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Testing 1 July

The document provides a detailed overview of the optical properties of plastics, characterization tests (DSC, TGA, DMA), and the chemical and permanence properties of plastics. It includes definitions, test methods, and examples for each topic, emphasizing the importance of these properties in various industrial applications. Understanding these properties is crucial for selecting appropriate materials in fields such as packaging, electronics, and medical applications.

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abhishekkumar65590
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2 views15 pages

Testing 1 July

The document provides a detailed overview of the optical properties of plastics, characterization tests (DSC, TGA, DMA), and the chemical and permanence properties of plastics. It includes definitions, test methods, and examples for each topic, emphasizing the importance of these properties in various industrial applications. Understanding these properties is crucial for selecting appropriate materials in fields such as packaging, electronics, and medical applications.

Uploaded by

abhishekkumar65590
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Sure!

Below is the complete long


theory in English for the following
topics from your syllabus:

11.3 Optical Properties of Plastics

11.4 Characterization Tests (DSC,


TGA, DMA)

11.5 Chemical & Permanence


Properties of Plastic

These are written in detailed


textbook style with definitions, test
methods, examples, and practical
importance.

📘 11.3 – Understanding of Optical


Properties of Plastics
 🔹 Introduction: The optical
properties of plastics refer to
their behavior when interacting
with light. These properties
determine the appearance of the
material, such as transparency,
clarity, gloss, and color. In
industries such as packaging,
lighting, optics, and electronics,
understanding these properties
is critical for selecting the
correct polymer

🔸 Important Optical Properties:

1. Refractive Index

2
Definition: The refractive index is
the ratio of the speed of light in a
vacuum to its speed in the plastic.
It determines how much light
bends (refracts) when entering the
material. Test Method: ASTM
D542

Importance: High refractive index


materials are used in lenses and
optical devices.

Example: Polycarbonate has a


higher refractive index than acrylic.

2. Transmittance

Definition: The percentage of light


that can pass through a plastic
material.

Test Method: ASTM D1003

3
Importance: Used for determining
suitability in applications like clear
packaging or windows.

Example: PET bottles have high


transmittance.

3. Clarity. ---Definition: The


measure of how sharply an object
can be seen through the material.

Importance: Important for displays


and food packaging.

Example: Clear polypropylene has


better clarity than filled
polypropylene.

4. Haze

Definition: It measures the light


scattered within the plastic,
causing cloudiness.

4
Test Method: ASTM D1003

Example: Milk jugs made of HDPE


are high in haze.

5. Gloss-------Definition: Gloss is the


shine or luster of a plastic surface
due to light reflection.

Test Method: ASTM D523

Example: High-gloss ABS is used


for automotive interiors.

6. Photo-elastic Effect

Definition: When transparent


plastics are stressed, they show
colorful fringe patterns under
polarized light, revealing internal
stress.

5
Use: Stress analysis and quality
control.

7. Colour and Opacity

Colour Measurement: Standardized


using instruments
(spectrophotometers).

Opacity: Indicates how much a


plastic blocks light.

Test Standards: ASTM E308


(Colour), ASTM D2805 (Opacity

🔹 Conclusion:

6
Optical testing of plastics ensures
that materials meet design and
performance criteria in visual or
light-sensitive applications.
Properties like transparency, gloss,
and haze are essential in industries
such as medical packaging, lighting
fixtures, and electronics.

7
📘 11.4 – Understanding of
Characterization Tests (DSC, TGA,
DMA)

🔹 Introduction:

Characterization tests help


determine thermal transitions,
structural behavior, and
viscoelastic properties of polymers.
These tests are especially
important in selecting plastics for
thermal resistance, stability, and
processing.

🔸 Major Characterization
Techniques:

1. DSC (Differential Scanning


Calorimetry)

8
Purpose: To analyze how heat flow
changes in a plastic with
temperature.

Test Standard: ASTM D3418

What it Measures: Melting


temperature (Tm)

Glass transition temperature (Tg)

Crystallinity of polymers

Diagram: Graph of Heat Flow vs.


Temperature.

Example: PET shows a Tg around


78°C and melting point around
250°C.

2. TGA (Thermo-Gravimetric
Analysis)

9
Purpose: Measures weight change
in a material as a function of
temperature.

Test Standard: ASTM E1131

What it Measures: Thermal


degradation Filler content Residual
solvents or moisture

Use: Evaluate plastics thermal


stability.

Example: PVC shows early weight


loss due to plasticizers.

3. DMA (Dynamic Mechanical


Analysis)

Purpose: Analyzes mechanical


properties under periodic stress
over a range of temperatures.

10
Test Standard: ASTM D4065

What it Measures:

Storage modulus:

Elastic behavior

Loss modulus: Viscous behaviorTan


delta: Damping characteristics

Application: Selection of plastics in


dynamic environments such as
gears, gas

📘 11.5 – Knowledge of Testing to


Determine Chemical and
Permanence Properties of Plastics

🔹 Introduction:

11
Permanence properties describe
how plastics resist degradation
over time when exposed to
chemicals, moisture, gas, or
environmental stress. These tests
ensure long service life and
reliability in harsh conditions.

🔸 Key Tests and Properties:

1. Chemical Resistance.

2. Definition: Ability of plastics to


resist chemical attack from acids,
alkalis, solvents, etc.

Test Method: ASTM D543

Example: PTFE and HDPE show


excellent resistance; PVC is
sensitive to some solvents.

2. Immersion Test

12
Definition: Material is immersed in
a fluid for a specified period and
observed for swelling, cracking, or
weight change.

Test Method: ASTM D570

Use: Evaluates long-term liquid


exposure performance.

3. Stain Resistance

4. Definition: Plastics ability to


resist permanent stains from
contaminants like ink, coffee,
food.

5. Importance: Key for


kitchenware, appliances, lab
equipment.

4. ESCR (Environmental Stress


Crack Resistance)

13
Definition: Resistance to cracking
due to combined effects of tensile
stress and chemical environment.

Test Method: ASTM D1693

Example: HDPE detergent bottles


are tested for ESCR.

5. Water Absorption

Definition: Amount of water


absorbed by plastic over time.
Test Method: ASTM D570

Importance: Affects electrical


insulation and dimensional
stability.

Example: Nylon absorbs more


water than polypropylene.

14
6. Gas and Water Vapor
Permeability

Definition: Ability of plastic films to


allow gases or moisture to pass
through.

Test Method: ASTM D1434

Importance: Essential in food and


medical packaging.

Example: EVOH films have excellent


gas barrier properties.

15

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