ENDURING STRENGTH IN THE DIAMOND YEARS: A

QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC

REALITIES OF THE ELDERLY

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

Volume: 39
Issue 7
Pages: 912-918
Document ID: 2025PEMJ3799
DOI: 10.70838/pemj.390703
Manuscript Accepted: 04-10-2025
 Psych Educ, 2025, 39(7): 912-918, Document ID:2025PEMJ3799, doi:10.70838/pemj.390703, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Enduring Strength in the Diamond Years: A Qualitative Study on the Socioeconomic

Realities of the Elderly
Angel Lhi D. Alcalde, Daphnie C. Ariem, Catherine C. Quijote, Jonaiden K. Kambat, Trefimo D. Antonio
Jr., Janrel R. Bucsit
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
As the global population ages, the Philippines is experiencing a significant increase in its elderly demographic, bringing
forth socioeconomic challenges that impact their well-being. This study investigates the lived experiences of elderly
individuals, focusing on their socioeconomic realities, resilience, and coping mechanisms. Employing a qualitative-
descriptive research design, the study utilized purposive sampling to identify participants aged 60 years and older who
receive financial support from the social pension program, have documented medical conditions, are, and live with
family members. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, and Colazzi’s phenomenological
approach was used for thematic analysis. Findings revealed four emergent themes: (1) Socioeconomic Challenges,
highlighting financial constraints, limited healthcare access, and social isolation; (2) Daily Life Impact, exploring how
these challenges shape their routines and decisions; (3) Perceptions of Aging, which include their sense of purpose,
dignity, and role within society; and (4) Coping Strategies, detailing their reliance on family support, financial
management, and alternative health remedies. The study emphasizes the critical role of government assistance and
community-based services in enhancing the quality of life for elderly residents. To foster a more inclusive society,
policymakers should prioritize age-friendly initiatives, strengthen intergenerational support networks, improve
healthcare accessibility, and implement programs that mitigate social isolation. By addressing these key areas, society
can ensure that elderly individuals experience dignity, resilience, and an improved quality of life later.

Keywords: aging population, socioeconomic challenges, elderly well-being, resilience, phenomenological study

Introduction
The global aging population is rapidly increasing, posing significant socioeconomic and policy challenges that require urgent attention
(United Nations, 2020). In the Philippines, the elderly population—those aged 60 and above—has been steadily growing, with
projections indicating that by 2050, they will constitute nearly 16% of the total population (Commission on Population and Development
[POPCOM], 2022). Older adults face multifaceted issues as life expectancy improves, including financial insecurity, healthcare
limitations, and social isolation, which necessitate targeted policy interventions and community support systems (World Health
Organization [WHO], 2021).
Aging is often accompanied by negative stereotypes, discrimination, and social marginalization, which adversely affect the elderly’s
sense of dignity and overall well-being (Ng & Feldman, 2019). Research highlights that ageism restricts access to resources and impacts
self-perception and mental health among senior citizens (Officer et al., 2020). In the Philippines, elderly individuals depend largely on
family support and government pension programs, yet economic constraints and inadequate healthcare services undermine their quality
of life (Natividad, 2021). Rural areas present additional challenges, where access to healthcare, financial aid, and social support systems
may be inadequate or inconsistent (Philippine Statistics Authority [PSA], 2023).
Resilience is a critical factor for the elderly in managing socioeconomic difficulties. Defined as the ability to adapt and cope with
stressors, resilience is shaped by personal, family, and community resources (Windle, 2019). In Midsayap, elderly individuals
demonstrate various coping mechanisms to navigate financial struggles, health issues, and social isolation. Understanding these
strategies is essential for developing age-friendly policies that promote their well-being (Philippine Institute for Development Studies
[PIDS], 2022).
This study explores the socioeconomic realities of the elderly, identifying their challenges, perceptions of aging, and coping mechanisms.
By employing a qualitative-descriptive research design and utilizing Colazzi’s phenomenological analysis, this research seeks to offer
valuable insights into the lived experiences of elderly individuals. The findings will contribute to the growing discourse on aging in the
Philippines and provide recommendations for policymakers to enhance social protection, healthcare access, and community engagement
for senior citizens.
Research Questions
This study aimed to explore the socioeconomic realities, challenges, and coping strategies of elderly individuals in Midsayap.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following research questions:
1. How do elderly individuals face socioeconomic challenges?
2. How do these challenges impact their daily lives, well-being, and social interactions?
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3. What are the elderly’s perceptions of aging, resilience, and their role in society?
4. What coping mechanisms and strategies do elderly individuals employ to navigate socioeconomic difficulties?
5. How do government assistance programs, family support, and community resources contribute to the well-being of senior
citizens?

Literature Review
The Global Aging Population and Socioeconomic Realities
The rapid increase in the aging population is a global phenomenon that presents significant socioeconomic challenges. The United
Nations (2020) reports that by 2050, the number of individuals aged 60 and above is expected to double, raising concerns about financial
security, healthcare accessibility, and social inclusion. In developing countries, elderly individuals often face economic instability due
to inadequate pension systems and limited employment opportunities (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021). Studies emphasize
that financial dependence and inadequate social protection significantly affect the well-being of older adults, particularly in rural and
low-income communities (Bloom et al., 2019).
Socioeconomic Challenges of the Elderly
Financial constraints, limited healthcare access, and social isolation are among the most pressing issues senior citizens face. According
to Natividad (2021), elderly individuals in the Philippines rely heavily on family support and government pension programs, often
insufficient to cover their medical and daily living expenses. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA, 2023) highlights that many older
adults remain impoverished due to rising healthcare costs and the absence of sustainable income sources. Moreover, rural communities
experience disparities in healthcare services, making it difficult for senior citizens to access necessary medical care (Philippine Institute
for Development Studies [PIDS], 2022).
Perceptions of Aging and Social Roles
Ageism and societal stereotypes further impact on the quality of life of the elderly. Officer et al. (2020) argue that age discrimination
reduces opportunities for social participation, employment, and decision-making. Similarly, Ng and Feldman (2019) found that older
adults who perceive aging negatively are more likely to experience depression and a decline in cognitive function. However, some
studies suggest that maintaining an active social role and engaging in meaningful activities can promote psychological well-being and
a sense of purpose among elderly individuals (Carstensen et al., 2019).
Coping Strategies and Resilience Among the Elderly
Resilience plays a crucial role in how older adults navigate socioeconomic difficulties. Windle (2019) describes resilience as the ability
to adapt positively to adversity, which, in the case of the elderly, involves relying on family networks, managing finances wisely, and
seeking alternative healthcare remedies. According to Antonucci et al. (2020), strong social support systems—such as intergenerational
relationships and community engagement—are essential in enhancing resilience and reducing the impact of social isolation. Government
programs and non-governmental organizations also contribute to elderly welfare by providing health services, financial assistance, and
social activities that promote well-being (World Bank, 2021).
The Role of Government and Community Support
Policies and programs aimed at improving the quality of life for senior citizens are critical in addressing socioeconomic challenges. The
WHO (2021) advocates for age-friendly cities that integrate accessible healthcare, financial support mechanisms, and inclusive social
spaces for the elderly. In the Philippines, the Expanded Senior Citizens Act (Republic Act No. 9994) provides social pensions, discounts
on essential goods, and free healthcare services for qualified elderly individuals (Department of Social Welfare and Development
[DSWD], 2022). However, research indicates that bureaucratic inefficiencies and insufficient funding limit the reach and effectiveness
of these programs (Miranda & Alonzo, 2020). Strengthening policy implementation and community-based support systems can
significantly enhance the quality of life of the elderly.

Methodology
Research Design
This study employed a qualitative-descriptive research design to explore the socioeconomic realities, challenges, and coping mechanisms
of elderly individuals. The qualitative approach was chosen to capture the rich, lived experiences of the participants, providing deeper
insights into their perceptions and strategies for navigating aging-related challenges. Specifically, Colaizzi’s phenomenological
approach was used to analyze the narratives of elderly individuals, ensuring that their experiences were interpreted through a structured
and systematic process. The descriptive aspect of the study aimed to present a comprehensive understanding of the participants’
economic conditions, healthcare access, social interactions, and resilience strategies.

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Participants
The participants of this study were selected using purposive sampling, ensuring that only those who met specific inclusion criteria were
included. The criteria required participants to be 60 or older, beneficiaries of the social pension program, documented to have existing
medical conditions and residing with family members. Furthermore, they needed to be willing to participate and share their personal
experiences. A total of 10 participants were selected, with data saturation serving as the basis for determining the sample size. To reach
eligible participants, the researchers collaborated with community leaders, social workers, and healthcare providers, who assisted in
identifying individuals who met the inclusion criteria. A snowball sampling technique was employed, wherein initial participants
referred others who fit the study requirements.
Instrument
To gather data, semi-structured interviews were conducted using an interview guide with open-ended questions covering socioeconomic
challenges, financial security, healthcare accessibility, and coping strategies. These interviews, lasting between 30 and 60 minutes, were
conducted in safe and familiar settings, such as participants’ homes or community centers, to encourage comfort and openness. Audio
recordings and field notes were used to ensure accuracy in capturing responses, with the consent of each participant. After data collection,
the interviews were transcribed verbatim, and responses were analyzed through thematic coding following Colaizzi’s method. This
process involved organizing responses into significant statements, clustering them into themes, and formulating descriptions accurately
reflecting participants' lived experiences.
Ethical Considerations
The study adhered to strict ethical considerations to ensure participant protection and research integrity. Before the interview’s, informed
consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring they fully understood the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and voluntary
nature. To maintain confidentiality and anonymity, participants were assigned coded identifiers Person 1, Person 2, etc.), and all personal
identifiable information was removed from the research records. Participants' privacy was safeguarded by securely storing interview
recordings and transcripts in password-protected files, with all audio files deleted after transcription. Furthermore, non-maleficence was
observed by handling sensitive questions with care and allowing participants to decline to answer any questions that made them
uncomfortable. The study also adhered to institutional ethical standards, ensuring objectivity and fairness throughout the research
process.
By employing this qualitative-descriptive approach, the study provides a holistic and in-depth understanding of the socioeconomic
realities of elderly individuals. The methodological rigor ensures that findings are accurate and ethical and reflect the participants’ lived
experiences, thereby contributing to discussions on elderly welfare, policy development, and community-based support systems.

Results and Discussion

This section presents the findings from in-depth, face-to-face interviews with ten elderly participants. Using Colaizzi’s
phenomenological approach, significant statements were extracted, meanings were formulated, and themes were clustered. The findings
reveal four significant themes that encapsulate the socioeconomic realities of the elderly: (1) Socioeconomic Challenges, (2) Impact of
Socioeconomic Issues on Daily Life, (3) Perceptions and Reflections on Aging, and (4) Coping Strategies. The results emphasize the
financial, health, and social struggles senior citizens encounter, along with their strategies for resilience and adaptation.
Participant Demographics
The study included ten elderly participants, seven females and three males, aged 61 to 77 years old, residing in various barangays. All
participants were receiving government social pensions and had documented medical conditions. The table below presents their
demographic profile:
Pseudonym Age Gender
Person 1 77 Female
Person 2 61 Female
Person 3 64 Female
Person 4 64 Female
Person 5 62 Male
Person 6 65 Male
Person 7 65 Female
Person 8 71 Female
Person 9 62 Male
Person 10 76 Female
Theme 1: Socioeconomic Challenges
The participants reported that primary concerns were financial insufficiency, difficulty accessing healthcare, and limited social support.

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1.1 Financial Struggles and Limited Pension Support

Many participants rely on social pensions, which they find insufficient for daily expenses, healthcare, and emergencies. Some struggle
to afford food, electricity, and medicine.
"If only the pension were increased, we would not have to worry so much about money." (Person 4)
Many elderly individuals continue to support their grandchildren’s education, further straining their finances.
"My children have their own families now, so I take care of my grandchildren." (Person 6)
Borrowing money from neighbors is common, and many face difficulties repaying debts.
"I borrow money from my neighbors when I have no choice, but I always make sure to pay them back."
(Person 3)
1.2 Healthcare Costs and Delayed Treatment
Elderly individuals have trouble accessing medical treatment due to high hospital costs and delayed pension payouts.
"Sometimes, I just endure my illness. I drink herbal medicine instead of going to the hospital because I cannot afford it." (Person
7)
While government health services such as vaccination and free medical checkups are available, they do not cover all health needs.
Theme 2: Impact of Socioeconomic Issues on Daily Life
The financial and health struggles of the elderly significantly impact their daily routines and social interactions.
2.1 Physical Incapacity and Reduced Mobility
Many participants struggle with mobility and reduced strength, limiting their ability to work or engage in previously enjoyable activities.
"I used to be active, but now even walking to the market is tiring." (Person 5)
2.2 Compromised Healthcare and Alternative Remedies
Due to financial struggles, some elderly individuals postpone or forget medical treatment.
"I do not go to the doctor anymore because I can't afford checkups and medicine." (Person 8)
Instead, they resort to alternative medicine, herbal remedies, or self-treatment.
Theme 3: Perceptions and Reflections on Aging
Participants shared their perspectives on aging, including challenges in receiving support from children, feelings of embarrassment in
seeking help, and hopes for increased government aid.
3.1 Decreased Support from Children
While some elderly individuals receive financial assistance from their children, others find their children less able to support them due
to financial constraints.
"My children help me when they can, but they have their own families to take care of." (Person 6)
3.2 Feelings of Embarrassment When Seeking Help
Many participants hesitate to ask for financial or material help due to pride or fear of burdening others.
"I don't want to ask for help. If my children offer, I accept, but I don't want to beg for it." (Person 7)
3.3 Hope for Increased Financial Assistance
Many participants eagerly anticipate government payouts and express hope for increased pension amounts.
"If only our pension could be raised, we wouldn’t have to worry so much about money." (Person 4)
Theme 4: Coping Strategies
Despite socioeconomic challenges, elderly individuals develop coping strategies such as budgeting, borrowing, relying on family
support, and forming strong social relationships.
4.1 Budgeting and Prioritization

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Participants adopt strict financial management strategies to ensure they meet essential needs.
"I budget my money carefully. I only buy what I truly need." (Person 3)
4.2 Borrowing and Loans
Some participants resort to borrowing money from neighbors or microfinance institutions.
"Sometimes I have no choice but to borrow money for medicine, but I always make sure to pay it back." (Person 7)
4.3 Strong Family Relationships and Community Bonds
Participants emphasized the importance of family and social networks in providing support.
"I have good relationships with my neighbors. We help each other out when needed." (Person 5)
They also find comfort in religious and community engagements.
"Our church community is very supportive. It helps me feel like I belong." (Person 7)
DISCUSSION
Socioeconomic Challenges of the Elderly
One of the most pressing concerns among elderly participants was financial insufficiency, as they rely heavily on limited pensions and
family support. The financial difficulties senior citizens face in this study are consistent with the findings of Natividad (2021), who
noted that many elderly individuals in the Philippines struggle to cover basic needs due to low pensions and inadequate social welfare
programs. Similarly, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA, 2023) reported that senior citizens, particularly those in rural areas, often
live below the poverty line, with little access to sustainable income sources.
Additionally, participants in this study expressed frustration over delays in receiving government assistance, making it difficult to plan
for essential expenses. This is consistent with findings from Miranda and Alonzo (2020), who highlighted bureaucratic inefficiencies in
implementing social pension programs. Many elderly individuals in this study also reported borrowing money from neighbors to make
ends meet, further deepening their financial struggles.
Another key finding was that healthcare expenses pose a significant financial burden on the elderly. Several participants reported
delaying or forgoing medical treatment due to high hospital costs, like the findings of Windle (2019), who identified financial barriers
as a significant cause of health neglect among senior citizens. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2021) also emphasizes that
financial limitations significantly reduce access to proper healthcare for aging populations, increasing the risk of untreated chronic
conditions.
Impact of Socioeconomic Issues on Daily Life
The socioeconomic struggles of the elderly have direct consequences on their daily routines, physical mobility, and social interactions.
Participants noted that their declining physical strength makes it difficult to perform daily activities, a finding supported by Carstensen
et al. (2019), who reported that aging individuals often experience a loss of independence due to physical limitations.
Additionally, financial constraints force elderly individuals to prioritize spending on food over healthcare, leading some to resort to
alternative medicine and herbal remedies. This aligns with findings from PIDS (2022), which indicated that elderly Filipinos often rely
on traditional remedies due to the high cost of prescription medication and hospital fees.
Limited financial resources also contribute to social isolation, as some elderly individuals avoid social gatherings due to transportation
costs or embarrassment over their financial situation. According to Ng & Feldman (2019), social isolation among the elderly is often
linked to low-income levels and reduced family support, leading to mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
Perceptions of Aging and Social Roles
The study revealed mixed perceptions of aging, with some participants expressing contentment while others felt frustration due to their
financial dependency on their children. This aligns with Officer et al. (2020), who found that elderly individuals who perceive aging
negatively are more likely to experience emotional distress and lower self-esteem.
One notable finding was the embarrassment some participants experienced when seeking financial help. Several participants mentioned
that they hesitate to ask for support due to concerns about burdening their children. Similar findings were reported by Natividad (2021),
who noted that traditional Filipino family values strongly emphasize independence, making it difficult for elderly individuals to seek
financial assistance openly.
Despite these challenges, some elderly individuals still express optimism and hope that government assistance will improve. The
anticipation of increased pensions was a recurring theme, reflecting a reliance on social welfare programs as a primary source of income.

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However, according to POPCOM (2022), the current social pension system in the Philippines remains insufficient, necessitating stronger
policies to support the aging population.
Coping Strategies and Resilience Among the Elderly
Despite financial and health struggles, the participants demonstrated various coping strategies to maintain their well-being. Budgeting
and prioritization emerged as key strategies, with participants carefully allocating limited resources for food, medicine, and other
essentials. This aligns with the findings of Bloom et al. (2019), which highlighted that financial planning and careful spending are
common survival strategies among the elderly in low-income settings.
Family and social networks also play a crucial role in coping with economic and emotional stress. Many participants mentioned that
they rely on their children for occasional financial assistance, which is consistent with Antonucci et al. (2020), who emphasize the
importance of intergenerational support in elderly well-being. Additionally, strong community relationships and neighborly bonds serve
as an essential support system, particularly for those who lack direct family assistance. The WHO (2021) also highlights that social
engagement and community participation are protective factors that reduce the impact of financial stress and social isolation.
Religious faith was another common coping mechanism, as several participants mentioned drawing emotional strength from their
religious communities. Studies by Miranda & Alonzo (2020) confirm that religious engagement provides elderly individuals with
psychological comfort and a sense of purpose, reducing feelings of isolation.

Conclusions
This study explored the socioeconomic challenges, health concerns, social support systems, and coping mechanisms of elderly
individuals, revealing a complex interplay of financial instability, limited healthcare access, and shifting family dynamics. The findings
emphasize that financial insecurity is a major concern among the elderly, as most participants rely on insufficient pensions, irregular
financial support from family members, and occasional government assistance. Delayed pension disbursements and high living costs
exacerbate their struggles, forcing many elderly individuals to borrow money, limit their spending, or sacrifice their healthcare needs.
These financial constraints significantly impact their quality of life, leading to anxiety, social withdrawal, and increased dependence on
others.
Healthcare access remains a critical issue, with many elderly individuals having trouble in affording medical consultations, prescription
medication, and hospital treatments. The cost of healthcare forces some participants to delay or forgo necessary medical attention,
increasing their vulnerability to chronic illnesses. To cope with these challenges, many elderly individuals resort to alternative medicine,
herbal remedies, and self-medication, highlighting the gaps in affordable and accessible healthcare services. While some government
programs provide free health check-ups, vaccinations, and medical assistance, these remain inadequate and inconsistent, leaving elderly
individuals without sufficient healthcare support.
Despite these hardships, the study revealed remarkable resilience among elderly individuals. Many have developed effective coping
strategies, such as strict budgeting, financial prioritization, and reliance on social networks to navigate economic difficulties.
Intergenerational family support remains crucial, with some elderly individuals receiving financial and emotional assistance from their
children and grandchildren. Additionally, strong community relationships are vital in providing social and emotional support, reducing
feelings of isolation. Some elderly individuals also find strength in their faith and religious communities, which offer a sense of purpose,
encouragement, and connection.
The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for policy interventions to address the socioeconomic struggles of the elderly.
Enhancing social pension programs by increasing pension amounts and ensuring timely disbursements can provide much-needed
financial stability. Improving healthcare accessibility through expanded free medical services, maintenance medication programs, and
hospital subsidies is essential in reducing health neglect among elderly individuals. Strengthening community-based support systems
can help address social isolation and promote active aging, allowing senior citizens to remain engaged in meaningful social interactions.
Public awareness campaigns should also be implemented to combat age discrimination and promote a more inclusive society for the
elderly.
Future research should explore longitudinal studies on elderly well-being, focusing on the long-term effects of financial insecurity and
healthcare challenges. Comparative studies between urban and rural elderly populations can provide deeper insights into geographical
disparities in elderly welfare. Furthermore, intervention-based research assessing the effectiveness of existing social programs can help
refine policies and create sustainable support systems for the elderly.
As the global population ages, ensuring the dignity, security, and well-being of the elderly should be a national priority. The findings of
this study demonstrate that while senior citizens face significant economic and health-related challenges, they also exhibit strong
resilience and adaptability. However, individual resilience alone is not enough—systemic changes in social welfare, healthcare, and
policy implementation are crucial to protect and uplift the elderly community. By fostering intergenerational solidarity, improving
healthcare access, and strengthening social support networks, society can create an age-friendly environment where elderly individuals
are valued, supported, and able to live with dignity in their later years.

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Affiliations and Corresponding Information

Angel Lhi D. Alcalde
Notre Dame of Midsayap Cotabato- Philippines
Daphnie C. Ariem
Notre Dame of Midsayap Cotabato- Philippines
Catherine C. Quijote
Notre Dame of Midsayap Cotabato- Philippines
Jonaiden K. Kambat
Notre Dame of Midsayap Cotabato- Philippines
Trefimo D. Antonio Jr.
Notre Dame of Midsayap Cotabato- Philippines
Janrel R. Bucsit
Notre Dame of Midsayap Cotabato- Philippines

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