2) 33] 3]

INTRODUCTION 1.5 Introduction

system. except can so saving
it cost heating
beby risk dryingHeaing
clectrie as Heating-Arc
Frequency Exercises--Problems.
also are can which heat heating
higher heatingheating is for
had
it 2.
5. hand 4. as 1.
9.
60%, be It 8. 7. 6. be of 3. is being industrial
the is Upper Ease
Absence
Cleanliness.a in
Economical.
well and
10. Better has heat High
successfully required,since Special the accurately
provided
Automatic atmsphere
operated heating
(coal, is
of of clean labour Power
radiating
Safe 30% produced as welding. required --Modes
beenlossesnon-conducting of
t,y.
Efficiency material ability
in oil Furnaces--Induction
Working and this Heating Limit Control. system of maintenance cost equipnment. purposes Supply
through in or or
Electriclosses practicallythereby are of
Protection. Flue
or Since onElectric gas for of
60%
utilised system or the of electric by over Practically Transfer
involved. of heating fully objects and large domestic
Conditions. Teperature. Simple, Gases. heating) such
Sources--Dielectric
heating are
respectively. reducing Requiremenis. materialsuitable dust other
whereas
Utilisation. materials,
of heating
automatic cost. The
low. ascertained
cleaning scale. heating
being as of
heating, and
of Automatic accurate Since systems It aremain purposes melting
all HeatClassification
is
Thus to
one switchgears ash does the Heating-High
the system, heated is
given
quiteElectric in heating withstand switches. nocosts
working "There are economical advantages heating of
cases that losses. the The particular and flue ofnot such
safe sourceoverall Certain protectionwhich and completely ure heating. require below metals,HeatingChoice
heating of 75 is reliable gas
Further with no in Desired rendered as
243 and with gas, to heat. operation requirements, :
portion upper the is is of
as hardening cooking
100% efficiency can requirementsno Frequency of
respondselectric
system solid against
not produced Electrical any electric
electric
be electric termperature eliminated Electric
of there oxidation, of limit temperature
convenient to attention
Electric
fuel brought is, and of
heat of the a and
produces
furnaces
quickly. and is
electric to
heating therefore, in
minimum. furnacesheating can Eddy
Frequency-Heating
no job over-currents energy heating
produced directly can of the this in
in
control so tempering, be
oil product heating
without or electric Current
heating
is no
heating temperature
be other system, their
is are over met
system.
temperaturehygienic. of
MethodsResistance
convenient
irritating to
met also Solved
by can cheaperis otherbuildings, by
ofthe effecting such heating
or heating case HeatingHigh Heating
electric
the is only very a some
combustion
compáratively over-heating be so considerable
Examples
point as had there systems
hardening,
efficiencies inobtainable cycle cheap in
uniform systems. system, form as
andnoise heating electric
others, either initial
where is well
cool. and can no as of of
in
 have clemenL where
very which be given from respectively.
absolute by of heater,
heatingwhere temperature are
with currents air heated
air or where through
meras
heated Heat 3. In the the centimcre It atifferent A).4.
Sincc Hca: For Heat expands in substanCe
may
Radiation.
by he
tfurnaces The the thusupwards 2. In The hcatd
is T, a
followinghcater. casc
rad1ationunity and dissipation, verticYl etc. and Convgeio7.
a give radiator k a be l0DES
efficient in is Stefan'source
s dissipation, dissipation, quantity result.
gradually
contiiious is and
it plate rate
temperature
betwcen C of su}stance
modcs
T, b he durng expressed per
or
fabsolutc, It of across
u! anl ow temperate of rom
of
of hcat sirfaces expression. and are also 'ic that OF
hea black
is law, heat n of
some clementcoccient
rises.
temperature thickn:ss continconduon by
H constants,
whose the Thos one
proportional 0.5 transfer
this T, Hheating hcat the heated
depends leat TR.NSPEii
whch
ting =
according H = flow
without heating o! cold otre u pr wil}l
body and k of 5.72 = in are a(T; absorbedwhole their in is
at is
sourcc mode 3.875 element oi by of cfits beaf
a x th e tranferied
air a is whilo
metres, i Mof
high 0.8 by air, -
partly water this heat room therma! jicr
andconstant 10ª of T,) heating given calong anothar
for heating
convection
to temperatures the
of element. flowing (ivo is
to is of heat (T, th e doaling h0ur
peratures. the srveral which above frompassing means. iorcceives faces rnsferrcd heat i OF
equal heat above- value Wm on water lhe having
by
transfer T,)20 the into
conductivity by HAI
d1llerence known the the colder This cquipment kA T, per a or to
in th e A convection clectric
substance
elements to is depend position heaterupwards heat squarebrtweon another
"C medium expression in
similar take (T, and
x-scctional
0.9 of surroundings process are
absolute, as thwatts/m²
e not the parts
itsfrom - T,°C
olfor raint heat to the for for T) hcat1ng. metrC
upon of bytank w0 subsance
depends tconducion.
lourlh placed in any across action of place.
is in T
resistance heating the
convection contact absolute area
reaches becomes
between. the buillings. case the
called substances
T, great the heater. becomes per
efficiency,
side and takes room. Thus material
powe's is W/m the ot upon
tenperature heating
surface convection. ofimmersion with its metre cony at
heating by extent.
the upon immersed the
Rate Hcatdepcnds hot. place The there the The two he i
ot side substance in quantity or n osr
rri
eperatu'eS, k surface the rOom air paralle
is of and dissipation element.)The
in MJ/m/m/Chour is tonnjeralure in cou
elemets andunitr heat size anThese a in
the mainly and typ: wait inrltn acitomprEare
e of heater constant contact
substana is of electric fares
of
or radiation to facilities water
emissiiÚl fluid th e convection its h:at por
be upon
is clemnt content A
grlrn)
heatei surface heated with su' s
We sing a in (52 given water flow h pas yuarn
(3.3 the
to C for T
:s o: a (: tor) re
 i8re
s
.(5.2) ivencface 1 1ent, ater ents :tion ofW th,a ater (5.1) nt.
Can /e 2ce to...(3.4) LOn is .(5.3) the
ity,single
iv ted n
°Cfor

heating. arc
resistarnce heatng. Plecric 33.
to and
method fromother heating
water.
hcated.induction
heating.
indircct
heating.
the in
(about upon
radiation heating are induction
electro-magnetic
treatment the dry 2. 1. Higin Similarly Resistance CLASSIFICATGN
elopedmetal to operate 3.
heat
heat resistance 5. (iüi) (ii) () 4. the the high
0ndirect Direct heating
7. induced 6. following
different
3,000-3,500°C) ways: ArcInfra-red
the is
Indirect Direct
welding. arc in
indirectBy arc to By on
method By heating This Induetionfrequency heating
Dielectric
electrodes the treatment
body used
on
element striking
the thisstriking Heating. wet resistance
and furnace
of striking principle
Resistance archeating
owing
non-metallic this in to
of charge paints in
Resistance
convection. the metals Induction principle the be orelement heatng and
n
principle. Induction the
action immersion heatingheating
to
acrossHeating. produce heat an the heat the Radiant
heated of De
heating furnaces. of (ii) can
the are body arc
byarc Drlr OF
is in
depending The on metals. material heating
isarc to Heating. cai be
radiation. are an
electric which
naterials. Certain the other used Heating. tothe between betweendirectly arc up the
Heating.
can can infra-red
be
further
In element Heating. known between object.
Heating. ELECTRIC
be
body drawn in heaters,forming
body further be
this heat is fu Cassified
forms heated to upon the
a conducted employed Electric classified ther or
losses high method types melt to In an The the as by classified
Non-metallic which by be th e between form resistance Electric be radiant
o the Heat the a classified
voltage electro-magnetic of
In ofthe
directdevelop heated. thiselectrodefurnaces twdirect heating HEATING
taking this charge electrode of agency
classified as
induction
of is electrodes. and current
charge method energy in(resistance into (i)
electric transferred method arc electro-magnetic two current heating. as
having induction the The and taken ovens,eleinent; as () power
place. material operating furnaces. and of (i)
heat electrodes is as ()direct
ovens andinduced of the material. from radiation made inducticn METHODS
heating of In by th e is (i) direct
high heating domestic frequency
action.
electricheating: eddy and two this the heat direct resistance
to to an madewelding
on electrode to
frequency be used the
use current thus
currents metallic method charge. The incandescent
radiations, or pass arc
heated for Eddy the this develops so to inductionheating
of bodyheating convection.
and
developed heaiing
heat raisecurrents
principle electric pass thrGughand heating
dielecrie pieces the The or heating,
is 1s currents heaters when comnercial electrode
treatn:ent to the heat electrodes. high through and
applied,wlaved furnaces This heating and
be the arc lamp
temperature. flowing are to are Normally is the (i ) and
losses heated seteddy used be is temperature may is () (u)
between
the induced joined,transferred known employed is
transferred a body dielectric
boiler indirectindirect íii)
up operating be focused cooking wire and
is ofcurrents r
fothrough In high
used this to
hea nade metals up, in hear this or for be (ii)
tyo by the In by as as
is
 operating
furnaces
having
normalisingheating. operating
coatings, their heaters
is cooking, bejacket the
radiation
purposes, as
must modes high
element heatheating,
radiation. andshort-circuit.
andeasily high heated RESISTANCE
HEATING of 5.4. 246
termed highly
some ofsingle electrodes
in theresistance mayheating,elements. obtainedpotteries,
domestic Resistance
metals
Resistance providedThis heating heatçng Indirect 2. in heating
be resistance high
efficiency
3-the supply
be 1.
containing proportionalof th e charge
ac phase Direct
They and and in is variable, (annealing,
vulcanising as arrangement If the
temperature supply.
in the in
cooking.
of
where and contacttransfer delivered electrode are and There stoving has
heating
oven. in in element chanber, the ac in the ovens
are salt current The and material wide
steel temperature. this convection heat supply immersed
case currentResistance
form
Ovens various a material
Resistance therefore,since
also
and Resistance bath the large current'flows connected When are
Temperature
emploving of
case. with heat of to hardening
transfer to of enamelled
appiicationsbased is
non-ferrousemployed and furnaces. provides charge. kept is is th e
IR is boiler can heatresistive and
of or two
and types
This passed someavailabilitypowder. is
temperatures amountrequired the viz. forming
for in
passed chargemethods
hardening charge loss automatic
for be is to»supplythree upon
Furnaces. Low in charge. is the Heating. wire
ovens method the conduction, Heating. obtained. produced powderpieces
of a a of byproduced heating charge upto ware etc.), such the
for
temperature
through through electrodes pieces to
resistanceunitorm cylinder charge.conduction
charge for by a through resistances of
metals, are An heating of be
one temperature of in resistance about drying and as R
tempering of
betwWeen of heat In in is case direct and
heated In effect.
used
syntheticResistance enclosure, water. This
sprinkled metals or
heatingsurrounded isFor convectionand or in a_wire this the th e it. this commercial heat
melting temperature. to of are
connected a 1.000°C and
for ovens transfer the moreelement.
th e method chargecharge liquid. The is for
ireatmermt This
heat1ng be
industrial method availability
immersed current method
heating.
hardened
300°C dry1ng or are
1s heated, knownresistor heating of charge
taken as heating baking
can method
of other control over to
nonerroLs and materials furnaces employed inused the 'The ofitself. and Two and
chamber by by of be or to be of ot
and heating of
1,050Caresteel Automatic in is As heat the
bak1ng room not surface
arnd may Indirect the is
metals pieces. with is Direct
heaters,
domestic and possible.
used produced. ELECTRODES Utilizetion
commercial
potteries, betemperature currenttin
Resistance
annealing,
employedtor provision ofHeating
classified Resista:ce pieces
andMedium Fig.5.2 Lwww in Fig.5.1
immersion salt
However, This
stove of
drying for bath this to Electric
SUPPLY DC AC SUPPLY
and according OR methodavoid
enamelling
temperatureventilaticr. commercia! control Heating case Ac°DC
OR
domesue CHARGE ELEMENT
RESISTIVE furnacesuniform CHARGE POWDER
RESISTIVE HIGH
varnisih
water is direct 'oue
can not has
to
 VE
E

ure 10n :ial

ng. stic ish to er n
ng,

provisi0n
temperaures
urnace
employed Hig
circumstances. mounted
according to a or
atmosphere
onchamber
inner insulation or a metalother The
chambers
heating
chambers,are: and from or of refractory
The ieinpei
proportions
practical loss by material tiles.
top,
Thebefore thremains he proportions
e tdeveloping the Heating face resistance using
uniform
chambers A (d ) (c) (6) (a) mechanical the resistance framework. on heat of for
chamber. Heating from to to sides are The aiure
(iii)
u) (iproduction. (u) ()chamber. cylinder to to of and the carng is between
u) application
A(Intermittent it
major joint
ntinuous-type confine
store control control the required the insulatingdepicted hardening heating
Heating ForLong leaves stationary considerations the or
madeinside lining
outer top,
Supplementary the and of oven firnaces
and chambers resistors, modeChambers. effect bottomlayer
with material In In a
with as to furnace
:a
period sequenceshapeexterior heating th e the tconsiderations
he casing sides, The .idii. is i.050°C
continuous, of th e
some case much fo
proportionsr suit
surrounding in
elements
automatic service of of of constructed
the during cooling
andistribution
atmosphere insulation of the the heating
material
or applications.
fig.
ofchamber. of of heat these An of is havung
that cases may surfaces inside of and th e bottom
an and
heating batch-typecontinuous
heating of chamber,
a in insulation character steel 5.3 .
heating
beyond the heating t h e transfer enclosure oven
cannot movements beheating rate the modes the enclosure elements
charging Le., the diameter heat of layer supported of and 1,350°C
of operating
heat of of plate.
chamber and chamber 'batch' in of
around atmosphere design of a the firebricks
mass service. the keeping heat to of
as a
of
Tvpical
tarhaving
beheating application. type chamber, service. view. supplied charge, heating
th e heating
is of
range of are
and handled in of equal
be heat determined
of a
the bricks heat with oven, are
on
production some chambers, or the within used.circumstances
is is material This only the charge
transfer charge
ischarg1ng
indicated charge; if chamber. iNSULATNG
MATERIAL
and
'continuous' Electric
of chamberextended
to as
required; within chamber
the caseson 1deal the its may the The MATERIAL
The factory to and REFRACTORY
by HEARTHELEVENTS
-E73
conditions. capacity conveyors. slow
is
the cyclethrough utilisation is
height bechamber: and essential is be
for heating the known The the type
are where defined charge type. seldompracticable isheated
permit.
cooling. more may
planning chamber. related
of heating
maximum Resistance ofFurnace
essentially the manufacturing In permits represents
conveving
In by or includeis of features as by furnace Fig.5.3
flow heated th e attained primarily
some the less former takes material heating
radiationelements
of and The
of following cooling cooling wide an temperature or
material
thcases
e mechanisms as this are: oven.
it type, because economical.
andideal functions chanber. ATMOSPHERE
CONTROLLED OPENING
CONDUCTINIGFOR
continuous operations. latitude
into the
to or
are
movesof the temperature The D0P
batch is rateshape
enclosing
convection OPENING D0R
conditions. the the
of
mounted
reasonablv through charge account of of Apart natureof
heatin charge charge in
nmany the
the
heat and the
type in
in
tap-holesarrangud and lining furnace with
radiation the used.principle required.
Alternatively
1,000C
3,5and00 and influence toFURNACES
of ARC 5.5. Losses Heat Solution: Assume Example dailv.1 Surface
establish a When °C
tap-hole magnesite advantage Usually thencontinuous Surfacetemperature Dividing
is Even a from required The
high Water specific 5.4. area
are required for are
losses is
withdrawing Arc of Let water
inarcmade an Efficiency the area available
easy lincd conical electrostatic Volume
to to
A expresslon
also for drawn anarc voltage surface the cubic
mix are furnaces of spark, Energy raise be heat
ofdifference is
introducng a arc Loading Since
plareentand lo The with in across the
one heated
be reduced.large "C can of
heated of of water for
or shapes electricbetween is of the side (i)
depending the the tank, water heat
siuitably electrodes ground ire surface applied supplied the 82.0*2 heat
in bv
are
them also calledforces
an of from tank
is
temperature daily
tank tank tank d1ssipated
bricks, be air kW or 61 the
=6.3 expression ladiaion
the Meling the oturc twoback. the l= 20 has x
cylindrical and
across = = = = = = = 4,200 wl
or=
lincd. ganister horizontal produced gap tank watts. °C 2u
churge project area frnaces. on
electrodes arc. Input
Output 24 45x24 ms
324.3283.56.3x6.0x 6x1.0 1.0 6.0 surlace
In butbecomes J/kg/°C to
(t,- of 0.9 x m m Find be = = =2
adjustment. magnesite time per
To th e It an 1,000 1.0 65°C.
this -x100 = = + water m° Jo,000047 0.060915 (),82,0822x10.000Power
t) x metres area 1,295 we10,009 w
unit shape material by to is air 13.5 40.8 and the l
nunimize and through mix is maintain to = = 1.0 The
short-circuiting
produces method conducting gap, get liputmeres
takmg dependmg reduced. alsu cross-se
bath be kW = 5,400 5,400 = loading of
brihnd 324.3 283.5 one losses 6.0 0.000047 =m0.060915m3
Each but noted 324.3 kWh 40.8 = 1.0 = =
the Ans. kg.
the x kWh 0.00686
volume.recently tou of of an m m
heat out -x100 kWh 4,
lurne th e heat ar 200 : in per and
top 1s striking that
arcmedium. =kW
losss the in = x cubic 1 3.6square
upon s1lea is m
ot Bottom, cylindrcal. electrodes and thesmall a the 87.4% kWh (65
lt conical MJ. and fiiled =
molen stles
the is very metre 6.86
Dovdedwhctherbricks. consumes has antwo gap 20) the
metre
voltageCurrent Ans. to iy'is
ste mm
of sile shaped aarc,
electrodes high gets = water effi 90%
the used.
The temperature 1,020 of Ans.
etal.
ot high voltage ciency capacity
the the The walls less may ionised tank of
th
wichamb conicalshells flows MJ weights
boton: The Eiertrin
ioorsThese bas andpower volrage be = of
surfa
lartits momentaril is in 283.5 th e six
toot shane have use suificier.t under
doors required the L.000 ce Po:e:
Lap u'd a is and betweer tank. times
o is kWh per
h 1e'd lnof:h been !s .0: form the kg
ha tlh !
 three put therefore,
the heated
arc to by the
between e the
ascharge thfurnace, 5.5.1. heat baking
(i) shortened.:Carbon of
graphite
Self
refractory
atroof
furnace flow arc steel-melting
is large
toThe very carbon
are graphiteabout Owing in obtainable
employed ofuse of
inertness, may electrodes
has labour time.
and
charge size mechanism
one 1.
charge,
electrodes, direct process be aretoothed for and Llecric
ieatin
arcs the and size
ferro-alloys,
of isthe Direct of solely T'ypes be been The furnaces.often The pouring th
of in the shown brought electrodes, and 600 electrodes.
graphite
Carbon
are
corners the current arc the electrodes cheap cost
and electrodes for to
two electrodes direct while for area of °C lower in 18electrodes
selected
isfurnaces rack opening
electrodes madeare mechanical and placed equipped
formed. furnace electrodes Arc by furnacesofArc paste is
which the
ferro-alloys from cm
electrodes radiation. as in furnaces where consists
in nearer same to
self-baking In at the
of through contact shown fig. resistivity
aluminium,
temperature. highest In Furnace. theFurnaces.
it are carbon the 27 on inthis may the molten time
The
an to and 5. 4 , is as the with
and indirect-arc and formed bakedand obtainedis th e between aboutvariesabout current arc cm account used method bottom of
equilateral the in th e carbon and strength be
with the used, than
less is in chamber has
fig. (i) electrodes in door-charge side a
current surface are the the arc surface electro-chemical of between electrodes. arc motormetal to
taken charge.
the In indirect contained between resulting one graphite
at calcium diameter. of of
by their
for door
the be
charge charge a 5.5, formed is Arc special
charge furnace paste, of
electrodes about
half and furnaces through
passing direct furnaces heating charging by whichreduced.
triangle,vertically of and of halfone as charging.
the Since arc 2.2 7about
electrodes resistance
3,000 electrical a platform.
is theallowfor carbon thatof400 (onecarbide, With Material drop type
itself, and heatbetween into in and in
charge heated arc the
furnaces. of drives
through are thin refractory the are CJ furnaces
easyfourth °C bucket th e or the The
case heat in is arc 4.5 graphite three
projectdownward a an carbon uniform moremuch samefor 6.8 Under phosphorous are conductivity, and
the direct furnace transmitted theto of steel anthracite made of and
replacement. to of roof Top the furnace
doora
and of is by isthe electrode: twcomposition
o depends whose kg top-charge pinion
charge formed that and used3,500thermal thtypes
e handledcharging
also
a producing electrodes typescylinder. In graphite fo r 9 of opening
the on insingle arc charge electrodes lining electrodes.
Electrode average
kg electrodes
or th e
a
a produced direct of of in with c¡rbon °C; rests
charge 3-phaseths through
can furnace, between electrolytic
carbon), shock.
namely furnace which
phase namely electrodes Theinsolubility, by is
charge acts heating.
and, weight as conditions Graphite etc.small an
type. in on
be, arc and arc The electrodes. growing the
develops to trend The namely
Self electrode, carbon overhead isLarge meshesplatform
furnace therefore,
acoal graphite furnacesfor
flow very and production removed, side
through Furnacc However, per baking is size
DirectArc of graphite begins
the towardinfusibility carbon
electrodes, furnace in with
of
which
high tonne of favour
HEATING ELECTRODES current electrodes Carbon
consumption for the crane. the
tromagnetic three Fig.5.4 CHAMBER CHARGE ARC
consumption electrodes is these and a
the temperature. upon
typethe coke the required manufacture
to of
temperature and semi-circular shell.
hastarhec of th e installations can
electrodes electrodes.
life steel aluminium.
oxidise electrodes , This afor
roof produces where as graphite complete
graphite
general chemical medium be
of saves Tiltingtitled
and with half 257
the are
of at