Mustard seesd secondary school busota
Sudan
Water scarcity in sudan
"Assessing the Impact of Climate Change and Conflict on Water Scarcity in Sudan: Challenges
and Sustainable Solutions"
Sudan is geographically located at the crossroads of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle
East and stretches across the Red Sea. Sudan shares borders with seven countries
including Libya and Egypt to the North, Chad to the West, the Central African Republic to
the South-West, South Sudan to the South, Ethiopia to the South-East and Eritrea to the
East. The White and Blue Niles meet in Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan, and merge to
become the Nile River that flows all the way to the Mediterranean Sea via Egypt. Sudan
has a Sahelian belt with the desert in the far north, fertile land in the Nile valleys, the
Gezira and across the rest of the country from Darfur to Kassala via Blue Nile and
Kordofan States for farming and livestock herding. The country is sparsely populated and
shares international borders with Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African
Republic, Chad, and Libya. The River Nile traverses the country from south to north
providing a crucial water source, while the Red Sea washes close to 900km of the eastern
coast, making Sudan a sea bridge between Africa and the Middle East The current
population of Sudan is 51,565,714 as of Friday, June 6, 2025 based on Worldometer’s
elaboration of the latest United Nations data1Furthermore, there is a risk of Famine in seventeen
additional areas. Half of the population (24.6 million people) is facing high levels of acute food
insecurity Rural population (% of total population) in Sudan was reported at 63.66 % in 2023,
according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially
recognized sources. Sudan - Rural population - actual values, historical data, forecasts and
projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025. It is of importance to note
that the main staple of the Sudanese is a special type of bread called Kissra, which is made
of durra or corn, Kissra is taken together with a stew and this has become the main dish in
central and Sudan in general.
The main components of which these stews are made are dried meat, dried onions, spices
and peanut butter. Other substances could be added like milk and yoghurt. These are used
in preparing two well- known stews; Ni’aimiya and dried ocra is used in preparing other
stews like Waika, Bussaara and Sabaroag. Miris is a stew that is made from sheep’s fat,
onions and dried okra. Other vegetables like potatoes, eggplants and others are used in
preparing their stews meat, onions and spices.
These stews are accompanied with porridge (Asseeda), which is made with wheat flour or
corn. Other times Kissra is used. As for the popular appetizers in Sudan, there is
(Elmaraara) and (Umfitit) that are made of parts of sheep like the lungs, liver and
stomach. To these are added onions, peanut butter and salt, it is eaten raw.
Also other types of porridges are popular in Sudan which are made of wheat, Dhukhun and
dates. They are taken together with milk, sugar and margarine. Soups are an important
component of the Sudanese food, the most popular are Kawari’, which is made of cattle’s
or sheep’s hoofs in addition to vegetables and spices. Also there is Elmussalammiya,
which is made with liver, flour, dates and spices. In Sudan, families get their food from a
variety of sources, but access can vary significantly depending on location, income, and the
ongoing conflict. Here’s a breakdown of where families typically get food.In urban areas and
towns, many families buy food from local markets, shops, and supermarkets.
The status and severity of water scarcity in Sudan, particularly in relation to climate change and
conflict, are dire and continue to worsen. Here's an overview based on the latest available
information: . Climate Change ImpactsIncreased Vulnerability: Sudan ranks as the world's
fifth most vulnerable country to climate change, with 151 out of 189 localities classified as
highly susceptible to natural hazards, including flooding and water scarcity.
.The livelihoods of Sudanese affected by climate and conflict are compounded by the dynamics
of human mobility. Rural communities in the north are especially affected by climate impacts,
which exacerbate existing patterns of rural-urban migration After 14 months of escalating
internal conflict, Sudan is now confronting its most severe food security crisis on record. The
latest situation report, released on 27 June, reveals a grim picture: more than half the population
of 47.2 million is facing acute food insecurity. This signifies severe lack of food, high
malnutrition and starvation leading to death.
Food insecurity is measured on the widely accepted five-stage Integrated Food Security Phase
Classification (IPC). The five phases range from “minimal” (people have enough food) through
“stressed”, “crisis” and “emergency” to “famine” (extreme lack of food, starvation, very high
death rates). This scale is intended to help governments and other humanitarian actors quickly
understand a situation and take action.
Sudan’s deteriorating situation stems from an escalation in conflict and organised violence
among Sudanese armed factions in the civil war that started in April 2023. This has also made
the work of monitoring the food crisis particularly hard. The IPC’s technical working group for
Sudan has faced huge challenges in updating its assessment analysis. These include security
threats, lack of physical access, and data gaps in hotspot areas.
. It is our view that with no end to the conflict in sight and difficulties to provide humanitarian
assistance, the prospects are dire for tens of millions in Sudan. The impact of climate change and
conflict on water scarcity in Sudan is severe and multidimensional. Both factors interact to exacerbate
an already fragile water situation in the country. Here's a detailed breakdown:
1. Climate Change Impacts on Water Scarcity in Sudan Reduced Rainfall &DroughtsSudan
has experienced declining and erratic rainfall patterns, particularly in the arid and semi-arid
regions (e.g., Darfur, Kordofan).
2. Conflict and Water Scarcity in Sudan Destruction of InfrastructureOngoing conflicts
(e.g., in Darfur, South Kordofan, and more recently in Khartoum and other cities) have led to
intentional and collateral damage to water infrastructure like pumps, treatment plants, and
pipelines.
3. Climate-Conflict Nexus Climate change intensifies resource competition, especially
between farmers and pastoralists, often contributing to inter-communal conflicts.In Darfur and
other regions, changing rainfall and shrinking pastures have fueled violent clashes, further
worsening access to water and degrading local water sources.
Solutions
The need for knowledge and skills on drought management Building capacity development
would be massive on-the-job training of staff in government, NGOs, the private sector, and
community-based institutions— in specific interventions to help meet the awareness Goal. In this
case, policies should also be implemented to promote local university education in nutrition,
agriculture, and business. Such broad training efforts will create The absorptive and
implementation capacity for larger investments. A corps of paraprofessional extension workers
could be created for agriculture, nutrition, and health, residing in villages identified as awareness
hotspots. Other capacity development efforts might deal more with structural incentives that lead
to poor performance. People concerned remain healthy and actively engaged in relevant work;
policies aimed at human capacity development will have highly positive long-term effects.
Investments in capacity building at the local level should cover the education, childhood
nutrition, and healthcare sectors in addition to agriculture and natural resource management.
Across sectors, special attention should be placed on the needs of children and women, with a
sharp focus on gender equality. Policies to build capacity should encourage the participation of
communities in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of ant hunger programs.
.1 These challenges are most pronounced in fragile states already grappling with weak
governance, high rates of poverty and income equality, as well as current or historical violent
conflict.2 The intensification of climate change likely, may further escalate conflict risks,
exacerbating threats to peace and stability. Furthermore, many of the people facing protracted
crises are also some of those that are predicted to experience the greatest effects from climate
change. For over a decade, Mercy Corps has been working in places like Colombia, Nigeria,
Mali, Somalia, Myanmar and Afghanistan, building resilience to climate change, conflict and
other risk factors, to help communities achieve their long-term development goals. Our teams
around the world from Haiti to Iraq, have seen first-hand the growth in the number and duration
of conflict-driven crises in places that are also experiencing the greatest effects of climate
change. In turn, we have steadily increased our focus on the nexus of climate change and
conflict, conducting research and implementing programs to address this growing source of
insecurity in fragile and conflict-affected states.
Past solutions
. River Nile ProjectsUtilization of Nile Water: Sudan relies heavily on the Nile, especially the
Blue Nile, for water. The country is part of the Nile Basin Initiative, a cooperative framework
with other Nile Basin countries to manage and share water resources.Construction of Dams
Roseires Dam and Sennar Dam have been expanded to store and regulate Nile water for
irrigation and domestic use.Merowe Dam, completed in 2009, is used for hydroelectric power
but also plays a role in water management.
Recommendations
An integrated water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) program;
Child protection services and support for women and girls, including services for survivors of
gender-based violence (GBV);
Health and nutrition services provided through mobile and static health facilities;
Livelihood assistance through multi-purpose cash aid to internally displaced persons and
members of the communities that host
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