Subject: Earth and Life Science Quarter: First Module #: 5
Level: Grade 11 Duration: 1 week Day: 1-6
Topic: Endogenic Process Code: S11/12ES-Ib-14
I. Objectives:
Give the distinguishing features of the different plate boundaries
Describe how the rocks behave under different types of stress, such as compression,
pulling apart, and shearing
Describe how magma is formed
II. Discussion
Our planet’s surface topography, the distribution of landscape highs and lows, is
complex and intriguing. Landscapes consist of rugged mountains, gently sloping plains,
rolling hills and valleys, or elevated plateaus cut by steep canyons. These are just
examples of the types of surface terrain features referred to as landforms.
Understanding landforms and landscapes-how they originate, why they vary, and their
significance in a local, regional, or global context- is the primary goal of geomorphology.
Geomorphic process that originate within Earth is called endogenic process (endo,
within; genic, originating) tend to increase the amount of surface relief (fundamental
characteristic of all landforms and landscapes). Whereas, exogenic process (exo,
external), those that originate at the Earth’s surface, work to decrease relief. Tectonic
processes, igneous processes, Metamorphism, constitute endogenic process. Exogenic
process includes weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of rocks.
Endogenic Process that occur in Earth
1. Tectonic Processes (Greek: tekton, carpenter, builder) involves the movements of
parts of the crust and upper mantle. Movements occur due to tectonic force causing
bending, warping, folding, and fracturing (faulting) of Earth’s continental crust.
There are three (3) types of tectonic force:
Fig. 1 Compression force
a. Compressional force – force that push rocks together and can bend (fold) rocks or
cause rocks to break and slide along the breakage zone (fault).
b. Tensional force – force that pull rocks apart
and may also lead to the breaking and shifting
of rock masses along faults.
Fig. 2 Tension force
c. Shearing force – force that slide rocks past each
other horizontally, and this likewise can cause
movement along a fault.
Fig. 3 Shearing force
Table 1: Tectonic forces and the Type of faults it caused
Tectonic force Type of fault Illustration
Compressional force Reverse fault – it occur
as a steep, high-angle
fault resulting from
compressional forces
Thrust and over-thrust
fault – it occur as a
mass of rock along a Fig. 4: Reverse fault
low-angle fault that
overrides rocks on the
other side of the fault
Fig. 5: Thrust and Over-thrust
fault
Tensional force Normal fault - it occur
as a dip-slip fault in
which the block above
the fault has moved
downward relative to
the block below.
Fig. 6: Normal fault
Shearing force Strike-slip (lateral) faults
– it occur as a vertical
fault where the blocks
have mostly moved
horizontally.
Fig. 7: Strike-slip fault
2. Igneous Processes (Latin: ignis, fire) it involves eruption and solidification of molten
rock matter.
Magmatism- Happens when magma generated
and develops into igneous rocks.
Fig. 8 Magmatism
Where does magma form?
1. Mid-oceanic ridges- The rising magma in mantle
convection cell brings heat to the surface,
transferring heat to the overlying rocks. The
transfer of heat due to the convection is
accompanied by a decrease in pressure or
decompression associated with the spreading of
the tectonic plates. Fig. 9 Mid-ocean ridges
2. Mantle plumes - The transfer of heat and the
compression result to magma generation. The
source of heat for mantle plumes is much deeper.
Fig. 10 Mantle fumes
3. Subduction zones - Oceanic crustal rocks are
formed along spreading centers, typically beneath
several kilometers of sea water.
Fig. 11 Subduction zones
Metamorphism- Process of changing materials that
make up the rock. The chemical components and
geologic characteristics of the rock change because
of exposure to heat & pressure
Fig. 12 Metamorphism
Volcanism - refers to the extrusion of rock matter
from Erath’s surface to the exterior and the creation
of surface terrain features as a result.
Volcanoes is a vent or opening on planet’s surface
which allows molten rock called magma, volcanic
ash and gas to escape out onto its surface. A
volcano gives a look like a mountain from which
lava erupts. The hot magma erupting from a Fig. 13 Volcanism
volcano is called lava.
http://www.balita.com/mt-pinatubo20-photo- exhibit-morethan-
just-
pictures-it-was-a- reunion-of-survivors-2/
Albert Garcia’s award-winning photo taken on June 15,
1991 was chosen by Time as one of the “Greatest
Images of the 20th Century” and also by the National
Geographic Magazine as one of “100 Best Pictures” of
the 20th Century. Garcia is currently the photo editor of
Manila Bulletin.
NOTE: COLORED PICTURES WILL BE POSTED ON PPT FORMAT DURING
DISCUSSION
VI. References
a. Printed books
Petersen J.F., Gablar R.E., Earth and Life Science ©2016 Rex Bookstore, Inc.
pp. 2-17.
Vengco, L.G., Religioso T.F, earth and Life Science Phoenix Pub. House pp. 2-
22
Duka, I.M., Crisologo, D.T., Teaching guide for Senior High School: Earth and
Life Science pp. 1-24
The special conditions required for the formation of magma, Marshak, et al,
Essentials of Geology, 2013, pp 99-100
Why and how magma rises up (Monroe et al., Physical Geology, 2007, p107).
b. Online Resources
Two categories of the internal heat sources of the Earth:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/EarthSci/people/lidunka/GEOL2014/Geophysics8%20-
%20Thermal%20evolution/Heat.htm
The estimated internal temperature of the Earth (Carlson, D. H. et al, Physical
Geology Earth Revealed, 2011, p 47 and
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/10.html)
https://www.slideshare.net/adryanval/earth-life-science-endogenic-processes-
week-6
ACTIVITY SHEETS
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________________
Grade/Section: _______________________________ Score/Rating: __________
Activity 1: Folding and Faulting
Direction: Using a Venn diagram, give the similarities and differences between a fold and a
fault.
Activity 2: Chocolate Mantle Convection
Direction: Visit the link below and answer the questions that follows.
“Hot Chocolate Mantle Convection Demonstration.”
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdWYBAOqHrk
Guided Questions:
1. How is heat transferred in the activity?
__________________________________________________________________________
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2. Describe what happens to the powder when the water starts to boil. Explain why this
occurs.
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3. How does this activity relate to the formation of magma?
__________________________________________________________________________
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III. Integration
1. When everything seems to fall apart, how do you maintain your deep faith to Him?
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. A close friend of yours belongs to a broken family, what comforting words will you
say to make him/ her feel okay?
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ICV: Service/RV: Stewardship
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble.
Therefore, we will not fear, through the earth give way and the
mountains fall into the heart of the sea. -Psalm 46: 1-2
IV. Post-Evaluation/Assessment
Direction: Match descriptions in Column A with the type of fault in Column B.
______1. Compression force pushes a
mass of rock along a low-angle fault
causing for overriding rocks on the other side A. Normal fault
______2. Compression forces causes a steep,
high-angle fault B. Thrust and
over-thrust fault
______3. Tensional force cause the crust to break
into discrete blocks C. Reverse fault
______4. Shearing force move rocks horizontally
past each other along D. Strike-slip fault
