QUESTION BANK

CLASS – IXTH
SUBJECT– HISTORY
CHAPTER – 4 FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. What was the primary reason for the colonial government’s interest in the forests
of India?
o a) To preserve the environment
o b) To promote agricultural growth
o c) To meet the demands of shipbuilding and railways
o d) To provide free resources to the villagers
o Answer: c) To meet the demands of shipbuilding and railways
2. Which community in Java was known for their skills in forest cutting under Dutch
colonial rule?
o a) Kalangs
o b) Gonds
o c) Baigas
o d) Yerukulas
o Answer: a) Kalangs
3. What impact did the Forest Act have on local communities?
o a) It allowed unrestricted access to forests
o b) It severely restricted their use of forest resources
o c) It improved their livelihoods
o d) It encouraged new trades in timber
o Answer: b) It severely restricted their use of forest resources
4. The British introduced scientific forestry in India in the:
o a) 16th century
o b) 18th century
o c) 19th century
o d) 20th century
o Answer: c) 19th century
 5. What was the primary reason for the expansion of cultivation during colonial rule
in India?
o a) To improve local food production
o b) To satisfy the growing demand for raw materials in Europe
o c) To feed the growing population in India
o d) To promote indigenous farming practices
o Answer: b) To satisfy the growing demand for raw materials in Europe

Short Answer Questions

1. What was the ‘shifting cultivation’ practice, and how was it affected by colonial
forest policies?
o Answer: Shifting cultivation, also known as swidden agriculture, involves
clearing a patch of forest, burning it, and growing crops for a short period
before moving to a new area. Colonial forest policies banned this practice,
considering it harmful to timber production, leading to the displacement of
many communities.
2. Describe how colonial forest laws impacted the livelihoods of the local people.
o Answer: Colonial forest laws restricted local people's access to forest
resources such as wood, fodder, and fruits. Communities like the Baigas, who
depended on shifting cultivation, were severely affected, as they were
deprived of their traditional practices and had to resort to other forms of
labor, often under harsh conditions.
3. How did the British manage forests for commercial purposes?
o Answer: The British introduced ‘scientific forestry’ where forests were
managed for timber production. They promoted monoculture plantations like
teak and sal, and restricted local people's access to forests, even banning
grazing in reserved forests.
4. Explain the role of the Kalangs in Java's colonial economy.
o Answer: The Kalangs were a community in Java skilled in cutting and
harvesting timber. Under Dutch rule, they were crucial for the timber
industry as their expertise was essential for providing materials for
shipbuilding and other colonial projects.
 5. What led to the deforestation in India during colonial rule?
o Answer: Deforestation was driven by the British demand for timber for
railways, shipbuilding, and other industries. The forest was viewed as a
resource to be exploited for economic gain, leading to widespread cutting of
trees and clearing of land for cultivation.

Long Answer Questions

1. Discuss the impact of British colonial forest management on the local adivasi
communities.
o Answer: The British forest management policies had a significant negative
impact on adivasi communities. These policies restricted their traditional
rights to collect firewood, hunt, and graze livestock. As a result, they were
forced to change their livelihoods, often leading to poverty and social unrest.
The introduction of the Forest Act and its implementation led to the forced
eviction of these communities from forest areas, disrupting their way of life.
2. How did the rise of scientific forestry alter the relationship between the forest and
the local communities in India?
o Answer: Scientific forestry, introduced by the British, aimed at maximizing
timber production by replacing natural forests with monoculture plantations.
This approach led to a loss of biodiversity and affected the local communities
who relied on forests for various resources. The new forest laws severely
restricted their access, causing economic hardships and leading to rebellions
like the ones in Bastar.
3. Analyze the role of shifting cultivation in the economies of forest-dwelling
communities.
o Answer: Shifting cultivation was integral to the economies of many forest-
dwelling communities, as it provided food, livelihood, and sustenance.
However, the British colonial policies viewed this practice as destructive to
forests and banned it. This led to the displacement of communities and the
disruption of their traditional economic systems, forcing them to adapt to
new forms of labor, such as working in plantations or factories under harsh
conditions.
 4. Explain the significance of forest rebellions like the one in Bastar during colonial
rule.
o Answer: The forest rebellions, such as the one in Bastar, were significant
because they represented the resistance of local communities to colonial
policies that deprived them of their traditional rights to the forest. These
rebellions were not only about the loss of livelihood but also a fight for
autonomy and survival. The Bastar rebellion, for instance, temporarily halted
the reservation of forests, demonstrating the resilience of local populations.
5. Discuss how the introduction of forest laws in colonial India affected the forest
economy and the local communities.
o Answer: The introduction of forest laws in colonial India shifted the control of
forests from local communities to the state. The British imposed restrictions
on forest use, making it illegal for locals to collect wood, hunt, or graze
livestock in the reserved areas. This led to the decline of the traditional forest
economy, forcing many forest dwellers into poverty and changing their social
structure. The forest economy was now oriented toward commercial
production for the benefit of the colonial state and European industries.

Case Study-Based Questions

1. Case Study: The Baigas of Central India
o Question: How did the stopping of shifting cultivation impact the Baiga
community in Central India?
o Answer: The Baiga community, which relied on shifting cultivation for
sustenance, was severely affected by the colonial ban on their traditional
practices. They faced starvation and poverty, as they were deprived of their
land and access to forest resources. Their petition in 1892 highlighted their
struggles and the injustice of the colonial policies.
2. Case Study: Rubber Extraction in the Amazon
o Question: What were the consequences of rubber extraction for local
communities in the Amazon during the colonial period?
o Answer: The extraction of rubber in the Amazon, particularly in the
Putumayo region, led to horrific conditions for the local indigenous people.
Forced labor, torture, and violence were common as the rubber companies
 exploited the labor of the indigenous Huitotos. Between 1900 and 1912,
around 30,000 people died due to these practices, marking a period of
extreme brutality under colonial economic interests.
3. Case Study: The Forest Rebellion in Bastar
o Question: How did the forest rebellion in Bastar affect the British forest
policies?
o Answer: The rebellion in Bastar in 1910 was a response to the colonial
government's forest reservation policies. The locals resisted the displacement
and restrictions imposed on their forest use. As a result, the British
temporarily suspended their forest reservation plans and reduced the area to
be reserved. This rebellion highlighted the growing unrest among forest-
dwelling communities and their opposition to colonial exploitation.
4. Case Study: Pastoralists in India
o Question: How did the colonial restrictions on grazing land affect pastoralist
communities in India?
o Answer: The imposition of colonial laws that restricted grazing in forests
severely impacted pastoralist communities in India. These communities lost
their grazing grounds, and their movements were regulated. As a result,
many pastoralists faced economic hardship, and some had to sell their
livestock or become laborers in agriculture or industry.
5. Case Study: Shifting Cultivation in Java
o Question: How did Dutch colonial policies affect shifting cultivators in Java?
o Answer: The Dutch introduced strict forest laws that banned shifting
cultivation in Java. Communities that practiced shifting cultivation, like the
Kalangs, were forced to abandon their traditional practices. The Dutch
imposed a system where villagers could only harvest wood for specific
purposes, leading to the loss of autonomy and a transformation in the local
economy.
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