Python Python is a general-purpose high level programming language and suitable for providing a solid foundation to the reader in the area of cloud computing. ‘The main characteristics of Python are 1) Multi-paradigm programminglanguage. 2) Python supports more than one programming paradigms including object- oriented programming and structured programming. 3) InterpretedLanguage. 4) Python is an interpreted language and does not require an explicit compilationstep. 5) The Python interpreter executes the program source code directly, statement by statement, as a processor or scripting engine does. 6 Interactive Language 7). Python provides an interactive mode in which the user can submit commands at the Python prompt and interact with the interpreterdirectly. get” iaetha Bytate pre ve fects He Cish ek postste cone ee Conse PON eeay Beare lrcaeneare mtv ove onto = piers + Object and Procedure Oriented ° praia tebe waictan around procepires or Riketare test sho reuse oc SREeE a cee ee ee eS + extendable * Dear sone gmat Tee aS sae meer ren neuen hacen + Scalable + "Due tothe minimalistic nature of Python, it provides @ manageable structare for large programs + Port rine yan an terete ngs prgranmers do nt have to worry about compton ting and ud ot + Broad Library Support e hython hat abroad Hbrary support and works on various platforms such as Windows, Linu, Mac, ee Python - Setup * Windows ‘non binaries fr Windows can be downloaded from hn: aan yshon.or/aet ha eramblor and ene the book, you would rive Pyro 2.7 hich eo be rect downloaded romDatatypes Every value in Python has a datatype. Since everything is an object in Python programming, data types are actually classes and variables are instance (object) of these classes. ‘There are various data types in Python. Some of the important types are listed below. Python Numbers Integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers falls under Python numbers category. They are defined as int, float and complex class in Python. We can use the type() function to know which class a variable or a value belongs to and the isinstance() function to check if an object belongs to a particular class. Scriptpy la= 2. print(a, "is of type", type(a)) 3.a-20 4, print(a, "is of type", type(a)) 5.a=143j 6. print(a, "is complex mumber?", isinstance(1+2),complex)) Integers can be of any length, it is only limited by the memory available. A floating point umber is accurate up to 15 decimal places. Integer and floating points are separated by decimal points. | is integer, 1.0 is floating point number. Complex numbers are written in the form, x + yj, Where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part, Here are someexamples. >> a= 1234567890123456789 >a 1234567890123456789 >>> b = 0.1234567890123456789 >>>b 0.12345678901234568>> = 143} >>>e aj) Python List List is an ordered sequence of items. It is one of the most used datatype in Python and is very flexible, All the items in a list do not need to be of the same type. Declaring a list is pretty straight forward. Items separated by commas are enclosed within brackets [J 1,2.2, ‘python’ We can use the slicing operator | | to extract an item or a range of items from a list. Index starts form 0 in Python. 5,10,15,20, 15 3. print("al2| 4. # a[0:3]=[5, 10, 15] 5. print("a|0:3] =", 0:3) 6. #al5:] = [30, 35, 40] 7. print("al5:] =", al5:)) 30,35,40] ",al2) Lists are mutable, meaning: value of elements of a list can be altered. >>> a=[1,23] >>> al2|=4 >a 1.2.4) Python Tuple Tuple is an ordered sequences of items same as list. The only difference is that tuples are immutable. Tuples once created cannot be modified. Tuples are used to write-protect data and are usually faster than list as it cannot change dynamically. It is defined within parentheses () where items are separated bycommas. ‘program’, 1+3}) Script.pyt= (5,program’, 1+3)) #4{1)= program’ print("t{J=", a1) # 10:3] = (9, ‘program’, (1+3))) print("tL0:3] =", 1103) # Generates error # Tuples are immutable 110] =10 Python Strings String is sequence of Unicode characters. We can use single quotes or double quotes to represent strings. Multi-line strings can be denoted using triple quotes, " or """ "This isa string! multiline Like list and tuple, slicing operator | | can be used with string. Strings are immutable Script py 5,2,3,1,4} # printing setvariable "a) # data type of variable a print(type(a)) ‘We can perform set operations like union, intersection on two sets. Set have unique values. They eliminate duplicates. Since, set are unordered collection, indexing has no meaning. Hence the slicing operator |J does not work. It is generally used when we have a huge amount of data Dictionaries are optimized for retrieving data, We must know the key to retrieve the value. In Python, dictionaries are defined within braces {} with each item being a pair in the form key-value. Key and value can be of anytype >>> d= {L:value'key'2} >>> type(d) We use key to retrieve the respective value. But not the other way around. Script.pyI:value'key':2} print(type(a)) print("dl1J = ".4l1)); print("dl/key'| =", d]'key')); # Generates error print("d|2| = "\d)2)) Python if...else Statement Every value in Python has a datatype. Since everything is an object in Python programming, data types are actually classes and variables are instance (object) of these classes. Decision making is required when we want to execute a code only if a certain condition is satisfied. The if...elif...else statement is used in Python for decision making. Python if Statement Syntax if test expression: statement(s) Here, the program evaluates the test expression and will execute statement(s) only if the text expression is True. If the text expression is False, the statement(s) is not executed. In Python, the body of the if statement is indicated by the indentation. Body starts with an indentation and the first unindented line marks the end. Python interprets non-zero values as True. None and 0 are interpreted as False. Python if Statement Flowchart, Test. ~_ False _ Expression _ True , Fig: Operation of statement Example: Python if Statement # If the number is positive, we print an appropriate message num =3 ifnum> 0: print(num, "is a positive number.") print("This is always printed.") num = -1 if num>0: print(num, "is a positive number.") print("This is also always printed. ") ‘When you run the program, the output willbe 3 is a positivenumber This is alwaysprinted This is also always printed In the above example, num > 0 is the test expression. The body of if is executed only if this evaluates to True. ‘When variable num is equal to 3, test expression is true and body inside body of if is executed. If variable num is equal to -1, test expression is false and body inside body of if is skipped The print() statement falls outside of the if block (unindented). Hence, it is executed regardless of the testexpression. Python if...else Statement Syntax if test expression: Body of ifelse: Body of else ‘The if else statement evaluates test expression and will execute body of if only when test condition is True. If the condition is False, body of else is executed. Indentation is used to separate the blocks. Python if.else Flowchart \ Test False __ Expression rue i Body of if Body of else Fg: Operation of .ate statement Example of if..clse # Program checks if the number is positive or negative # And displays an appropriate message num = 3 # Try these two variations as well. # num =-5 #num =0 if num >= 0: print("Positive or Zero") else: print("Negative number") In the above example, when num is equal to 3, the test expression is true and body of executed and body of else is skipped. If num is equal to -5, the test expression is false and body of else is executed and body of if is skipped. If num is equal to 0, the test expression is true and body of if'is executed and body of else is skipped.Python if..elif..clse Statement Syntax if test expression: Body of if elif test expression: Body of elif else Body of else The elif is short for else if. It allows us to check for multiple expressions. If the condition for if is False, it checks the condition of the next elif block and so on. If all the conditions are False, body of else is executed. Only one block among the several if..elif...else blocks is executed according to the condition. The if block can have only one else block. But it can have multiple elifblocks. Flowchart of if...clif...lse Test False \ sa Test False Expression [raven rein [True t + Body of elif Body of else j—__ ke ' Fig: Operation of i. Example of if...elif...else # In this program, # we check if the mumber is positive ot # negative or zero and # display an appropriate message um =3.4# Try these two variations as well: # nm =0 # num =-4.5 ifnum> 0 print("Positive number") elif num = 0: print("Zero") else print("Negative number") ‘When variable num is positive, Positive number is printed, If num is equal to 0, Zero is printed If num is negative, Negative number is printed Python Nested if statements ‘We can have a if.elif..else statement inside another if.elif..else statement. This is called nesting in computer programming. Any number of these statements can be nested inside one another. Indentation is the only way to figure out the level of nesting. This can get confusing, so must be avoided if we ean. Python Nested if Example # Inthis program, we input a number # check if the number is positive or # negative or zero anddisplay # an appropriate message # This time we use nested if ‘num = float(input("Enter a number: ")) if num >= 0: ifnum = 0: print("Zero") else: print("Positive number") else print("Negative number") Output 1 Enter a mumber: 5 Positive number Output 2 Enter a number: -1Negative number Output 3 Enter a number: 0 Zero Python for Loop ‘The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string) or other iterable objects. Iterating over a sequence is called traversal. Syntax of for Loop for val in sequence Body of for Here, val is the variable that takes the value of the item inside the sequence on each iteration. Loop continues until we reach the last item in the sequence. The body of for loop is separated from the rest of the code using indentation. Flowchart of for Loop Syntax # Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list # List of numbers numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4,2, 5,4, 11] # variable to store the sum sum =0 # iterate over the list for val in numbers: stun = sum+val # Output: The sum is 48 print("The sum is", sum) when you run the program, the output will be The sum is 48 ‘The range() function ‘We can generate a sequence of numbers using range() function. range(10) will generate numbers from 0 to 9 (10 numbers). We can also define the start, stop and step size as range(start,stop step size). step size defaults to 1 if not provided. This funetion does not store all the values in emory, it would be inefficient. So it remembers the start, stop, step size and generates the next number on thego. To force this function to output all the items, we can use the function list() The following example will clarify this. # Output: range(0, 10) print(range(10)) # Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) print(list(range(10))) 10# Output: |2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] print(list(range(2, 8))) # Output: [2, 5,8, 11, 14, 17) print(list(range(2, 20, 3))) ‘We can use the range() function in for loops to iterate through a sequence of numbers. It can be combined with the len() function to iterate though a sequence using indexing. Here is an example, # Program to iterate through a list using indexing genre = ['pop’, ‘rock’, 'jazz'] # iterate over the list using index fori in range(len(genre)) print("I like", genre|i)) ‘When yourun the program, the output will be: 1 likepop liketock Tikejazz What is while loop in Python? ‘The while loop in Python is used to iterate over a block of code as long as the test expression (condition) istrue, We generally use this loop when we don't know beforehand, the number of times to iterate. Syntax of while Loop in Python while test_expression Body of while In while loop, test expression is checked first, The body of the loop is entered only if the test_expression evaluates to Thue, After one iteration, the test expression is checked again. This process continues until the test_expression evaluates to False. In Python, the body of the while loop is determined through indentation. Body staits with indentation and the first unindented line marks the end, Python interprets any non-zero value a5 True. None and 0 are interpreted asFalse. Flowchart of while Loop # Program to add natural # numbers upto # sum = 14243+..4n # To take input from the user, #n = int(input("Enter n: ")) 0 # initialize sum and counter sum =0 i=1 while i sum = sum +i 11i-it1 — # updatecounter # print thesum print("The sum is", sum) ‘When you run the program, the output will be: Enter n: 10 ‘The sum is 55 In the above program, the test expression will be True as long as our counter variable i is less than or equal to n (10 in ourprogram), We need to increase the value of counter variable in the body of the loop. This is very important (and ‘mostly forgotten). Failing to do so will result in an infinite loop (never ending loop). Finally the result is displayed. Python Modules A file containing a set of functions you want to include in the application is called Module. Create a Module To create a module just save the code you want in a file with the file extension py: Example Save this code in a file named mymodule py def greeting(name): print("Hello, " + name) Usea Module Now we can use the module we just created, by using the import statement: Example Import the module named mymodule, and call the greeting function: import mymodule mymodule.greeting("Fonathan") Note: When using a fimetion from a module, use the syntax: module_name.funetion_name. Variables in Module ‘The module can contain functions, as already described, but also variables of all types(artays, dictionaries, objects etc): Example Save this code in the file mymodule.py 12person] "John","age": 36,"country": "Norway"} Example Import the module named mymodule, and access the person! dictionary: import mymodule a= mymodule.person!|"age"| print(a) Naming a Module ‘You can name the module file whatever you like, but it must have the file extension py Re-naming a Module ‘You can create an alias when you import a module, by using the as keyword: Example Create an alias for mymodule called mx: import mymodule as mx a=mx.person]|"age"| print(a) Built-in Modules There are several built-in modules in Python, which you can import whenever you like. Example Import and use the platform module: import platform x= platform. system(, print(x) Using the dir) Function ‘There is a built-in function to list all the function names (or variable names) in a module, The dix() function: Example List all the defined names belonging to the platform module: import platform 13x= dir(platform) prints) Note: The dir() function can be used on all modules, also the ones you create yourself. Import from Module ‘You can choose to import only parts from a module, by using the from keyword. Example ‘The module named mymodule has one function and one dictionary: def greeting(name): print("Hello, " + name) person! = {"name": "John", "age": 36, "countr ': "Norway"} Example Import only the person! dictionary from the module’ from mymodule import person print (personl["age"|) Note: When importing using the from keyword, do not use the module name when referring to elements in the module. Example: person]|"age" |, not mymodule. person] "age" | Packages ‘We don't usually store all of our files in our computer in the same location. We use a well- organized hierarchy of directories for easier access. Similar files are kept in the same directory, for example, we may keep all the songs in the "music" directory. Analogous to this, Python has packages for directories and modules for files. As our application program grows larger m size with a lot of modules, we place similar modules in one package and different modules in different packages. This makes a project (program) easy to manage and conceptuallyclear. Similar, as a directory can contain sub-directories and files, a Python package can have sub- packages and modules. A directory must contain a file namedinit py in order for Python to consider it as a package. This file can be left empty but we generally place the initialization code for that package in this file. Here is an example. Suppose we are developing a game, one possible organization of packages and modules could be as shown in the figure below. Package Module Structure in Python Programming Importing module from a package ‘We can import modules from packages using the dot (.) operator. For example, if want to import the start module in the above example, it is done as followsimport Game Level start Now if this module contains a function named select_difficulty(), we must use the full name to reference it, Game .Level start select_difficulty(2) If this construct seems lengthy, we ean import the module without the package prefix as follows. from Game.Level import start ‘We can now call the function simply as follows. start seleet_difficulty(2) Yet another way of importing just the required funetion (or class or variable) form a module within a package would be as follows. from Game Level.start import select difficulty Now we can directly call this fimetion. select_ditticulty(2) Although easier, this method is not recommended. Using the full namespace avoids confusion and prevents two same identifier names from colliding. While importing packages, Python looks in the hst of directories defined in sys.path, similar as for module search path. Files File is a named location on disk to store related information. It is used to permanently store data in a non-volatile memory (e.g. hard disk). Since, random access memory (RAM) is volatile which loses its data when computer is turned off, we use files for future use of the data. When ‘we want to read from or write to a file we need to open it first. When we are done, it needs to be closed, so that resources that are tied with the file are freed. Hence, in Python, a file operation takes place in the followingorder 1. Openafile 2. Read or write (perform operation) 3. Close thefile How to open a file? Python has a built-in function open) to open a file. This function returns a file object, also called ahandle, as it is used to read or modify the file accordingly. 15>>> feopen("testtxt") _# open file in currentdirectory >>> f= open("C:/Python33/README .txt") # specifying full path ‘We can specify the mode while opening a file, In mode, we specify whether we want to read 'r', vite 'w or append 'a' to the file. We also specify if we want to open the file in text mode or binary mode. The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, we get strings when reading from the file. On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the mode to be used when dealing with non-text files like image or exe files Python File Modes ‘Mode | Description 1 _| Opena file for reading. (default) ‘w' | Open file for writing. Creates a new file if it does not exist or truncates the file if it exists, (Open a file for exclusive creation, Ifthe file already exists, the operation fails. Open for appending at the end of the file without truncating it. Creates a new file ifit does not exist ‘| Open in text mode. (default) Open in Binary mode. “| Open a file for updating (reading and writing) fopen("testtxt") 4 equivalent to or‘ f= open("test.txt",'w’) # write in textmode open"img.bmp",r+b’) # read and write in binary mode Unlike other languages, the character 'a' does not imply the number 97 until it is encoded using ASCII (or other equivalent encodings). Moreover, the default encoding is platform dependent. In windows, it is 'cp1252" but 'utf-8' in Linux. So, we must not also rely on the default encoding or else our code will behave differently in different platforms. Hence, when working with files in text mode, it is highly recommended to specify the encoding type. = open(“test.txt",mode = 'r'encoding = 'utf-8') How to close a file Using Python? ‘When we are done with operations to the file, we need to properly close the file. Closing a file will free up the resources that were tied with the file and is done using Python close() method. Python has a garbage collector to clean up unreferenced objects but, we must not rely on it to close the file f= open("test.txt" encoding = 'utt-8') 16# perform file operations fecloseQ) This method is not entirely safe. If an exception occurs when we are performing some operation with the file, the code exits without closing the file. A safer way is to use a try...finally block. try: £= open("test.txt",encodin, # perform file operations finally: feloseQ, WES) This way, we are guaranteed that the file is properly closed even if an exception is raised, causing program flow to stop. The best way to do this is using the with statement. This ensures that the file is closed when the block inside with is exited. We don't need to explicitly call the close() method. It is doneinternally. with open("test.txt" encoding = ‘utf-8') as f # perform file operations How to write to File Using Python? In order to write into a file in Python, we need to open it in write ‘w,, append 'a' or exclusive creation ‘x’ mode. We need to be careful with the 'w’ mode as it will overwrite into the file if it already exists. All previous data are erased, Writing a string or sequence of bytes (for binary files) is done using write) method. This method retums the number of characters written to the file with open("test.txt",'w'encoding = utf-8') as f: Evwrite("my first file\n") £write("This file\w\n") f.write("contains three lines\n") ‘This program will create a new file named 'test.txt' if it does not exist. If it does exist, it is overwritten. We must include the newline characters ourselves to distinguish different lines. How to read files in Python? To read a file in Python, we must open the file in reading mode. There are various methods available for this purpose. We can use the read(size) method to read in size number of data. If size parameter is not specified, it reads and returns up to the end of the file >>> f= open("test.txt"/1’encoding = 'utf-8') >>> firead(4) # read the first 4 data 17"This! >>>fread(4) — # read the next 4 data is’ >>>fread() _# read in the rest tll end of file ‘my first file\nThis file\ncontains threelines\n" > fread() # further reading retums empty sting We can see that, the read() method retums newline as "\n'. Once the end of file is reached, we get empty string on further reading. We can change our current file cwsor (position) using the seek) ‘method, Similarly, the tell) method returns our current position (in number of bytes) >>ofitell — # get the current file position 56 >>> f'seek(0) # bring file cursor to initial position 0 >>> print(fread() # read the entire file This is my first file This file contains three lines ‘We can read a file line-by-line using a for loop. This is both efficient and fast >>> for line in f: priniine, en This is my first file This file contains three lines The lines in file itself has a newline character ‘wn’ Moreover, the print() end parameter to avoid two newlines when printing. Altemately, we can use readline() method to read individual lines of a file. This method reads a file till the newline, including the newlinecharacter. >>> fireadlineQ) "This is my first file\n’ >>> freadline() "This file\n! 18>>> freadline() ‘contains three lines\n’ >>> freadline() Lastly, the readlines() method retums a list of remaining lines of the entire file, All these reading method return empty values when end of file (EOF) is reached. >>> freadlines() [This is my first file\n, "This filein, ‘contains three lines'n'| Python File Methods There are various methods available with the file object. Some of them have been used in above examples. Here is the complete list of methods in text mode with a brief description, Python File Methods Method Description elose0 lose an open fle. Ithas no effect ithe file is already closed. detach) ‘Separate the underlying binary buffer from the TextlOBase and return i ‘leno ‘Retumn an integer number (fle descriptor) of the file AushO) Flush the waite buffer of the fie stream, isatty) ‘Retum True ifthe file stream is interactive. read(a) Read at most n characters form the file. Reads till end of file iit is negative or None. readable Retums True ifthe file stream can be read from. realine(—1) ‘Read and refurn one line from the file. Reads in af most n bytes if specified. readlines(a—1) ‘Read and return a lst of lines from the file. Reads in at most n bytescharacters if specified seek(oflset.fiom-SE | Change the file position to offset bytes, in reference to from (start, current, end). EK_SET) seckableO) ‘Returns True ifthe file stream supports random access tell ‘Returns the current file location. ‘truncate(size-None) Resize the file stream to size bytes. If size is not specified, resize to current location. writable Returns True ifthe file stream can be written to. writes) ‘Write string sto the file and return the number of characters written. ‘writelines(lines) Write a list of lines to the file Method Description close() Close an open file. It has no effect if the file is already closed. detach) Separate the underlying binary buffer from the TextIOBase and returnit. filenoQQRetum an integer number (file descriptor) of thefile. flushQ Flush the write buffer of the file stream. isatty() Retum True if the file stream is interactive read(n) Read at most n characters form the file. Reads till end of file if itis negative or None 19readable) Returns True if the file stream can be readffom. readline(n=-1) Read and return one line from the file. Reads in at most n bytes if specified. readlines(n=-1) Read and return a list of lines from the file. Reads in at most n bytes/characters ifspecified seek(offset,fiom-SEEK SET) Change the file position to offset bytes, in reference to from (start, current,end). seekableQ) Returns True if the file stream supports randomaccess. tell) Retums the current filelocation. truncate(size-None) Resize the file stream to size bytes. If size is not specified, resize to currentlocation, writable Returns True if the file stream can be writtento write(s) Write string s to the file and return the number of characterswritten. writelines(lines) Write a list of lines to thefile. UNIT IV IoT PHYSICAL DEVICES AND ENDPOINTS ToT Device A "Thing" in Intemet of Things (IoT) can be any object that has a unique identifier and which can send/receive data (including user data) over a network (eg, smart phone, smartTV, computer, refrigerator, car, etc.) + IoT devices are connected to the Intemet and send information about themselves or about their surroundings (¢.g. information sensed by the connected sensors) over a network (to other devices or servers/storage) or allow actuation upon the physical entities/environment around them remotely. IoT Device Examples A home automation device that allows remotely monitoring the status of appliances and controlling the appliances. + An industrial machine which sends information abouts its operation and health monitoring data to a server. + A car which sends information about its location to a 20Introduction toRaspberry Pi Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit card. Raspberry Pi runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal desktop computer can do. Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the general purpose I/O pins. Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python "out of the box". Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit card. Raspberry Pi runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal desktop computer can do. Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the general purpose VO pins. Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python "out of the box". Raspberry Pi Linux on Raspberry Pi 1. Raspbian: Raspbian Linux is a Debian Wheezy port optimized for RaspberryPi. 2. Arch: Arch is an Arch Linux port for AMDdevices. 3. Pidora: Pidora Linux is a Fedora Linux optimized for RaspberryPi. 4. RaspBMC: RaspBMC is an XBMC media-center distribution for RaspberryPi. 945. OpenELEC: OpenELEC is a fast and user-friendly XBMC media-centerdistribution. 6. RISC OS: RISC OS is a very fast and compact operatingsystem. Raspberry Pi GPIO mg |» erornen 10 ©] w worn |Q | wave 001 /Q O| romney, cw |Q O| erosrncy 011 |Q Q| eo» @orinowe |Q Q| von @onoxn |@ Q| vorroan oan |Q | corer Raspherry Pi Interfaces . Serial: The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and transmit (Tx) pins for communication with serialperipherals. . SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used for communicating with one or more peripheraldevices. . 12C: The I2C interface pins on Raspberry Pi allow you to connect hardware modules. 12C interface allows synchronous data transfer with just two pins - SDA (data line) and SCL (clockline). 22Raspberry Pi Eample: Interfacing LED and switch with Raspberry Pi from time import sleeP import RPi.GPIO asGPIO GPIO.setmode(GPIO.B cM) #Switch Pin GPIO.setup(25,GPIO.IN) #LEDPin GPIO.setup(18,GPIO.OUT) state=false deftoggleLED(pin): 23state = not state GPIO.output(pin,st ate) whileTrue: toggleLED(p in) sleep(.01) 24exceptKeyboardInterrupt: exit() Raspberry Pi Camera interfacing: Learn how to connect the Raspberry Pi Camera Module to your Raspberry Pi and take pictures, record video, and apply image effects. Connect the Camera Module Ensure your Raspberry Pi is turned off. 1. Locate the Camera Module port 2. Gently pull up on the edges of the port’s plastic clip 3. Insert the Camera Module ribbon cable; make sure the cable is the right way round 4, Push the plastic clip back into place 25How to control the Camera Module via the command line Now your Camera Module is connected and the software is enabled, try out the Fraspistillemaraspividl © Open a terminal window by clicking the black monitor icon in the taskbar: command line tool: © Type in the following command to take a still picture and save it to the Desktop: Sane mens o Press Enter to run the command. When the command runs, you can see the camera preview open for five seconds before a still picture is taken. co Look for the picture file icon on the Desktop, and double-click the file icon to open the picture. 6 OCE*6 26By adding different options, you can set the size and look of the image the command takes. © For example, and — to change the height and width of the image: 2 Now record a video with the Camera Module by using the following command: o In order to play the video file, double-click the file icon on the Desktop to open it in VLC Media Player. How to control the Camera Module with Python code The Python library allows you to control your Camera Module and create amazing projects. © Opena Python 3 editor, such as Thonny Python IDE: 27any Programmer's Editor vo Sound & Video > ™ vv Graphics * # Shutdown. 8 Wolfram Open anew file and save it as rts! Note: it’s important that you never save the file as AEN O o Enter the following code Paani org oes Troan ea ea a) camera = PiCamer 28CRE Coat ZO) sleep(5) camera.stop_preview() Save and run your program. The camera preview should be shown for five seconds and then close again Note: the camera preview only works when a monitor is connected to your Raspberry Pi. If you are using remote access (such as SSH or VNC), you won't’ see the camera preview o If your preview is upside-down, you can rotate it by 180 degrees with the following code: © camera = PiCamera() Cone mcrett tery Pat degrees. To reset the image. You can rotate the image by set Rien to J degrees. It’s best to make the preview slightly see-through so you can see whether errors occur in your program while the preview is on. > Make the camera preview see-through by setting an level Build value can be any number bet Take still pictures with Python code Now use the Camera Module and Python to take some still pictures. 29> Amend your code to add a SURCEeaM) line: Eon sleep(5) Uae Reni Conform mares) Note: it’s important to $E3q for at least two seconds before capturing an image, because this gives the camera’s sensor time to sense the light levels. Run the code. You should see the camera preview open for five seconds, and then a still picture should be captured. As the picture is being taken, you can see the preview briefly adjust toa different resolution. Your new image should be saved to the Desktop. 2 Now add a loop to take five pictures in a row: camera.start_preview() oeeny sleep(5) Cetitor Meta tta( 1.stop_preview() ‘The variable ff counts how many times the loop has run, from J to |. Therefore, the images get saved as ERRCOM eS, Meee o Run the code again and hold the Camera Module in position and so on. ‘The camera should take one picture every five seconds. Once the fifth picture is taken, the preview closes. > Look at your Desktop to find the five new pictures 30Recording video with Python code Now record a video! o Amend your code to remove and instead Bgstart_recording()Eumgstop_recording()} Your code should look like this now: Sion esac Cerner Met seoc TT ep(S) Jcamera.stop_recording() Cerner Race Mesa io) Run the code. Your Raspberry Pi should open a preview, record 5 seconds of video, and then close the preview. Implementation of IoT with raspberry pi Temperature Dependent Auto Cooling System System Overview * Snesor and actuator interfaced with Raspberry Pi = Read data from the sensor = Control the actuator according to the reading from the sensor = Connect the actuator to a device Requirements 31= DHT Sensor * 4.7K ohm resistor * Relay = Jumper wires = Raspberry Pi = Mini fan DHT Sensor * Digital Humidity and ‘Temperature Sensor (DHT) PIN 1, 2.3, 4 (from left to right) Pin] -SV Power or 3.3 v Power Pin2-Data Pin3-Null Pin4-Grornd vVvvv Relay * Mechanical/electromechanical switch = 3 output terminals (left to right) * NO (normal open): = Common = NC (nommal close) Sensor interface with Raspberry Pi * Connect pin 1 of DHT sensor to the 3.3V pin of Raspberry Pi * Connect pin 2 of DHT sensor to any input pins of Raspberry Pi, here we have used pin 11* Connect pin 4 of DHT sensor to the ground pin of the Raspberry Pi Relay interface with Raspberry Pi * Connect the VCC pin of relay to the 5V supply pin of Raspberry Pi * Connect the GND (ground) pin of relay to the ground pin of Raspberry Pi = Connect the input/signal pin of Relay to the assigned output pin of Raspberry Pi (Here we have used pin 7) Adafruit provides a library to work with the DHT22 sensor * Install the library in your Pi- = Get the clone from GIT git clone https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Python_DHT.g... * Goto folder Adafruit_Python_DHT ed Adafruit_Python_DHT = Install the library sudo python setup.py install Program: DHT22 with Pi import RPi.GPIO as GPIO from time import sleep import Adafruit_DHT GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) 33GPIO.setwarnings(False) sensor = Adafruit_DHT.AM2302 print (‘Getting data from the sensor’ humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor,17) print (‘Temp=(0:0.1f}*C humidity={ 1:0.1f}%'.format(temperature, humidity) Code: File: 10TSR.py 34Output Connection: Relay * Connect the relay pins with the Raspberry Pi as mentioned in previous slides * Set the GPIO pin connected with the relay’s input pin as output in the sketch GPIO.setup(13,GPIO.OUT) * Set the relay pin high when the temperature is greater than 30 if temperature > 30: GP10.output(13,0) # Relay is active low print(*Relay is on’) 35sleep(5) GPIO.output(13,1) # Relay is turned off after delay of 5 seconds 36Connection: Fan * Connect the Li-po battery in series with the fan . NO terminal of the relay -> positive terminal of the Fan. * Common terminal of the relay -> Positive terminal of the battery = Negative terminal of the battery > Negative terminal of the fan * Rum the existing code. The fan should operate when the surrounding temperature is greater than the threshold value in the sketch Result The fan is switched on whenever the temperature is above the threshold value set in the code. Notice the relay indicator turned on. 37Implementation of oT with Raspberry Pi-II IOT: Remote Data Logging = Collect data from the devices in the network = Send the data to a server/remote machine * Control the network remotely System Overview: * A network of Temperature and humidity sensor connected with Raspberry Pi * Read data from the sensor * Send it to a Server 38* Save the data in the server Requirements * DHT Sensor * 4.7K ohm resistor * Jumper wires * Raspberry Pi DHT Sensor Digital Humidity and ‘Temperature Sensor (DHT) + PIN 1, 2. 3,4 (from left to right) » Pinl -5V Power or 3.3 v Power Pin2-Data W Vv Pin3-Null Pin4-Grornd v Sensor- Raspberry Pi Interface * Connect pin 1 of DHT sensor to the 3.3V pin of Raspberry Pi * Connect pin 2 of DHT sensor to any input pins of Raspberry Pi, here we have used pin 11 = Connect pin 4 of DHT sensor to the ground pin of the Raspberry Pi Read Data from the Sensor Adafruit provides a library to work with the DHT22 sensor Install the library in Raspberry Pi 39Use the func ion Adafri it_DHT.read_retry() to read data from the sensor GWU nano 2.2. TOTSRpy LOLTOR. Py Sending Data to a Server Sending data to § erver using network protocols 40= Create a server and client * Establish connection between the server and the client * Send data from the client to the server Socket Programming: * Creates a two-way communication between two nodes in a network = The nodes are termed as Server and Client = Server performs the task/service requested by the client Creating a socket: socket.socket (SocketFamily, SocketType, Protocol=0) ¥ SocketFamily can be AF_UNIX or AF_INET Y SocketType can be SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM. ¥ Protocol is set default to 0 Server: ocket.socket() # creating a socket object Host=socket.gethostname() # local machine port = 12321 # port number for the server s.bind((host, port) # bind to the port number to the srever s.listen(5) # waiting for the client to connect while True: # accept the connection request from the client 41print ‘Connected to’, addr c,addr = s,accept() c.send(*Connection Successfitl’) c.close() Client: s = socket.socket() host = socket.gethostname() port = 12345 s.connect((host, port)) print s.recv(1024) s.close() Client Code: Obtain readings from the sensor def sensordata(): GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) GPIO.setwarnings(False) sensor = Adafruit_DHT.AM2302 humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT-read_retry(sensor,17) return(humidity, temperature) 42This function returns the values from the DHT sensor Client Code: Connecting to the server and sending the data sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) server_address = (110.14.3.194', 10001) try: while (1): h,t=sensordata() message = str(h)+'+str(t) #Send data print >>sys.stderr, ‘sending "%s"" % message sent = sock.sendto(message, server_address) finally: print >>sys.stderr, ‘closing socket’ sock.close() Server Code: Receive data from client and save it sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket. SOCK_DGRAM) # Bind the socket to the port server_address = ('10.14.3.194', 10001) sock.bind(server_address) while True: data, address = sock.reevfrom(4096) with open(“Datalog.txt","a") as f 43mess=str(data) f.write(mess) print mess m_ the sensor and sends it to the server . The server receives the data from the client and saves it in a text file DataLog.txt LT) eee Eee} -9000015259, 23. Dey eee REL eae) 9000015259, 23. Oe Tee 9000015259, 23 Ce eee eee 4445