https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v8i4a.

12
ISSN (Print): 2476-8316
ISSN (Online): 2635-3490
Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS), Vol. 8 No. 4a December 2022

Effects of Climate Change Induced Farmer-Herder Conflicts

on Socio-Economic Development of Farmers in Giwa Local
Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Suleiman M.B.1 and Kasimu Salisu2
1
Department of Geography and Environmental Management,
Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria – Nigeria

Department of Geography,
2

Federal College of Education,

Zaria

Email: [email protected]

Abstract
The effects of climate change in Giwa Local Government Area (LGA) is worrisome. Several impacts
of climate change such as drought, desertification, unpredicted rainfall and increasing temperature
are evidenced in the area. This situation has intensified conflicts between farmers and herders who
are always competing to control the scarce natural resources. This study is aimed at assessing the
effects of climate change induced farmer-herder conflicts on socio-economic development of farmers
in Giwa LGA, Kaduna state. To achieve its aim, the study adopted quantitative approach where
structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 384 respondents. Data collected were
analysed using descriptive statistics (percentages). Findings from the study revealed that rainfall is
becoming irregular (71%), there was high incidence of sunshine (74%), increased incidence of
drought (59%) and drying up of surface and underground water sources (80%). As a result of the
negative effects of climate change in the area, the study also revealed that there were serious conflicts
between farmers and herders which causes social and psychological disorders (65%), loss of lives
(67%), vandalisation of properties (73%), as well as forced migration and displacement of people
(74%). Based on the research, the study recommends the need to enhance farmers/herders’ adaptation
strategies through effective water harvesting techniques and establishment of public ranches with
modernised technologies that can restrict the movement of herders.

Keywords: Climate Change, Farmers, Herders, Conflict, Adaptation

INTRODUCTION
Climate change has been confirmed as one of the problems facing the global world since the
beginning of 19th Century (Abaje, et al., 2016). It is manifesting worldwide with rise in sea
levels, unpredictable rainfall, drought, desertification and continuous increase in
temperature. Experts have projected that the global temperature will increase by 1.4℃ by
the year 2030, 2.8℃ by 2060 and 4.7℃ by 2090 (Thakur & Bajagain, 2019). Climate change
has been defined by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007), as a
statistical variation in either the mean state of the climate or in the variability of the mean
state of the climate, occurring for long period. Climate change usually exposes the
environment to several challenges thereby, affecting the economy, health and agriculture as
well as food and human security (Nyong, et al., 2007).
*Author for Correspondence
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Effects of Climate Change Induced Farmer-Herder Conflicts on Socio-Economic Development of Farmers in
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Like other African countries, Nigeria is seriously undermined by the menace of climate
change (Idowu, et al., 2011). Crop and animal production, which are the major economic
activities of the country, faces severe failures including decreasing agricultural production,
leading to hunger, malnutrition and diseases. It is quite unfortunate that, as farmers and
herders struggle to overcome high poverty and enhance economic growth, climate change
has continued to increase the number of vulnerable people, thereby undermining the
prospects of development in the country (Idowu, et al., 2011).

Vulnerability to climate change in Northern Nigeria is very high. This is mainly due to the
rapid advancement of the Sahara desert (Farauta, et al., 2011). The region is also populated
with numerous vulnerable groups such as landless farmers, poverty-stricken livestock
keepers (herders), those living with poor health, among others. All these categories of
people are exposed to the severe impacts of climate change in the region. Climate change
impacts in this area include high frequency of drought, increased environmental damage,
increased migration, and so on (Farauta, et al., 2011).

It is obvious that, farming and animal rearing are the major occupation of people in northern
Nigeria. Unfortunately, desertification occasioned by climate change is severely threatening
the peaceful co-existence of farmers and pastoralists (herders) in the region. The rapid
growth in population coupled with high urbanisation have led to over exploitation of
resources such as vegetation and freshwater, leading to the destruction of valuable features
of the environment and forcing plants, animals and other inhabitants into extinction (Lawal,
et al., 2021). The growth in population also led to the need for food production causing rapid
expansion of farmland over the available grazing land that have already been threatened by
climate change. These areas have already experienced severe rainfall and temperature
variations affecting the vegetal cover, as well as the surface and groundwater for grazing
animals and farming purposes (Lawal, et al., 2021). These causes serious struggle between
farmers and herders over limited farming and grazing lands which may subsequently lead
to conflicts between them (Lawal, et al., 2021).

The climate change induced conflicts between farmers and herders have resulted to several
deaths, displacements, loss of properties such as livestock, settlements, among others. These
conflicts have lingered for many years and it has since metamorphosed into full blown
banditry where herdsmen are classified as notorious terrorists disturbing many parts of the
region (Lebari, et al., 2022). Crop farming and animal rearing is essentially, the major
occupation of people in Giwa LGA (Babajo, et al., 2018). Unfortunately, the farmers/herders’
conflicts is gradually threatening the socio-economic development of people in the area. For
instance, Daily Post (2022) have reported that herdsmen had killed twenty-three (23) people
with several others sustaining gunshot injuries during separate attacks in some villages of
the area. The same report noted the attack of nine (9) villages in the same LGA where fifty
(50) people who are mostly farmers were killed, many were displaced and properties worth
millions of Naira lost. This mayhem has led to many social and economic challenges to the
people of the LGA.

Based on the foregoing, it is clear that, resource scarcity (especially fertile land, water and
pasture) is the major cause of conflicts between farmers and herders, and this is induced by
climate change impacts on the environment over the years. However, the extent of socio-
economic effects of these conflicts on the economy of the study area had not been empirically
established by scholars. Most researches in the study area are tilted toward theoretically
investigating the nexus between climate change and conflicts, or scarcity of resources and

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Effects of Climate Change Induced Farmer-Herder Conflicts on Socio-Economic Development of Farmers in
Giwa Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

conflicts in other parts of the country (examples; Wakdok and Raimund, 2021; Samuel and
Bamigboye, 2022). No attempt had been made to investigate empirically, how climate
change impacts triggers conflicts and how it (conflicts) affects the socio-economic
development of farmers and herders in the study area. The broad objective of this study is
to assess the effects of climate change induced farmer-herder conflicts on socio-economic
development of farmers and herders in Giwa LGA, Kaduna state. To achieve this, the study
seeks to achieve the following specific objectives, which are to:
a) assess awareness of the effects of climate change among farmers and herders in the
study area
b) examine the effects of climate change induced conflicts on socioeconomic
development of the study area.

THE STUDY AREA

Giwa LGA is located between Latitudes 10° 50ꞌ 00ꞌꞌ N and 11° 30ꞌ 00ꞌꞌ N and Longitude 7° 05ꞌ
00ꞌꞌ E and 7° 40ꞌ 00ꞌꞌE (see Figure 1). The Local Government Area is found in Kaduna state,
north-western Nigeria. It is bounded in the North by Funtua and Malumfashi LGAs of
Katsina state and on the west and south by Birnin Gwari and Igabi LGAs of Kaduna State
respectively (Babajo, et al., 2018).

The climate of the area is generally tropical continental (tropical wet and dry) represented
by Aw based on Koppen’s classification. The general pattern of rain is mainly affected by
two principal air masses which are Tropical Continental (cT) and Tropical Maritime (mT)
air masses. The mean annual rainfall is about 1,100mm (Yakubu & Abbass 2009). The area
records maximum temperature of up to 30 oC. The lowest mean temperature (18oC – 23oC).
The major source of economic activity in this area is agriculture where crop production and
animal rearing are undertaken by small farmers and Fulani herdsmen respectively (Yakubu
& Abbass, 2009).

Figure 1: The Study Area

Source: Goggle Earth, 2019

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Effects of Climate Change Induced Farmer-Herder Conflicts on Socio-Economic Development of Farmers in
Giwa Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

METHODOLOGY
The study employed quantitative approach where primary data was generated from
farmers and herders using structured questionnaire in the study area. The study adopts a
multistage sampling technique. In the first stage, systematic sampling technique was
employed and, in this case, the eleven (11) wards of the LGA were arranged in alphabetical
order and every second ward was selected as a sample. Galadimawa, Giwa, Kadage,
Kidandan and Shika were therefore sampled (see Table 1).

Table 1: Sampled Wards for the Study

Wards Sampled Wards Population (1991) Projected 2022 Sample Size
Danmahawayi 12, 361
Galadimawa Galadimawa 8, 896 19, 927 36
Gangara 15, 576
Giwa Giwa 32, 388 72, 549 131
Idasu 4, 246
Kadage Kadage 14, 871 32, 716 59
Kakangi 12, 089
Kidandan Kidandan 11, 899 26, 653 48
Panhauya 18, 116
Shika Shika 27, 541 60, 590 110
Yakawada 13, 078
Total 171, 061 212, 435 384
Source: Author’s Compilation, 2022

In the second stage, purposive sampling technique was used; farmers and herders who must
have at least 45 years of age, lived in the study area for minimum of 30 years and have
adequate experience of farming and herding were sampled. These categories of respondents
are believed to have requisite information about climate change and its effects in the study
area.

Due to the deficiency of 2006 census data in providing population for localities, the 1991
census was used. Based on the 1991 data, the study area had a population of 171, 061 with a
projected population of 376, 334 in 2022 at a growth rate of 3.0 per cent (NPC, 1991). Krejcie
and Morgan’s (1970) Table was used to determine sample size. The Table states that, where
the population of an area is between 250,000 to 500,000, the sample size to use is 384 at 95%
confidence level. With total population of 376, 334, the sample size of 384 is therefore
adequate for the study. To determine the number of respondents (farmers and herders) from
each of the sampled wards, Yamane’s (1967) method was used (see Table 1). The method is
given as;
𝑛× SS
Pr =
𝑁
Where: Pr = proportion of respondents; n = population of each of the selected area
SS = Sample Size; and N = total population of all the selected areas

Out of the 384 copies of the questionnaire administered, a total of 371 copies were
successfully retrieved and analysed. The data for this study were analysed and presented
using descriptive statistics (percentages and tables) with the application of the Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.

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Effects of Climate Change Induced Farmer-Herder Conflicts on Socio-Economic Development of Farmers in
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Table 2 shows the demographic characteristics of the respondents. From the table, 49% of
the respondents were found to be between the ages of 45 to 50 years while 51% were more
than 50 years of age. This agrees with the findings of Gbegeh and Akubuilo (2013) who
acknowledged that older farmers have more experience in farming/herding and
consequently have a higher probability of knowing the strategies needed to resolve conflicts
emanating from farmer-header conflicts than the ones.

Table 2: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Parameters Options Percentages (%)
Age 45 – 50 years 49
51 years and above 51
100
Number of Years in the Area 30 – 35 years 33
36 years and above 77
100
Gender Male 72
Female 28
100
Level of Education SSCE/GII 16
Degree/HND 12
NCE/Diploma 10
No formal education 62
100
Occupation Farming 21
Herding 32
Farming/Herding 41
Others 06
100
Source: Field Survey, 2022

The table also shows that 100% of the respondents have stayed in the area for minimum
required period of the study. This corroborates with the report of Ude (2014) who stated
that respondents who lived in an area for at least 20 years usually have the needed
information about climate change.

Table 2 also indicates that 72% of the respondents were males while only 28% were females.
The reason for this disparity is due to the tradition and culture of the study area where most
of the inhabitants are Hausa/Fulani who usually keep their women under Islamic purdah
and so having access to them during the study was hard. The gender distribution in the
study area have implications on conflicts as Eriksen & Lind (2005) observed that men are
always participating in raiding, killing and defence of their area from attacks. In so doing,
men usually loss their lives thereby leaving women with the burden of taking care of their
children. The table also shows that 16% of the respondents had attained secondary
education, 12% were degree holders while majority (62%) of them had no formal education.
This indicate that respondents had low level of education in the study area. In relation to
this, Soomiyol & Fadairo (2020) reported that low level of education may have implications
on the respondents’ ability to cope with shocks and stress emanating from farmer-herders’
conflicts.

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Effects of Climate Change Induced Farmer-Herder Conflicts on Socio-Economic Development of Farmers in
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Awareness of the Effects of Climate Change among Farmers and Herders

Table 3 shows that 71% of the respondents agreed that rainfall have become so irregular in
the study area due to the effects of climate change, while only 20% disagreed on this. The
Table also shows that 72% agreed that there is continuous rise in temperature while 17%
disagreed on the issue. The result agrees with that of Abaje, et al., (2016) who observed that
the impacts of climate change on agriculture is through increasing temperature and changes
in rainfall pattern especially, variability and seasonality.

Table 3: Farmers/Herders Awareness of the Effects of Climate Change

Climate Change Indices SA (%) A (%) I (%) D (%) SD (%)
Irregular rainfall 42 29 9 11 9
Continuous rise in temperature 39 33 4 14 10
High incidence of sunshine 36 38 9 7 10
Decrease in crop yield 31 39 3 15 12
High rate of livestock mortality 36 32 8 12 12
Increased incidence of drought 19 40 12 18 11
Erratic and devastating winds 23 43 7 16 11
High rate of erosion and loss of soil fertility 35 41 4 10 10
Frequent flood occurrence 25 40 8 11 16
Drying up of surface and underground water 42 38 2 9 9
Causes poverty and migration 41 37 4 10 8
Infestation of crops/animals by pests/diseases 42 41 3 8 6
Where: SA – Strongly Agree, A – Agree, I – Indifferent, D – Disagree, SD – Strongly Disagree
Source: Field Survey, 2022

Table 3 also shows that 74% of the respondents reported high incidence of sunshine in the
study area. This indicates that there may be high evapo-transpiration of moisture in the area
which will subsequently influence water availability for use by both farmers and herders
especially during the prolonged dry season. This situation may also subsequently lead to
conflict between farmers and herders. Furthermore, the table shows that majority (70%) of
the respondents agreed that climate change has led to decreasing crop yield in the study
area. It also shows that 68% reported climate change as causing high rate of livestock
mortality in the area. This indicate that both farmers and herders have been facing serious
challenges caused by climate change in the study area. The problem is even worsened when
significant number (59%) of the respondents agreed that climate change has increased the
incidence of drought in the area. Drought coupled with increasing dry spells is likely to
affect the growth and development of both crops and livestock in the study area. The result
here agrees with the findings of Abaje, et al. (2016) who reported a decline in crop yield and
an increase in drought in their study.

Table 3 also shows that majority (66%) of the respondents agreed that climate change has
caused increased erratic winds in the study area. It also indicates that 76% of the
respondents reported the same problem as causing high rate of erosion and loss of soil
fertility. This is supported by the study of Abraham, et al., (2012) who reported the impacts
of climate change as being able to reduce soil fertility and vegetation resources. The table
further shows that 65% of the respondents agreed that climate change has led to frequent
flood occurrence in the study area. Udeh, et al., (2014) also reported high incidence of flood
in his study on farmers’ perception and adaptation strategies to climate change in Kano.
The table shows further that majority (80%) of the respondents agreed that climate change
leads to early drying up of surface and underground water sources. This result agrees with
that of Abaje, et al. (2016) who reported decrease in length of rainy season and high inter-
annual variability in rainfall in northern Nigeria. This means therefore that, there will be
competition between farmers and herders on who to control the limited water sources in the

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Effects of Climate Change Induced Farmer-Herder Conflicts on Socio-Economic Development of Farmers in
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study area. As a result of climate change impacts, the respondents (78%) reported high
incidence of poverty which may also subsequently lead to migration of people within the
study area and away from it. The result is also in congruence with the findings of Abaje, et
al. (2016) who reported high rural-urban migration due to the impact of climate change. This
movement induced by climate change may also cause conflicts between the migrants and
host communities. The table also indicate that majority (83%) of the respondents reported
that climate change has induced many diseases to both crops and animals in the study area.
This coincides with the report of Abaje, et al. (2016) who revealed that the impacts of climate
change induces sicknesses due to extreme heat conditions.

Effects of Climate Change Induced Conflicts on Socioeconomic Development

Table 4 shows the effects of climate change induced conflicts on socioeconomic development
of the study area. Based on the table, majority (73%) of the respondents reported that climate
change induced conflicts has caused injuries to people of the study area. The study area had
faced serious conflicts between farmers and herders over the years (Owolabi, et al., 2016).
This led to physical fights between farmers and herders.

Table 4: Effects of Climate Change Induced Conflicts on Socioeconomic Development

Weather and Climate Change indices SA (%) A (%) I (%) D (%) SD (%)
Led to many physical Injuries 35 38 5 12 10
Causes social and psychological disorders 31 34 6 14 15
Several lives are lost 28 39 6 10 17
Properties are vandalised or destroyed 37 36 10 7 10
Led to homelessness 41 39 4 9 9
Occupations are severely hampered 25 36 5 18 16
Affects the activities of periodic markets 37 31 8 19 5
Increases the prices of goods and services 32 36 6 17 9
Loss of rural income 27 43 10 10 10
Increases migration/displacement of people 42 32 4 7 15
Where: SA – Strongly Agree, A – Agree, I – Indifferent, D – Disagree, SD – Strongly Disagree
Source: Field Survey, 2022

Table 4 also shows that majority (65%) of the respondents agreed that farmer-herder
conflicts due to the effects of climate change causes social and psychological disorders. This
is the reason why Ugbem (2019) asserts that climate change and its attendant consequences
have resulted to conflicts which reconfigures social relations from mutual social existence
to that of mutual suspicion that may lead to social problems. This is the reason why majority
(73%) of the respondents agreed that properties worth billions of Naira are vandalised or
destroyed as a result of climate change induced farmers-herders conflicts in the study area.
Furthermore, Table 4 shows that 80% of the respondents have agreed that climate change
induced conflicts in the study area has caused many people to lose their homes. This
coincides with the report of Ubelejit (2016) who stated that conflicts between farmers and
herders have engulfed many communities in Nigeria. The table also indicates that majority
(61%) of the respondents agreed that climate change induced conflicts leads to loss of
occupation among the people in the study area. Even though studies such as Babajo, et al.
(2018), have shown that the people in the area are into many occupations like farming,
animal rearing and trading of agricultural products, conflicts have rendered many of them
jobless. The table also shows that majority (68%) of the respondents agreed that climate
change induced conflicts in the area have affected the activities of periodic markets. The
LGA operates many periodic markets including Giwa, Shika, Galadimawa and Da’a.
However, climate change induced conflicts between farmers and herders have affected the
activities of these markets. In a similar vein, Akiyode & Daramola (2011) observed that the

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exacerbation of conflicts by climate change have contributed negatively to the economic and
social development of Africa.

Table 4 also indicates that majority (70%) of the respondents agreed that climate change
induced conflicts has caused significant loss of rural income in the study area. This implies
that rural population in the study area are gradually becoming poor despite the assertion of
Oyinbo & Olaleye (2016) that only 30% of the farm household in Giwa LGA were poor. The
table further shows that, 74% of the respondents agreed that climate change induced
conflicts has increased migration and displacement of people in the study area. The LGA is
one of the areas affected by increased desertification, deforestation and loss of livelihoods
due to climate change impacts (Oyinbo & Olaleye, 2016)). The implication of this is that both
farmers and herders have to migrate to more fertile areas where farming and/or animal
rearing are possible. This may result to conflicts between the migrants and the host
communities both within and outside the study area. This also cause the problem of
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) within and outside the area. This is related to the
assertion of Ugbem (2019) that climate change induced conflicts have led to the formation
of many IDPs in Benue state, Nigeria.

CONCLUSION
Efforts was made to assess the effects of climate change induced farmer-herder conflicts on
socio-economic development of farmers in Giwa LGA, Kaduna state. The study area is
confronted with many effects of climate change which include irregular rainfall, increased
rise in temperature as well high incidence of sunshine, high livestock mortality, decrease in
crop yields and increased incidence of drought, among others. These effects have induced
conflicts between farmers and herders which has negatively impacted on farmers and
herders socioeconomic development. These conflicts has led to physical injuries, social and
psychological disorders, destruction of settlements/communities, hampering of people’s
occupation, displacement of people as well as halting the activities of periodic markets. The
negative effects of climate change induced conflicts on socio-economic development of
farmers in the area could be worsening by day. To address this problem therefore, there is
need for appropriate adaptation measures such as effective water harvesting and its
utilisation during stress as well as the establishment of public ranches with modernised
technologies that can restrict movement of herders.

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