MARKING GUIDELINE

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

ELECTROTECHNICS N6

9 APRIL 2019

This marking guideline consists of 10 pages.

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 1: DC MACHINES

1.1  Variation of the flux

 Armature or Rheostatic control method
 Series-parallel control
 Voltage control (4)

1.2 Given: A d.c. shunt motor

V = 250 V N1 = 1 500 r/min

za
Rf = 250 Ω Ia = 20 A
Ra = 0, 25 Ω.
Rser = 250 Ω
V 250

o.
If1 = = = 1A 
R f 250
E1 = V − Ia R a = 250 − (20 × 0, 25) = 250 − 5 = 245 V 

.c
1.2.1 V 250
If2 = = = 0, 5 A 
R f + R ser (250 + 250)
T2 = T1 (load torque remaining the same)
𝐼𝑎2 ∅2 = 𝐼𝑎1 ∅1
Ia1 ∅1
rs
Ifi 1
∴ Ia2 = = Ia1 × = 20 ×  = 𝟒𝟎 𝐀  ( ∅ ∞ If )
∅2 If2 0, 5 (5)
pe
1.2.2 E2 = V − Ia2 R a = 250 − (40 × 0, 25) = 250 − 10 = 240 V 
𝑁2 ∅2 𝐸2
=
𝑁1 ∅1 𝐸1
E2 N1 ∅1 240 1 500 × 1
∴ N2 = × = × 
E1 ∅2 245 0, 5
Pa

= 2 938, 776 r/min  (3)

1.3 IL
et

I I

VS  M M 
Tv

(2)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

1.4

Torque

za
Armature current
(1)
[15]

o.
QUESTION 2: AC CIRCUIT THEORY

Given: A balanced 3-phase star-connected load

.c
Z = (8 + j 6) ohms/phase
VL = 230 V supply.
rs
2.1 Z = √R2 + X 2 = √82 + 62 VL 230
Vph = =  = 132, 791 V
√3 √3
= 10 Ω 
pe
VPH 132, 791
IL = IPH = =  = 13, 279 A (5)
Z 10

2.2 R 8
pf = = 10  = 0, 8 Lagging (2)
Z
Pa

2.3 PT = √3 ∙ VL ∙ IL Cos θ PT = 3 ∙ VPH ∙ IPH Cos θ

= √3 × 230 × 13, 279 × 0, 8 = 3 × 132, 791 × 13, 279 × 0, 8

= 4 231, 982 W = 4 231, 996 W (2)

et

2.4 Q = √3 ∙ VL ∙ IL ∙× Sin 𝜃 Q = 3 ∙ 𝑉𝑃𝐻 ∙ 𝐼𝑃𝐻 ∙ Sin 𝜃

(√3) (230)(13, 279)(Sin 36, 87°) = (3)(132,791)(13,279)(sin 36, 87°)

Tv

= 3 174 VAr  = 3 174 VAr  (2)

2.5 S = √P 2 + Q2 S = 3 ∙ 𝑉𝑃𝐻 ∙ 𝐼𝑃𝐻

2 2 = 3 × 132, 791 × 13.279 
= √(4 231,982) + (3 174) 
= 5 289, 986 VA = 5 289, 996 VA (2)
[13]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 3: TRANSFORMERS

3.1  Increase in core loss

 Increase in copper loss due circulating currents
 Magnetic interference with communication circuits and protective devices
(Any 2 × 1) (2)

3.2 Voltage regulation of a transformer is the rise or fall in the secondary

voltage when the load is removed and the primary voltage remains the

za
same.
OR
Voltage regulation of a transformer is the difference in the secondary terminal
voltage between no-load and full-load, expressed as a ratio of the no-load

o.
voltage with the primary voltage remaining constant. (2)

3.3 Given: a single-phase transformer

S = 25 kVA V2 = 250 V

.c
V1 = 2 500 V % Z = (1,2 + j3,5)%
pf = 0,8 lagging rs
3.3.1 Method 1 Method 2
S = V1 ∙ I1 S = V1 ∙ I2
S 25 × 103 𝑆 25 × 103
pe
∴ I1 = = ∴ 𝐼2 = = = 100 𝐴
V1 2 500 𝑉2 250
= 10 A 
𝐼1 ∙ R e1 𝐼2 ∙ 𝑅𝑒2
%R = %R =
Pa

V1 𝑉2
%R ∙ V1 %𝑅 ∙ 𝑉2 0, 012 × 250
∴ R e1 = ∴ 𝑅𝑒2 = =
I1 𝐼2 100
0,012 × 2 500 = 0, 03 Ω
et

=
10
= 3 Ω
Psc = I1 2 ∙ R e1 = 102 × 3 Psc = I2 2 ∙ R e2 = 1002 × 0, 03
Tv

= 300 W = 300 W
S ∙ Cos θ
= × 100%
S ∙ Cos θ + Po + Psc
25 × 0, 8
= × 100%
(25 × 0, 8) + 0, 23 + 0, 3
= 97, 418 %  (4)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

3.3.2 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑘 2 ∙ 𝑃𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑜 0, 23
𝑘=√ =√ = 0, 876
𝑃𝑠𝑐 0, 3
Method 1
kS ∙ Cos θ
= × 100%
kS ∙ Cos θ + Po + 𝑘 2 Psc
0, 876 × 25 × 0, 8
= × 100%

za
(0, 876 × 25 × 0, 8) + 0, 23 + (0, 8762 × 0, 3)
= 97, 441 %
Method 2

o.
kS ∙ Cos θ
= × 100%
kS ∙ Cos θ + 2Po
0, 876 × 25 × 0, 8

.c
= × 100%
(0, 876 × 25 × 0, 8) + (2 × 0, 23)
= 97, 442 %
(2)
rs
3.3.3 𝐼1 ∙ X e1
%X =
V1
pe
%X ∙ V1 0,035 × 2 500
∴ Xe1 = =
I1 10
= 𝟖, 75 Ω
Method 1 Method 2
Pa

Ze1 = R e1 + Xe1 = 3 + j8, 75

𝑍𝑒1 = √𝑅𝑒1 2 + 𝑋𝑒1 2 = √32 + 8, 752
= 9, 25 Ω 
= 𝟗, 25 Ω
et

𝑉1𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼1 ∙ 𝑍𝑒1 = 10 × 9, 25 = 92, 5 V 

(3)

3.3.4 Method 1
Tv

𝐼1 (𝑅𝑒1 ∙ Cos 𝜃 + 𝑋𝑒1 ∙ Sin 𝜃

Voltage Regulation = × 100%
𝑉1
10[(3×0,8)+(8,75×0,6)
= × 100% 
2 500

= 3, 06 % 
Method 2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = %𝑅 Cos 𝜃 + %𝑋 ∙ Sin 𝜃
= (1, 2% × 0, 8) + (3,5% × 0, 6) 
= 3, 06%
(2)
[15]
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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 4: AC MACHINES - ALTERNATORS

4.1 Given: A 1 500 kVA, 6,6 kV, three-phase, Y-connected alternator

R = 0,4 ohms
X = 6 ohms per phase
p.f = 0,8 lagging

za
P 1 500 × 103
I= = = 131, 216 A
√3VL √3 × 6 600
IR = 131, 216 × 0, 4 = 52, 486 V

o.
IX = 131, 216 × 6 = 787, 296 V
𝑉𝐿 6 600
𝑉𝑃𝐻 = = = 3 810, 512 V 
√3 √3

.c
∅ = Cos −1(0, 8) = 36, 87°
AB V Sin ∅ + IX
tan(∅ + α) = =
OA V Cos ∅ + IR
rs
(3 810, 512 × 0, 6) + 787, 296
= 
(3 810, 512 × 0, 8) + 52, 486
pe

= 0, 991
(∅ + α) = tan−1(0, 991)
= 44, 741° 
Pa

∴ α = 44, 741° − 36, 87°

= 7, 871°
(9)
et

4.2 Armature reaction is the influence of the stator ampere-turns on the value and
distribution of the magnetic flux in the air-gaps between the poles and stator
core. (2)
Tv

4.3 Synchronous impedance is when the synchronous reactance and armature

resistance of an alternator are vectorially combined. (2)
[13]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 5: AC MACHINES - SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

5.1  Hunting is a condition produced when a synchronous motor is used for

driving varying loads.
 To minimize the buildup of these oscillation dampers or damping grids are
used.
 These dampers consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the
faces of the field poles of the motor.

za
 The oscillatory motion of the rotor sets up eddy currents in the dampers
which flow in such a way as to suppress these oscillations. (4)

5.2 Given A single-phase synchronous motor.

o.
VL = 380 V Pmotor = 36,5 kW
Ra = 0,2 Ω pf = 0,8 leading

.c
Xs = 3 Ω efficiency = 80%

5.2.1 Pout
=
Pin
rs
Pout 36, 5
∴ Pin = = = 45, 625 kW 
 0, 8
pe
Pin = √3 ∙ VL ∙ IL ∙ Cos θ
Pin 45, 625 × 103
∴ IL = =  = 86, 65 A 
√3 ∙ VL ∙ Cos θ √3 × 380 × 0, 8 (3)

5.2.2 𝑉𝐿 380
Pa

𝑉𝑃 = = = 219, 393 V 
√3 √3
Zs = R a + X s
= 0, 2 + j3
= 3, 00686,186° 𝛺
Cos 𝜃 = 0, 8
et

∴ 𝜃 = Cos −1 0, 8 = 36, 87°

Er = IZS
= 86, 65 36, 87 × 3, 00686, 186
Tv

= 260, 47123, 056° V 

Ep = ER + VP
= 260, 47123,056 − 219, 3930°
= 422, 278148,87° V
𝐸𝐿 = √3 ∙ 𝐸𝑝 = √3 × 422, 278 = 731, 407 𝑉

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

Method 2
I𝑅𝑎 = 86, 65 × 0, 2 = 17, 33 V
I𝑋𝑠 = 86, 65 × 3 = 259, 95 V 
Ep = Vp  − θ + IR a 180° + IXs  − 90°
= 219, 393 − 36, 87° + 17, 33180° + 259, 95 − 90°
= 422, 329 − 68° V

za
 𝐸𝐿 = √3 ∙ 𝐸𝑝 = √3 × 422, 329 = 731, 495 V 
(6)

5.3  A 'pony motor'

 Damping grids (2)

o.
[15]

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QUESTION 6: AC MACHINES - INDUCTION MOTORS

6.1 Given: A three-phase induction motor

Number of poles = 4-pole
f = 50 Hz
rs
6.1.1 60×f 60×50
NS = = = 1 500 r/min
p 2
pe
(2)

6.1.2 𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁𝑟
%S =
𝑁𝑠
1 500 − 𝑁𝑟
Pa

0,04 = 
1 500
∴ Nr = 1 500 − (0, 04 × 1 500) 
= 1440 r/min (3)

6.1.3 1 500−600
et

p. uS = = 0, 6 
1 500

∴ rotor frequency = Sf = 0, 6 × 50 = 30 𝐻𝑧 

(3)
Tv

6.2 Synchronous watt - is that torque which, at the synchronous speed of the
machine under consideration, would develop a power of one watt. (2)

6.3  direct starting

 star-delta starting
 auto-transformer starting
 slip-ring motor starting (4)
[14]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

QUESTION 7: GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF AC

7.1  it decreases the efficiency of both apparatus and supply system

 It limits the output of both generators and transformers
 It causes a greater fall in terminal voltage (Any 2 × 1) (2)

7.2  The consumer pays a lower tariff

 The efficiency of their installation is high

za
(2)

7.3 Given: A 3-phase transmission line

o.
VR = 11 kV
VS IX R = 5 Ω/phase
L = 30 mH/phase
pf = 0,8 lagging

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Pout =1 000 kW
IR f = 50 Hz
VS
rs I
R

7.3.1 𝑉𝐿 11 000
pe
𝑉𝑅 = ⁄ = = 6 350, 853 V 
√3 √3

P 1 000 × 103
IL = = = 65, 608 A 
√3 VL IL Cos ∅ √3 × 11 000 × 0, 8
Pa

XL = 2πfL = 2π × 50 × 30 × 10−3 = 9, 425 Ω 

Zph = (5 + j 9.425) Ω
Vdrop = IZph = 65,608 (5 + j 9,425)
et

= 699, 98162, 054 V 

OR
IR = 65, 608 x 5 = 328,04 V
Tv

IX = 65, 608 x 9,425 = 618,355 V

Vdrop = IR + IX = 328,04 + j 618,355
= 700,02862,047 V
VS/ph = VR + Vdrop = 6 350,853 + (328,04 + j 618,355)
= 6 678,893 + j 618,355
= 6 707,457∠5,29° V
∴ VS/Line = 3 x VS/ph = 3 x 6 707,457
= 11 617,656 V 
(6)
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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTROTECHNICS N6

7.3.2 Cos 𝜃𝑅 = 0, 8 ∴ 𝜃𝑅 = 36, 87°

∅𝑆 = 36, 87° + 5, 29° = 42, 16° ∴ cos ∅𝑆 = 0, 741 Lagging  (1)

7.3.3 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3𝐼 2 𝑅 = 3 × 65, 6082 × 5 = 64, 566,145 kW √

Pinput = 𝑃output + 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 1 000 + 64,566 = 1 064, 566 kW √

za
1 000
∴ power transmission = 1 064,566 × 100% = 93, 935% (2)

7.3.4 𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑅 11 617, 656 − 11 000 100%



o.
∴ % regn. = = ×
𝑉𝑅 11 000 1
= 5, 615% 
(2)

.c
[15]

TOTAL: 100
rs
pe
Pa
et
Tv

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