Tom Ojienda and Associates v County Government of Nairobi
(Miscellaneous Application E269 of 2020) [2024] KEHC 2796 (KLR)
(Constitutional and Human Rights) (20 March 2024) (Ruling)
Neutral citation: [2024] KEHC 2796 (KLR)
REPUBLIC OF KENYA
IN THE HIGH COURT AT NAIROBI (MILIMANI LAW COURTS)
CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS
MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATION E269 OF 2020
LN MUGAMBI, J
MARCH 20, 2024
BETWEEN
PROF. TOM OJIENDA AND ASSOCIATES ......................................... APPLICANT
AND
COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAIROBI ....................................... RESPONDENT
RULING
1. Through a Chamber Summons application dated 7th December 2021, the applicant challenged the
ruling by the Taxing Master, Hon. Njeri Thuku’s dated 9th November 2021 on Advocate – Client Bill
of Costs dated 3rd September 2020.
2. In the application, the applicant sought the following reliefs against the respondent:
i. Spent.
ii. That the ndings and Ruling of Hon. Njeri Thuku in Misc. Application No. E269 of 2020
taxation with regard to the applicant’s Bill of Costs awarding a sum of Ksh.191,524 be varied
and/or set aside in relation to Item No.1.
iii. That the Advocates Bill of Costs dated 3rd September 2020 be taxed afresh inter-partes and/or
this Court proceeds to make a nding.
iv. That this Honourable Court be pleased to interrogate the applicant’s Bill of Costs in light of
the actual work done and adopt the applicant’s proposal on taxation of the costs.
v. That costs and further incidentals to the application be provided for.
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2024/2796/eng@2024-03-20 1
vi. That such further or other relief as the Honourable Court may deem just and expedient to
grant.
Applicant’s case
3. The application is based on the grounds set out on the face of the application and in the applicant’s
supporting adavit of even date.
4. In a nutshell, he deponed that the Advocate – Client Bill of Costs arose from Petition No.174 of 2011
where he represented the respondent. The subject matter of the suit was the respondent’s wrongful
seizure of the petitioner’s items of trade and loss of income during that period. The value of the subject
matter was Ksh.96,332,157.75.
5. After the matter was heard and determined, the applicant led a Bill of Costs dated 3rd September
2020 wherein he sought Ksh.14,023,487.60 against the respondent. However, Hon. Njeri Thuku
taxed the Bill and awarded him Ksh.191,524 on Item 1 being instruction fees, hence taxing o
Ksh.13,381,963.60.
6. The applicant is aggrieved by this nding and contends that the taxing master failed to adequately
address herself on the nature and importance of the matter. He assails the ruling on the grounds that
the taxing master did not consider the time expended in preparing and ling the substantial documents
after the receipt of instructions from the respondent.
7. He contended that the taxing master erred in law by failing to award full instruction fees in disregard
of the principles of taxation as governed by the Advocates (Remuneration) Order thereby taxing the
Bill of Costs at fairly low and awarding an unreasonable sum.
Respondent’s Case
8. The respondent in opposing the applicant’s Reference led its grounds of opposition dated 25th July
2022 on the premise that:
i. The application is an aront to the clear provisions of Rule 16 of the Advocates (Remuneration)
Order, 2014 which grants the taxing master discretion.
ii. The taxing master considered all the relevant factors in arriving at her decision.
iii. The taxing master took into account the principles of taxation in conformity with Rule 5 of
the Advocates (Remuneration) Order.
iv. The application is misconceived.
Petitioner’s Submissions
9. The petitioner led two sets of written submissions and a list of authorities dated 20th May 2022 and
3rd July 2023. In the rst set of submissions, the applicant relied on the case of Ochieng, Onyango, Kibet
and Ohaga Advocates v Adopt a Light Limited [2007] eKLR where the Court held as follows:
“ …the taxing master must consider the case and labour required in the matter, the nature
or importance of the matter, moreso the amount or value of the subject matter involved
the interest of the client in sustaining or losing the benet and the complexity of the
dispute. In assessing an amount commensurate to the work undertaken, it is of fundamental
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2024/2796/eng@2024-03-20 2
importance to consider the value of the subject. And when the subject matter is unknown,
the Court is empowered to make what is available as a point of reference…”
10. The applicant further stated that Schedule 6 of Advocates (Remuneration) Order provides that the
value of the subject matter in litigation can be ascertained from the pleadings, the judgement or the
from a settlement between the parties. Considering this, the applicant submitted that the value of the
subject matter in the substantive suit (Petition No.174 of 2011) was ascertainable from the pleadings
as Ksh.96,332,157.74 which the taxing master failed to consider in making her decision.
11. The applicant likewise submitted that the taxing master erred in principle and law and failed to
apply her discretion judiciously in awarding an Instruction Fee that was not proportional to the value
of the subject matter in Item 1. According to him had the taxing principles been applied properly
by the taxing master, the accurate amount of the Instruction Fees after taxation would have been
Ksh.2,144,982.37.
12. In the second set of submissions, the applicant submitted in that the taxing master failed to consider
the written submissions on the Instruction Fees. Essentially, Counsel submitted that the taxing master
failed to consider the principle of fair reimbursement in awarding Ksh.100,000 as Instruction Fees
owing to the complex legal issues that pertained violation and denial of constitutional rights in the
substantive suit. To buttress this point reliance was placed on the case of Kipkorir, Tito and Kiara
Advocates v Deposit Protection Fund Board [2005] eKLR where it was observed that:
“ On reference to a Judge from the taxation by the Taxing Ocer, the Judge will not normally
interfere with the exercise of discretion by the Taxing Ocer unless the Ocer, erred in
principle in assessing the costs.”
13. The applicant moreover stressed that the taxing master did not consider the value of the subject matter
in making her decision hence making an error by unreasonably reducing the Instruction Fee. He
pointed out that the Court in the case of Kamunyori and Compnay Advocates v Development Bank of
Kenya Limited [2015] Civil Appeal No. 206 of 2006 held that:
“ …. Failure to ascertain the correct subject matter in a suit for the purpose of taxation is an
error of principle. So too, failure to ascribe the correct value to the subject matter is an error
of principle. Authorities on taxation show that a judge will normally not interfere with the
taxing ocer’s decision on taxation unless it is based on an error of principle. Where it is
shown that the sum awarded was so manifestly excessive as to justify interference, an error
of principle can be inferred. If the instruction fee is arrived at on the wrong principles, it
will be set aside.”
14. Comparable reliance was placed on the cases of Joreth Limited v Kigano and Associates (2002)1 EA 92,
Del Monte Kenya Limited v Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KNCCI) Murang’a
Chapter and 2 others [2021] eKLR, D. Njogu and Company Advocates v Panafcon Engineering Limited
[2006] eKLR and Beatrice Kariuki and Associates Advocates v Gatoka Limited [2017] eKLR to
emphasize the issue on taxation of Instruction Fees.
15. The applicant also urged the Court to be guided by the principles for taxation of bill of costs
as summarized in the case of Premchard Raichand Ltd v Quarry Services of East Africa Ltd.
(No.3 )[1972]EA 162 as cited in the case of Brampton Investment Limited v Attorney General and 2
others[2013] eKLR.
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2024/2796/eng@2024-03-20 3
16. It is for this reason, he seeks to have this Court order that the impugned Bill of Costs be taxed afresh
before a dierent taxing master so as to realize the rightful amounts owed to him for the services
rendered to the respondent.
Respondent’s Submissions
17. The respondent through its Counsel, Amadi and Amadi Advocates led written submissions dated
25th July 2022. Counsel begun by submitting that the substantive suit did not proceed to trial as the
same was dismissed for want of prosecution on 14th June 2013 with no Orders as to costs. On this
premise, Counsel submitted that the taxing master in making her decision in the applicant’s Bill of
Costs had considered the work done while relying on the Advocates Remuneration Order, 2006.
18. Counsel stressed that as a principle, this Court cannot interfere with the taxing master’s discretion
unless it appears that the same was not exercised prudently or was exercised improperly. That is to say,
before interfering with such a decision the court must be satised that the taxing master’s Ruling was
outrightly wrong. He relied on the case of Visser v Gubb [1981] (3)SA 753 (C) 754H – 755C where
the Court held as follows:
“ The Court will not interfere with the exercise of [the] discretion [of the taxing master]
unless it appears that the Taxing Master has not exercised his discretion judicially and has
exercised it improperly, for example, by disregarding factors which he should properly have
considered, or considering matters which it was improper for him to have considered; or
he has failed to bring his mind to bear on the question in issue; or he has acted on a wrong
principle. The Court will also interfere where it is of opinion that the Taxing Master was
clearly wrong but it will only do so if it is in the same position as, or a better position than,
the Taxing Master to determine the point in issue.”
19. Counsel further submitted that principally the determination of quantum of the costs is determined
by the taxing master as guided by the applicable principles which include the diculty and complexity
of the issues, the length of the trial, the value of the subject matter and other factors that may aect
the fairness of an award of costs. To buttress this point reliance was placed on the case of Republic v
Ministry of Agriculture and 2 others Ex parte Muchiri W’njuguna and 6 others [2006] eKLR where
it was held that:
“ The taxation of costs is not a mathematical exercise; it is entirely a matter of opinion based on
experience. A court will not therefore interfere with the award of a taxing ocer particularly
where he is an ocer of great experience, merely because it thinks the award is somewhat
too high or too low. It will only interfere if it thinks the award is so high or so low as to
amount to an injustice to one party or the other…The Court cannot interfere with the taxing
ocer’s decision on taxation unless it is shown that either the decision was based on an error
of principle of the fee awarded was manifestly excessive as to justify an interference that it
was based on an error of principle…”
20. Counsel thus submitted that the taxing master did not err in taxation of the Bill of Costs pointing
that the taxation was proportionate to the work done by the applicant hence the Applicant’s reference
should be dismissed with costs.
Analysis and Determination
21. Only one issue arises for determination, namely:
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2024/2796/eng@2024-03-20 4
1. Whether the taxing Ocer in her Ruling dated 9th November 2021 failed to apply the relevant
principles of taxation in determining the Instruction Fees.
22. Rule 10 and Rule 16 of the Advocates Remuneration Order, 2009 denes the taxing ocer for purposes
of taxation and species the factors to be considered in the exercise of that authority which essentially
is discretionary power. This Rules state thus:
Rule 10 - ‘The taxing ocer for the taxation of bills under this Order shall be the Registrar
or a district or deputy registrar of the High Court or, in the absence of a registrar, such other
qualied ocer as the Chief Justice may in writing appoint; except that in respect of bills
under Schedule 4 to the order the taxing ocer shall be the registrar of trade marks or any
deputy or assistant registrar of trade marks.’
Rule 16 - ‘Notwithstanding anything contained in this Order, on every taxation the taxing
ocer may allow all such costs, charges and expenses as authorized in this Order as shall
appear to him to have been necessary or proper for the attainment of justice or for defending
the rights of any party, but, save as against the party who incurred the same, no costs shall be
allowed which appear to the taxing ocer to have been incurred or increased through over-
caution, negligence or mistake, or by payment of special charges or expenses to witnesses or
other persons, or by other unusual expenses.’
23. The jurisprudence as to when a Court can interfere with the taxing master’s decision is now well settled.
In Nyangito & Co. Advocates v Doinyo Lessos Creameries Ltd [2014] eKLR, it was held thus:
“ … The circumstances under which a Judge of the High Court interferes with the taxing
ocer’s exercise of discretion are now well known. These principles are,
(1) that the Court cannot interfere with the taxing ocer’s decision on taxation
unless it is shown that either the decision was based on an error of principle,
or the fee awarded was manifestly excessive as to justify an inference that it was
based on an error of principle;
(2) it would be an error of principle to take into account irrelevant factors or
to omit to consider relevant factors and, according to the Remuneration
Order itself, some of the relevant factors to be taken into account include the
nature and the importance of the cause or matter, the amount or value of the
subject matter involved, the interest of the parties, the general conduct of the
proceedings and any direction by the trial judge;
(3) if the Court considers that the decision of the Taxing Ocer discloses errors
of principle, the normal practise is to remit it back to the taxing ocer for
reassessment unless the Judge is satised that the error cannot materially have
aected the assessment and the Court is not entitled to upset a taxation because
in its opinion, the amount awarded was high;
(4) it is within the discretion of the Taxing Ocer to increase or reduce the
instruction fees and the amount of the increase or reduction is discretionary;
(5) the Taxing Ocer must set out the basic fee before venturing to consider
whether to increase or reduce it;
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2024/2796/eng@2024-03-20 5
(6) the full instruction fees to defend a suit are earned the moment a defence has
been led and the subsequent progress of the matter is irrelevant to that item
of fees;
(7) the mere fact that the defendant does research before ling a defence and
then puts a defence informed of such research is not necessarily indicative of
the complexity of the matter as it may well be indicative of the advocate’s
unfamiliarity with basic principles of law and such unfamiliarity should not be
turned into an advantage against the adversary. These principles were stated in
the case of First American Bank of Kenya v Shah and Others [2002] 1 EA 64."
20. Further it has been held that the Court should interfere with the decision of the Taxing Ocer
where there has been an error in principle but should not do so in questions solely of quantum
as that is an area where the Taxing Ocer is more experienced and therefore more apt to the
job; the court will intervene only in exceptional cases and multiplication factors should not
be considered when assessing costs by the Taxing Ocer or even the Judge on appeal; the
costs should not be allowed to rise to such level as to conne access to court to the wealthy; a
successful litigant ought to be fairly reimbursed for the costs he had to incur in the case; the
general level of remuneration of Advocates must be such as to attract recruits to the profession;
so far as practicable there should be consistency in the awards made; every case must be decided
on its own merit and in every variable degree, the value of the suit property may be taken into
account; the instructions fees ought to take into account the amount of work done by the
advocate, and where relevant, the subject matter of the suit as well as the prevailing economic
conditions; one must envisage a hypothetical counsel capable of conducting the particular case
eectively but unable or unwilling to insist on the particular high fee sometimes demanded
by counsel of pre-eminent reputation; then one must know that what fee this hypothetical
character would be content to take on the brief; clearly it is important that advocates should
be well motivated but it is also in the public interest that cost be kept to a reasonable level so
that justice is not put beyond the reach of poor litigants.”
24. In making a taxation decision, the taxing master ought to be guided by the principles of taxation as laid
out in the case of Premchand Raichand Ltd v Quarry Services of East Africa Ltd (supra). The Court
outlined the principles of taxation as follows:
“ (a) That costs should not be allowed to rise to a level as to conne access to justice
to the wealthy.
(b) That a successful litigant ought to be fairly reimbursed for the cost he has had
to incur.
(c) that the general level of remuneration of Advocates must be such as to attract
recruits to the profession.
(d) so far as practicable there should be consistency in the award made and
(e) The Court will only interfere when the award of the taxing ocer is so high or
so low as to amount to an injustice to one party.”
25. It is also important that the taxing master in taxing the Bill of Costs to apply the applicable Schedule
of the Advocates (Remuneration) Order to make a determination. The Ugandan Court of Appeal case
of Makula International v Cardinal Nsubuga & Another [1982] HCB 11 was cited with approval in
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2024/2796/eng@2024-03-20 6
the case of Truth Justice & Reconciliation Commission v Chief Justice of the Republic of Kenya & another
[2014] eKLR in that regard in which the Court held as follows:
“ The taxing ocer should, in taxing a bill, rst nd the appropriate scale fee in schedule VI,
and then consider whether the basic fee should be increased or reduced. He must give reasons
for deciding that the basic fee should be increased or decreased. When he has decided that
the scale should be exceeded, he does not arrive at a gure which he awards by multiplying
the scale fee by a multiplication factor, but places what he considers a fair value upon the
work or responsibility involved. Lastly, he taxes the instruction fee, either by awarding the
basic fee or by increasing or decreasing it.”
26. Correspondingly, the Court in the case of Republic v Minister of Agriculture & 2 others ex parte Samuel
Muchiri W’njuguna (supra) discussing the issue of instruction fees outlined the following principles:
“… the taxation of advocates’ instruction fees is to seek no more and no less than
(ii) reasonable compensation for professional work done;
(iii) the taxation of advocates’ instruction fees should avoid any prospect of unjust
enrichment, for any particular party or parties;
(iv) so far as apposite, comparability should be applied in the assessment of
advocate’s instruction fees…”
27. Turning to the taxation reference now before this Court, the taxing ocer had referred to the case
Royal Media Services v Telkom Kenya Limited and 13 others [2010] eKLR in which the Court had
applied the principles enunciated in Premchand Rainchard Ltd & Another v Quarry Services of East
Africa Ltd [1972] E.A 162. The Taxing Ocer reasoned that the instant suit, being a constitutional
petition, the relevant schedule was Schedule VI under the applicable law at the time which was the
Advocates Remuneration Order, 2006. In taxing o Ksh.13,831,964/- from the applicant’s Bill of Costs
which was Ksh.14,023,488/- the Taxing Ocer justied that decision on the petition should not be
made a preserve of the wealthy or be lead to impoverish litigation.
28. The reasons considered in making the decision for each Item in the Bill of Costs was particularized
in detail by the Taxing Ocer in the impugned Ruling. On Instruction Fees (Item 1), the Taxing
Ocer stated that the Item was taxed according to the Schedule VI of the Advocates Remuneration
Order,2006. This Order provided Ksh. 28,000/- as the minimum Instruction Fees but in her discretion
she taxed Item 1 and awarded Ksh.100,000/- as instructions .
29. The Advocates (Remuneration) (Amendment) Order, 2006 under Schedule VI provided as follows on
the issue of Instruction Fees:
Instruction Fees
The fee for instructions in suits shall be as follows, unless the taxing ocer in his discretion
shall increase or (unless otherwise provided) reduce it:
(a) To sue in any proceedings (whether commenced by plaint, petition,
originating summons or notice of motion) in which no defence or other denial
of liability is led; where the value of the subject matter can be determined
from the pleading, judgement or settlement between the parties and –
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2024/2796/eng@2024-03-20 7
Ksh Ksh Ksh
500000 28000
500000 750000 35000
750000 1000000 49000
1000000 20,000,000 fees as for -
Shs.1,000,000 plus an
additional 1.5 per
cent
Over 20,0000,000 Fees as for 20,000,000 -
plus an additional
1.25%
30. The applicant contended that the substantive suit subject matter was Ksh.96,332,157,75. However,
there was no judgement attached to this application to conrm that this was the value of subject matter.
Further, the applicant did not dispute the assertion by the Respondent (client) that the matter was in
fact dismissed for want of prosecution on 14th July 2013 by the Court. It is a matter that died naturally
on its own. In addition, the applicant made assertion that the matter involved complex issues but made
no attempt to demonstrate the name of complexity before this court or before the taxing master. As was
held in the Ugandan case of Mukula International v Cardinal Nsubuga & Anor [1982] HCB 11 relied
on Truth Justice & Reconciliation Commission v Chief Justice if Kenya & Anor (supra), what matters
in determining what the appropriate amount to either increase or decrease basic fees provided is the
fair value upon the work or responsibility involved. Going by the fact the Petition was not prosecuted,
the value was not proved and complexity of the issues involved was not demonstrated. It is dicult
to fault the decision of the taxing ocer in taxing o a big chunk of the Kshs. 8,000,000/- which was
sought as instruction fees. It is my nding that the Taxing Ocer exercised her discretion judiciously
and properly applied her mind in arriving at her decision.
31. The inescapable conclusion in view of the above reasons is that this reference fails and is hereby
dismissed with costs to the Respondent.
DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED AT NAIROBI THIS 20TH DAY OF MARCH, 2024.
……………………………………….**
L N MUGAMBI
JUDGE
https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2024/2796/eng@2024-03-20 8
