Nevter & Beser 1

SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN NETWORK AND BUILT ENVITONMENT RELATION:

CASE STUDY: LEFKE

Nevter, Zafer and Beser, Oktay

Eastern Mediterranean University
Faculty of Architecture
Famagusta, North Cyprus Via, Mersin/Turkey
Tel: (0 392) 630 2711
Fax: (0 392) 365 0918
e-mail: [email protected] & [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean. It is smaller than Sicily and Sardinia
and larger than Corsica and Crete. Cyprus is an ancient land of relics of the Great
Mediterranean cultures and civilizations. This history has given the island its rich and
original heritage. Lefke is the first industrial town of North Cyprus, which carried the mosaic
of culture from the past to present times. It is the only town that has a mine in North Cyprus.

Throughout the history, many cultures like Venetian, Louisianan, British, Ottoman had
affected the development of the development of the town in terms of urban and architectural
characteristics. However the exact cultural formation has taken place with the beginning of
18th century. Especially, the Ottoman and the British periods played important role in the
development of the town. In the Ottoman period, the urbanization movement has started and
completed in the British period. Especially CMC (Cyprus Mines Cooperation), which has
been established in 1912, had crucial effects on the development of the town. At that period,
activity centre and mass houses built for CMC workers and these developments gave a new
identity to the town.

As mentioned above, Lefke was mine town in the past but the town loses its unique identity
and it became a university town today.

The aim of this paper is to submit a scientific supplementation which can be sustainable
urban development for further planning stages. In addition to this, this paper is willing to
analyse relation between the built environment and urban green system sustainability with
the help out some observations and analysis.

INTRODUCTION

In this paper, only the ecological dimension has been considered with spatial quality of Lefke town.
Landscape sustaniability has been analysed in different scale, which are local scale, neighbourhood
scale, district scale and housing scale into four main open space which are private open space, semi
private open space, semi public space, and public space. The aim of this paper to analyse the
landscape sustainablility in many ways and provide some criteria for nest generation.

SCALE AND DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY

The word sustainability has become a kind of mantra for 1990s, offering the possibility of balance
and permanence in the world where we experience precisely the opposite. Sustainability is related
to the quality of life in a community -- whether the economic, social and environmental systems
that make up the community are providing a healthy, productive, meaningful life for all community
residents, present and future (World Commission on Environment and Development,1987). The
root of the term sustainable development dates back to the Commission on Environment and
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Development 1987 publication of Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report. The
Commission’s agenda defined sustainable development as “those paths of social, economic and
political progress that meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future
generations”. Since cities are the centre of economical, social and environmental activities,
sustainable development in urban areas is essential to have,

• Intra-generational equity (social justice), meaning justice among the present population, and
• Inter-generational equity (futurity), meaning that we should give equal considerations to our
own immediate needs, our own future needs, and our children's and grandchildren's future
needs.
• Public participation - The public participation and support is the third and final practical
element that appears necessary for successful implementation of the sustainable development
and as well as sustainable cities concept.
• Environmental protection integral to economic development -In order to achieve sustainable
development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development
process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

The essential element of sustainable development is that all four of these aims should be integrated.
In other words, if a new development is proposed for social or economic reasons it should also
meet environmental objectives and should make the best use possible of natural resources.

According to the International Conference on Conservation and Development (1986), sustainable

development is defined as:

• Integration of conservation and development;

• Satisfaction of basic human needs;
• Achievement of equity and social justice;
• Provision of social self-determination and cultural diversity;
• Maintenance of ecological integrity.

There are scales and dimensions of sustainability. Sustainable development is an approach that
aims to balance the social, economic and environmental impacts of all our actions, now and in the
future. This means that it has three dimensions as defined in Agenda 21. These are economic,
social and environmental sustainability (Figure 1). Besides, sustainability is mainly analyzed at
three scales: global, regional and local/city. There are two more minor scales of sustainability,
which are neighborhood and dwelling scales (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Dimensions of sustainability Figure 2: Scales of sustainability

In sustainable environment;
• A resources are used efficiently, waste in minimize and materials are recycled,
• Pollution is limited to levels which do not chaos damage to natural ecosystem,
• The diversity of nature is valued and protected,

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• The local needs are met locally, where possible

• Buildings, open spaces and artifacts combine meaning with beauty and utility, settlements
are human in scale and form, and distinctive local future are valued and protected.

Due to the urbanization and changing consumption and production process, communication,
architecture, transportation and engineering the structure of the town its natural environment
quality and residents lifestyle has changed in the world. Changes in cultures and lifestyle of
residents also affect the use of green network system. According to these changes, the sustainability
of such areas becomes difficult in order to provide its continuity. It is essential to maintain such
areas in order to protect sustainability of natural resources especially green network system of
cities.

Sustainable landscape emphasizes interrelationship between people and the nature. It is based on
human perception of biotopes that patches corridors and recreation, aesthetics, education, cultural
and historical signification and land use buffers. In addition to these natural environment retain its
integrity with design, reflecting many sustainable urban design principle(Arapkirlioglu:1996);

• more park space,

• narrower residential streets to slow traffic,
• walking friendly streets
• varied housing types
• A working rather than against the natural system of the site.

Sustainable landscape is also defined as a site where native and introduced plants are well suited to
the existing light, moisture, and soil conditions and require low inputs of label, fertilisers,
herbicides, insecticides and fungicides to thrive. A sustainable landscape is one that preserves and
protects nature’s balance, while providing aesthetic pressures
(htpp://www.landscapedesign.org/98FLDAPP/Sld0008.html.)

Permaculture is a part of sustainable landscape that creates harmonious integration of human

dwellings, microclimate, annual and perennial plants, animals, soils, and water into stable,
productive communities.

PERMACULTURE

Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments (Millision, 1979).
Permaculture offers positive solutions to the problems facing the world; using ecology as the basis
of designing integrated systems of food production, housing, technology and community
development.

The word “pemaculture” was coined in 1970s by Australian ecologist, “Dr. Bill Millision”, as a
contradiction of permanent agriculture, with an implication of permanence in culture. Permaculture
is based on system of ethics:

• care for earth

• care for people,
• return of surplus to the earth and people care system.

Permaculture is the conscious design maintenance of agriculturally productive ecosystem, which

have the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystem. It is the harmonious integrating of
the landscape and people providing their food, energy, shelter and other material and non-material
needs in a sustainable way (htpp:// www.permaculture.org.au/whatisp.shtml)

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Elements in sustainable permaculture and landscape architecture

Plant, soil and water are elements of sustainable permaculture landscape. They all create the
sustainable landscape and have many properties.
Plants are the most important elements of landscape design that have many characteristics. Such as,
they help to reduce soil erosion, balance the temperature, improve air quality, screen the streets and
car parks, etc. Besides, plants have much function in sustainable permaculture and landscape.
These are;

1. Enhancing our environment which are,

• Plants protect water quality,

• Proper landscaping reduces soil erosion,
• Lands improve air quality
• Landscaping decrease summer air temperatures,
• Landscaping conserves natural resources,
• Landscaping screen busy streets,
• Provide wind break
• To prevent winter shading
• It prevents noise

Good soil is the basis for healthy plants and optimum use of water . the key to have a good soil is
the addition of organic matter.

Water is the third elements in sustainable permaculture and landscape. Different plant needs to
different watering system according to their utility. There are three different watering systems such
as, watering by hand, sprinkler system, trickle or drip irrigation system.(Zion R.:1991).

SUSTAINABLE ACTION IN URBAN AREAS

In such areas local schemes developed to maximize the environmental effectiveness of large
expanse of unsealed. The use of such space to enhance sustainability is a direct result of density.
For instance if one considered the extent to unsealed surface in any area it is possible to show how
it allows local residents to make increase the use of native plants in their gardens. Where there is a
sufficient space between buildings, the same areas of land can used for large trees to reduce heat
loss from houses in winter or to shade them in summer. Such a design can enhance diversity and
also hold and collect water from roof and sealed it from surfaces to use for their gardens. Besides,
reduce heat loss by increased use of climbing plants, which create pocket of air next house walls.
On the other hand, locating tree belts to reduce the speed of the wind as it heats the house also
reduced the energy consumption. Biodiversity corridors provide more naturalistic open space,
which is linked housing areas and cities downtown (Onal S. 1997).

GRADIENT OF SEVERAL SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE TYPE; FROM SEMI-

NATURAL LANDSCAPE TO URBAN LANDSCAPE SCALE

Scale of the landscape depends on the structure, function and changes of landscape and
measurements of spatial patterns and heterogeneity also depended upon the scale. Besides,
observation of landscape function also relay on the scale. In addition to this, natural and social
process has been occurred in a specific time and spatial scale. All of these show the importance of
scale while designing the sustainable landscape in natural to urban areas.In general three scale
levels distinguished in sustainable landscape planning.( Willimas K.,Burton E, Jenks M.:2000):

• Site level
• Local level

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• Regional level

The elements that are site level, named eco-elements or ecotopes and they have been found in an
area less than a few hectares. Ecotopes are the smallest and homogenous landscape elements which
seen at 1/5000 to 1/25000 scale. The elements at local levels called eco-section, eco-district and
eco-regions. Regional natural units have been seen at the regional level.

A human landscape modification has been gradually changed from natural, semi-natural,
agricultural, suburban to urban sustainable landscape. These are based on impact on intervention,
cultivation, extensive agriculture or urbanisation. (Arapkirlioglu K,1996).

CASE STUDY:LEFKE

Cyprus is an 3rd island in the Mediterranean with its proximity to Asia, Europe, and Africa. Lefke is
a costal town, which locates between two valleys and also it among the mountains north west of
Northern Cyprus.

The first settlements had seen at Yesilirmak in New Neolithic Stone Age and certain discovery had
seen at Byzantine time. In 1489, Lefke was the centre of Byzantine’s soldier. After the Byzantine
period Ottoman conquer the island and at that time Lefke became one of the province of Ottomans’
in Cyprus. When island hiring to U.K in 1571, Lefke became the most important industrial town at
Cyprus, the reason for this is the establishment of Cyprus Mines Cooperation (C.M.C) until 1974.
At this period first mass housing and recreational areas had constructed for C.M.C. workers,
engineer and headmaster. Most of the residents of Lefke started to live around C.M.C district.
When C.M.C left the settlement and Cyprus divided into two parts, town became a village. Its
fertile soil makes it important at that period with its orange, lemon, and grapefruit gardens. When
the migration has been started after 1974, horticulture has been decreased day by day. There was
rapid migration from other places and with this change many of houses and gardens became
obsolete in time. That changes shows that town need to regermination. At the beginning of 1990s’
Lefke European University has been established and following years town has started to be
developed through the university. With this change C.M.C residential area and recreational area has
been decayed but its landscape sustainability has been still alive. There are four different landuses
in the town which, are gardens and agriculture with 38%, dwellings 7%, roads 16%, and built
environment 39% of Lefke (Iskan Bakanligi Sehir Planlama Dairesi:1989).

While analysing relationship between landscape sustainability and build environment there are four
types of scale has been considered; these are Local scale, District scale, Neighbourhood scale
housing scale. Within these scales spatial quality of the spaces has been analysed according to
public space, semi-public space, semi-private space and private space character. The main aim of
the study is analyse the sustainable landscape and environment relationship from natural process,
semi-natural, semi-urban and urban process into local, district, neighbourhood and housing unit
content. Local scale sustainability shows that the general relation of Lefke and sustainable relations
among districts. District scale sustainability indicates to explore the relation among districts and
their neighbourhood unites such as what kind of element separated the districts from each other or
how it provides the sustainability in landscape achievements. In addition to these, neighbourhood
scale sustainability denotes that relation among the mass housing units at the same neighbourhood
unit. Housing scale sustainability shows that the relation between each housing unit relation with
each other such as how their sustainable landscape has been provided their garden, street and
frontyard.

Local Scale: In Cyprus, each place carries its own landscape sustainable character according to its
native planting types. Orange trees, mandarin trees, and lemon trees give character to Lefke in the
context of Landscape sustainability. In the study of Lefke, plants have provided local sustainability.

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District Scale: Each district has been separated with different type of plant such as Orange trees
define one district and olive trees define another district and also eucalyptus trees define the other
district at the same time. These plant fruits are eating and they provide shaded at the same time.

Planting material use on three-functional dimension in landscape sustainability. In the district scale
sustainability, each district carry its own characteristics which is bordered by olives that provided
sustainability around their area and every districts has been remembered with its planting name. In
addition to this, some districts are divided by aqueduct elements and it has got three functions
which are bordering, aesthetical, air and water pollution and watering functions at the same time.
Bordering; Plants create border around its environment and they are gained any identity around its
district. Orange is the one of the example of this function. The other is Eucalyptus trees, Acacia
threes and Palm trees. Aesthetical: Because of olives greyish green colour they create focal point
around its environment. Orange trees behave like a background with other elements. The reason for
this is their shiny green leaves that stay green in four seasons. Orange fruits and fragment flower
takes people attraction in that area. In addition to this Eucalyptus trees create an attraction point
with its white bark colour and also its aromatic smell. Other planting g element is Palm trees,
which is very exotic plant in Cyprus. Also they look like sculptural character with its long trunk
and decorative leaves. Functional Uses: Olives seed used on energy consumption because their
seeds became a kind of charcoal but they are not create an air pollution on the other hand their
fruits used both olive oil and for eating. Orange fruit has got many functional uses these are; fruit
juice, eating, chemical industry and agricultural uses where as their flower used on cosmetic sector
and also chemical industry. Eucalyptus tree leaves used on health industry and chemical industry at
the same time. Community Interaction: people come together to pick up some olives. This activity
continues approximately 1-2 week. In Cyprus usually people to prefer to pick their own olives by
themselves. When they go to this place they come together for lunch break, some other breaks etc.
this kind of district division has seen on the other areas that are divided in four different types
which are orange, eucalyptus, palm trees and cypresses trees.

Neighbourhood Scale: Every district divided neighbourhood units in these areas. Housing district
in that figure is from C.M.C labour residential area that is divided into two parts. One of these is
built up for single labour and Cypress trees define this area. These trees provide a border to housing
and they work as a windbreak. The other built up is for married labour which is defined by
eucalyptus trees and these threes are defined the border. These trees tolerate shading for people.
Also this kind of plants decrease the soil temperature in summer and they feed up the soil mineral
with their places.

Housing Scale: On the other hand housing units gardens are suitable for sustainability with back
yards use as a communal spaces between houses and they grown vegetable for eating activity. Also
they provide green areas at that space. Water treatment of vegertables or plant done with waste
water where come to houses kitchen. They water the vegetables with dirt water, where people
consume it at the kitchen. Cypress trees and vine chambers provide shelter and shade in the garden.
Front yard of these units is used as a private space. Cypress trees create border for housing and
behave like landscape shading elements and shrubs design for hatching for separates each housing
unit’s form each other. Also these trees control the air such as in summer they keep air-cool. In
addition to this people improve a water canal to collect the wastewater in the pond and then they
water the plants that means water is playing important role for landscape sustianability. The other
function of vegetation is defining the border of houses and this vegetable use for eating and it
creates visual effect.

In the semi public spaces, which is located among houses, landscape elements create sheltering for
these spaces. Besides, front yards of houses are separates the housing units and semi-public space.
Also instead of shrubs, vegetable elements have been used at this area. The visual qualities of this
semi-public area between two districts have been divided them with valley and this valley us as
semi-public space among district. However there is a large-scale garden that uses as public space

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and there are lots of fruit trees and vegetables, oranges, onions, grapefruit grown in this area.
Residents come to this area for pick up them.

Public space in city, which calls Lefke Ataturk Park, is the example of sustainable park. There are
some fruit trees such as loquat and pomegranate uses as both prevent soil erosion, energy saving
and aesthetical value. These plants create good visual effects with its flowers and fruits.

The other example of public space is C.M.Cs; lost space. There is a large-scale area nearly 920,000
m2, which is not use as a public space because of mine waste. This disposal gave the serious
damage to soil besides, plants are not grown on this area. That means, ecological balance of nature-
soil, plant and air seriously damage and it newly starts to repair it. This area is a potential area for
creating sustainable landscape, which serves all around the Lefke and its neighbourhood.

Based on these futures, there are some suggestions that can improve the Lefke's landscape
sustainability. The most important principle is to examine the link between land use, land
management and the underlying natural environment and the present day landscape where, as
suggested in Lefke.

The analysis show that, Lefke has got its natural landscape planting such as orange, lemon,
tangerine, eucalyptus, pomegranate, banana trees, shrubs and vegetables. These have play
important role in Lefke's natural environment in aesthetic and functional manners. All of these
plants grow naturally in the private house gardens, back yards and also grow up in the semi- public
and public areas. But they are not planned according to design principles, such as guidelines of
green network system, within Lefke, in other words, there is not any topological planting
consideration in semi-public, semi-private and private areas.

Suggestions

There are some guidelines that are suggested to improve the landscape sustainability and green
system network in housing units, semi-private, semi-public and public spaces and semi-public
spaces in Lefke.

1- Private garden landscaping has been designed for utility and aesthetic aspect.
2- Back yard and front yard garden used for both funcitonal and aesthetical aspects such as wind
break, energy consumption, air controller, soli balance, eatable plants types and such activities
3- Semi public spaces collect two neighbourhood residents to provide community activity in that
kind of spaces
4- Public space serves supply and demand of people in livable and friendly area.

Housing units

There are grape and vine tress in many gardens of houses that both provide shade and aesthetic
view with their fruits and leaves for residents. Besides, residents can eat fruits of these plants.
Banana trees are decorative elements and they can create border or act as a barrier between houses.
In addition, their fruit can also be eaten. Shrubs, raspberries can be used as hatching element and
decorative element with their fruits in Lefke. Ground cover or perennial plants are used as
complementary elements and also their vegetables can be eaten. Finally, cypress trees provide
border and act as a windbreak and their form creates aesthetical view with its surround in front yard
of gardens. Other plantation can be again used both functional and aesthetical purposes and they
can create healthy environment.

There is a waste water system, which comes from the kitchen to the channel at the back yard of the
houses, and it can be used for watering the plants.

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Semi-Private Space

These spaces increase the community activities and also provide sustainable landscaping within its
environment. Orange trees can be used as a focal point in its environment with its orange fruits and
evergreen leaves. If they are pruned, it creates canopied spaces. Shrubs can be used as covering
elements and they can provide cool air in hot climate where as groundcover behaves like this and
they are consuming vegetable like strawberries, onion and water lemon. All of these can create
sustainable environment in the town and cities. That kind of landscaping decreased the climate
temperature increased the soil humidity and recycle of biosphere of ecology, because all of the
plant type is native plant in Lefke. These kind of spatial spaces increase the community activity
because people can easily communicate while picking up some vegetable. Besides they can
increase the communicating activity while they are taking care their plants.

Semi-Public Spaces

It is a space, which is placed among the districts of a town. It is larger space than private or semi
private spaces and it combines different users from different districts. Residents of two or three
districts can come together and this can increase the social interaction among them in the town.
This kind of spaces are used as recreational and hobbies areas. Everyone can have flowering bed in
this area and they can grow up their own vegetables and at the same time, they can easily
communicate with other people, and they can pick up fruits from trees and shrubs. In addition, they
can rest under shadow of canopy (deciduous) trees. This kind of areas also provide wind, and
breeze corridor for cities or towns and they can easily create ecological balance among air, soil,
water and its environment.

Public Space

Public space is an area, which cover whole of the town. There is a big empty land Lefke that can be
an attraction point of residents therefore, green houses with different plants, such as tropical trees,
can be planted for people and they can gather here at wintertime. Also there can be some cafes that
offer again gathering places for residents. Native plants have been grown up outdoor space. Plants,
which will be plant beds, provide decorative elements with its fruits and leaves such as
strawberries, melons, tomatoes and watermelons. People can produce their fruits and vegetables
here and they can sell them in this area at the selling stands. Also there can be some deciduous trees
in order to create shady area for users. Besides, orange, lemon trees and grape vines can be used for
decrease the air temperatures and provide cool area in summer time. They also provide shelter and
people can eat their fruits.

In addition to this, palm trees can be used for canopy effect and they create aesthetical appearance
with their fruits, leaves and barks. Their barks are used as column and defining element. All of the
planting, which will use in this public space will carry aesthetical view, focal point, colour effect
and utilities part of ecological recycling, bordering, windbreak, shelter, canopied spaces, eating
their fruits or vegetables, keep the soil and control the climate, heat and humidity, prevent soil
erosion. That means, landscape planting will be used both aesthetical and functional aspects.

CONCLUSION

In the case of Lefke, placing plants in suitable places can increase the use of public and semi-public
spaces. This sustainable landscaping network will increase the social interaction in the community
and will bring vitality to such spaces in the town. If people planting their plants individually or with
group, they will take care of their maintenance and these areas will live for a long time. If there can
trees with canopy, private spaces or public spaces can get shadow and these trees can also define
these spaces.

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Plantings can separate groups of buildings into several pleasantly framed units and enhance
individual buildings within each group. Shrubs and small trees arranged in strategic groups around
a building often improve overall appearance by softening structural lines. This technique integrates
the building and its site and diverts attention from unattractive structural features. Vines on large,
blank masonry walls can be attractive but should not be used where injury to the structure may
result. Beside the aesthetical value of landscape elements, there are functional values such as;

• Prevent noise pollution,

• Create border,
• Act as a focal point,
• Act as a wind barrier,
• Control erosion., air utilities
• Control light,
• Increase social interaction and increase the social density in public areas.

As a conclusion, sustainable landscape urban space can be achieved by the use of the private, semi-
private or public spaces for community activities or as a meeting place of a community in any
town. People want to have shady area in the street or in the front yard of their homes. Besides, they
need a cross-ventilation and protected streets so all these can be possible by the use of appropriate
plants in the outdoor space.

Landscape sustainability in urban space can be achieved by the use of the private, semi private,
semi public, and public space for;

• Community Activities,
• Public Interaction
• Formation of communication
• Native Green Network system

In addition to these, sustainbaility of landscaping provide friendly town life both in physically and
functionally.

With globalisation, plant material has been changed its formation with global landscape material.
This changes affected the continuity of the landscape sustainability because of using of the global
material does not provide the continuity of landscape sustainability to next generation and also
global material does not give a sense of belonging places. On the other hand, globalisation of
material can not be stoped. With all of the consideration, Glolocalisation can be implemented in
this kind of spaces.

Globalisation can get in to our life style but people can not give up local material and things. For
that reason continuation of landscape sustainability based on combination of global and local uses
which called Glocalisation in sustainability. The other important thing is preserve our natural and
cultural heritage for next generation.

REFERENCES

• Arapkirlioglu K. (1996), Landscape ecology lecture notes, Ankara, Bilkent University.

• htpp:// www.landscapedesign.org/98FLDAPP/Sld0008.html
• htpp:// www.permaculutre.org.au/whatisp.shtml
• International Conference on Conservation and Development, (1986), In: J. R. Engels and
J.G. Engels, Eds.,1990, Ethics of Environment and Development. Tuscon, AZ: University
of Arizona Press.
• Iskan Bakanligi Sehir Planlama Dairesi, (1989), Lefke Kent Merkezi Duzenleme Projesi,
North Cyprus, City Planning Department press.
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• Mollison, B. (1979), Permaculture Two. Tagari, Stanley, Tasmania.

• Onal S. (1997), Design for sustainable architecture lecture notes, Gazimagusa, EMU press.
• Willimas K.,Burton E, Jenks M., (2000), Achieving Sustainable Urban Form, London and
Newyork, SPON press
• World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987), Our Common Future
(Brundtland Report). Oxford University Press.
• Zion R., (1991), A Profile In Landcape Architecture, No:94, Tokyo, Process Architecture
Co, Ltd

Fig 1: Example of C.M.C house front yard Fig 2: Example of single labor house front yard

Fig 3: Example of plant divider Fig 4: Married labour Backyard as a semi-private

space.

Fig 5: Married labour backyard garden Fig 6:Married labour district bordered by
Eucalyptus tree in district scale

Fig 7: Semi-public space at CMC district Fig 8: Public space at local level

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