𝜃 + 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )

2 2
= √(6 350, 853 × 0,8 + 26, 243) + (6 350, 853 × 0, 6 + 314, 919) 
rs
= 6 565, 049 V
Ep − Vp
% Regulation = × 100%
pe
Vp

6 565, 049 − 6 350, 853

= × 100% 
6 350, 853
= 3, 373% 
Pa

OR
et

Method 3
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝 + (𝐼𝑅𝑎 ∙ Cos 𝜃) + (𝐼𝑋𝑠 ∙ Sin 𝜃)
Tv

= 6 350,853 + (26,243 × 0, 8) + (314, 919 × 0, 6)

= 6 560, 799 V
Ep − Vp
% Regulation = × 100%
Vp

6 560, 799 − 6 350, 853

= × 100% 
6 350, 853
= 3, 306% 
(9)
[14]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -8-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

za
o.
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rs
pe
Pa
et
Tv

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MARKING GUIDELINE -9-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 5: AC MACHINES – SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

5.1 Lagging power factor

ER
EP

α



za
VP

I
Leading power factor

o.
Increase in excitation increases Ep causes the resultant current to lead.
ER
EP

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I
rs 

α 
pe
VP (6)

5.2. Given: a three-phase, 50 Hz, star-connected synchronous motor.

S = 5 kVA P = 3,5 kW
VL = 400 V %Z = (4 + j40)%
Pa

5.2.1 𝑃 3,5
Cos 𝜃 = = = 0,7 (1)
𝑆 5
et

5.2.2 𝑉𝐿 = √3 ∙ 𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝐿 400
∴ 𝑉𝑝 = = = 230,94 𝑉
√3 √3
𝐼𝑅
Tv

%𝑅 =
𝑉𝑝
𝐼𝑅 = %𝑅 ∙ 𝑉𝑝 = 0,04 × 230, 94
= 9, 238 V
𝐼𝑋
%𝑋 =
𝑉𝑝
𝐼𝑋 = %𝑋 ∙ 𝑉𝑝 = 0,4 × 230, 94 = 92,376 V
(3)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -10-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

5.2.3 Method 1
𝐸𝑝 = Vp −  + IRa180 + I. Xs − 90
= 230, 94 − 45, 573° + 9, 238180° + 92,376 − 90°
= 299,057 − 59, 358° V
𝐸𝐿 = √3 . Ep = √3 × 299,057 = 517, 982 V
OR
Method 2

za
S = √3 ∙ VL ∙ IL
𝑆 5 × 103
𝐼𝐿 = =  = 7,217 A
√3 ∙ 𝑉𝐿 √3 × 400
IR
%R =

o.
Vp
%R ∙ Vp 0, 04 × 230, 94
R= = = 1,28 Ω
I 7,217
IX

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%X =
Vp
%X ∙ Vp 0, 4 × 230, 94
X= = = 12,8 Ω
I
rs
7,217
𝑍𝑆 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝑆 = 1,28 + j12, 8 = 12,864  84,289 
𝐸𝑟 = 𝐼𝑍𝑆 = 7,21745,573 × 12,86484,289
pe
= 92, 84129, 862° V
Ep = Er − Vp = 92, 84129,862  230, 940
= 299, 060166, 214° V
Pa

𝐸𝐿 = √3 ∙ 𝐸𝑝 = √3 × 299, 060 = 517, 987 V (3)

5.2.4 Method 1 Method 2

𝛼 = 59,358º − 45,573º OR 𝛼 = 180 − 166,214º
et

= 13,785º  = 13,786º 
(1)
[14]
Tv

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MARKING GUIDELINE -11-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 6: AC MACHINES - INDUCTION MOTORS

6.1 Plugging is the stopping of an electric motor by immediately reversing its

direction until it stops. (2)

6.2  Stator
 Rotor (2)

6.3 Given: No of poles =6 N2 = 950 r/min.

za
f = 50 Hz Pstator loss = 1 kW
Pin = 45 kW Pfric&wind loss = 1,5 kW

6.3.1 60 ∙ 𝑓 60 × 50
𝑁1 = = = 1 000 r/min 

o.
𝑝 3
𝑁1 − 𝑁2
S= × 100%
𝑁1
1 000 − 950

.c
= × 100% 
1 000
= 5%
(3)
rs
6.3.2 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = Stator output + Stator loss
Stator output = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − Stator loss = 45 − 1 = 44 kW 
Stator output = Rotor input = 44 kW
pe

2 ∙ π ∙ N1∙ T
Rotor input =
60
60 ∙ Rotor input 60 × 44 × 1 000
T= =
2 ∙ π ∙ N1 2 × π × 1 000
Pa

= 420, 169 Nm 
2 ∙ π ∙ (N1 − N2 )T
Rotor cu. loss =
60
2 × 𝜋 × (1 000 − 950) × 420, 169
et

= 
60
= 2,2 kW  (4)

6.3.3 Pin = Pout + Pstator + Protor + Pfriction

Tv

Pout = Pin − Total losses

= 45 − (1 + 1.5 + 2,2)
= 40,3 kW  (2)

6.3.4 Pout 40,3

 = × 100% = × 100% = 89, 556% 
Pin 45
(1)
[14]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -12-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 7: GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF AC

Given: A 3-phase transmission line

S = 75 MVA C = 0, 03 μF/km/phase
VL = 132 kV R = 0, 28 Ω/km/phase f = 50
Hz pf = 0,8 lagging XL = 0,63
Ω/km/phase

za
IS IAB R L IR
A B

IA

o.
IBN
RLOAD
VS ½C VC ½C VC VR

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N Neutral
rs N

𝑋𝐿/𝑝ℎ = 0, 63 × 100 = 63 Ω
pe
𝑅/𝑝ℎ = 0, 28 × 100 = 28 Ω

𝑍𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 28 + 𝑗63 = 68, 94266,038° Ω

−6
C 0, 03 × 10 × 100
Pa

= = 1,5 μF
2 2

1 1
𝑋𝐶 = 𝐶 = = 2 122, 066 Ω
2∙𝜋∙𝑓∙2 2 × π × 50 × 1, 5 × 10−6
et

ZBN = 0 − jXC = 0 − 𝑗2 122,066 = 2 122, 066 − 90° Ω

VL 132 × 103
Tv

VR = = = 76 210, 2360° 𝑉
√3 √3

VR 76 210, 2360°
IBN = = = 35, 91390° A
ZBN 2 122, 066 − 90°

S = √3 ∙ VL ∙ IL
S 75 × 106
IL = = = 328, 0436, 87° A
√3 ∙ VL √3 × 132 × 103

𝐼𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝐵𝑁 = 328, 04 − 36,87 + 35, 91390°

= 307, 836 – 31, 515 A 
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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑍𝐴𝐵 = 307,836– 31, 515° × 68, 94266, 038

= 21 222, 8334, 523° V

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 76 210, 2360° + 21 222, 8334, 523° V

= 94 464, 557, 315° V

𝑉𝐿 = √3 ∙ 𝑉𝑆 = √3 × 94 464, 55 = 163 617, 4 𝑉 

za
𝑉𝑆 163 617, 47, 315° ZAN = ZBN = 2 122, 066–90
𝐼𝐴𝑁 = =
𝑍𝐴𝑁 2 122, 066 − 90°

o.
= 77, 10397,315° A

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝐴𝐵 + 𝐼𝐴𝑁 = 307, 836 – 31, 515 + 77, 10397,315°

.c
= 266, 352– 18, 482° A

Power factor = Cos  = Cos (18,482 + 7, 315 )

rs
= Cos 25, 797  = 0, 9 Leading  [14]

TOTAL: 100
pe
Pa
et
Tv

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