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 Preface

In the present translation the American public has an opportunity of

studying what the paternal Russian government regards as
revolutionary literature. In the Russian cities it is possible, by
offering guarantees, by depositing fifteen or twenty rubles, and by
paying fifteen or twenty kopeks a day, to borrow Chernyshevsky’s
novel from the libraries. It is dangerous property, however, and the
person caught with it in his possession may make unpleasant
acquaintance with the police. It was published first in the columns of
the Sovremennik (Contemporary). It was written with all the
enthusiasm which an ardent soul could feel at the first breath of
liberty blowing on a land long ground down under the heel of
oppression. It made an immense sensation throughout Russia. It is
said that hundreds of young girls living in disagreeable
circumstances started to follow Viéra Pavlovna’s example, and
hundreds of young men, to live honorable, lofty, philosophical lives
in the fashion of the types represented by Lopukhóf and Kirsánof.
The tendency of the story was quite too liberal, and it was hardly
brought out in book form before it was ruthlessly suppressed. Even
now, however, it works like a leaven; and though it is dead, it lives.
It is not a novel in the strict sense of the word. The characters are
all drawn from life: Kirsánof is understood to be a picture of the
distinguished Professor Shévitch of St. Petersburg, and Viéra
Pavlovna still lives. The extraordinary man, so singularly introduced
in the third part, is regarded in Russia as an ideal picture of the
famous Karakózof.
 In the present unsettled state of the labor question this novel of
the crushed Russian reformer has a most vital interest. It ought to
come to every poor working girl like a breath from heaven, like an
inspiration. There is no reason why Viéra Pavlovna’s industrial
experiment, which is no chimerical dream, should not be put into
practice in every town where the English language is spoken. Are not
the signs as certain as fate, that cooperation is to be the great
system of the future? and how reasonably it is presented in A Vital
Question! Then there will be no more strikes for eight hours of work,
no more quarrels between employers and the employed, for the
employed will be themselves their own employers. As regards the
still more vital question upon which the book touches, it is evident
what the author teaches, and with what a master hand! The present
marriage system is in many instances a failure; witness the
proportion of divorces to marriages in every state, not only in this
country, but in countries where divorce is allowed, and the
immorality everywhere. How is it to be stopped? not by free love;
but by education and the joining of those who were meant to be
joined. Marriage is a fact, and how is it to be purified and made
sacred? Chernyshevsky offers his theory of its practical solution, not
in the philosophically absurd and weak conduct of Lopukhóf, which,
perhaps, was unavoidable in a country like Russia, but in the
suggestions of Rakhmétof, which, however, are only to be realized
when people have attained a higher state of morality and education
than is to be found, except among a very few, in whom the animal
nature is absolutely tamed. Cases have been known where man and
wife, growing apart by natural development, have again established
love through what we call Christian grace; how many such cases are
there? It takes a miracle to mix oil and water. This is a question
which forces itself home to every man and woman, “What is to be
done about it?” Whatever may be thought about Chernyshevsky’s
solution, whatever may be thought about the morality of the
business-agreement theory, whatever may be thought of the
conduct of Lopukhóf, there can be no doubt of the intense moral
purpose of the author; he may be mistaken, but his virtue is
Spartan; it is as heroic as though it were ideally Christian.
 Such is the motive of the story. But even more important than this
special motive is the general theory of the equality of women, the
development of which makes the real greatness of the book. Such
an ideal of womanhood is offered as can scarcely be found
anywhere else in literature. Even those who, possibly
misunderstanding what Chernyshevsky really proposes, think his
ideas in respect to freedom of divorce unsound and immoral, cannot
fail to recognize the magnificence of the prospect which he opens
before “the softer sex” in Viéra Pavlovna’s Fourth Vision. It ought to
be read and taken to heart by every woman in the world. It lies with
the women themselves to determine their treatment by men, and
the terrible social state from which now so many unfortunate
creatures, both married and single, are suffering, might be cured as
malaria is cured by the wind of the sea, if this theory were only
brought into practice. A Vital Question should especially be grateful
to the women of this land, which is popularly supposed to be “the
land of freedom.”
A few words about the author himself may be interesting.
Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky1 was born in 1829, in the city
of Sarátof. His father, a man of remarkable intellect and character,
was an archpriest of the cathedral, who was revered and loved by all
who knew him. The young Nikolay was placed in the Theological
School at Sarátof, where he devoted himself with remarkable
assiduity to the study of the ancient languages, and particularly of
the Bible. At this time he was an unquestioning believer; but as his
mind developed, he found that the atmosphere of the Greek Church
suffocated him. His old father made no opposition, and sent him to
the University of Petersburg, where he entered the philological
faculty, and devoted himself to the mastery of the ancient
languages, and especially the Slavonic. He was an indefatigable
reader, and having been introduced to the study of sociology, he
locked himself in his room, and read everything that he could find in
Russian, French, and German on the subject, and the training he
had received in the seminary quickly enabled him to become a
master of it. After his graduation in 1850 he was engaged as
instructor of literature in the School of Cadets; but at the end of a
year, at the request of his mother, who was very dear to him, he
gave up the pleasant circle of acquaintances, and the delightful life
in Petersburg, and became a teacher in the gymnasium of his native
town. It was a particularly trying position for a man of his liberal
views; but he had the satisfaction of exerting an immense influence
in the circle in which he moved. It is said that through his silent
example and personal popularity many of the petty officials who
hitherto had wasted their time and energies became interested in
self-culture, and, what was more for Russian tchinovniks, refused to
accept bribes. Nikolay met a young girl belonging to this circle, and
fell in love with her. His mother died in 1853, and shortly after, with
his father’s blessing, he married, and moved to Petersburg, where he
earned a precarious existence by various literary work. Finding that
English translations were becoming fashionable, he learned English
in two months, and translated a novel. Meantime, he was working
for his degree of magister. His dissertation on “The Aesthetic
Relation of Art to Reality” was so radical in its ideas that it caused
his rejection. He got into difficulty with the director of the Corps of
Cadets, and resigned his position as teacher, and thenceforth
devoted himself to literature. His dissertation gave him a place in the
office of the Sovremennik as critical and political writer.
After the accession of Alexander II, while the Emperor was still
enjoying his prestige as “Tsar-Liberator,” Chernyshevsky, through the
journal, energetically devoted himself to the instruction of the
people, in the science of political economy. That involved him in a
controversy with the conservative political economists of Russia. He
was charged with revolutionary sentiments. At first the government
tried to buy him off, by offering him the office of editor of certain
government publications. He accepted the position of editor of the
Military Magazine, under certain conditions, but he could not hold
the position. From this time began a systematic effort to ruin him.
Anonymous articles and pamphlets were attributed to him, and
finally he was arrested; though nothing was really found against
him, he was kept in prison for two years. A spy was introduced into
his cell; but the worst that he could be charged with was that he
said, “Now is the time, not to think, but to act.” But there were
rumors of a Polish insurrection, and of risings among the serfs, and
such a man was dangerous; therefore he was tried and condemned
on forged documents. The reading of the sentence took place on the
morning of the twenty-fifth of June, 1864, two years and two
months after his incarceration. A great throng gathered, in spite of
the rain, and just as the sentence was finished and the sabre was
broken, according to the custom when a wellborn person is
condemned, and while the executioner was fastening
Chernyshevsky’s hands to the rings on the scaffold,2 a great bouquet
fell at his feet. Tchernnishevsky was sent to the mines. At this time
there were upwards of three thousand people imprisoned in Central
Russia alone. Two years later occurred the attempt of Karakózof on
the Emperor’s life. It happened on the fourth of April (O.S.); and by
a singular coincidence Chernyshevsky’s novel was dated April 4,
1863. It was proposed to bring him back to trial as an accomplice.
This absurdity was not carried out; but after Chernyshevsky had
served seven years, Count Shuválof, the head of the police, had him
excepted from the usual respite. Afterwards he was sent to Yakutsk,
and imprisoned under the close guard of two gens d’armes and two
Cossacks. In the words of the historian, “Thus Nikolay Gavrilovich
Chernyshevsky was cut off from society and science.”
The story of Chernyshevsky’s imprisonment is heartrending. Even
before he was sentenced, he was allowed to see his sick wife only
after he had starved himself almost to death, and even then only in
the presence of others. Afterwards he was allowed to write her once
a year; but this privilege was taken away from him when some spies
reported that there was a plot to have him rescued. He was not
allowed to have books or writing material, and in sheer desperation
he punctured a vein in his arm, and wrote in letters of blood on the
wall of his cell. It was not strange that his mind—one of the
brightest minds that Russia ever produced—was broken by such
tortures. Chernyshevsky, at last accounts, was still living under police
supervision in Astrakhan. A reporter of an English daily interviewed
him a year or two ago, and found him still intelligent, but a mental
wreck. Such action is worthy of the Austrian government towards
dangerous Silvio Pellicos; but is it not incredible that a country in the
nineteenth century should employ such means to deprive itself of a
man who would have reflected more glory on the realm of its
emperors than the emperors themselves?
The present translation has been made with great care, and it is
hoped that it may be forgiven, even by that school of critics which
lays down the commandment, “Thou shalt not commit translations.”
One single change has been made, which it is right to mention, for
the sake of those who believe that a ready-made coat must be worn
without alteration, even if it does not fit. In one single scene
Kirsánof’s character has been slightly mended, better to suit the
American ideal of man. A very few Russian words have been
retained, in cases where there was nothing corresponding to them in
English. Such are sufficiently explained in the text. Chernyshevsky’s
style is often exceedingly awkward. He sometimes strove after
originality, at the expense of wisdom; but it cannot fail to be
recognized that A Vital Question deserves a high rank among
modern novels. Those who begin it will not be likely to lay it
down unfinished.

Nathan Haskell Dole

S. S. Skidelsky
Philadelphia, June 4, 1886
What Is to Be Done?
 A Vital Question

I
A Fool

On the morning of the 23rd of July, 1856, the servants of one of the
largest hotels of Petersburg, near the Moscow railroad station, were
in perplexity, and even partly in fear. On the previous evening, about
nine o’clock, a gentleman arrived with a valise, took a room, gave
his passport to be registered, asked for tea and a small cutlet, gave
orders that they should not disturb him during the evening, because
he was tired and wanted to sleep, but that they should wake him
without fail at eight o’clock in the morning, because he had
important business. Then he locked the door; and, after rattling his
knife and fork, and jingling the tea-things for a time, nothing more
was heard of him. He was apparently asleep. Morning came; at eight
o’clock a servant knocked at the stranger’s door; the stranger did not
answer. The servant knocked louder, very loud; still the stranger did
not reply. Apparently he was very tired. The servant waited a quarter
of an hour, again tried to arouse him, again was unsuccessful. He
consulted with the other servants, with the butler.
“Can anything have happened to him?”
“We must break in the door.”
“No, that won’t do! If we break in the door, we must have
a policeman.”
 It was decided to try once more, still louder; if it failed this time,
to send for the police.
They made their last endeavor; they could not arouse him. They
sent for the police, and now they are waiting to see what the result
will be.
About ten o’clock a policeman came; he himself knocked at the
door, ordered the servants to knock; result the same as before.
“There is nothing to be done; burst in the door, children.”
They broke open the door. The room was empty.
“Look under the bed!”
But there was no one under the bed. The policeman went to the
table; on the table lay a sheet of paper, and written in large letters
were these words:—
“I shall go away at eleven o’clock this evening, and I shall not
return. You will hear of me on the Liteinaïa bridge between two and
three o’clock tonight. Let no one be suspected.”
“Now I see, the matter is plain; nobody could make anything out
of it,” said the policeman.
“What do you mean, Ivan Afanasyévitch?” asked the butler.
“Give me some tea. I will tell you.”
The policeman’s narration long served as a subject for lively
discussions and arguments in the hotel. The story was of this sort:—
At half-past three last night—the night was cloudy, dark—on the
centre of the Liteinaïa bridge a fire flashed, and the report of a pistol
was heard. The guards rushed to the spot, a few people quickly
collected; not a person or a thing was to be seen where the pistol
shot was fired. It was evidently not a murder, but a suicide.
Volunteers wanted to dive; in a few moments boat-hooks were
brought, a fishing-net was brought; they dived, they grappled, they
dragged the river; they brought up about fifty large chips, but they
could neither catch nor discover the body. Yes; and how could it be
found? The night was dark. In those two hours the body was already
far down towards the sea. Go, find it there. Therefore advanced
thinkers arose, discrediting the former supposition:—
“May be there was no corpse whatsoever. May be some drunken
man, or simply some mischievous fellow, played a joke, fired off a
pistol, and ran; or perhaps the very fellow is standing here among
the excited crowd, yes, and laughing at the trouble which he
has made.”
But the majority, as is usual when a case is argued reasonably,
proved to be conservative, and defended the former supposition:—
“What kind of a joke is that? Of course he put a bullet into his
brain, and that is the end of it!” The progressive party were
outruled. But the victorious party, as usual, having won the victory,
was itself immediately divided. “Let us suppose that he committed
suicide. But what did he do it for?”
“He was drunk,” was the opinion of some of the conservatives; “a
ruined spendthrift,” asserted others.
“Only a fool” (durak), said someone. And this expression, “Only a
fool,” was accepted by all, even by those who discredited the fact of
a suicide. Indeed, whether it was a drunkard or a spendthrift
committed suicide, or whether some mischievous fellow did not
commit suicide at all, but simply played a trick; at all events, it was
an absurd trick of a fool.
And this put an end to the matter that night on the bridge. In the
morning, at the hotel of the Moscow railroad, it was decided that the
fool did not play a joke, but committed suicide.
But there still remained, after all this story, an element in regard
to which even the vanquished party were in agreement. It was this.
If it was not a trick, but a case of suicide, nevertheless, it was a fool!
This conclusion, so satisfactory to all parties, was particularly strong
from the very fact that the conservatives were victorious; if he had
only played a trick by firing his pistol on the bridge, it would have
been really doubtful whether he were a fool or a mischievous fellow.
But he shot himself on the bridge. Who shot himself on the bridge?
How on the bridge? Why on the bridge? Ridiculous to do it on the
bridge! and, therefore, he was doubtless a fool.
Again a doubt arose among some of them. He shot himself on the
bridge, but people don’t go to a bridge to shoot themselves;
consequently, he did not commit suicide. Towards evening, however,
the servants of the hotel were summoned to the station to identify a
cap, pierced with a bullet hole, which had been taken out of the
water; all recognized that it was the very same cap that the stranger
had worn. Thus indubitably he must have shot himself, and the spirit
of denial and progress was entirely defeated.
All were agreed that it was a fool (durak), and suddenly all began
to chatter, “On the bridge, a clever dodge! It was done evidently so
as to save suffering; for if the shot did not kill—he reasoned wisely—
no matter how slight the wound was, he would jump into the water,
and so drown before he knew what had happened. Yes, on the
bridge! wisely done!”
At this stage it was utterly impossible to come to any decision;
both a fool and wise!

II
The First Consequences of the Fool’s Deed

On that very same morning, about twelve o’clock, a young woman

was sitting in one of the three rooms of a small dacha on the
Kamennoï Ostrof (Stone Island); she was sewing, and singing in an
undertone a little French song full of spirit and courage. “We are
poor,” said the song, “but we are working people; we have strong
hands. We are obscure, but we are not dull, and we want light. Let
us learn; knowledge will give us freedom. Let us be industrious;
industry will give us wealth. This will go on; if we live, we shall
see it.

Ça ira,
Qui vivra verra.

We are rough, but from our roughness ’tis only we ourselves who
are the losers. We are full of prejudices, but we ourselves suffer
from them; this we feel. Let us look for happiness, let us find
humanity, we shall be good; this will go on; if we live, we shall
see it.
 “Industry without knowledge is fruitless; our own happiness is
impossible without the happiness of others. As soon as we become
enlightened we shall become rich; we shall be happy; we shall form
one brotherhood and sisterhood; this will go on; if we live, we shall
see it.
“Let us learn and be industrious; let us sing and love; we shall
have a heaven on earth! Let us be happy while we live; this will go
on; it will soon come to pass; we shall all see it.

Donc, vivons,
Ça bien vite ira,
Ça viendra,
Nous tous le verrons!”

Courageous, spirited, was the song, and its melody was joyous.
There were two or three melancholy notes in it, but they were
concealed by the generally light character of the motive; they
vanished in the refrain, they vanished in the conclusion of the
couplet—at least they ought to have vanished and to have been
concealed, and they would have vanished had the lady been in a
different frame of mind; but now these few melancholy notes are
made more prominent than the others. She almost trembles as she
perceives it; she lowers her voice as she sings them, and tries to
sing the joyful notes louder; but again her mind is drawn away from
her song by her own thoughts, and then again the melancholy notes
become prominent. Evidently the young woman does not like to give
in to melancholy, and it is no less evident that the melancholy is
loath to leave her, no matter how hard she tries to drive it away. But
whether melancholy or joyful, whether or no it becomes joyful in the
spirit of the song, the young woman sews very industriously. She is
a good seamstress.
A young servant girl comes into the room.
“Do you see, Masha, how I am sewing? I have almost finished the
cuffs which I am getting ready to wear at your wedding.”
“Akh! there is much less work in them than in those which you
made for me.”
 “That’s of no matter! a bride ought to be dressed better than
anybody else at her own wedding.”
“And I have brought you a letter, Viéra Pavlovna.”
Viéra Pavlovna’s face expressed perplexity, as she began to break
open the letter; the envelope bore the city postmark.
“How is this? Isn’t he in Moscow?” She hastily unfolded the letter
and grew pale; her hand holding the letter fell to her side.
“No, it is not so; I have scarcely had a chance to read the letter;
there is nothing in it at all.”
And again she lifted her hand with the letter. All this took place in
two seconds. But at the second reading her eyes looked long and
immovably at the few lines of the letter, and the brightness of their
expression grew dimmer and dimmer; the sheet fell from her
nerveless hands to the worktable; she hid her face in her hands; she
began to weep.
“What have I done? What have I done?” And again sobs.

“Viérotchka [Little Viéra]! What is the matter with you? Are you so
fond of weeping? How often does this happen? What is the matter
with you?”—a young man came into the room with quick but gentle,
careful steps.
“Read it; it is on the table.” She was now no longer weeping, but
was sitting motionless, scarcely breathing.
The young man took the letter. He also grew pale, and his hands
trembled, and long he looked at the letter, short though it was, not
more than a score of words all told:—
“I have disturbed your peace of mind. I leave these scenes. Don’t
grieve; I love you both so much that I am very happy at my
decision. Proshchaïte” (Farewell).
The young man stood long, rubbing his forehead; then he began
to twirl his mustache; then he looked at the sleeve of his coat; finally
he collected his thoughts. He made a step forward towards the
young woman, who was still sitting motionless, hardly breathing, as
if in a lethargy. He took her hand.
 “Viérotchka!”
But as his hand touched hers, she jumped up with a cry of terror,
as though she had been roused by an electric shock, impetuously
drew off from the young man, convulsively pushed him from her.
“Go away! Don’t touch me! You are stained with blood! His blood
is on you! I cannot bear to see you! I shall go away from you! I am
going away! Leave me!” And she kept pushing, pushing the empty
air, motioning him away, and suddenly she tottered, fell into the
armchair, and covered her face with her hands.
“On me too is his blood! On me! Thou art not to blame! I alone! I
alone! What have I done!” Her sobs choked her.
“Viérotchka,” said he, gently and timidly, “my friend!”
She drew a painful sigh, and with a restrained and still trembling
voice said, though it was hard to say:—
“My love, leave me alone for now. Come again in an hour. Then I
shall be calm. Give me a drink of water, and go!”
He obeyed her silently. He went to his room, sat down at his
writing-table, where he had been sitting so calm, so content, but a
quarter of an hour before. He took his pen again. “At such moments
one should have perfect control over himself. I have a will, and all
will be well, will be well.” And his pen, without his control, all the
time went on writing some article or other. “Can it be borne? It is
horrible! Happiness is over!”
“My love, I am ready. Let us talk,” was heard from the adjoining
room. The young woman’s voice was low but firm.
“My love, we must part. I have decided. It is hard, but it would be
still harder for us to see each other. I am his murderer. I killed him
for thy sake!”
“Viérotchka! why art thou to blame?”
“Don’t say a word, do not justify me, else I shall despise thee! I—I
am to blame for all. Forgive me, my love, for coming to a decision
which will be very hard for thee, and for me, my love, also! But I
cannot do otherwise; thou thyself wilt shortly see that it was best to
do so. This is unalterable, my friend! Only listen: I shall leave
Petersburg; it will be easier at a distance from the places which
would remind me of the past. I shall sell my things. On the money I
get I shall be able to live some time. Where? In Tver, in Nizhni
[Novgorod], I don’t know; it is all the same. I shall try to give
singing lessons. In all probability I shall find pupils, because I shall
settle in some large city. If I don’t find them, I shall go out as
governess. I think that I shall not come to want; but if I should, I
will let you know. At any rate, be sure to have some money ready
for me. You know very well that I have a good many necessities,
heavy expenses, stingy though I am; I cannot help it. Dost thou
hear? I do not refuse thy help. Let this be a proof to thee that thou
art still dear to me. And now let us part forever. Go back to town,
right away, right away! It will be easier for me when I am alone.
Tomorrow I shall not be here; then come back. I shall leave for
Moscow. There I will see, I will find out in which of the provincial
cities I can easiest find singing pupils. I forbid you coming to the
station to see me off. Proshchaï, my friend! Give me thy hand in
token of farewell; I shall press it for the last time.”
He wanted to kiss her; she stopped his motion.
“No, it must not be; it is impossible. This would be an insult to
him. Give me thy hand. I press it, thou seest how warmly! But
forgive me.”
He did not let go her hand.
“That is enough! Go!” She withdrew her hand. He did not dare to
resist. “Forgive me!” She looked at him so tenderly, and with firm
steps she went to her room, and not once did she look at him as
she went.
It was long before he could find his hat. Though half a dozen
times he took it into his hand, he did not see that he had it. He was
like a drunken man. At last he realized that what he was looking for
was the hat in his hand. He went to the entry, put on his overcoat,
and now he is near the gate. “Who is running after me? Surely
Masha. Surely something bad has happened to her.” He turned
around. Viéra Pavlovna threw herself on his neck, embraced him,
kissed him passionately.
“No, I could not endure it, my love! Farewell forever!”
She hurried back, threw herself on the bed, and let the tears flow
which she had so long restrained.
 III
Preface

“The motive of this story is love; the principal character is a woman.

So far, so good, although the story itself may be poor enough,” says
my lady reader. “This is true,” say I.
The man who reads is not limited to such weak conclusions.
Apparently a man’s thinking faculties are naturally stronger and
better developed than a woman’s. He says (very likely, however,
woman also thinks the same thing, but does not deem it necessary
to say it, and therefore I have no cause to argue with her), the man
who reads says, “I know that the gentleman who fired the pistol did
not commit suicide.” I catch that word “know,” and say, “You do not
know it, because you have not yet been told, and all you know is
that which is told you. You don’t know anything. You do not even
know that, by the way in which I began this story, I insulted, I
humiliated you. You did not know that, did you? Well, then, let me
tell you!”
Yes, the first pages of this story show that I have a very low
opinion of the public. I have used the ordinary shrewdness of
novelists: I began my story with effective scenes, clipt out from the
middle or the end of it; I covered them with a fog. Thou, O public,
art clever, very clever, and therefore thou hast neither discernment
nor wit. Thou canst not depend upon thyself to tell by the first pages
whether the story is worth reading through. Thy sense of smell is
wretched; it needs aid, and there are two ways of giving aid—either
the name of the author or effectiveness of style. I am going to relate
to thee my first story. Thou hast not acquired a critical faculty, so as
to judge whether or no the author is endowed with an artistic talent
(yet thou hast so many writers, to whom thou hast attributed an
artistic talent!), but my name, has not yet attracted thee, and I am
compelled to throw a hook to thee, baited with an attraction of
effectiveness. Condemn me not for it. Thou thyself art to blame; thy
simple-minded innocence compels me to lower myself to such trivial
business. But now thou art caught in my hands, and I can prolong
my story, according to my own judgment, without any tricks.
Henceforth there shall be no mysteries; thou shalt always be able to
look forward twenty pages at a time and see the result of every
situation, and now, at the very beginning, I will tell thee the
conclusion of my story: the thing will end joyfully, with wine-cups,
with song; there will be no theatrical effects nor embellishments.
The author does not like embellishments, gentle public, because he
always thinks what a chaos there is in thy head; how many, many
needless sufferings are caused, inflicted upon every man by the wild
confusion of thy ideas. It is to me both pitiful and ridiculous to look
at thee; thou art so helpless and so piqued at the superabundant
amount of absurdities in thy head.
I am vext with thee because thou art so spiteful to people, and yet
thou thyself art the people. Why art thou so spiteful to thyself? That
is the reason that I am scolding thee. But thou art spiteful on
account of thy mental helplessness; and therefore, while I am
scolding thee, I am compelled to help thee. What shall be the first
step toward helping thee? By touching upon the very thing that now
thou art thinking about. “What sort of an author is this who speaks
so impudently to me?” I will tell thee what kind of an author I am.
I do not possess the slightest sign of an artistic talent. My skill in
using good language is small, but that is not of the least
consequence. Read! my dear public; not without profit shalt thou
read. Truth is a good thing; truth compensates for the faults of that
author who serves her. And therefore I will tell thee, that if I had not
warned thee, thou wouldst probably have the idea my story was
written artistically, that the author possessed a great poetic talent.
But I have warned thee that I have no talent, and thou shalt now
know that all the good qualities of this story lie in its truthfulness.
In the first place, my kind public, as I am hitting thee under the
ribs, I must speak out to the end; although thou art fond of
guessing, thou hast no skill to unriddle what has been begun and
now ended. When I say that I have not a sign of an artistic talent,
and that my story has very little style, don’t make up thy mind that I
am very much worse than all thy novelists, whom thou callest great,
and that my novel is worse than theirs. I do not say that. I say that
my story has less style than the works of other people who are
endowed with talent. But, as far as merit goes, thou canst boldly
place my story in the same rank as the famous writings of thy
favorite authors; thou wilt not be mistaken if thou place it still
higher. There is more art in it than in theirs; thou mayest rest
assured of it.
Thank me now; thou art obsequious to those who despise thee:
bow also to me.
But there is in thee, O public, a certain class of people—and at the
present time a considerable number—whom I esteem. To thee as a
whole; to the majority I am impertinent, and it is only about the
majority that I have been speaking. As regards those whom I have
just mentioned I should have spoken humbly to them, even with
some fear, but I had no need of making explanations to them. I prize
their opinions, but I know beforehand that they are on my side. The
good and the strong, the honest, the wise, ye have begun to arise
among us; ye are not few in number, and ye are growing more and
more. If ye were the public, I should not have to write any more; if
ye did not exist, it would be impossible for me to write. But ye are
not yet the public, but ye are a part of the public; therefore, I must
and I can write.
 Part I
The Life of Viéra Pavlovna in Her Parents’ Family
 I

Viéra Pavlovna’s training was very ordinary. Her life, up to the time
when she made the acquaintance of the medical student Lopukhóf,
was rather remarkable, although it was not singular. But in her
actions even then could be seen something singular.
Viéra Pavlovna grew up in a many-storied house on Gorokhovaïa
Street, between Sadovïa Street and the Semyonovsky bridge. At the
present day this house is marked with its appropriate number, but in
1852, when as yet the streets were not numbered, it bore the
inscription, “The house of the Actual State Counsellor,3 Ivan
Zakharuitch Storeshnikof.”
Such was the inscription; but Ivan Zakharuitch Storeshnikof had
died as long ago as 1837, and since that time the proprietor
(khozyáïn) of the house was his son Mikhaïl Ivanovitch (thus said
the documents); but the tenants knew that Mikhaïl Ivanovitch
was merely the son of his father, and that the real proprietor was
Anna Petrovna.
The house was at that time just as it is now, large, with two gates
and four entrances on the streets, and with three yards (dvors) in
the rear. At the principal entrance on the street, on the belétage,
there were living in 1852, just the same as at the present time
(1860), the khozyáïka and her son. Anna Petrovna is now, and
she was then, a lady of distinction. Mikhaïl Ivanovitch is now an
army officer of distinction, as he was then a distinguished and
handsome officer.
I do not know who is now living on the fourth floor apartment, on
the right hand, as you enter from one of the innumerable dirty back
entrances of the first dvor; but in 1852 there were living there the
manager of the house, Pavel Konstantinuitch Rozalsky, a hardy and
representative man, his wife Marya Alekséyevna, a lean, strong, tall
woman, with their daughter, a grown-up girl, the very same Viéra
Pavlovna, and their little nine-year-old son Feódor.
Pavel Konstantinuitch, beside having the management of the
house, held the office of assistant (stolonatchalnik) in a government
department. His office gave him no salary, but at home he had a
small income; anyone else would have had much more, but Pavel
Konstantinuitch, as he himself said, had a conscience. Consequently
the khozyáïka of the house was very well satisfied with him, and
during the fourteen years of his management he had accumulated a
capital of about ten thousand rubles. Of this money only three
thousand, and no more, came out of the khozyáïka’s pocket; the
balance was gained by being turned over and over, and not to the
detriment of the khozyáïka. Pavel Konstantinuitch was in the habit of
loaning money on pawn of personal property.
Marya Alekséyevna had also a little capital; about five thousand,
as she told her kumashki (gossipy friends), but in reality she had
more. The foundation of this capital had been laid about fifteen
years before by the sale of a raccoon-skin shuba, a little dress, and
some furniture which had been left Marya Alekséyevna by her
brother, a tchinovnik. Having thus obtained about one hundred and
fifty rubles, she also began to turn them over and over by loaning on
personal security. She took greater risks than her husband did, and
many times she got caught on the hooks. Some rogue borrowed five
rubles from her on the security of a passport; the passport
happened to be a stolen one, and it cost Marya Alekséyevna about
fifteen rubles more to free herself from the entanglement. Another
rascal pawned to her a gold watch for twenty rubles; the watch
proved to have been taken from a murdered man, and Marya
Alekséyevna was compelled to spend a good round sum to get out
of this entanglement. But if she suffered losses which her husband
by his careful scrutiny of securities avoided, still her capital grew
with greater rapidity. Singular instances of her way of money-getting
were detected. Once upon a time—Viéra Pavlovna was then small; if
her daughter had been older, Marya Alekséyevna would not have
done it, but at that time “why not do it? the child does not
understand”; and indeed, Viérotchka by herself would not have
understood it, but she did learn of it, thanks to the cook, who
explained it to her with very great detail. Yes, and the cook would
not have spoken of it, because the child ought not to have known
about it; but it happened so that her soul was impatient after Marya
Alekséyevna had given her one of her tremendous thrashings
because she had taken a walk with her lover (by the way, Matrióna’s
eye was always black and blue—not because of Marya Alekséyevna’s
fist, but her lover’s—and this had its good side, since a cook with
discolored eyes does not get such high wages). But as I started to
say, once upon a time, there came to Marya Alekséyevna a lady of
her acquaintance whom she had not seen for a long time, well
dressed, magnificent, handsome; she came and made quite a visit.
She stayed quietly for a week, but all the time a certain civilian came
to see her, a handsome man, who gave Viérotchka candy, and
presented her with beautiful dolls, and gave her also two little
books. Both had pictures, but in one of the books were pretty little
pictures—animals and cities—but the other little book Marya
Alekséyevna took away from Viérotchka after the gentleman had
left; so that she saw the pictures only once, and that was while he
was there; he himself showed them to her. About a week this lady
stayed with them, and everything was quiet in the house. Marya
Alekséyevna all the week did not once go to the cupboard (where a
decanter of vodka was standing), the key of which she always kept
in her own possesion. She did not beat Matrióna, did not beat
Viérotchka, and she did not scold as loud as usual; then one night
Viérotchka was constantly disturbed by their guest’s terrible shrieks,
by the going and coming, and the uproar in the house. In the
morning Marya Alekséyevna went to the cupboard and stood in front
of it longer than usual, and kept saying, “Glory to God! all went well,
glory to God!” She even called Matrióna to the cupboard, and said:—
“To your health, Matriónushka, you too worked hard!” But instead
of doubling her fist as she used to do in old times, after visiting the
cupboard, she kissed Viérotchka and took a nap. After this the house
was quiet for about a week, and the guest did not shriek any more,
but she never left the room until she went away altogether. Two
days after she left, a civilian came, not the one who had been there
before, but another civilian, who brought with him the police, and
gave Marya Alekséyevna a round berating, but Marya Alekséyevna
did not yield to him, but kept asseverating:—
“I know nothing whatsoever of your business. You can find out by
the register who has been staying with me. Mrs. Savastyánova, the
wife of a merchant of Pskof, and a friend of mine has been here, and
that’s all there is of it.”
Finally, after using his whole battery of words, the civilian
departed, and never appeared again. Viérotchka witnessed this
when she was eight years old, and when she was nine years old,
Matrióna explained to her what the occurrence really was. However,
such an occurrence happened only once; there were various others,
but nothing like this.
When Viérotchka was a little girl of ten years old, as she was
going one day with her mother to the Tolkutchy (Pushing) Market,
and was turning from Gorokhovaïa (Bean) Street to Sadovaïa
(Garden) Street, she received an unexpected slap on the head, with
the words: “What are you looking at the church for, you fool, without
crossing yourself? What! don’t you see that all good people make
the sign of the cross?”
When Viérotchka was twelve years old she began to go to school,
and a piano-teacher came to give her lessons, a German who was a
drunkard, but was otherwise a very good man and an excellent
musician. Owing to his habits his terms were very low.
When she was fourteen years old she used to sew for the whole
family; the family, however, was not large.
When Viérotchka was going on to her sixteenth year, her mother
began to scold her in this way: “Wash your face, ’tis like a gypsy’s.
You could not get it clean, if you tried; you’re such a scarecrow. I’d
like to know whose child you are, anyhow.”
She was always ridiculed on account of the tawny complexion of
her face, and she got accustomed to look upon herself as extremely
ugly. Hitherto her mother had dressed her almost in rags, but now
she began to give her fine clothes. And Viérotchka used to go to
church in her fine clothes with her mother, and say to herself:
“These fine clothes would suit somebody else; but no matter how
I’m dressed, I’m always a gypsy, a scarecrow. I might as well be
in calico as in silk, but it is good to be pretty. How I should like to
be pretty!”
When Viérotchka had completed her sixteenth year she stopped
taking piano lessons, and no longer went to school, but began to
teach in the very same school: afterwards her mother got other
teaching for her.
At the end of six months her mother ceased calling her gypsy and
scarecrow, and dressed her even more elegantly than before, and
Matrióna—this was the third Matrióna since the one whose eye had
been black and blue, but she had oftentimes a scratched cheek, but
not always—Matrióna told Viérotchka that her father’s natchalnik
was going to pay her his addresses, and that still another natchalnik
of great importance, with an order around his neck, had the same
intention. And in fact the little tchinovniks of the department
gossipped among themselves that the natchalnik of Pavel
Konstantinuitch’s office was getting very affable to to the latter, and
the office natchalnik began to confide to his cronies that he must
have a beautiful wife even though she had no dowry, and he would
add that Pavel Konstantinuitch was an excellent tchinovnik.
How this would have ended cannot be conjectured, but the
natchalnik of the office deliberated a long time, and while he was
taking his own time, another opportunity arose.
The khozyáïka’s son came to the manager to say that his
mátushka wanted Pavel Konstantinuitch to get specimens of
wallpapers, because she was going to re-paper the rooms in which
she was living. Hitherto all such orders had been given through the
janitor. Certainly such a case as this could be comprehended even by
people who were not as shrewd as Marya Alekséyevna and her
husband. The landlady’s son sat for more than half an hour and did
them the honor of drinking tea with them. It was flower tea. Marya
Alekséyevna on the very next day gave her daughter a necklace
which had been taken as a pledge and had never been redeemed,
and ordered for her daughter two new and very fine dresses; one of
a material costing forty rubles, and the other fifty-two. With ruchings
and ribbons, and everything in style, these two garments cost one
hundred and seventy-four rubles, at least so Marya Alekséyevna said
to her husband; but Viérotchka knew that the real cost was less than
one hundred rubles, for the purchases were made in her presence,
and for one hundred rubles two very fine dresses could be made.
Viérotchka was delighted with the dresses, was delighted with the
necklace, and was still more delighted because her mother at last
consented to buy her shoes for her at Korolyef’s, because the shoes
that one gets at the “Pushing Market” are shapeless, while those
sold by Korolyef fit the feet so beautifully.
The dresses were not bought in vain; the khozyáïka’s son got into
the habit of coming to the manager’s rooms, and naturally used to
talk with the daughter more than with the manager or the manager’s
wife, and naturally enough they gave him every opportunity. Nu! the
mother gave her daughter plenty of advice which need not be
repeated, as its tenor can be easily imagined.
One day after dinner the mother said: “Viérotchka, put on your
dress, your best dress. I have got up a surprise for you: we are
going to the opera. I have got tickets for the second tier, where all
the generals’ wives go. This is all for your sake, little goose,
[dúrotchka]! This is the last money that I am going to waste on you.
Your father has spent so much on you that it has gone to his
stomach! How much did it cost to send you to school and to give
you piano lessons? You don’t appreciate it in the least, you
ungrateful hussy; no, you haven’t any soul in you, you unfeeling
minx!” That was all that Marya Alekséyevna said. She no longer
scolded her daughter, and that could scarcely be called a scolding.
Marya Alekséyevna now only spoke to Viérotchka, and had never
really scolded her or beaten her since the rumor about the office
natchalnik had been spread abroad.
They went to the opera. After the first act the khozyáïka’s son
came into their box with two of his friends; one was a civilian, thin
and rather elegant; the other was an army man, fat, and freer from
affectation. They took seats and sat down, and they whispered
among themselves for a time; the khozyáïka’s son and the civilian
said a good deal, the officer said less. Marya Alekséyevna tried to
listen, and, though she distinguished almost every word, she
understood very little, because they spoke in French. She caught
some half a dozen words in their conversation—belle, charmante,
amour, bonheur. But what good was it to know so few words—belle,
charmante? Marya Alekséyevna knew long ago that her gypsy was
belle and charmante. Amour—Marya Alekséyevna could see that he
was over head and ears in love; and when there is amour, of course
there must be bonheur. What good did these words do? The main
question is, will he offer himself before long?
“Viérotchka, you ungrateful thing!” whispers Marya Alekséyevna to
her daughter; “why do you turn your head away from them? Do you
feel offended because they came in? They do you honor, you fool
[dura]! What is the French for wedding? mariage, hey, Viérotchka?
And what is bridegroom and bride? What is ‘to get married’?”
Viérotchka told her.
“No, I did not hear any such words. Viéra, are you sure that you
told me right? You be careful!”
“No, no! You will never hear any such words from them. Let us go
home. I cannot remain here any longer.”
“What’s that you say, you nasty thing?” Marya Alekséyevna’s eyes
grew bloodshot.
“Let us go home. Do with me as you please afterwards, but I will
not stay here. I will tell you why when we go. Mámenka,”—this word
was said loud enough for all to hear—“I have a very bad headache. I
cannot remain here. I beg of you!”
Viérotchka stood up.
The young men were confused.
“It will pass away, Viérotchka,” said Marya Alekséyevna, sternly
but decorously. “Just take a walk through the corridor with Mikhaïl
Ivanuitch, and your headache will go off.”
“No, it will not go off; I feel very bad; quick, mámenka!”
The gentlemen opened the door; each wanted to offer Viérotchka
his arm, but the detestable young girl refused. They handed the
ladies the cloaks; they escorted them down to the carriage. Marya
Alekséyevna looked haughtily at the waiters. “Look you, serfs! what
cavaliers these are; and this one here is going to be my son-in-law. I
myself will have such serfs. And you put on airs, put on airs if you
dare, you nasty thing, you! I will put them on for you!” But wait,
wait; the son-in-law is saying something to her ugly but proud little
girl, while he is putting her into the carriage. “Santé, that must mean
health; savoir, that’s ‘I know’; visite, the same as in Russian;
permettez, ‘I beg your pardon.’ ”
Marya Alekséyevna’s anger was not less diminished by these
words, but she had to take them into consideration. The carriage
drove away.
“What did he say to you when he put you in?”
“He said that he would call tomorrow morning to learn about
my health.”
“Ain’t you lying? do you mean tomorrow?”
Viérotchka was silent.
“You are a lucky girl.” Marya Alekséyevna could not resist pulling
her daughter’s hair, only once, and not violently.
“Nu! I will not lay my finger on you if you will only behave
tomorrow. Sleep tonight, you fool! Don’t you dare to weep! Look
out, if I see tomorrow morning that you are pale, or that your eyes
are red with crying. I have let things go so far; I shall not stand it
any longer. I shall not take pity on your pretty little face. If you lose
this chance, I will teach you how to act.”
“I ceased to weep long, long ago; you know it.”
“That is all right [to-to-zhe]; but try to be a little more sociable
with him.”
“Yes, I will speak with him tomorrow.”
“That’s all right [to-to]; it’s time you came to your senses. Fear
God, and have pity on your mother, you shameless thing!”
Ten minutes passed.
“Viérotchka, don’t be angry with me. I scold you because I love
you; I want to be good to you. You have no idea how dear children
are to their mothers. I brought you forth with pain. Viérotchka, be
grateful, be obedient; you yourself will see that it is for your own
good. Behave as I tell you. Tomorrow he will offer himself.”
“Mámenka, you are mistaken. He has no thought of offering
himself. Mámenka, if you had heard what they said!”
 “I know. If they were not talking about a wedding, then it was
about something else. Da! let ’em try it; they’ll find they’ve got the
wrong ones to deal with. We’ll bend him into a ram’s horn. I’ll bring
him into church in a bag; I’ll drag him around the chancel by the
whiskers, and he will be glad of it. Nu! but I have said enough. A
young girl should not know about these things; it’s the mother’s
business. But a young girl must be obedient; she don’t know
anything yet. Now will you speak with him as I tell you?”
“Yes, I will speak with him.”
“And you, Pavel Konstantinuitch, what are you sitting up for like
a stump! Tell her yourself that you, as her father, command her
to obey her mother, and that her mother will certainly teach her
no evil.”
“Marya Alekséyevna, you are a clever woman, but this is rather a
dangerous step; if you don’t look out, you will carry things too far.”
“Durak [fool]! that’s nice kind of talk; and in Viérotchka’s
presence, too! I am sorry that I let you speak. The proverb tells the
truth: ‘Don’t touch filth if you don’t want to smell.’ Perfect nonsense!
Don’t argue, but answer; must a daughter obey her mother or not?”
“Of course she must; what’s the use of speaking,
Marya Alekséyevna?”
“Nu! give her your orders then, since you are her father.”
“Viérotchka, obey your mother in everything. Your mother is a
clever woman, a woman of experience. She will tell you nothing bad.
I command you as your father.”
The carriage stopped at the gate.
“That’s enough, mámenka. I told you that I would speak with him.
I am very tired. I must rest.”
“Go to bed; get some sleep. I shall not disturb you. You must be
fresh for tomorrow. Sleep well.”
In fact, all the time that they were climbing the stairs, Marya
Alekséyevna held her peace; and it was a great effort for her; and
what an effort it was for her to be pleasant when Viérotchka went
directly to her room, saying that she did not care for tea! and what
an effort it was for her to say in a pleasant voice, “Viérotchka, come
to me.” The daughter obeyed. “I want to give you my blessing
before you go to sleep, Viérotchka. Bend your little head.” The
daughter bent her head. “May God bless you, Viérotchka, as I bless
you.” She repeated the blessing thrice, and gave her her hand
to kiss.
“No, mámenka! I told you long ago, that I would not kiss your
hand. And now let me go. I tell you the truth; I feel very bad.”
Akh! how angry grew Marya Alekséyevna’s eyes once again! But
she controlled herself, and said gently, “Go on, go to bed.”
It took Viérotchka a long time to undress, because she was lost in
thought. First she took off her bracelet, and sat long with it in her
hand; then she removed her earrings, and forgot herself again. At
last she remembered that she was very tired. She could not even
stand before the looking-glass, but threw herself into the chair in
utter weariness. She sat there some time before it came over her
that she must undress as quickly as possible; but she had hardly
taken off her dress and laid down, before Marya Alekséyevna came
into the room with a waiter, whereon stood her father’s great cup
and a pile of toasted bread.
“Take some, Viérotchka; here, take some, for health’s sake! I
myself have brought it to you. You see your mother looks out for
you. I was sitting and thinking, ‘How is it that Viérotchka went
to bed without tea?’ While I was drinking I was full of thought.
And here I have brought it. Take it, my dear daughter [moya
dotchka mílaïa].”
Her mother’s voice sounded strange to Viérotchka; but in reality, it
was soft and kind; it had never been so before. She looked at her
mother with amazement. Marya Alekséyevna’s cheeks were fiery red,
and her eyes were unsteady.
“Take it. I’ll sit down and look at you. When you have finished this
cup, I will bring you another.”
The tea, which was half-filled with delicious, thick cream,
awakened Viérotchka’s appetite. She lifted herself on her elbow, and
began to drink.
“How delicious tea is when it is fresh and strong, and when it has
lots of sugar and cream! Perfectly delicious! It is not like tea that has
been drawn once, and is made with one little mean bit of sugar, and
tastes like medicine. When I have money of my own, I shall always
drink such tea as this is. Thank you, mámenka.”
“Don’t go to sleep yet; I will bring you another one.” She came
back with a second cup of the same excellent tea. “Drink it, and I
will stay with you.” She said nothing for a moment, and then
suddenly she began to speak in a strange way, sometimes
so fast that her words could not be understood, and the next
minute drawling.
“Now, Viérotchka, you have thanked me. It’s a long time since I
have had any thanks from you. You think that I am cross. Yes, I am
cross. But it is impossible not to be cross. But I am weak,
Viérotchka! After three punches, of course I feel weak! And think
how old I am. Da! and you have shaken my nerves, Viérotchka; you
pained me greatly; and so I felt weak. And my life is a hard one,
Viérotchka! I don’t want you to live such a life. Be a rich woman!
Think of the suffering that I have gone through, Viérotchka,
a‑a‑a‑and just think of it! You cannot remember how me and your
father used to live before he was manager. Poor, a‑a‑a‑and oh, how
poor! and then I was honest, Viérotchka! Now I am not honest. No,
I shall not take a sin on my soul, I will not tell you a lie, I will not
say that I am honest now. But what’s the use? That time is all past.
Viérotchka, you are educated and I am not educated, but I know
everything that is wrote in your books; there it is wrote that one
ought not to treat anybody as I was treated. ‘You,’ they say, ‘are
dishonest.’ Now here’s your father, for example; he’s your father, but
he was not Nádinka’s father. He’s a poor soul, yet he dared then to
pick my eyes to reproach me. Nu, then the ill temper got the best of
me, and I say that, judged by your standard, I ain’t a good woman;
but then I be as I be. Nádinka was born. Nu, what of that?
Supposing she was born? Who taught me to do such things? How
did your father get his place? My sin was much less than his. And
they took her away from me, and they put her into the Foundling
House; and it was impossible to find out what became of her, and so
I never saw her, and I don’t know whether she is among the livin’ or
not. Faith, how could she be alive! Nu, at the present time I should
not have cared so much, but then it wa’n’t so easy, and my temper
got the best of me. Nu, and so I became cross. And since then
everything has gone all right. Who got the situation for your father,
fool that he is? I got it for him. And who got him promoted to be a
manager? I did; and so we began to live comfortably. And why?
Because I lost my temper and my good name! This I know. It’s
written in your books, Viérotchka, that it’s only the wicked and ill-
tempered who get along in this world; and that is gospel truth,
Viérotchka! Now your father has lots of money, Viérotchka; and it
was through me that he got it. And I too have money, and probably
more than he has—all through my exertions. I shall have bread
enough for my last years. And your father, fool that he is, has begun
to respect me, and he has to toe the line. I scold him well. But
before, he used to treat me mean. And why was it? I didn’t deserve
it then. It must have been because I wa’n’t ill-tempered. And it’s
written in your books, Viérotchka, that such a life is bad, and don’t
you suppose I know it? Yes, and it is written in your books, too, that
to live otherwise one must reform things; but accordin’ to the
present way of the world one can’t live as the books say. But why
don’t they reform the world? Ekh! Viérotchka, you think that I don’t
know what kind of rules are in your books. I know; they are fine. But
we shan’t live to see ’em, you and me. Folks is too stupid; how can
you make reforms with such folks? Let’s live in the old way. You too
had better live in the old way. What are the old rules? In your books
it is written; the old rule bids you to rob and cheat. It is true,
Viérotchka. Well, then, since there is no new order, live in the
old way; steal and cheat. I give you my advice because I love
you—khrrr.”
Marya Alekséyevna was snoring! She was fast asleep.
 II

Marya Alekséyevna knew what was spoken at the theatre, but she
did not yet know what followed that conversation.
At the very time that she was getting more and more angry with
her daughter, and, in consequence of having put too much rum in
her punch, was snoring in her daughter’s room, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch
Storeshnikof was taking supper in a certain fashionable restaurant
with the other young gentlemen who had accompanied him to
the box.
There was still a fourth person in the company—a French girl who
came with the officer. The supper was almost ended.
“Monsieur Storeshnik.”
Storeshnikof felt greatly set up. The French girl addressed him for
the third time during the supper.
“Monsieur Storeshnik! Allow me to address you so. It sounds
better and is much easier to speak. I did not think that I was going
to be the only lady in your company; I hoped to see Adèle here.
That would have been charming, I see her so seldom.”
“Adèle unfortunately has quarrelled with me.”
The officer wanted to say something, but he did not speak.
“Don’t believe him, Mademoiselle Julie,” said the civilian. “He does
not dare to tell you the truth; he thinks that you will not like it when
you find out that he has given up a French girl for a Russian.”
“I don’t know why it was we came here,” said the officer.
“Why, yes, Serge; it was because Jean asked us. And it has been
very pleasant for me to get acquainted with Monsieur Storeshnikof.
No, Monsieur Storeshnikof; fy, what bad taste you show! I should
never have said anything if you had deserted Adèle for that
Circassian beauty in whose box you were sitting; but to give up a
French girl for a Russian! I imagine her: colorless eyes, colorless,
thin hair, a vacant, colorless face. I beg pardon; not colorless, but as
you call it, blood with cream [krof so slivkami], and by that you
mean a dish which only your Eskimo can take into their mouths.—
Jean, let that sinner against grace have the ashtray. Let him scatter
ashes on his wicked head!”
“You have spoken so much nonsense, Julie, that it ought to be
your head, not his, that should be sown with ashes,” said the officer.
“It happens that the very girl whom you called the Circassian was
the Russian.”
“You are making sport of me!”
“A genuine Russian,” said the officer.
“Impossible!”
“You are quite wrong, my dear Julie, if you think that our nation
has only one type of beauty, like your own. You have a great many
blondes, but we, Julie, are a mixture of nations. We have the white-
haired like the Finns—”
“Yes, yes, the Finns,” said the French girl.
“And those with black hair, who are even darker than Italians;
Tartars and Mongolians—”
“Yes, yes, Tartars and Mongolians; I know about them,” said the
French girl again.
“And all of them have given us a share of their blood. We have
blondes, whom you may despise, but they are only a local type; a
very common type, to be sure, but not predominating.”
“That’s strange. But she is lovely. Why doesn’t she go on the
stage? By the way, gentlemen, I only speak of what I have seen.
There remains a very important question—her foot. Your great poet
Karasen, I have been told, said that in all Russia there could not be
found five pair of small, straight little feet.”
“Julie! it was not Karasen who said that, and you had better call
him Karamzin. Karamzin was a historian, and he wasn’t a Russian,
but a Tartar. Now, here’s a new proof of the variety of our types. It
was Pushkin who spoke about the little feet. His poetry was very
good in its day, but now it has lost a large part of its value. By the
way, the Eskimo live in America, and our savages who drink the
blood of elans are called Samoyeds.”
“Thank you, Serge. Karamzin, historian; Pushkin, I know; Eskimo,
in America; the Russians are Samoyeds; yes, Samoyeds. That is such
a lovely word: Sa-mo-ye-dui! Now I shall remember it. Now,
gentlemen, I shall ask Serge to tell me all this again when we are
alone. It is a very profitable subject for conversation; besides,
science is my hobby. I was born to be a Madame Staël, gentlemen.
But this is an episode entirely out of the track. Let us return to the
question—her foot.”
“If you will allow me to call upon you tomorrow, Mademoiselle
Julie, I shall have the honor of bringing you her shoe.”
“Bring it. I will try it on. That appeals to my curiosity.”
Storeshnikof was enraptured. Why? Because he had got into
Jean’s wake, and Jean was in Serge’s wake, and Julie—she was one
of the most prominent of the French ladies among all the French
ladies of Serge’s society. It was an honor, a great honor.
“I don’t care anything about her foot,” said Jean; “but I as a
practical man am interested in something beside her foot. I want to
see if she has a pretty figure.”
“Her figure is very pretty,” said Storeshnikof, who was encouraged
by the praise given his taste, and who thought at the same time that
he could give Julie a compliment. He had not dared to do so before.
“Her figure is charming, although to praise another woman’s figure
here is certainly blasphemy.”
“Ha! ha! ha! this gentleman wants to make a compliment on my
figure! I am neither a hypocrite nor a liar, Monsieur Storeshnik, and I
don’t praise myself, nor can I endure that others should flatter what
is bad in me. Thank God, I have something for which I can honestly
be praised. But my figure! ha! ha! ha! Jean, you can tell him
whether my figure is worth praising. Jean, why don’t you speak?
Your hand, Monsieur Storeshnik.” She seized his hand. “See here!
Now you will know that I am not all that I seem! I have to wear a
padded dress, just as I wear a petticoat, not because I like it. No, in
my opinion it would be better without such hypocrisy, but because it
is the fashion. But a woman who has lived as I have, and how have
I lived Monsieur Storeshnik? I am a saint now compared to what I
have been; such a woman cannot preserve her beauty!”
And suddenly she burst into tears—“My beauty! My beauty! my
lost innocence! Oh God, why was I born?”
“You lie, gentlemen!” she cried, jumping up and pounding with her
fist on the table. “You are slanderers. You are low fellows. She
is not his mistress. He is trying to buy her. I saw how she turned
away from him; how she burned with indignation and with scorn. It
was contemptible.”
“Yes,” said the civilian, lazily stretching himself, “you have boasted
a little prematurely, Storeshnikof; you have not caught your fish yet,
and yet you said that she was yours, and that you had broken with
Adèle so as to deceive us the better. Yes, you gave us a very good
description, but you described to us what you had not seen yet;
however, it’s no matter. A week sooner or later makes no difference.
You must not be discouraged about drawing on your imagination for
stories. You will get on even better than you thought. I have been
there; you will be satisfied.”
Storeshnikof was beside himself with anger. “No, Mademoiselle
Julie, you are mistaken; I venture to assure you that you are
mistaken in your conclusion; forgive me for daring to contradict you,
but she is my mistress. That was an ordinary lover’s quarrel because
she was jealous; she saw that I was sitting in Mademoiselle
Mathilde’s box during the first act; that’s all.”
“That’s a lie, my dear, that’s a lie,” said Jean, yawning.
“I don’t tell lies! I don’t tell lies!”
“Prove it. I am a positive man, and I don’t believe anything
without proofs.”
“What proofs can I bring you?”
“Now here you are backing out, and you as good as confess that
you lie. What proofs? As if it would be hard to show them. Now,
then, here’s for you: tomorrow we will meet here again at supper.
Mademoiselle Julie will be good enough to bring her Serge; I shall
bring my dear little Berthe; you bring her. If you bring her, I am the
loser, the supper shall be at my expense. If you don’t bring her, you
shall be driven out from our circle in disgrace.—Jean, touch the bell.”
The servant appeared. “Simon, be good enough to get supper for six
people tomorrow; one just like the one that I had when Berthe and I
were married at your house—do you remember?—before Christmas,
and have it in this very room!”
“How could I ever forget such a supper, Monsieur? It shall be
done.” The servant went out.
“You contemptible, miserable men! Two years I lived as a bad
woman in a house with prostitutes and thieves, and never once did I
meet three such low people as you are! Mon Dieu! what sort of
people do I have to live with in society? Why must I suffer such
disgrace, O God!” She fell on her knees: “O God, I am a feeble
woman! I could bear hunger, but in Paris the winters were so cold.
The cold was so bitter, and the temptations were so overpowering. I
wanted to live; I wanted to love. O God, that was no sin! Why art
thou punishing me so? Deliver me from this band. Lift me out of this
mire. Give me strength to become even a bad woman again in Paris;
I ask of Thee nothing else: I deserve nothing else. Only deliver me
from these men, from these contemptible men!”
She jumped up, and ran to the officer: “Serge, are you too like the
rest? No, you are better.”
“Better?” repeated the officer, phlegmatically.
“Isn’t this thing contemptible?”
“It is, Julie.”
“And you don’t protest? You allow it? You agree to it? You share
in it?”
“Sit on my knee, my dear Julie.” He began to caress her, and she
grew calmer. “How I love you at such moments! You are a glorious
woman. Now, why don’t you consent to go through the marriage
ceremony with me? How many times have I asked you to? Give
your consent.”
“Marriage? the bridle? conventionality? Never! I have forbidden
you to mention such absurdities. Don’t get me angry. But Serge,
dear Serge, forbid him; he is afraid of you. Save her!”
“Julie, be calmer. This is impossible. If not he, then somebody
else; what difference does it make? Just look here. Jean is already
thinking of getting her away from him, and there are thousands of
such Jeans, as you know well. It is impossible to save the daughter
when her mother is anxious to sell her. ‘You can’t knock down a wall
with your forehead,’ we Russians say. We are a clever people, Julie.
You see how calmly I live, accepting this Russian principle of ours.”
“Never! You are a slave! The French woman is free. The French
woman struggles, may fall, but still she struggles. I will not allow
this. Who is she? Where does she live? Do you know?”
“I know.”
“Let us go to her. I am going to warn her.”
“What! at one o’clock at night? No, let us go home.—Au revoir!
Jean.—Au revoir! Storeshnikof.—Of course, you will not expect Julie
and me at your supper, tomorrow. You see how excited she is. And I
also, to tell you the truth, don’t like this business at all. Of course,
my opinion has nothing to do with you. Au revoir!”
“What a crazy Frenchwoman!” said the civilian, stretching himself
and yawning, as the officer and Julia left. “A very piquante woman,
but this is too much. It is very pleasant to see a nice little woman
get warmed up; but I would not live with her four hours, let alone
four years. Of course, Storeshnikof, our supper will not be destroyed
by her caprice. I shall bring Paul and Mathilde in their place. And
now it’s time to go home. I have got to call on Berthe, and then I
must go and see the little Lottchen, who is mighty pretty.”
 III

“Nu, Viéra, all right! Your eyes show you haven’t cried. Evidently you
saw that your mother tells the truth. You always used to be an off
horse.” Viérotchka made an impatient gesture. “Nu! its all right; I
shan’t say anything more; don’t get stirred up! And last night I fell
asleep in your room; perhaps I talked too long. Last night I was not
myself. Don’t heed what I said when I was a little tipsy; do you
hear? don’t heed it!”
Viérotchka once more saw the ordinary Marya Alekséyevna. The
evening before it seemed to her that underneath her animal outside
she saw the features of a human being; but now she seemed to be a
mere animal and nothing else. Viérotchka made an effort to
overcome her repugnance, but she could not. Hitherto she had only
despised her mother; yesterday evening it seemed to her that she
was ceasing to despise her and beginning to feel only pity for her.
But now again she felt the old repugnance, but there remained also
the pity for her.
“Dress yourself, Viérotchka. He’ll likely get here before long.” She
very carefully examined her daughter’s wardrobe. “If you only
behave yourself, I will make you a present of a pair of earrings with
large emeralds; they are old fashioned, but if they are made over,
they’ll make a handsome little brooch. They were left in pawn for
one hundred and fifty rubles, making with interest two hundred and
fifty; but they are worth more than four hundred. Do you hear? I am
going to give them to you.”
Storeshnikof appeared. Last evening he was quite at a loss to
know how to accomplish the task which he had undertaken; he
walked from the restaurant to his house, thinking all the time. But
when he reached home he was calm; he made up his mind as he
walked, and now he was satisfied with himself.
He asked about Viéra Pavlovna’s health.
“I am well.”
He said that he was very glad, and the conversation turned on the
necessity of making the most of health.
“Of course it is necessary, and according to Marya Alekséyevna’s
opinion, one ought to make the most of youth also.” He perfectly
agreed with that sentiment, and thought that it would be well to
take advantage of the fine weather to enjoy a ride out of town: “It is
a frosty day, and the road is elegant.”
“With whom do you intend to go?”
“Only three of us—you, Marya Alekséyevna, Viéra Pavlovna,
and myself.”
In this case Marya Alekséyevna is perfectly agreed; but now she
is going to prepare some coffee and lunch, and Viérotchka will
sing something.
“Viérotchka, will you sing something?” she adds in a tone that
leaves no room for refusal.
“I will sing.”
Viérotchka sat down at the piano, and sang a song called “Troïka”
(The Three Span), for at this time Pushkin’s poem was set to music.
To Marya Alekséyevna listening at the door, this song was very good.
The young girl was looking at the officer. “That little Viérka, if she
only wants, can be pretty shrewd, the minx!”
Soon Viérotchka stopped. This was right; Marya Alekséyevna had
advised her: “Sing a little while, and then begin to talk.”
Now Viérotchka is speaking, but to Marya Alekséyevna’s
mortification she is speaking in French. “What a fool I was! I forgot
to tell her to speak in Russian; but Viéra is speaking calmly; she is
smiling. Nu! evidently everything is going well. Only what made him
open his eyes so wide? But then, he is a fool [durak], a genuine fool,
and all that he can do is to blink his eyes. But this is just the kind we
want. Now she is giving him her hand; Viérka is smart; I praise her!”
“Monsieur Storeshnikof, I must speak seriously with you. Last
night you took a box so that you might represent me to your friends
as your mistress. I am not going to tell you that it was dishonorable;
if you had been capable of comprehending it, you would not have
done it. But I warn you, if you ever dare to speak to me in the
theatre, or on the street, or anywhere else, I shall slap your face. My
mother will torture me” (here Viérotchka smiled) “let come what
may, it is all the same. This evening you receive a note from my
mother to the effect that our sleighride is given up, because I am
not well.”
He stood up and blinked his eyes, just as Marya Alekséyevna
had noticed.
“I speak to you as to a man who has not a spark of honor in him.
But may be you are not absolutely ruined. If it is so, I beg of you,
cease calling upon us! Then I will forgive your slander. If you
consent, give me your hand.”
She offered him her hand; he took it, hardly knowing what he
was doing.
“I thank you. Now go. Say that you must hurry to get the horses
ready for the drive.”
Again he blinked his eyes. She turned to the notes and began to
finish singing the “Troïka.” It was a pity that there were no good
judges of singing there; it was charming to hear her; indeed, it was
rare that one heard so much expression put into music. Really, there
was too much feeling; it was not artistic.
In a moment Marya Alekséyevna came in, and the cook followed
her with a waiter containing coffee and lunch. Mikhaïl Ivanuitch,
instead of taking the lunch, retreated to the door.
“Where are you going, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch?”
“I am in a hurry, Marya Alekséyevna, to give orders about
the horses.”
“Da! you have ample time, Mikaïl Ivanuitch.” But Mikhaïl Ivanuitch
was already behind the door.
Marya Alekséyevna dashed from the reception room into the
parlor with uplifted fists. “What have you done, you confounded
Viérka. Ha?” But the confounded Viérka was no longer in the parlor;
her mother hastened after her to her room, but the door of
Viérotchka’s room was locked. The mother pressed with all the
strength of her body to break open the door, but the door did not
yield, and Viérka said: “If you try to break open the door, I shall
open the window and call for help. I will not give myself into your
hands alive.”
Marya Alekséyevna’s anger lasted long, but she did not break open
the door; finally, she got tired of shouting. Then Viérotchka said:
“Mámenka, hitherto I simply have not loved you; but since last night,
I pity you; you have had much sorrow, and that has made you what
you are. Hitherto I have not talked with you, but now I want to talk;
but only when you have got over being angry. We will talk kindly, as
we never have before.”
Of course, Marya Alekséyevna did not take these words much to
heart; but weary nerves demand rest, and Marya Alekséyevna began
to reason whether it would not be better to compromise with her
daughter before she, the miserable creature, gets entirely out of her
hands. “Besides, without her, nothing can be done; we can’t marry
her to Mishka, the fool, unless she’s here to marry him, can we?
Besides, I don’t know yet what she has told him; they squeezed
each other’s hands; what does that signify?”
And thus the weary Marya Alekséyevna was reasoning between
ferocity and cunningness, when suddenly the bell rang. It was Julie
and Serge.
 IV

“Serge, does her mother speak French?” were Julie’s first words
when she awoke.
“I don’t know; so you have not put that idea out of your
head yet?”
“No, I have not.”
And after taking into consideration all that they had seen in the
theatre, they decided that in all probability this young girl’s mother
did not speak French. So Julie took Serge along with her as
interpreter. At all events, such was his fate, and he would have had
to go even if Viérotchka’s mother had been the Cardinal Mezzofanti;4
and he did not complain of his fate, but went everywhere with Julie,
as though he were maid of honor to some heroine! Julie got up late,
but on the way she stopped at Wickman’s, and then, though it was
not on her way, she went to four other stores because she needed
certain articles. It was in this way that Mikhaïl Ivanuitch had ample
time to explain himself, Marya Alekséyevna had ample time to get
enraged and to get calmed down, before Julie and Serge came from
the Liteinaïa bridge to the Gorokhovaïa Street.
“But what excuse have we for coming here? Fy, what miserable
stairs! I never saw such even in Paris!”
“It’s all the same; make up an excuse. Her mother keeps a sort of
a pawn shop. Take off your brooch! Hold on! here’s a better one: she
gives piano lessons. Let’s say that you have a niece.”
Matrióna for the first time in her life was ashamed of her smashed
cheekbone when she saw Serge’s uniform, and especially Julie’s
magnificence; she had never before met face to face with a woman
of such importance. Marya Alekséyevna was in such a state of
wonder and indescribable surprise when Matrióna announced that
Colonel N—— N—— with his spouse had done themselves the honor
of calling! especially those words “with his spouse”!
The gossip that permeated into the circle where Marya
Alekséyevna moved, affected exclusively the class of civilians, but
the gossip about genuine aristocrats died away in the air before it
reached halfway down to Marya Alekséyevna; therefore she
accepted in the full legal interpretation of the thought the words
husband and wife, as Serge and Julie called each other, in
accordance with the Parisian fashion. Marya Alekséyevna quickly
composed herself and hastened down to meet them.
Serge said that he was very glad of the chance that he had had
the evening before, etc., that his wife had a niece, etc., that his wife
did not speak Russian, and therefore he was interpreter.
“Yes, I may be grateful to my Creator,” said Marya Alekséyevna;
“Viérotchka has a great talent for teaching the piano, and I should
count it a great piece of luck if she were to visit such a house as
yours. Only my little teacher is not very well just now.”
Marya Alekséyevna spoke particularly loud, so that Viérotchka
might hear and understand the approaching truce. She herself in her
admiration, as it were, devoured her visitors with her eyes.
“I don’t know whether she’s got the strength to come out and give
you a proof of her skill on the piano.—Viérotchka, my love, can you
come out or not? Only some strangers—there won’t be a scene—
why won’t you come out?”
Viérotchka opened the door, glanced at Serge, and turned crimson
with shame and anger. Even unobservant eyes could not have failed
to take notice of this, and Julie’s eyes were sharper, if that were
possible, than even Marya Alekséyevna’s. The French woman began
without beating around the bush:—
“My dear child, you are surprised and indignant to see a man in
whose presence you were so much offended last night, and who
probably himself gave you some reason for offence. My husband is
thoughtless; but for all that, he is far better than the rest of the lazy
young fellows. Please forgive him for my sake; I came to you with
good intentions. The lessons for my niece was only a pretence; but it
is necessary to keep it up for a while. Please play us something—
something quite short; then you and I will go to your room, and
we’ll talk the matter over. Listen to me, my child.”
Can this be the same Julie who is so well known among the
aristocratic young bloods of Petersburg? Can this be the same Julie
who plays such tricks as make even devil-may-care young fellows
blush? No, it is a princess to whose ears a rough word never came!
Viérotchka sat down to show her skill on the piano. Julie stood
behind her; Serge engaged himself in conversation with Marya
Alekséyevna, with the view of finding out what the relationship was
between her and Storeshnikof. In the course of a few minutes Julie
stopped Viérotchka, put her arm around her waist, walked with her
up and down the parlor, then went with her to her room. Serge
explained that his wife was satisfied with Viérotchka’s playing, but
wanted to speak with her because it was necessary also to know the
teacher’s character, etc., and he continued to talk with Marya
Alekséyevna about Storeshnikof. All this was excellent, but Marya
Alekséyevna found reason for greater suspicion and vigilance.
“My dear child,” said Julie, as she entered Viérotchka’s room, “your
mother is a very bad woman. But in order that I may know what to
say to you, I beg of you to tell me how and why you went to the
theatre last night. I know all about it already from my husband, but
from your story I shall learn your character. Don’t be afraid of me.”
And when she had heard Viérotchka’s account, she continued:—
“Yes, one can speak plainly with you; you have character.” And in
very careful, delicate terms she told the story of the wager that had
been made the evening before; whereupon Viérotchka told her
about the invitation to go to ride.
“Now do you suppose he wanted to deceive your mother, or were
they both in a conspiracy against you?”
Viérotchka began to aver with much warmth that her mother was
not such a bad woman as to be in a conspiracy.
“It won’t take me long to find out,” said Julie. “You stay here; you
are not needed there.” Julie returned to the parlor.
“Serge, he has invited this woman and her daughter to take a ride
this evening. Tell her about last night’s supper.”
 “Your daughter is agreeable to my wife; now it is necessary to see
about her terms; in all probability we shall not have any trouble on
that score. But allow me to finish our talk about our mutual friend.
You give him very high praise, but are you aware of the way that he
talks about his relationship to your family? For example, do you
know why he invited us last evening to your box?”
In Marya Alekséyevna’s eyes there gleamed, instead of a look of
anxious inquiry, the thought, “Then it is so!”
“I am not a gossip,” she replied with dissatisfaction. “I myself do
not carry tattle around, and I don’t listen much to the tattle of
others.” This was said not without sarcasm, in spite of all her
admiration of her visitor. “There are always a good many little things
that young people talk about among themselves; there is no need of
bothering with them.”
“Very good; well then, do you call this also gossip?” He began to
tell the story of the supper. Marya Alekséyevna did not let him finish;
as soon as he said the first word about the wager, she leaped to her
feet and cried out in wrath, entirely forgetting the importance of
her guests:—
“Now what sort of tricks are these! Akh! the villain! Akh! the
murderer! Now I see why he invited us to go a-driving! He wanted
to get me out of the way so as to ruin a defenceless young girl! Akh!
the beastly man!” and so she went on. Then she began to thank her
guests for salvation of her life and her daughter’s honor. “And so that
was what you were driving at, bátiushka; I suspicioned it at the very
first, that you did not come without some good reason; lessons is
lessons, but I saw that you had some other game; but I did not
think that was the reason; I thought that you had some other bride
for him, that you wanted to take him away from us; I have been
unjust to you, poor sinner that I am; be generous and forgive me!
You have done me such a great favor that I shall never forget it as
long as I live.” And thus she went on pouring out curses, blessings,
excuses, in a disorderly torrent.
Julie did not listen long to this endless speech, the meaning of
which was plain to her from the tone of her voice, and from her
gestures. While Marya Alekséyevna was speaking the very first
words, the French woman got up and returned to Viérotchka’s room.
“No, your mother was not his accomplice, and now she is very
indignant with him. But I know such people as your mother very
well. They can’t long hold out in their dislike of people who have
money. She will soon be on the lookout for a husband for you again,
and what will be the end of it all, God knows. At all events, it will be
very hard for you. At first she will leave you in peace; but I tell you it
will not last long. What are you going to do now? Have you any
relatives in Petersburg?”
“No.”
“That is too bad. Have you a lover?”
Viérotchka did not know how to answer this; she only opened her
eyes in wonder.
“Forgive me, forgive me; I might have known that, but so much
the worse. Of course, then you have no one to protect you. What
can be done? Now listen; I am not what I seemed to you at first. I
am not his wife; we only live together. I am known in all Petersburg
as a very bad woman, but I am an honest woman. To visit me would
cost you your reputation; it is sufficiently risky for you that I have
called at your rooms only once, and to call upon you a second time
would be sure ruin. Meantime it is necessary for me to see you
again, and probably more than once; that is, if you have any
confidence in me. Yes? Then what time can I see you tomorrow?”
“About twelve o’clock,” said Viérotchka. This was rather too early
for Julie, but all right; she would give orders to be called at that
time, and she would meet Viérotchka at the Gostinui Dvor,5 opposite
the Nevsky Prospekt. This place is not so much frequented as
the others; it will be easier to find each other, and no one knows
Julie there.
“Yes, and here is another lucky thought; give me a piece of paper;
I’ll write a note to that contemptible fellow, and so get him into my
power.” Julie wrote, “Monsieur Storeshnikof, you are now in all
probability in great embarrassment; if you wish to get out of it,
come to my house at seven o’clock. M. le Tellier.”
 “Now, goodbye.”
Julie offered her hand, but Viérotchka threw herself on her neck,
kissed her, wept, and kissed her again, and Julie was still less able to
bear it; she shed tears still more abundantly than Viérotchka; the
feeling that she was doing a noble deed gave her such happiness
and pride that it was very touching; she went into ecstasies, she
kept on speaking, always with tears and kisses, and finally she
ended with an exclamation:—
“My friend! my dear child! may God spare you from knowing what
I am feeling now, when, for the first time in many years, pure lips
touch mine. Die, but don’t give a kiss without love!”
 V

Storeshnikof’s plan was not so murderous as Marya Alekséyevna

supposed; she in her own style put it in a too brutal form, but the
spirit of the thing she interpreted aright. Storeshnikof’s idea was to
bring the two ladies a little later in the evening to the restaurant
where the supper was going to be; of course, they would be hungry
and cold, and it would be necessary for them to get warm, and have
a cup of tea. He would have a little opium put into Marya
Alekséyevna’s teacup or wineglass; Viérotchka would be frightened
to see her mother lose consciousness; he would take Viérotchka into
the room where the supper was going on, and then his bet would be
won; what the final result would be, he would leave to chance.
Maybe Viérotchka in her perplexity would not understand the matter,
and would agree to remain in the strange company, but even if she
remained but a little while, it would not make any difference; it
would be excused because she had only just entered upon that
adventurous course of life, and naturally felt a bit of awkwardness at
first. Then afterwards he would buy Marya Alekséyevna off with a
little money, after which he would have nothing more to do with her.
But now what was he to do? He cursed his boastfulness before his
friends, his faint-heartedness when met by Viérotchka’s unexpected
and abrupt resistance; he wished that the earth would open and
swallow him. Now what was he to do? While his mind was in such
disorder and despair, a letter from Julie brought healing balm to his
wound; a ray of hope shone into the impenetrable darkness; a solid
road opened through the quagmire under the feet of the sinking
man. “Oh! she can; she is the cleverest woman; she can bring
anything about! She is the noblest of women!”
 At ten minutes before seven he was standing before her door.
“She is waiting for you, and gave orders to have you admitted.”
How majestically she is sitting! how stern she looks! She scarcely
bends her head in reply to his bow: “I am very glad to see you; take
a seat.”
Not a muscle moved in her face. “It will be a good scolding
[literally, head-washing], I suppose; no matter, scold away, only
save me.”
“Monsieur Storeshnik,” she began in a cold, slow way, “you know
my opinion of the matter in regard to which we have come together
now, and which, of course, I see no need of characterizing again. I
have seen that young lady whom you were talking about last night; I
have heard about your visit to them today; consequently, I know all
about everything, and I am very glad, because it saves me from
asking you any questions. Your position is perfectly clear, not only to
you, but to me.”
“Lord! I’d rather she would scold,” thought the victim.
“It seems to me,” she went on, “that you cannot get out of it
without somebody’s help, and that you cannot expect anybody to
help you successfully but me. If you have anything to say in your
defence, I will listen.” “And so,” after a pause, “you, as well as I,
suppose that no one else is able to help you; just listen to what I am
able and willing to do for you: if my supposititious help is going to
be of any use to you, I will tell you the terms on which I agree to
accomplish it.”
And in the long, long style of an official explanation, she told him
that she could send a letter to Jean in which she would say, “that,
after last night’s caprice, she had thought things over; that she
wanted to take part in the supper, but that she was engaged for this
evening, and therefore she asked Jean to persuade Storeshnikof to
postpone the supper till some time that should be agreed upon with
Jean.” She read the letter over; the letter expressed a conviction that
Storeshnikof would win the wager, and that it would be disagreeable
to him to put off his triumph. “Would this letter be sufficient?”
“Indeed, it would.” “In such a case,” continued Julie, in the very
same style of official notes; she would send off the letter on two
conditions: “You can accept them or not; if you accept them, I will
send off the letter; if you refuse them, I shall burn the letter;” and
all this was said in the everlasting manner that seemed to draw out
the soul of the rescued man. At last came the conditions; there were
two: “First, that you cease persecuting the young person of whom
we were speaking; second, that you cease mentioning her name in
your conversations.”
“Is that all?” the rescued man wonders: “I thought she would ask,
the deuce knows what, and I should have been willing to grant
anything.” He agrees, and his face shows a triumph at the easiness
of her conditions; but Julie is not in the least softened, and she
keeps on with her explanations. “The first is necessary for her sake;
the second also for her sake, but still more for yours. I shall
postpone the supper for a week, and then for another week; and
then the thing will be forgotten: but you must understand that the
others will forget about it only unless you do not any longer say a
single word about the young lady about whom, etc.” And at the
same time she keeps on explaining and assuring him that the letter
will be received by Jean in ample time. “I have made inquiries, and
he will dine with Berthe, etc.; he will call on you as soon as he has
finished his cigar, etc.” And this too was said as before; then she
said, “And so the letter will be sent, and I am very glad; please read
it over; I have no confidence in others, and I do not expect others to
have confidence in me.—You have read it over: please seal it
yourself. Here is an envelope; I will ring the bell.—Pauline, have the
goodness to post this letter, etc. Pauline, I have not seen Monsieur
Storeshnikof today; do you understand? he has not been here!”
This tormenting salvation lasted about an hour. Finally the letter
was sent off, and the rescued man breathes more freely, but the
perspiration runs down his face, and Julie continues:—
“In a quarter of an hour you must hurry home, so that Jean may
find you there. But this quarter of an hour is still at your disposal,
and I am going to avail myself of it to say a few words to you; you
will follow or you will not follow the advice which they contain, but
you will at least think it over seriously. I shall not say a word about
the obligations that an honorable man feels towards a young girl
whose good name he has compromised; I know too well our
aristocratic young men to expect any advantage from going over this
side of the question. But I find that if you should marry the young
person about whom we have been speaking, it would be a good
thing for you. As a straightforward woman, I shall lay down before
you explicitly the foundations of my belief, though some of them
may be ticklish in your ears; however, your least word will be
sufficient for me to stop. You are a man of a weak character, and
you run the risk of falling into the hands of some bad woman who
will torment you and make you her mere plaything. But she is kind
and noble, and therefore she would not treat you shabbily. To marry
her, notwithstanding the lowness of her birth compared to yours,
notwithstanding her poverty, would help you along in your career;
she, when once introduced into the ‘great world’ with all the money
that you have, with all her beauty, good sense, and strength of
character, would occupy a brilliant place; the advantage of this can
be understood by every husband. But aside from these advantages,
which every other husband would receive from such a wife, you,
through the peculiarities of your nature, more than anyone else,
need an assistant. I will speak still plainer: you need someone to
lead you. Every word that I have spoken has been weighed; every
word has been based on my observation of her. I do not ask you to
believe me, but I recommend that you think over my advice. I doubt
very much whether she would accept your offer; but if she should
accept it, it would be a good thing for you. I shall not detain you any
longer; now you must hurry home.”
 VI

Marya Alekséyevna, of course, did not even complain of Viérotchka’s

refusal of the sleighride, after she found out that that Mishka-durak
was not at all such a durak as she thought, and that he had almost
got ahead of her. Viérotchka was left in peace, and on the next
morning, without meeting with any hindrance, she started for the
Gostinui Dvor.
“It is freezing here; I do not like cold weather,” said Julie. “We
must go somewhere else; but where? Wait. I’ll be right back from
this shop.”
She bought a thick veil for Viérotchka. “Put it on; then you can go
with me without any fear. But don’t lift your veil until we are alone!
Pauline is very modest, but I don’t want that even she should see
you. I am too careful of you, my child!”
In fact she herself wore her maid’s cloak and bonnet and a thick
veil. When Julie got warm, she listened to all the news that
Viérotchka had to tell her; then she told her in turn about her
interview with Storeshnikof.
“Now, my dear child, there is no doubt that he will make you an
offer. These young men are always getting over ears in love when
their flirting meets no response. Do you know, my dear child, that
you have treated him quite like an experienced coquette. Coquetry—
I am speaking about genuine coquetry, not about foolish, stupid
imitations of it, for they are disgusting, like any other imitation of a
good thing—coquetry, I say, means sense and tact in the way that a
woman treats a man. Therefore absolutely innocent girls act without
meaning it, exactly like experienced coquettes, if only they have
sense and tact. Maybe my motives will partly influence him, but the
main thing is your resistance. However, he will make you an offer,
and I advise you to accept it.”
“You who told me only yesterday that it was better to die than
give a kiss without love?”
“My dear child, that was said in excitement: in moments of
excitement it is true and good. But life is prose and calculation.”
“No! never! never! He is contemptible! this is abominable! I shall
not lower myself; let him devour me; I’d sooner jump out of the
window—sooner go out and beg for bread—but to give my hand to a
contemptible, low man—no! it is better to die!”
Julie began to explain the advantages: “You will get rid of your
mother’s persecutions; you stand in danger of being sold; he is not
bad, but only a little off; a narrow man who is not bad is better than
any other husband for a woman of strong character; you would be
mistress of the house.”
She depicted the position of actresses, dancers, who do not love
their “husbands” but reign over them: “This is the freest situation in
the world for a woman, except that situation of independence and
power which society might grant to a legally married woman; that is,
it might give her as much independence as an actress has towards
the admirer of an actress.”6
She spoke much; Viérotchka spoke much; they both got excited.
Viérotchka finally became pathetic.
“You call me fanciful, you ask me what I want from life. I want
neither to reign nor to be subjected; I do not want to deceive or to
make pretence; I do not want to regard the opinions of others, to
strive for what other people recommend to me, without I feel the
need of it. I am not used to riches—for myself they are not
necessary; why, then, should I seek them only because others think
that they are pleasant for all people, and consequently must be
pleasant for me? I have never gone into society, I have not known
what it was to shine, and as yet I have no desire to do so; why,
then, should I sacrifice anything for a brilliant situation, only because
according to the ideas of others it is pleasant? For what I do not feel
the slightest need of, I am not going to sacrifice, I do not say myself,
but even my slightest caprice. I want to be independent and live in
my own way; I am prepared for whatever is needful for myself;
whatever is not needful I do not want. What will be necessary for
me I do not know; you say, ‘I am young and inexperienced, that I
shall change as time goes on,’—well, so be it; when the time comes,
I shall change; but now I do not want, do not want, do not want,
anything that I do not want! ‘But what do I want now?’ you ask.
Well, I am sure I do not know. Do I want to love a man? I do not
know! It was only yesterday morning I did not know when I got up
that I was going to want to love you; and several hours before I
began to love you I did not know that I could love anyone; and I did
not know how I should feel when I felt love for you; and so now I do
not know how I should feel to love a man; I only know that I do not
want to be anybody’s slave! I want to be free! I do not want to be
under obligations to anyone, so that anyone should dare to say to
me, ‘You must do something for me.’ I want to do only what I have
it in my heart to do, and let others do the same; I do not want to
ask anything of anybody; I do not want to curtail anybody’s
freedom; I want to be free myself!”
Julie listened and was lost in thought, and her face grew red; but
then she could not help her face growing red when she sat near a
fire. She leaped to her feet, and said in a broken voice:—
“Well, well, my child, I myself should have felt that way if I had
not been ruined. But I am not corrupted by those deeds that are
generally thought to ruin a woman; not by what happened to me in
the past, what I endured and suffered; not because of those things
was my body given over to insult; but because I was used to
idleness, to luxury; because I am not strong enough to live by
myself; because I need other people; because I try to please;
therefore I am doing what I do not like to do, and this is
wretchedness. Don’t listen to what I said, my child; I have been
trying to ruin you. This is torment; I cannot touch the pure without
polluting it. Avoid me, my child; I am a bad woman; don’t think
about society! They are all bad there, worse than I am. Where
idleness is, there is abomination; where grandeur is, there is
abomination. Run, run!”7
 VII

Storeshnikof kept thinking more and more frequently, “Well, now,

suppose I should take and marry her?” What happened to him was a
very common thing, not only with people of weak character of his
stamp, but also not seldom with people of more independent
character. In the histories of the nations such cases as his fill the
volumes of Hume and Gibbon, Ranke and Thierry; men crowd only
to one side simply because they do not hear the words, “Now strive,
brethren, to take the other side”; and if by chance they hear and
turn to the other side of the circle, then they go to crowding just as
bad on the other side. Storeshnikof had heard and seen that rich
young men were in the habit of taking poor and pretty young girls as
mistresses. Well, and so he tried to make Viérotchka his mistress. No
other word had entered his head; he heard the other word, “You
might marry her”; well, now he begins to think about the word
“wife,” just as before he thought about the word “mistress.”
This is a universal characteristic, and Storeshnikof illustrates very
clearly in his own case nine-tenths of the motives in the history of
the human race. But historians and psychologists say that in every
special fact the universal cause is “individualized,” according to their
expression, by local, temporary, national, and personal elements,
although they—that is, these elements—are important; for example,
all spoons, albeit they are spoons, yet whoever gobbles soup or
shchi with the spoon in his hand must examine that special spoon.
Therefore let us examine Storeshnikof!
The principal thing that Julie had said—as though she had been
reading all the Russian novels that treat of such things—was this,
Resistance strengthens desire.
 The thought about Viérotchka took possession of Storeshnikof
after the theatre with more power than ever before. After exhibiting
to his friends the mistress of his fancy, it seemed to him that she
was much more beautiful than he had imagined. Beauty, just like
intellect or any other valuable thing, is treasured by the majority of
people exactly according as it is reckoned by the general opinion.
Everybody sees that a handsome face is handsome, but to what
degree it is handsome, how can that be expressed unless its rank
takes a diploma? Viérotchka, sitting in the gallery or in the back row
of the theatre, would not have been noticed; but when she appeared
in a box in the second tier, a good many opera-glasses were directed
towards her; and how many encomiums of her beauty did not
Storeshnikof hear, when, after seeing her to her carriage, he
returned to the foyer. And Serge! Oh, what a refined taste he has!
And Julie! Well, when such good fortune is hatched, there is no need
of making a choice as to the way of possessing it.
His self-love was stirred at the same time as his passion. But it
was touched also on the other side. “It is hardly likely that she will
accept you.” What! not accept him with such a uniform and such an
estate? No, you are mistaken, Frenchwoman; she will take it; of
course, she will, she will!
There was still another reason of the same stamp. Storeshnikof’s
mother, of course, would oppose his choice; his mother is a
representative of the world, and Storeshnikof hitherto has stood in
awe of his mother, and of course he has been burdened by
his dependence on her. For people who have no strength of
character it is very charming to think, “I am not afraid. I have a
strong character.”
Of course, there was also a desire to advance in his worldly career
through his wife.
And to all this there was added the fact that Storeshnikof did not
dare to show himself to Viérotchka in his former role, and meantime
he could not resist looking at her.
In a word, Storeshnikof each day thought more seriously of
getting married, and at the end of a week, when Marya Alekséyevna,
after returning from a late service, was sitting down and thinking
how she might catch him, he himself appeared, and made an offer
of marriage. Viérotchka did not come out of her room, and so he
could only speak with Marya Alekséyevna. Marya Alekséyevna of
course said that she on her part looked upon it as a great honor, but
as a loving mother, she must know her daughter’s mind, and asks
him to call for his answer on the next morning.
“Nu! she’s a trump, my girl Viéra,” said Marya Alekséyevna to her
husband, surprised at such an abrupt turning of the case; “just see
how she has got the young lad under her thumb. And I was thinking
and thinking, and did not know how to put my wits to work; I was
thinking how much bother it would cost me to catch him again; I
was thinking how the whole affair was ruined, while she, my
golubushka [my darling, literally, little pigeon], did not spoil it at all,
but brought it round all right. She knew how it was necessary to act.
Nu! she is cunning; it’s no use talkin’.”
“The Lord inspires infants with wisdom,” said
Pavel Konstantinuitch.
He seldom played any part in domestic life. But Marya
Alekséyevna was a stern observer of the good old traditions, and on
such a solemn occasion as the telling her daughter about the offer,
she allowed her husband to take the role of honor, which by right
belongs to the head and ruler of the family. Pavel Konstantinuitch
and Marya Alekséyevna seated themselves on the sofa, as on the
most solemn place, and sent Matrióna to ask the baruishna to come
to them.
“Viéra,”—Pavel Konstantinuitch began—“Mikhaïl Ivanuitch has
done us the honor of asking your hand. We answered like loving
parents that we would not compel you, but we said that on our side
we were glad. You, as a good and dutiful daughter, such as you
have always appeared to be, will depend on our experience, that
we have not dared to ask God for such a husband for you. Do you
agree, Viéra?”
“No,” said Viérotchka.
“What is that you say, Viéra?” cried Pavel Konstantinuitch. The
thing was so plain that even he could cry out, not asking his wife
how to act.
 “Have you lost your senses, you fool? Repeat that if you dare, you
disobedient thing!” cried Marya Alekséyevna, doubling her fists
against her daughter.
“Forgive me, mámenka,” said Viéra, rising; “if you touch me, I will
leave the house; if you lock me up, I will jump out of the window. I
knew how you would take my refusal, and I have resolved how to
act. Take a seat, and sit down, or I shall go.”
Marya Alekséyevna sat down again. “What a piece of stupidity!
that front door is not under lock and key; she would push away the
bolt in a second; we could not ketch her. She would run away! she
is crazy!”
“I shall not marry him! Without my consent, they can’t marry me!”
“Viéra, you are losing your senses,” said Marya Alekséyevna in a
choking voice.
“How can that be? What answer can we give him tomorrow?”
exclaimed her father.
“You are not to blame towards him, but I will not consent.”
This scene lasted about two hours. Marya Alekséyevna was in a
stew; twenty times she began to cry out, and clench her fists, but
Viérotchka said: “Don’t get up, or I shall leave!” They kept beating
about the bush, but they could not do anything. It ended when
Matrióna came in to ask whether she would put on the dinner. “The
pirog [pie] was overdone.”
“Think till evening, Viéra. Come to your senses, you fool!” said
Marya Alekséyevna, and whispered something to Matrióna.
“Mámenka, you are going to do something to me! to take out the
key from my bedroom, or something else. Don’t you do it, or it will
be worse!”
Marya Alekséyevna said to the cook, “No matter. What a beast she
is! this Viérka! If it were not that he wanted her on account of her
face, I would beat her till she bled! But now how can I touch her?
She will disfigure herself, the confounded fool!”
They went in to dinner. They dined quietly. After dinner Viérotchka
went to her room. Pavel Konstantinuitch lay down, as he usually did,
to take a nap, but this time the nap was a failure. As soon as he
closed his eyes, Matrióna came in and said that the khozyáïka’s
manservant was there; that the landlady asks Pavel Konstantinuitch
to call upon her immediately. Matrióna was trembling like an aspen
leaf. Why should she tremble?
 VIII

How could Matrióna help trembling when the whole trouble arose
through her? As soon as she called Viérotchka to her pápenka and
mámenka, she immediately ran off to tell the wife of the khozyáïka’s
cook how “your barin is courting our baruishna”; they called the
youngest of the khozyáïka’s chambermaids, and began to blame her
for her unfriendliness in not having told them anything about it
before. The youngest chambermaid could not understand what the
secret was that they blamed her for not telling: she had never
concealed anything. They told her when she said, “I have not
concealed anything,” that they were sorry for reproaching her for
concealing anything. She ran off to tell the news to the oldest of the
chambermaids; the oldest of the chambermaids said, “Of course, he
has done this without his mother’s knowledge, because I have not
heard anything, and I must know everything that Anna Petrovna
knows,” and she went off to tell the whole story to the baruina; such
was the mischief caused by Matrióna! “My confounded little tongue
has made me a great deal of bother,” she thought. “Marya
Alekséyevna will find out who let the cat out of the bag.” But it
happened that Marya Alekséyevna forgot to ask who told of it.
Anna Petrovna could not say anything else but akh and okh: twice
she fell in a swoon, even while she was alone with the senior
chambermaid. Of course, she was greatly shocked, and she
summoned her son. The son appeared.
“Michel, is it true what I have heard?” in a tone of
indignant suffering.
“What have you heard, maman?”
“That you have offered yourself to this—to this—to this—to the
daughter of our manager!”
 “I have, maman.”
“Without asking your mother’s consent?”
“I intended to ask your consent after I had obtained hers.”
“I presume that you were surer of her consent than of mine!”
“Maman, it is the fashion nowadays to get the girl’s consent first,
and to speak to relations afterwards.”
“Is that your fashion? Maybe it is also your fashion for the sons of
good families to marry God knows whom, and for the mothers to
consent to it?”
“But, maman, she is not ‘a God-knows-whom’; when you come to
know her you will approve of my choice.”
“ ‘When I know her!’ I shall never know her! ‘I approve of your
choice’! I forbid any thought of this choice! Do you hear? I forbid it!”
“Maman, this is not the fashion nowadays; I am not a little boy to
be led around by the hand by you. I know myself where I am going.”
“Akh!” Anna Petrovna shut her eyes.
Mikhaïl Ivanuitch had to yield before Marya Alekséyevna, to Julie,
to Viérotchka, because they were women of sense and strong
character; but here, as far as sense was concerned, the battle was
drawn, and if the mother was stronger by reason of her character,
still the son felt solid ground under his feet; he had stood in awe of
his mother hitherto through habit, but they both remembered very
well that in reality the khozyáïka was not the khozyáïka, but only the
mother of the khozyáïn; and again that the khozyáïka’s son is in
reality not the khozyáïka’s son, but the khozyáïn. And therefore the
khozyáïka hesitated to use the decided word “forbid”; she prolonged
the conversation, hoping to defeat her son and get him tired out
before a genuine battle was fought. But the son had gone to such
lengths that it was impossible to withdraw, and he was compelled by
the necessity of the case to fight it out.
“Maman, I assure you that a better daughter you could not have.”
“You torment! your mother’s murderer!”
“Maman, let us reason about it coolly. Sooner or later I shall have
to get married, and a married man must have greater expenses than
a bachelor. I could, of course, marry such a woman that all the
income of the estate would have to be spent on my establishment.
But she will be a dutiful daughter, and we could live with you just as
I always have.”
“Torment! my murderer! get out of my sight!”
“Maman, don’t be angry; I am not in the least to blame!”
“Marry such a wench, and not to blame!”
“Now, maman, I am going to leave you. I do not want you to call
her such names in my presence.”
“My murderer!”
Anna Petrovna fell in a swoon, and Michel went off, satisfied with
the courageous way in which he had carried out the first scene,
which was the most important of all.
Seeing that her son was gone, Anna Petrovna recovered from her
swoon. Her son has absolutely escaped from her power! In response
to her “I forbid” he explains that the house is his! Anna Petrovna
thought and thought; she poured out her grief before the senior
chambermaid, who in these circumstances shared absolutely in the
khozyáïka’s feelings of contempt for the manager’s daughter; she
consulted with her and sent for the manager.
“Hitherto I have been very well satisfied with you, Pavel
Konstantinuitch; but now these intrigues, in which possibly you have
had no share, may compel me to quarrel with you.”
“Your ladyship,8 I am not to blame in the slightest degree,
’fore God!”
“I knew long ago that Michel was hanging around your daughter. I
did not put a stop to it, because a young man cannot live without
recreation. I am willing to make allowances for the mischief of young
men, but I cannot endure that my family should be degraded. How
did your daughter dare to think of entertaining such an ambition?”
“Your ladyship, she has not dared to entertain any such ambition.
She is a modest girl; we have brought her up respectably.”
“What do you mean by that?”
“Your ladyship, she would never dare to do anything against
your will.”
Anna Petrovna did not believe her ears. Can it be possible that this
good news is true?
 “You must be aware what my will is. I cannot consent to such an
unnatural and, I may say, disreputable marriage.”
“We are sensible of that, your ladyship, and Viérotchka feels it
also. She said so; ‘I do not dare to offend her ladyship,’ were her
very words.”
“How could that be?”
“It happened, your ladyship, that Mikhaïl Ivanuitch named his
intentions to my wife, and my wife told him that she could not give
him an answer till to-morry mornin’, and my wife and me intended,
your ladyship, to call on you and tell you all about it, because, bein’
as it was late, we did not dare to disturb your ladyship. And
when Mikhaïl Ivanuitch went, we told Viérotchka, and she said, ‘I
perfectly agree with you, pápenka and mámenka, that it is not to be
dreamed of.’ ”
“Is she such a sensible and honest girl?”
“Certainly, your ladyship, she is a virtuous girl.”
“Well, I am very glad that we can remain friends with you. I will
pay you for this. I am even now ready to pay you for this. On the
front stairs, where the tailor lives, the apartment on the second floor
is vacant, isn’t it?”
“It will be vacant in three days, your ladyship.”
“Take it for yourself. You may spend a hundred rubles to have it
put in order, and I will add to your salary two hundred and forty
rubles a year.”
“Allow me to kiss your ladyship’s little hand!”
“Very well, that will do.—Tatiana!” The senior chambermaid came
in. “Find me my blue velvet cloak. I want to give this to your wife. It
cost me one hundred and fifty rubles [really eighty-five!] I have only
worn it twice [in reality, more than twenty times]. And this I give to
your daughter.” Anna Petrovna handed the manager a lady’s small
watch. “I paid three hundred rubles” (in reality one hundred and
twenty) “for it. I can make presents, and I shall not forget you in the
future either. I make allowances for the mischief of young men.”
After dismissing the manager, Anna Petrovna again summoned
Tatiana: “Ask Mikhaïl Ivanuitch to come to me—or, no, it’s better, I
will go him myself.” She was afraid that her messenger would tell the
news to her son’s valet, and the valet would tell her son what news
the manager brought, and the bouquet would vanish, and not make
the impression on her son’s nose as if it were fresh from the wine of
her own words!
Mikhaïl Ivanuitch was lying down, and not without some
satisfaction, was twisting his mustache: “Now, what has brought
her here? I have no smelling-salts for fainting-fits!” he thought,
getting up when his mother entered. But he saw in her face a
scornful triumph.
She sat down; she said: “Sit down, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch, and we will
have a talk.” And she looked at him for a long time with a smile; at
last she continued: “I am very well content, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch; guess
why I am content.”
“I do not know what to guess, maman; you are so strange—”
“You will see that there is nothing strange at all; think away, and
perhaps you will guess!”
Again a long pause. He is lost in perplexity; she is enjoying
her triumph.
“You cannot guess; I will tell you. It is very simple and natural; if
you had a spark of noble feeling, you would have guessed it. Your
mistress”—in the former talk Anna Petrovna had to tack ship, but
now she had no reason to tack; the means of defeating her was
taken away from her opponent—“Your mistress—don’t you answer
me back, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch—you yourself have boasted everywhere
that she was your mistress—this creature of low origin, of low
training, of low behavior—even this contemptible creature—”
“Maman, I am not willing to hear such expressions about the girl
who is to be my wife.”
“I should not have used them, if I had thought that she was going
to be your wife. And I began with the intention of explaining to you
that this was not to be, and why it was not to be. Allow me to finish.
Then you may freely reproach me for these expressions, which will
then be out of place according to your idea; but now allow me to
finish. I wish to say that your mistress, this nameless creature,
untrained, mannerless, feelingless—even she puts you to shame,
even she understands all the shamelessness of your intentions—”
 “What? what is that? Speak, maman!”
“You yourself are hindering me. I was going to say that even
she—do you hear?—even she!—could understand and appreciate my
feelings; even she when she learned from her mother about your
offer, sent her father to tell me, that she would not put herself in
opposition to my will and would not degrade our family by her
polluted name.”
“Maman, you are deceiving me!”
“Fortunately for me and you, no! She says that—”
But Mikhaïl Ivanuitch was no longer in the room; he had already
put on his army coat.
“Hold him, Piotr! hold him!” cried Anna Petrovna. Piotr opened
wide his mouth at such an extraordinary command, but Mikhaïl
Ivanuitch was already running down the front doorsteps.
 IX

“Nu! how was it?” asked Marya Alekséyevna, as her husband

came back.
“Elegant, mátushka; she knew all about it, and she says, ‘How did
you dare?’ and I says, ‘We don’t dare, your ladyship, and Viérotchka
has already refused him.’ ”
“What? What? You said such nonsense as that, you ass?”9
“Marya Alekséyevna—”
“You ass! you villain! you have killed me! you have cut my throat!
Take that!”—The husband received a slap. “And take that!” Another
slap. “That’s the way to teach you, durak!” She seized him by the
hair and began to drag him about the room. The lesson continued
for some time, for Storeshnikof, after his mother’s long lecture and
pauses, came running into the room, and found Marya Alekséyevna
still in the full heat of instruction.
“You ass! you did not even fasten the door—and what a state
strangers find us in! You ought to be ashamed to be such a hog
[svinya]!” That was all that Marya Alekséyevna found to say.
“Where is Viéra Pavlovna? I must see Viéra Pavlovna!
Immediately! Is it true that she refuses me?”
The circumstances were so embarrassing that Marya Alekséyevna
could only motion with her hand. The very same thing happened to
Napoleon after the Battle of Waterloo, when Marshal Grouchy proved
to be stupid like Pavel Konstantinuitch, and La Fayette was bold like
Viérotchka; Napoleon was fighting, fighting—doing, accomplishing all
the miracles in his art—but it was without avail, and he could only
motion with his hand, and say, “I give it all up; let everyone do as he
pleases, with himself and with me.”
“Viéra Pavlovna, do you refuse my hand?”
 “Judge for yourself; how can I not refuse it?”
“Viéra Pavlovna, I have cruelly offended you; I am to blame; I am
worthy of being hung; but I cannot bear your refusal,” etc., etc.
Viérotchka listened to him for several minutes; finally—it was time
to put an end to it—this was hard:—
“No, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch, this is enough! Stop! I cannot consent.”
“Well, if that must be so, I beg one favor; you feel just now too
keenly how I offended you; don’t give me your answer yet; allow me
time to win your forgiveness! I seem to you low, vile; but look,
maybe I shall grow to be better; I will use all my strength to become
a better man; help me! Don’t push me away now! Give me time! I
will obey you in everything that you may ask; you shall see how
humble I am; maybe you will see that there is some good in me;
only give me time!”
“I am sorry for you,” said Viérotchka; “I see the sincerity of your
love.” (Viérotchka, this is not love at all; it is only a mixture of
different grades of depravity and meanness: love is something quite
different; because a man finds it disagreeable to be refused by a
women, that man is not necessarily in love with her; that is not love
at all; but Viérotchka does not know this yet and she is touched.)
“You want me not to give my answer yet—very good; but I warn you
that the postponement will lead to nothing. I shall never give you
any other answer than the one that you have just received.”
“I shall deserve—I shall deserve another answer; you will be my
salvation!” He grasped her hand and began to kiss it.
Marya Alekséyevna came into the room, and in the stress of her
emotion was going to bless her dear children without further
formality—that is, without Pavel Konstantinuitch—then to call him,
and have them solemnly blessed. Storeshnikof demolished one-half
of her joy by explaining to her that Viéra Pavlovna, although she had
not as yet consented, did not absolutely refuse, but merely
postponed the answer. This was bad; but still it was good compared
to what she had expected.
Storeshnikof went home in triumph. Again the threat about
the estate came upon the scene, and again Anna Petrovna fell in
a swoon.
 Marya Alekséyevna was absolutely at a loss to know what to think
about Viérotchka. Her daughter spoke as though she were entirely
opposed to her intentions. But the result proved that her daughter
put an end to all the embarrassment, which had seemed too much
for Marya Alekséyevna to manage. If one judged by the course of
the affair, then it would look as though Viérotchka wanted the same
thing that Marya Alekséyevna wanted; but, as an educated and wily
creature, she elaborates her material in a different way. But, if this is
so, why should she not say to Marya Alekséyevna, “Mátushka, I
desire the same thing that you do; be at ease”? or else she must be
so angry at her mother, that she wants to do the very same thing
that they are both anxious to bring about, by herself, without her
mother’s cooperation. But her willingness to postpone the answer is
perfectly comprehensible to Marya Alekséyevna. She wants to give
her future husband a thoroughly good schooling, so that he should
not dare to breathe without her, and so as to extort Anna Petrovna’s
submission. Apparently she is even more cunning than Marya
Alekséyevna herself. Whenever Marya Alekséyevna thought about
this, her thoughts brought her to this view. But her eyes and ears
always testified against it. And meantime how to act if this view is
false, if her daughter is not really going to marry Storeshnikof? She
is such a wild creature that it is impossible to know how to tame her.
But, in all probability, the good-for-nothing Viérka does not want to
marry; such is doubtless the case. Marya Alekséyevna’s common
sense was really too strong to be deceived by her own wily
reasoning about Viérotchka being a cunning intriguer. “But this vile
young girl is managing everything in such a way that, when she
does marry (and the deuce knows what she has in mind; maybe this
very thing!), at all events, she will evidently be the complete
mistress over her husband and his mother, and over the whole
household; and so, what is left for her? Only to wait and see—
nothing else is possible! Just now Viérka does not want to do this;
but she will make up her mind for the joke of the thing, and she will
want it. Well, besides, we can use moral suasion. Only leave it to
time! But now we must wait till that time shall come.”
 Marya Alekséyevna waited. But how charming to her was the
thought, refuted by her common sense, that Viérka was bringing the
affair to a marriage! Everything but Viérotchka’s words and actions
corroborated this thought. The future husband was a “silken one”;
the future husband’s mother struggled about three weeks, but her
son defeated her by using his threat in regard to the estate, and she
began to grow more reasonable. She expressed the desire to make
Viérotchka’s acquaintance. Viérotchka did not go to see her. At the
first moment Marya Alekséyevna thought that if she were in
Viérotchka’s place she should have acted more wisely, that she
should have gone; but on thinking the matter over, she came to the
conclusion that not to go was the wiser course. Oh, what a cunning
creature! And, in fact, in a couple of weeks Anna Petrovna herself
called, under the pretext that she wanted to look at the arrangement
of the new apartment. She was cool and caustically polite.
Viérotchka, after listening to two or three of her biting remarks,
went to her room. Before she left, it did not occur to Marya
Alekséyevna that it was necessary to leave; she thought that it was
necessary to answer biting remarks with biting remarks. But when
Viérotchka left, Marya Alekséyevna quickly reasoned, “Yes, that was
the best move of all; let her son pay her in her own coin—that’s the
best way.” At the end of two weeks Anna Petrovna called again, and
gave no excuses for her call. She simply said that she came to make
them a call, and she said nothing sarcastic in Viérotchka’s presence.
Time passed on. The prospective husband made Viérotchka
presents; they were made through Marya Alekséyevna, and of
course remained in her possession, like Anna Petrovna’s watch.
However, not all of them remained with her; some of the cheapest of
them she gave to Viérotchka, saying that they were things that had
remained in pawn unredeemed. It was necessary for the prospective
husband to see some of his gifts worn by the bride! He saw them
and grew more confident that he should get Viérotchka’s consent;
otherwise, she would not have accepted his presents. But why does
she put off her answer? He himself perceived—and Marya
Alekséyevna told him—the reason. “She is waiting till Anna Petrovna
gets entirely reconciled.” And he, with redoubled energy, pulled on
the line whereto his mother was hooked—an occupation that gave
him much satisfaction.
Thus Viérotchka was left in peace; they looked into her eyes. This
canine deference was detestable to her; she tried to be with her
mother as little as possible. Her mother ceased to have the courage
to enter her room, and when Viérotchka was sitting there, and this
was the larger part of the day, she was not disturbed. Mikhaïl
Ivanuitch was occasionally allowed to enter her room. He was as
obedient to her as a child. She told him to read; he read with great
energy, as though to get ready for an examination. He derived very
little instruction from his reading, but still he got some good from it.
She tried to help him shine in conversation. Conversations came
easier to him than books; and he made some progress, very slow,
very trifling, but all the same he progressed. He began to treat his
mother with more respect than before; began to prefer keeping her
under the bridle than on the hook.
Thus passed three or four months. There was a reconciliation,
there was peace; but every day a storm threatened, and Viérotchka’s
heart was dying within her at the horrible anticipation—if not today,
then tomorrow Mikhaïl Ivanuitch or Marya Alekséyevna would
demand of her the answer. They will not wait a whole century.
If I were to want to make an effective collision, I should give to
this situation a crackling conclusion; but such did not occur. If I
wanted to allure by uncertainty, I should not say now that nothing of
the kind happened; but I am writing without any subterfuges,
and I therefore will anticipate and say there will be no crackling
collision; the situation will be untied without storms, without thunder
or lightning.
 Part II
First Love, and Legal Marriage
 I

It is well known how situations like the above would end in former
times: a fine young girl, belonging to a low family, an insignificant
man who is to become her husband under compulsion, who is
detestable to her, who when left to himself, being already a mean
man, would constantly grow meaner, but joined to her, comes under
her influence, and little by little begins to resemble a man, of no
especial account, to be sure, not very good, but, on the other hand,
not very bad. The girl at first declares that she will not marry him;
but gradually getting accustomed to having him under her
command, and being convinced that out of two such evils as such a
husband and such a family as her own, the husband would be the
less evil, makes her admirer happy. At first it is detestable to her
when she finds that she can make her husband happy without loving
him; but her husband is obedient—“patience makes love,”—and she
becomes an ordinary fine lady, that is, a woman who, excellent
naturally, gets reconciled to meanness, and living on the earth only
vegetates (literally, obscures the heaven with smoke). Such used to
be the way, in old times, with nice young girls, such used to be the
way with nice young men, all of whom became excellent people, but
lived on earth in such a way as to obscure the heaven. Such used to
be the way in former times, because excellent people were very few;
the harvest of them, apparently, was so small in old times that there
was not one to a ten-acre lot,10 and no one can live a century as a
single man or a single woman without fading away! And thus they
either used to fade away or reconcile themselves to meanness.
But nowadays it happens more and more frequently that things
take a different turn: respectable people get acquainted with each
other. Yes, and how can this help happening more and more often
when the number of respectable people increases with every new
year? And, in time, this will be a very ordinary occurrence, and,
indeed, the time will come when nothing else will happen, because
all people will be decent. Then it will be very good!
Good it was for Viérotchka also. Therefore, with her permission, I
will relate to you the story of her life, since, so far as I know, she is
one of the first women whose life was established in this good way.
First occurrences have a historical interest. The first swallow is
regarded with great interest by the natives of the North.
The occurrences by means of which Viérotchka’s life began to
improve were somewhat in this order: It was necessary to get
Viérotchka’s little brother ready for the gymnasium. Her father asked
his colleagues if they knew of a cheap tutor. One of his colleagues
recommended to him the medical student Lopukhóf.
Lopukhóf gave five or six lessons to his new pupil before he and
Viérotchka met. He used to sit with Feódor in one room of the
apartment, she in another, in her own room. It was getting time for
the examinations at the medical school, and so he changed the
lesson hours from morning till the evening, because in the morning
he had to do his own studying, and when it came evening, he found
the whole family at tea.
On the sofa were sitting his acquaintances—the father, the mother
of the pupil; behind the mother, on a chair, the pupil was sitting, and
somewhat farther, a person whom he did not know, a tall, well-
proportioned young girl, rather slender, with black hair—“thick,
handsome hair!”—with black eyes—“her eyes are handsome, yes,
very handsome”—with the Southern type of face—“as though she
were a Malo-Russian, or rather even a Caucasian type; that’s
nothing, a very handsome face, but somewhat reserved; but that’s
not Southern. Her health is good; there would not be as many of us
doctors if people were like her. Yes, healthy red cheeks and a good
broad chest, she’ll never make the acquaintance of the stethoscope.
When she enters society she will create a great effect. However, it
does not interest me.”
And she looked up at the tutor as he came in. The student was no
longer young, a man of medium size or possibly taller than the
average, with dark auburn hair, with regular and even handsome
features, with a proud and courageous expression; “not bad-looking;
he must be kind, but he’s too solemn.”
She did not add to her thoughts the epilogue, “it does not interest
me,” because it did not occur to her to ask herself whether she
would be interested in him or not. Why should she be, when Feódor
told her so much about him that she was weary of hearing? “He is
kind, sister, but he is not sociable. And I told him, sister, that you
were a beauty, and, sister, he said, ‘What of that?’ And I told him,
sister, ‘that everybody falls in love with pretty girls’; and he said, ‘All
stupid people fall in love’; and I said ‘Don’t you like them?’ and he
said, ‘I have no time.’ And, sister, I said to him, ‘Don’t you want to
get acquainted with Viérotchka?’ and he said, ‘I have a good many
acquaintances beside her.’ ”
All this Feódor rattled off immediately after the first lesson, and
afterwards he kept saying much the same thing with various
additions: “And I told him today, sister, that ‘everybody looks at you
whenever you go anywhere,’ and, sister, he said, ‘Well, that’s good’;
and I said to him, ‘Don’t you want to see her?’ and he said, ‘I shall
have time enough to see her.’ ” And then again: “I told him, sister,
‘what little hands you had,’ and, sister, he said, ‘You want to chatter;
haven’t you got anything better to chatter about?’ ”
And the tutor learned from Feódor everything that was worth
knowing about his sister; he tried to stop Feódor’s chattering about
family affairs, but how can you stop a nine-year-old child from
chattering to you about everything unless you threaten him? After
he has said five words you succeed in stopping him, but then it is
too late; because children begin without any preface, getting the
very essence of the thing; and among all sorts of disclosures relating
to his family affairs the tutor heard such disjointed sentences as
these: “My sister is going to marry a rich man”; “and mámenka says
that the bridegroom is a stupid”; “and how mámenka flatters him”;
“and mámenka says, ‘sister caught him cute’ ”; “and mámenka
says, ‘I am cute, but Viérotchka is cuter’ ”; “and mámenka says, ‘we
are going to fire the bridegroom’s mother out of the house’ ”; and
so forth.
 Naturally, when the young people got such ideas of each other,
they had no great desire to become acquainted. However, so far, we
know only this much: that it was natural on Viérotchka’s part; she
had not reached that stage of development that she had any desire
of “defeating savages,” or of “taming such a bear”; nay, she was still
far from it; she was glad that she was left in peace; she was like a
crushed and tortured man, who has the good fortune to fall in such
a way that the broken arm is undisturbed and the pain in the side is
not felt, and who fears to move lest the pain in all his joints should
return. Why should she care to form new acquaintances, and
especially with young men?
Yes, such is Viérotchka. Nu! but he? He is like a savage, to judge
him by Feódor’s description, and his head is full of books and
anatomical preparations, such as fill the soul of a medical student
with the keenest delight and furnish him the richest pabulum. Or
perhaps Feódor misrepresented him?
 II

No, Feódor did not misrepresent him; Lopukhóf was in fact a student
whose head was full of books—what books we shall learn from
Marya Alekséyevna’s bibliographical investigations—and with
anatomical preparations; for unless a man fills his head with
anatomical preparations, he cannot become a professor, and that
was Lopukhóf’s ambition. But, as we see, if we depend upon
Feódor’s descriptions of Viérotchka made for Lopukhóf’s benefit,
Lopukhóf did not learn very accurately about her, and for the same
reason we must correct Feódor’s description of his teacher if we
would know Lopukhóf better.
As regarded pecuniary matters Lopukhóf belonged to that very
small minority of special medical students who are not supported by
government, and yet who just escape starvation and freezing.11 How
and in what way the great majority of them live is known, of course,
only to God, not to mortals. But our story does not intend to deal
with people who are in need of victuals, and therefore it will devote
only two or three words to the period in Lopukhóf’s life when he
suffered such hardships.
And it was not very long that he was in such a condition—only
three years, and even less. Before he entered the medical school he
had plenty of food. His father, a meshchanín (commoner) of the
town of Riazan, lived in the style of the meshchanín, comfortably;
that is, his family had shchi (cabbage soup) and meat not on
Sundays only, and even had tea every day. He was able to keep his
son at the gymnasium after a fashion; but, after his son reached the
age of fifteen, he made it easier for him by doing some teaching.
The father’s means were not sufficient for the support of his son in
Petersburg; however, during the first two years Lopukhóf received
from home the sum of thirty-five rubles a year, and he obtained
almost as much more by copying papers as unattached clerk in one
of the districts of the Vuiborgsky ward. It was only during this time
that he was hard up; and that was his own fault. He was accepted
as a governmental scholar, but he managed to quarrel with someone
and was compelled to take to his own fodder. When he was in the
third class, his affairs began to improve; the assistant district
supervisor engaged him as a private tutor; then he found other
pupils, and now for two years he has not been in need; for a year
and more he has been living in one house, not in one, but in two
different rooms; and that is proof that he is not poor. He has for a
roommate another student as lucky as himself. His name is Kirsánof.
They are the closest friends. Both of them were used from early life
to push their own way, without depending upon others, and in other
respects there was a great resemblance between them; so that if
one were to meet either of them separately, they would both seem
like people of the same character; and when they were seen
together, it was observable that though both of them were very
reliable and honest people, Lopukhóf was rather more reserved,
while his chum was more effusive. So far, we have seen only
Lopukhóf; Kirsánof will appear later on. Apart from Kirsánof it may
be remarked in regard to Lopukhóf exactly the same thing that we
shall have to remark about Kirsánof. For instance, Lopukhóf was at
the present time occupied more than with anything else with the
question how to establish his life after his graduation, which would
occur now in a few months, and the same is true of Kirsánof; and
both hid the same plan for the future.
Lopukhóf knew for a certainty that he was going to be a surgeon
in one of the army hospitals of Petersburg, and this is looked upon
as a great piece of good fortune; and that he was going to get a
professorship in the medical school. He had no desire to practise.
It is a very peculiar thing that during the past ten years there has
appeared among some of the best of the medical students a
resolution not to practise medicine after graduation, though that is
the only way by which a medical man can gain a livelihood; at the
first opportunity they give up medicine for some of its subsidiary
sciences—physiology, chemistry, or something of the sort. And every
one of these young men knows that if they practised until they were
thirty years old, they might gain a reputation; at thirty-five, a
competency for life; and at forty-five, wealth.
But they argue in a different way: You see, don’t you, that
medicine is in such a state of infancy that one should not as yet try
to cure, but to collect the materials; so that the doctors of the future
may know how to cure. And here for the advantage of the well-
beloved science—they are great hands to curse medicine; but,
nevertheless, they are devoting all their energies for its advantage—
they refuse riches, they refuse pleasure, for the sake of sitting in the
hospitals, and they are making, don’t you know, observations that
are interesting to science: they cut up frogs; they dissect a hundred
subjects every year; and at the first chance they establish chemical
laboratories. With what severity they follow out this lofty resolution
depends, of course, on the way in which their domestic life is
established. If it is not necessary for those dependent upon them,
they do not even begin to practise, and they are willing to live
almost in poverty; but if their domestic circumstances compel them
to do so, they practise, but only just so long as it is necessary to, for
their family; that is, on a very limited scale, and they cure only those
people who are really sick, and who can really be cured by the
present pitiful state of the science; that is, the sick who bring them
no advantage at all. To this class Lopukhóf and Kirsánof belonged.
They expected to graduate this year, and they have announced that
they will take, or, as they say at the medical school, “do,” their
examinations merely for the degree of M.D. They have both been
hard at work on their medical theses, and they have made way with
a huge quantity of frogs; both have adopted as a specialty the
nervous system, and properly speaking they were working in
cooperation; but for the formal dissertation the work was divided:
one has gathered for his materials the facts that they both observed
on one question, the other did the same thing for another.
However, it is now time to speak about Lopukhóf alone. There was
a time when he drank too much; this happened when he was
without tea, and sometimes even without boots. Such circumstances
are extremely conducive to drinking, not only as regards willingness,
but also possibility; to buy drink is cheaper than to buy food and
clothes. But this habit of drinking arose from grief at intolerable
poverty, and nothing more. Now, there was not to be found a man
who led a sterner life, and not in regard to wine alone. In other days
Lopukhóf had a good many love adventures: once, for example, it
happened that he fell in love with a foreign ballet dancer. What was
to be done? He thought the matter over, and went to call upon her.
“What do you want?”
“I was sent by Count So-and-so with a note.” His student’s uniform
was easily mistaken by the servant to be that of a clerk or some
officer’s denshchik.
“Give me the note. Will you wait for an answer?”
“The count told me to wait.” The servant returned in surprise.
“She bade me ask you in.”
“Here he is! here he is! This is the man who shouts so loud for me
that I can distinguish his voice from the greenroom. How many
times have you been carried off to the police station for such a
demonstration in my honor?”
“Twice.”
“That isn’t much. Well, why are you here?”
“To see you!”
“Capital! What else?”
“I do not know. What would you like?”
“Well I know what I would like. I would like some breakfast. You
see the things are on the table. Sit down with me.” Another plate
was placed on the table. She laughed at him; he laughed at himself.
“He is young, not bad looking, not stupid, and besides it’s a novelty.
Why not have some fun out of him?” She fooled him about two
weeks, and then she said, “Get thee hence.”
“Well, that is just what I wanted to do, but I did not know how.”
“Then we will part good friends?” They gave each other a parting
kiss, and that was the end of it. But this was some time before,
three years ago, and now it is two years since he has renounced all
such follies.
 Besides his comrades and two or three professors, who recognized
in him a good worker in the cause of science, his only acquaintances
were in the families where he gave lessons; but he did not know the
families at all. He avoided familiarity as he would fire, and he held
proudly aloof from all the members of these families, except the little
boys and girls who were his pupils.
 III

And so Lopukhóf entered the room, saw the company sitting at the
tea-table, and in their number was Viérotchka; nu! of course the
company, including also Viérotchka, saw that the tutor entered the
room. “Please take a seat,” said Marya Alekséyevna.—“Matrióna,
bring another glass.”
“If it is meant for me, then I thank you. I don’t drink tea.”
“Matrióna, no matter about the glass. (A well-bred young man!)—
Why shouldn’t you drink some? You ought to drink some!”
He looked at Marya Alekséyevna and at Viérotchka willingly, as
it were; and maybe it was really willingly. Maybe he noticed that
she slightly shrugged her shoulders. “And he must have seen that
I blushed!”
“Thank you! I drink tea only at home.”
“After all, he is not such a savage; he came in, and he bowed
easily and gracefully.” Such was the observation made at one end of
the table.
“After all, if she is a trifle spoiled, then at least she blushes for
her mother’s meanness,” was the observation at the other end of
the table.
But Feódor soon finished his tea and went to take his lesson. The
most important result of the evening was that Marya Alekséyevna
formed a most favorable opinion of the tutor, because she saw that
her sugarbowl would, in all probability, not suffer great loss by
changing the hour of the lessons from morning to evening.
Two days later the teacher again found the family at table, and
again he refused to take tea, and thus he absolutely calmed Marya
Alekséyevna’s fears. But this time he saw at the table a new face—
an officer, upon whom Marya Alekséyevna was assiduously fawning.
 “Ah, the bridegroom!”
But the bridegroom, owing to the importance of his uniform and
family, felt that it was incumbent upon him not simply to look at the
tutor, but after looking at him, to measure him from head to foot
with the impertinent steady stare which is adopted in fashionable
society. But he had no sooner taken his measure than he began to
feel that the tutor was likewise taking his measure, and, even worse,
was looking straight into his eyes, and so keenly that instead of
keeping up the stare the bridegroom said:—
“Your work must be hard, Monsieur Lopukhóf—I mean your
medical work.”
“Yes, it is;” and he continues to look him straight in the eyes.
The bridegroom was conscious that he was fumbling with his left
hand at the three upper buttons of his uniform, but he did not know
the reason. Nu! when the awkwardness gets as far as the buttons,
there is no other salvation than to make haste to drink his tea, and
ask Marya Alekséyevna for some more.
“Your uniform, if I am not mistaken, belongs to such and such
a regiment?”
“Yes, I serve in that regiment,” is Mikhaïl Ivanuitch’s reply.
“Have you been long in the service?”
“Nine years.”
“Did you begin in that regiment?”
“I did.”
“Have you a company or not?”
“No, I have none as yet. (He cross-examines me as though I were
a private!)”
“Do you expect to get one soon?”
“Not very soon.”
“Hm!”
The tutor was satisfied, and ceased his examination, though he
still looked straight into the imaginary private’s eyes.
“And yet—and yet,” thinks Viérotchka; and what does she mean by
“and yet”? Finally she makes up her mind what she means by “and
yet.” “And yet he conducts himself just as Serge did when he came
with the kind Julie. How is he a savage? Why does he speak so
strangely about girls? ‘that pretty girls are loved only by stupid
people?’ And—and—” (why does she repeat “and”? At last she
knows!) “and why didn’t he want to know anything about me? why
did he say that it was not interesting?”
“Viérotchka, will you play something on the piano for Mikhaïl
Ivanuitch and I,” said Marya Alekséyevna, when Viérotchka had set
down her second cup.
“Certainly.”
“And if you would sing something,” adds Mikhaïl Ivanuitch, in a
flattering tone.
“Certainly.”
“This ‘certainly’ sounded as though she had said, ‘I am ready to
do anything to get rid of you,’ ” thinks the tutor. And now he had
been sitting down with them fully five minutes; and though he had
not been looking at her, yet he knows that she has not looked once
at the bridegroom, except when she answered him just now. And
even now she looks at him as though she were looking at her father
and mother—coolly, and without the least trace of affection. “There
must be something quite different from what Feódor told me.
However, more than anything else she must be in reality a proud,
calculating girl, who wants to enter the upper ten in order to rule
and shine. It is disagreeable to her that she cannot find a better
bridegroom for that purpose. But, despising the bridegroom, she yet
accepts his hand because there is no other hand to lead her where
she wants to go. Well, after all, this is rather interesting.”
“Feódor, hurry up and finish your tea,” remarked the mother.
“Don’t hurry him, Marya Alekséyevna; I want to listen, if Viéra
Pavlovna will allow me.”
Viérotchka picked up the first music that came to hand, without
looking at what it was, opened it at haphazard, and began to play
mechanically; no matter, only so as to get done with it the sooner.
But the piece happened to be of a good order; it was from an
excellent opera, and soon the girl’s playing grew animated. After she
was done she started to get up.
“But you promised to sing, Viéra Pavlovna; if I were there, I would
ask you to sing something from Rigoletto.” (This winter “La donna é
mobile” was the fashionable aria.)
“If you like.”
Viérotchka sang “La donna é mobile”; then she got up and went
to her room.
“No, she is not a heartless, cold girl without any soul; this
is interesting.”
“Isn’t that good?” asked Mikhaïl Ivanuitch, in a simple voice,
without this time taking the tutor’s measure. (“There is no need of
being in strained relations with people who can examine privates.
Why not speak without any pretentiousness so as not to get his
ill will?”)
“Yes, very good.”
“Do you understand music?”
“Just a little.”
“Are you a musician?”
“Somewhat.”
Marya Alekséyevna overheard this talk, and a happy thought
struck her.
“What do you play on, Dmitri Sergéitch?” she asked.
“The piano.”
“May we ask you to give us a tune?”
“Very willingly.”
He played a certain piece. He played passably—not badly at all.
After he had finished the lesson, Marya Alekséyevna came to him
and said that they were going to have a little party the next evening;
that it was her daughter’s birthday, and asked him to come round.
Of course, there is always a dearth of young men, according to
the style of all such parties; but no matter. He looked closer at the
girl: with her or about her there is something interesting.
“I thank you heartily.”
But the tutor was mistaken; Marya Alekséyevna had something
more important in view than in finding a partner for her
dancing girls.
Reader, you of course have anticipated that on this evening some
explanation would take place; that Viérotchka and Lopukhóf will fall
in love with each other?
Of course they will!
 IV

Marya Alekséyevna wanted to give a great party on Viérotchka’s

birthday, but Viérotchka begged to have no guests invited: the one
wanted to show off the bridegroom; the other found such an
exhibition distasteful. They compromised by having the smallest
possible party, inviting only a few of their most intimate friends.
They invited Pavel Konstantinuitch’s colleagues—those, of course,
who had been longer in the service and were higher in position than
himself—two of Marya Alekséyevna’s friends, three young girls who
were more intimate with Viérotchka than any others.
As Lopukhóf looked over the assembling guests, he noticed that
there was no lack of partners (kavalyer); every one of the young
girls had a young man, either as candidate for bridegroom or
bridegroom already. Therefore Lopukhóf was not invited in the
capacity of a partner; why, then? As he thought the matter over he
remembered that his playing on the piano preceded his invitation. Of
course he was invited so as to save expense—to take the place of an
accompanist (tapper). “All right,” he thought. “Excuse me, Marya
Alekséyevna,” and he went to Pavel Konstantinuitch.
“How now, Pavel Konstantinuitch; it’s time to have a game of
cards. You see it’s rather tiresome for us old people!”
“What do you want to play?”
“Anything.”
Soon a party was made up, and Lopukhóf sat down to play. The
medical school on Vuiborgskaïa Street is a classical establishment for
card-playing. It is not a rare occurrence in some of the rooms—that
is, in the governmental students’ apartments—for a game of cards to
be kept up for a day and a half without stopping. It must be
admitted that the sums that change hands at the students’ card-
tables are much smaller than those at the English Club; but the
standard of the gamester’s art is much higher. Even Lopukhóf used
to play a great deal in his day; that is, when he had no money.
“Mesdames, what shall we do? We must play by cutting in, that’s a
fact; but there’ll be only seven of us left. Either a gentleman or a
lady will be lacking for the quadrille.”
The first rubber was drawing to an end, when one of the girls, the
liveliest of all, came flying up to Lopukhóf:—
“Monsieur Lopukhóf, you must dance.”
“On one condition,” he said, rising and bowing.
“What?”
“That you give me the first quadrille.”
“Akh! Bozhe moï! I am engaged for the first one! You are welcome
to the next, though.”
Lopukhóf again made a profound bow. Two of the gentlemen took
their turn in cutting in. At the third quadrille Lopukhóf asked
Viérotchka. The first she had danced with Mikhaïl Ivanuitch; the
second he danced with the lively girl.
Lopukhóf had been watching Viérotchka, and was now absolutely
convinced of the mistake in his former idea of her being a heartless
girl, coolly marrying for money a man whom she despised. He saw
before him an ordinary young girl, who dances and laughs with her
whole soul. Yes, to Viérotchka’s shame be it said that she was an
ordinary girl who loved to dance. At first she set her face firmly
against the party; but when the party was arranged—small, without
any show, and consequently not a trial to her—even she, in a way
that she would never have believed, forgot her melancholy. At her
time of life one does not like to be melancholy; but liveliness and
gayety are so natural that the least chance of self-forgetfulness
brings also, for a time, forgetfulness of sorrow. Lopukhóf was now
inclined in her favor, but as yet there were a good many things not
clear to him.
He was getting interested in Viérotchka’s anomalous position.
“Monsieur Lopukhóf, I never expected to see you dancing,”
she began.
“Why not? Is it so hard to dance?”
 “For most people certainly it is not; but for you, why—yes—of
course it is.”
“Why for me?”
“Because I know your secret—yours and Feódor’s; you
despise women!”
“Feódor did not in the least understand my secret. I don’t despise
women, but I avoid them; and do you know why? I have a bride—a
very jealous one—who, in order to compel me to avoid them, told
me their secret.”
“You have a bride?”
“Yes!”
“How surprising! A student, and already engaged! Is she pretty?
Are you in love with her?”
“Yes, she is a beauty, and I love her very dearly.”
“Is she a brunetka or a blondinka?”
“I cannot tell you that; it is a secret!”
“Well, God be with her, if it is a secret! But what was the secret
about women that she revealed to you that makes you avoid
their society?”
“She saw that I did not like to be in a melancholy state of mind,
and she whispered in my ear such a secret about them, that I
cannot see a woman without getting into a melancholy mood, and
so I avoid women.”
“You cannot see a woman without getting into a melancholy
mood? At all events, you are a master in the art of
making compliments.”
“What else can I say? To pity is the same thing as being in a
melancholy state of mind.”
“Do we need pity so much as all that?”
“Yes; aren’t you a woman? I have only to repeat to you your
dearest wish, and you will agree with me. It is the universal desire of
all women.”
“Do tell me, tell me!”
“It is this: ‘Akh! how I should like to be a man!’ I never met a
woman who did not secretly wish this with all her heart. And in the
majority of cases, it is not necessary to search for it; it is expressed
spontaneously without any need of drawing it out. If a woman has
any trouble whatsoever, you will soon hear something like this: ‘We
are poor miserable creatures, we women!’ or, ‘Men are so different
from women!’ or even without any circumlocution, ‘Akh! why was I
not a man?’ ”
Viérotchka smiled. “True; every woman has said that.”
“And now you see how women are to be pitied; for if their
dearest wish were to be fulfilled, there would not be any women in
the world!”
“Yes, it seems as if it were so,” said Viérotchka.
“It is exactly the same way; if the eager desires of every poor man
were fulfilled, there would not be a single poor man in the world.
Don’t you see how pitiable women are? They are just as much to be
pitied as the poor are. Who likes to see poor people? Just the same
way, it is painful for me to see women since I have learned their
secret. And it was revealed to me by my jealous bride on the very
day of our engagement. Till that time I was very fond of being in the
society of women. After that, it was snatched away from me. My
bride cured me.”
“Your bride must be a kind and sensible young lady; yes, we
women are pitiable creatures, we are poor,” said Viérotchka; “but
who is your bride? You speak so mysteriously!”
“That is one of my secrets which Feódor does not tell you. I
entirely share the wish of the poor that there should not be any in
existence, and some time this wish is going to be realized; sooner or
later we shall be able to lay out our lives in such a way that there’ll
be no poor; but—”
“What, no more poor?” interrupted Viérotchka. “I myself have
thought that the time might come when there would not be any
more poverty; but how it would come about I could not tell; tell
me how!”
“I myself cannot tell this; only my bride can tell. I am alone here. I
can only say this much: that she is looking out for that, and she is
very strong; she is stronger than anyone else in the world. But let us
not talk about her, but about women. I perfectly agree with the wish
of the poor that there should not be any more poor, and my bride is
going to bring this about. But I do not agree with the wish of women
that there shouldn’t be more women in the world, because this wish
cannot be realized; and I never agree with what cannot be realized.
But I have a different kind of a wish: I should like all women to get
acquainted with my bride; she takes as much care of them as she
does of everything else. If they would make friends with her, I
should have no reason to pity them and their wish ‘Akh, why wasn’t
I born a man!’ would vanish; for if women get acquainted with her,
then they would not be worse off than men are.”
“Monsieur Lopukhóf! one more quadrille, without fail!”
“I shall be very much pleased.” He pressed her hand as calmly
and gravely as though he were an old friend, or she his comrade.
“Which one?”
“The last one.”
“Very well.”
Marya Alekséyevna several times passed near them while they
were dancing the quadrille.
What would Marya Alekséyevna have thought had she heard this
conversation? We who have heard every word of it from beginning
to end, all of us will say that such a conversation during a quadrille
is very unnatural.
The last quadrille came.
“We spoke all the time about myself,” said Lopukhóf; “and that is
very bad manners on my part, to be speaking all the time about
myself. Now I want to make up for my impoliteness by speaking
about you, Viéra Pavlovna. Did you know that I had a far worse
opinion of you than you did of me. And now—well, we’ll speak
about this afterwards. Now first of all, there is one question that
I cannot answer; please answer it for me. Will your marriage take
place soon?”
“Never!”
“I thought so, for the last three hours—ever since I left the
card-table to come in here. But why is he considered to be
your bridegroom?”
“Why is he considered to be my bridegroom? why, indeed? There’s
one reason I cannot tell you; it is too hard for me: but there’s
another I can. I pity him; he loves me so! You will say, ‘I must tell
him frankly what I think about our marriage’; I did tell him, but he
replied, ‘Don’t speak; it kills me; be silent.’ ”
“That is the second reason; but the first one which you find hard
to tell me, I can tell you; it’s because your position in your family
is terrible.”
“At the present time it is tolerable. Now no one torments me;
they are waiting for me to decide and they leave me almost
entirely alone.”
“But this may not last very long; they will begin to bring pressure
upon you; what then?”
“Nothing. I have thought about it and made up my mind what to
do; I shall not stay here any longer; I can be an actress. What an
enviable life it is! Liberty! Liberty!”
“And applause.”
“Yes; that’s also pleasant, but the main thing is liberty; to do what
I please; to live as I please, not asking anybody for anything, not be
dependent on anybody; that’s the way I want to live!”
“That is true, that is good! Now I want to ask you something: I
will find out how this can be done, to whom application must be
made—shall I?”
“Thank you.” Viérotchka pressed his hand. “Do it very soon; I
want to tear myself away as quick as I can from this miserable,
intolerable, and degrading situation. I say, ‘I am calm, I can bear it,’
but is it so in reality? don’t I see what is done with my good name?
don’t I know what all those who are here think of me? They say,
‘She’s a schemer, she’s cunning, she wants to be rich, she wants to
get into fine society, to shine; she will keep her husband under the
shoe, twist him around her little finger, deceive him.’ Don’t I know
that they think this about me? I don’t want to live so, no indeed!”
Suddenly she fell into deep thought, “Don’t laugh because I said, ‘I
pity him—he loves me so.’ ”
“Does he love you? does he look at you the same way that I do or
not? has he such a look?”
“Your eyes are frank, honest. No; your look does not offend me.”
 “You see, Viéra Pavlovna, it is because—but no matter. Does he
look so?”
Viérotchka blushed and made no reply.
“Then he does not love you. That is not love, Viéra Pavlovna.”
“But—” Viérotchka did not finish her sentence, but stopped.
“You were going to say, ‘What is it, then, if it is not love?’ Let that
go; but you yourself say that is not love. Whom do you love best of
all? I am not speaking of this kind of love—but of your relations,
your friends.”
“It seems to me, no one in particular, none of them very much;
but no, not long ago, I met a very peculiar woman. She spoke very
badly to me, called herself very hard names; she forbade me to keep
up my acquaintance with her; we met in a very extraordinary way;
she said that if ever I found myself in such need that I was in
danger of dying, then only I might come to her, but not otherwise; I
loved her very much.”
“Would you want her to do anything for you that would be
disagreeable or injurious for her?”
Viérotchka smiled. “But how could it be so?”
“But no; now imagine that you were very, very much in need of
her help, and that she said to you, ‘If I do this for you, it would
torment me,’ would you repeat your request, would you insist on it?”
“I would sooner die.”
“Now you just told me that you loved her. But this love is only
feeling, not a passion. And what is love—passion! and how can you
distinguish passion from simple feeling?—by its strength.
Consequently, if when one is moved by simple feeling, which is
weak, very weak compared to passion, love places you in such
relations to a man that you say, ‘I would rather die than be the
cause of torment to him.’ If a simple feeling speaks so, what will
passion say which is a thousandfold stronger? It will say, ‘I will
sooner die than—not ask, not demand—but even admit that any
man should do anything for me except what is agreeable to himself;
I would sooner die than admit the possibility of his doing anything
for my sake under compulsion or at inconvenience to himself.’ Such a
passion, speaking this way, is love. But passion that speaks
otherwise is passion and not love. I am going home now; I have told
you everything, Viéra Pavlovna.”
Viérotchka pressed his hand. “Au revoir,12 but why don’t you
congratulate me? today is my birthday.”
Lopukhóf looked at her. “Maybe, maybe! if you have not made this
mistake, then I am glad.”
 V

“How soon this came, how unexpected,” thinks Viérotchka alone in

her room at the close of the evening. “We spoke for the first time,
and yet we became such good friends; half an hour before not to
know each other, and in an hour’s time to become such good
friends, how strange!”
No; it is not strange at all, Viérotchka. People like Lopukhóf have
magical words, which attract to them every abused and persecuted
creature. It is their “bride” that whispers such words into their ears.
But here is something that is indeed strange, Viérotchka—but not for
you and me—that you are so calm. Here people think that love is an
exciting feeling, and you will fall asleep as gently as a child, and you
will be neither frightened nor disturbed by dreams; you may dream
of happy childish games, forfeits, tag, or maybe dances, also gay
and unconcerned. It seems strange to some people, but you do not
know that it is strange, and I know that it is not strange. Agitation in
love does not point to love; agitation in it is something that should
not exist, for love in itself is joyous and unconcerned.
“How strange this is,” thinks Viérotchka; “here I myself, again and
again have thought and felt all that he said about the poor and
about women and how one should love. Where could I have got my
ideas, or was it in the books which I have read? No; there is nothing
of the sort there. What I found in books was either doubts or
reservations, and everything like this seemed extraordinary,
incredible, like ideals that are good but are impossible to be realized;
and all this seems to me so simple, simpler than anything else, a
perfectly ordinary thing, it cannot help being, it must be so, surely,
more surely than anything else. And I used to think that those were
the best books. Now here is George Sand—such a good and noble
woman!—and yet, she thinks that these ideas are only visionary. And
our own writers—but no; our writers have nothing of the kind at all.
Or take Dickens; he has something of the sort, but it seems as
though he did not hope for it at all, as though he only wished that it
might be, for he is kindhearted, but he is sure that it cannot be. But
how is it that they don’t know that this cannot help being, that this
state of things must actually come about, that it will be
accomplished without fail, that no one will be poor or unfortunate?
But don’t they say this? No; they only feel pity, but they think that in
reality things will remain as they are at present, possibly a trifle
better, but not much. And these thoughts of mine—they don’t
express them; if they did, I should have known that kind and
sensible people also think so. But here I have been imagining that it
is only I who had such thoughts; it’s because I am a dull young girl.
How absurd to think that besides my stupid self no one has had such
thoughts, that no one else expects this new order of things. But he
says that his ‘bride’ explains to everyone who loves her that all these
things will come about as it seems to me they will, and she explains
it to them so plainly that all of them have begun to strive to have it
realized as soon as possible. What a sensible ‘bride’ he has! but who
is she? I must find out, surely I shall find out! Yes; it will be a good
thing when there shall be no more poor; people won’t oppress each
other then; all will be joyous, kind, and happy!”
And hereupon Viérotchka fell asleep, and slept soundly, and saw
nothing in her dreams.
No, Viérotchka, it is not strange that you have thought over and
taken all this to heart; you who are a simple-hearted young girl, and
have not even heard the names of those men who have begun to
teach this and prove that this must be so, that this must come about
without fail, that this cannot help being; it is not strange that you
have understood and taken to heart the thoughts which your books
have failed to present plainly to you. Your books were written by
men who were only beginning to learn these ideas when they were
only ideas; these ideas seemed wonderful and fascinating and—
nothing more. Now, Viérotchka, these ideas are plainly seen to be
realizable; and other books are written by other people, who find
that these ideas are excellent, that there is nothing wonderful in
them; and, Viérotchka, these ideas are floating in the air like a
perfume from the fields in flower-time; they penetrate everywhere;
you have heard them even from your tipsy mother, who told you
that it was necessary to live and why it was necessary to live by
deceit and theft; she wanted to speak against your ideas, but she
herself gave them greater development; you heard them from the
cynical, ruined French girl, who drags her lover after her like a
chambermaid, does whatever she pleases with him, yet as soon as
she comes to her senses, she finds that she has no will of her own,
that she must please, compel herself—though it is very hard for
her—and yet, it would seem, would it not, that her life with the kind,
refined, and complaisant Sergei is easy and pleasant? and yet she
says: “Even for me, bad woman as I am, such relations are
detestable.” Nowadays it is not difficult to adopt such ideas as you
have. But others do not take them to heart as you have. This is
good, but there is nothing strange about it. Is there anything
strange in the fact that you want to be free and happy? Now such a
desire—God knows what a head-splitting discovery this is; God
knows what a step forward it is towards heroism!
But here is something strange, Viérotchka, that there are some
people who have no such desire, who have other desires, and it may
probably seem strange to such people that on the first evening of
your love, you fell asleep with such thoughts; that from the thought
of yourself, of your sweetheart, of your love, you turned to the
thoughts that all people must be happy, and that it is necessary to
bring about its accomplishment as soon as possible. And do you not
know that it is strange, and I do know that it is not strange, that it is
both natural and human. “I feel joy and happiness; consequently, I
want all people to feel joyful and happy.” But humanely speaking,
both thoughts are the same. You are a good girl; you are not a
stupid girl; but excuse me if I do not find anything wonderful in you;
maybe half the girls whom I have known and whom I know, and
maybe more than half—I have not counted them; they are too many
to count—are not worse than you, and some of them are even
better. Excuse me.
 It seems to Lopukhóf that you are a wonderful girl. So it is; but it
is not wonderful that it seems to him so, because he has fallen in
love with you! And there is nothing wonderful in the fact that he
loves you; it is quite possible to love you; and if he loves you, then it
must seem to him that you are wonderful.
 VI

During the time of the first quadrille Marya Alekséyevna was

continually dogging her daughter and the tutor; but during the
second quadrille she did not show herself near them, but was busy
in her capacity as hostess in the preparation of the supper. After
her preparations were made she asked for the tutor, but the tutor
was gone.
Two days later the tutor came to give his lesson. The samovar
(tea-urn) was placed on the table, and Matrióna came to call Feódor.
While he was giving the boy his lesson, he was interrupted by Marya
Alekséyevna entering the room. The tutor preferred to remain in his
place, because it was not his custom to drink tea with them, and
besides, he was going to look over Feódor’s copybook; but Marya
Alekséyevna asked him to come in because she wanted to have a
talk with him; so he went and sat down at the tea-table.
Marya Alekséyevna began to ask him about Feódor’s capacity,
about the best gymnasium for him, and whether it would not be
better to place the boy in the gymnasium boardinghouse. These
questions were very natural, but were they not made too soon?
During this conversation she so sincerely and politely begged the
tutor to take tea with them, that Lopukhóf concluded to break his
rule; he took the glass. Viérotchka did not make her appearance for
some time. At last she came in; she and the tutor bowed to each
other as though there were nothing between them, and Marya
Alekséyevna continued to speak about Feódor; then abruptly she
turned the conversation to the tutor himself. She asked him who he
was, what he was, what relations he had, whether they were rich,
how he lived, and how he intended to live. The tutor answered
laconically and indefinitely, that he had relatives, that they lived in
the provinces, that they were not very well-to-do, that he supported
himself by giving lessons, that he intended to practise medicine in
Petersburg; in a word, Marya Alekséyevna gained very little
information from what he said. Determining to break through his
reserve, Marya Alekséyevna went at the matter more directly.
“Now you say that you intend to practise medicine here, and,
thank God, the city doctors are able to make a living! Have you
thought yet of setting up a family?—I mean, have you found a
girl yet?”
What does she mean? The tutor had almost forgotten about his
ideal bride, and he had it on his lips to say, “I have no one in view as
yet”; but he suddenly remembered. Akh! of course she overheard! It
put him into a ridiculous dilemma. What a piece of work I made of
it! Why did I make up such an allegory when it wasn’t in the least
necessary? Nu vot! go to! they say that it’s dangerous to take part in
a propaganda; now here, how my propaganda influenced Viéra
Pavlovna, though her heart is pure and disposed to no ill. Nu! she
must have overheard and understood; but what business is that of
mine? “Yes, I have a girl in view!”
“Are you engaged to her yet?”
“I am.”
“Are you formally engaged, or is it only a tacit understanding
between you?”
“We are formally engaged.”
Poor Marya Alekséyevna! She had caught the words, “my bride,”
“your bride,” “I love her very much,” “she is a beauty,” and her
solicitude lest the tutor were flirting with her daughter was allayed;
and so during the second quadrille she was able entirely to put her
mind on the care of preparing the supper. But she wanted to hear
the details of this reassuring story more circumstantially and
particularly. She kept on with her cross-examination. All people like
such reassuring conversation; at all events it satisfies curiosity, and
one likes to know everything. The tutor gave satisfactory answers,
though, according to his wont, they were very brief.
“Is your bride pretty?”
“Uncommonly.”
 “Has she a dowry?”
“A very large one.”
“How large?”
“Very large!”
“As much as a hundred thousand?”
“Much more than that.”
“How much more?”
“There’s no use telling that; it is large enough.”
“In cash?”
“Some of it in money.”
“Some of it in estates also?”
“Yes; there’s landed property.”
“Soon?”
“Soon.”
“You mean you are going to be married soon?”
“Yes.”
“That is right, Dmitri Sergéitch; get married before she comes
into her property, and so get rid of the crowd of men that’ll be after
her money.”
“Perfectly right.”
“How it is that God sent you such good luck, while other men have
no such luck at all?”
“It’s so; but almost nobody knows that she is such an heiress.”
“And you found out?”
“I did.”
“How was it you did?”
“To tell the truth, I had long been on the lookout for such a
chance, and at last I found it.”
“And you haven’t made any mistake?”
“Certainly not; I’ve seen the documents.”
“Seen ’em yourself?”
“I, myself. That was the first step I took.”
“Was that the way you set about it?”
“Of course; a man who is in his right mind does not take any risks
without proofs.”
 “That’s true, Dmitri Sergéitch; no one does. What good luck! It
must have been in answer to your parents’ prayers.”
“It must be so.”
Marya Alekséyevna had taken a fancy to the tutor from the time
when she found that he did not drink up her tea. It was apparent
from everything that he was a man of solid character, with a firm
basis of sense; he had little to say—so much the better, he was not
empty-headed, and whatever he said was to the point—especially in
regard to money; but since the evening of the party, she saw that
the tutor was a Godsend, on account of his absolute disinclination to
flirt with the girls in the families where he gave lessons. Such an
absolute disinclination can rarely be found among young men. But
now she was at the height of her satisfaction with him. “Indeed,
what a splendid man he is! And he had never boasted that he was
going to marry a rich bride; it was necessary to draw out every word
with pincers! And what keen scent he had! Apparently, he must have
made up his mind long ago that he would find a rich bride; and how
he must have flattered her. Nu! this young man, I may say, knows
how to manage his affairs. And he set to work by getting hold of the
documents. How sensibly he talks about it! he says that no one in
his right mind can do such things without documents. He’s a young
man of rare good sense.”
Viérotchka could hardly restrain herself from smiling too frankly;
but gradually it seemed to her—but how did it seem to her? No; it
can’t be so! Yes; it must be! he must be speaking, not to Marya
Alekséyevna, though he answers her questions, but to her,
Viérotchka; that he is making fun of Marya Alekséyevna; that the
seriousness and the truth which underlies what he says is meant
only for her, Viérotchka.
Whether it only seemed so to Viérotchka, or whether it was really
so, who can say? He knew, and she afterwards found out. But for
the rest of us, perhaps there is no need of knowing; for we want
only facts. And the fact was that Viérotchka, as she listened to
Lopukhóf, at first smiled, but afterwards became serious, and
imagined that he was speaking, not with Marya Alekséyevna, but
with her, not in jest, but in earnest; and Marya Alekséyevna, who
had taken in solemn earnest all that Lopukhóf said from the
beginning, turned to Viérotchka, and said:—
“Viérotchka, my dear, what’s become of your thoughts?13 You are
acquainted now with Dmitri Sergéitch; you’d better ask him to play
your accompaniment for you, and give us a song.”
By this she meant to intimate: “We have great respect for you,
Dmitri Sergéitch, and we want you to be a good friend in our family.
And you, Viérotchka, don’t be coy to Dmitri Sergéitch; I am going to
tell Mikhaïl Ivanuitch that he’s got a bride of his own, and Mikhaïl
Ivanuitch will not be jealous of him.”
This was what was meant to be understood by Viérotchka and
Dmitri Sergéitch; he was now in Marya Alekséyevna’s thoughts not
the tutor but Dmitri Sergéitch. But for Marya Alekséyevna herself,
these words had a third interpretation which was very natural and
real: “We must flatter him a little; his acquaintance may be of some
use to us by and by when he gets to be rich, the rascal.” This was
the general signification of Marya Alekséyevna’s word for herself; but
beside the general signification there was also a special thought:
“When I have flattered him a little, I will tell him that we are poor
people; that it is hard for me to pay him a silver ruble a lesson.”
So many different meanings were in Marya Alekséyevna’s words!
Dmitri Sergéitch said that he would finish his lesson first, and then it
would give him pleasure to play on the piano.
 VII

Marya Alekséyevna’s words had many interpretations, and they were

not less fecund in results. On the side of the special signification—
that is, as regarded the reduction in the price of the lessons—Marya
Alekséyevna attained greater success than she anticipated: when,
after two more lessons, she insinuated that they were poor people,
Dmitri Sergéitch at first stuck to his price—stuck to it strenuously;
for a long time he did not yield—long insisted on his three paper
rubles. (It must be remembered that at this time the three-ruble
note was worth only seventy kopeks.) Marya Alekséyevna did not
expect to beat down his price, but, contrary to all her expectations,
succeeded in reducing the price to sixty kopeks a lesson. Apparently
the special signification of her words—the hope of beating down the
price—contradicted her high opinion of Dmitri Sergéitch (not of
Lopukhóf, but of Dmitri Sergéitch) as of a man shrewd in money
matters. “What would make a man, who is a keen financier, give in
about money on account of our poverty?” And if Dmitri Sergéitch did
yield, then, consequently, one would be disappointed in him, and
find in him a shortsighted man, and therefore a man to be avoided.
Of course she would judge that way in the case of a stranger; but
human beings are so created that it is hard for them to judge of
their own affairs according to the general rule. A man is extremely
apt to make exceptions in his own favor.14 What can be done with
this peculiarity of the human heart? It is bad; it is injurious; but
Marya Alekséyevna was unfortunately not exempted from this fault,
which is the almost universal affliction of the penurious, of the
sneaks, and of the wicked. There is salvation from it in only two
extreme and opposite kinds of moral right. A man may reach such a
lofty plane of transcendental rascality that he becomes the eighth
wonder of the world for his virtuosity in crime, like Ali Pasha
Yaninska, Djezzar Pasha of Syria, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, all of
whom deceived the European diplomats (and Djezzar deceived
Napoleon the Great) as though they were children. When rascality
has enclosed a man around with such an absolutely impregnable
armor, that it is absolutely impossible to reach any human weakness,
ambition, love of honors, love of command, love of self, or anything
else, he is safe; but such heroes of rascality are very rare; you can
scarcely find them in the countries of Europe, where virtuosity in
wickedness is destroyed by a good many weak points. Therefore, if
they show you a wily fellow, and say, “This fellow cannot be
deceived by anyone,” boldly put up ten rubles against one that you,
although not so wily, will mislead this wily fellow, if you only make
up your mind to do so; and still more boldly put up one hundred
rubles against one that he himself is leading himself by the nose in
some direction or other, because it is the most ordinary and
characteristic feature in the wily to be led in some direction or other
by the nose. How artful in all appearance were Louis Philippe and
Metternich, and how nicely they led themselves by the nose out of
Paris and Vienna, into golden and lovely places of bucolic calmness,
and enjoyed the picture of “Makár driving his calves.”15
And Napoleon the First! what a wily rascal he was; wilier than
Louis Philippe and Metternich taken together, and yet they say that
with all his wiliness he had a genial temper. And thus how masterly
he led himself by the nose to Elba; nay, he even wanted to go
further, and dragged himself by the nose to St. Helena! How unlikely
it seemed at first—almost impossible; but he succeeded at last in
overthrowing all the obstacles in the way of reaching the island of
St. Helena. Just read over the history of the campaign of 1815, and
you will see with what energy and skill he dragged himself by the
nose. Alas! and even Marya Alekséyevna was not exempted from
this injurious tendency!
There are few people for whom the armor against temptation
serves as an absolute protection from the deception of others. But
on the other hand, there are a good many people for whom simple
honesty of heart serves as a protection against such deception.
According to the testimony of Vidocqs and Johnnie Cains, there is
nothing harder than to deceive an honest, sincere man, if he has
some common sense and knowledge of the world. Bright, honest
men, who have their wits about them, are not liable to temptation
individually. But they have in one respect a weakness that is
injurious: when taken all together they are subject to deception. A
rascal is not able to lead any one of them by the nose, but the noses
of them taken collectively are always ready for use. But the rascals,
whose noses individually are weak, cannot be led by the nose. In
this consists the whole mystery of the history of the world.
But to branch off into the history of the world is not necessary.
When you are writing a novel go ahead with your novel!
The first result of Marya Alekséyevna’s words was the cheapening
of the lessons. The second result was that by getting the tutor
cheaper, that is, not the tutor, but Dmitri Sergéitch, Marya
Alekséyevna was still more confirmed in her good opinion of him as
a man of solidity. She even came to the conviction that conversation
with him would be profitable for Viérotchka; his influence will
dispose Viérotchka to marry Mikhaïl Ivanuitch. This conclusion was
extremely brilliant, and Marya Alekséyevna would probably not have
reached it by her own wit, but she met with such plain proof that
she could not help noticing Dmitri Sergéitch’s good influence over
Viérotchka. How this was proved to her we shall soon see.
The third result of Marya Alekséyevna’s words was that Viérotchka
and Dmitri Sergéitch began under her encouragement and
permission to spend considerable time together. After he had
finished giving his lessons, towards eight o’clock, Lopukhóf used to
stay for two or three hours longer at the Rozalskys. He played cards
with the mother of the family and the bridegroom; he talked with
them; he played on the piano, and Viérotchka would sing; or
Viérotchka played, and he would listen. Sometimes he spoke with
Viérotchka, and Marya Alekséyevna did not interfere, was not angry,
although, of course, she did not leave them without her supervision.
Oh, of course, she did not leave them absolutely to themselves;
because, although Dmitri Sergéitch was a very proper young man,
still the proverb does not say in vain, “Don’t hide things carelessly,
and you won’t lead a thief into sin.” Dmitri Sergéitch is a thief, there
is no doubt about it; but it is not said by way of blame, but on the
contrary; otherwise, there wouldn’t be any reason for respecting him
and making him a friend of the family, would there? Is there any
sense of making the acquaintance of fools? Of course it is well to
make the acquaintance of fools sometimes—when you can take
advantage of them. But Dmitri Sergéitch has nothing to his name as
yet; it must be, therefore, that they are friendly with him only
because of his good qualities; that is, for his sense, solidity,
prudence, and skill in managing his own affairs. And if everyone
has—the deuce knows what—in his mind, then such a clever man
must have more than others. Consequently we must look and look at
Dmitri Sergéitch.
And Marya Alekséyevna studied him very industriously and
energetically; but all her observations only corroborated her opinion
of Dmitri Sergéitch’s solidity and good character. For instance, how
can one tell amorous intentions? By noticing the way in which a
young man looks at a girl. Here Viérotchka is playing and Dmitri
Sergéitch is standing and listening, and Marya Alekséyevna is
watching the direction in which he turns his eyes. But sometimes he
does not even look at Viérotchka; he looks anywhere else; or
sometimes, when he is looking at her, he looks so innocently, so
indifferently into her face, that it can quickly be seen that he is
looking at her only out of politeness and is thinking of his bride’s
dowry. His eyes do not burn like Mikhaïl Ivanuitch’s! Again, how can
the existence of love be detected? By caressing words. But in this
case no caressing words are heard, and they really speak very little
together; he talks by preference with Marya Alekséyevna, or, here
for instance, he began to bring Viérotchka books. Once Viérotchka
went to see a friend, and Mikhaïl Ivanuitch was at the Rozalskys’.
Marya Alekséyevna took the books that the tutor brought and
handed them to Mikhaïl Ivanuitch.
“Just look here, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch. This French I almost understand
by myself. This word gostinaïa [meaning drawing-room], of course,
it must be a book about manners, ain’t it? but the German one I
don’t understand.”
“No, Marya Alekséyevna, that word is not gostinaïa, but
destinée, fate.”
“What kind of a fate? Is it a novel that’s called so, or is it a sort of
oracle or fortune book.”
“We will quickly find out, Marya Alekséyevna, from the book itself.”
Mikhaïl Ivanuitch turned several of the leaves.
“It seems to speak mostly about series and things; I guess it is a
scientific book.”
“About serious things? That is good!”
“No, series.”
“What! series? Oh yes, banknotes. Then it’s something about
managing money!”
“Yes, that’s it, Marya Alekséyevna.”
“Nu! what’s the German one?”
Mikhaïl Ivanuitch read slowly:—
“ ‘Concerning Religion; works of Ludwig.’ Oh, yes, Ludwig the
Fourteenth, Marya Alekséyevna; this is the work of Louis XIV. He
was a French king, Marya Alekséyevna, the father of the king in
whose place Napoleon is reigning now.”
“Then it must be a theological work?”
“Yes, I think so.”
“That is good, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch; yes, indeed, I knew it! Dmitri
Sergéitch is a reliable young man; still one must keep his eyes sharp
on any young man.”
“Of course he has no bad intentions in his mind, but, for all that, I
am extremely grateful to you, Marya Alekséyevna, for keeping your
eyes open.”
“One’s got to do so; I am on the watch, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch; it’s a
mother’s duty to keep her daughter straight, and I pledge you my
honor as far as Viérotchka is concerned. But there’s one thing occurs
to me, Mikhaïl Ivanuitch. What belief did that French king hold?”
“Catholic, naturally!”
“Then, don’t he try to convert folks into the papistry?”
 “I don’t think so, Marya Alekséyevna; if he had been a Catholic
bishop, then, of course, he would have tried to make converts; but a
king would not spend his time that way. As a wise ruler and
politician he’d simply teach virtue.”
“What else?”
Marya Alekséyevna could not help seeing that Mikhaïl Ivanuitch,
with all his narrow mind, argued the case very skilfully; but for all
that she cleared up the matter with perfect satisfaction. Two or three
days later she suddenly said to Lopukhóf, while playing with him
rather than with Mikhaïl Ivanuitch:—
“Tell me, Dmitri Sergéitch; I want to ask you something. The
father of the last French king, the very man in whose shoes the
present Napoleon is reigning, did he make folks git converted into
the religion of the Pope?”
“No, he did not, Marya Alekséyevna.”
“Is the Pope’s religion good, Dmitri Sergéitch?”
“No, it is not, Marya Alekséyevna. I play seven of diamonds.”
“I just asked out of curiosity, Dmitri Sergéitch, being as I’m an
ignorant woman, and it is interesting to know. You are taking a good
many tricks, Dmitri Sergéitch.”
“It can’t be helped, Marya Alekséyevna. We are taught at the
medical school to play cards well. A doctor must know how to
take tricks.”
Lopukhóf is puzzled to this day to know why Marya Alekséyevna
wanted to know whether Philippe Egalité ordered folks to be
baptized in the religion of the Pope.
Well, how, after all this, could it be wondered at that Marya
Alekséyevna stopped wearying herself by perpetual supervision? He
keeps his eyes where they should be, his face has shown no
amorous susceptibilities; he gives her theological books to read; that
ought to be enough. But no, Marya Alekséyevna was not satisfied;
but she even managed to put him to a test, as though she had
studied the logic which I have learned by heart, and which says,
“the observations of phenomena must be made by means of
experiments, carried on in a skilful plan, if one would have the most
thorough penetration into the secrets of such relations”; and she so
managed to bring about this trial, as though she had read Sakson’s
grammar, which tells how Hamlet was tempted by Ophelia in
the grove.
 VIII
The Temptation of Hamlet

One day at tea, Marya Alekséyevna said that she had a headache;
after serving the tea, and locking up the sugarbowl she went away
and retired. Viéra and Lopukhóf remained sitting in the tearoom,
which adjoined the bedroom where Marya Alekséyevna had gone.
After a few minutes she sent a message by Feódor: “Tell your
sister that their talk keeps me from going to sleep; let ’em go
somewhere else so as not to bother me. Say it politely, so as not to
offend Dmitri Sergéitch; you see what good care he takes of you.”
Feódor went and told what his mother wanted.
“Let us go to my room, Dmitri Sergéitch; it is away from mother’s
bedroom, and we shall not be disturbed.”
Of course this was what Marya Alekséyevna expected. At the end
of a quarter of an hour she crept in her stocking feet up to the door
of Viérotchka’s room. The door was ajar; between the door and the
jamb was a splendid crack: Marya Alekséyevna applied her eyes to it
and strained her ears.
This was the sight that she saw:—
In Viérotchka’s rooms were two windows; between them stood a
writing-table. Viérotchka was sitting near one window, knitting a
woollen chest-protector for her father, religiously fulfilling Marya
Alekséyevna’s command. At the other window, at the other end of
the table, Lopukhóf was sitting: he was leaning with one elbow on
the table; he had a cigar in his hand; his other hand was thrust in
his pocket; the distance between Viérotchka and him was not less
than two arshíns (4.6 feet). Viérotchka was looking most of the time
at her knitting; Lopukhóf was looking most of the time at his cigar.
This was a gratifying state of things.
The conversation that she overheard was as follows:—
 “Is it necessary to look at life in this way?” These were the first
words that Marya Alekséyevna caught.
“Yes, Viéra Pavlovna, it is necessary.”
“Then cold, practical people must tell the truth, when they say
that men are governed only by selfish motives?”
“They tell the truth. What are called the higher feelings, ideal
aspirations; all these in the general course of life are absolutely
nothing in comparison with the inspiration felt by everyone to do
things for his own interest. At bottom, the impulse even for the
others is caused by selfishness.”
“Da! are you, for example, of the same sort?”
“What do you suppose, Viéra Pavlovna? Just listen and see what is
the essential motive of all my life. The essence of my life, hitherto,
has consisted in study and preparation to be a doctor. Excellent!
Why did my father send me to school? He used constantly to repeat
to me: ‘Study, Mítya; when you have finished your course you will be
a tchinovnik; you will be able to support me and your mother, and it
will be good for you, too.’ And that was the reason that I studied;
without that motive, my father would never have let me study: you
see my family was in need of a wage-winner. Da! and I myself,
though I am fond of study, would not have spent time on it, would I,
if I had not thought that the expenditure would have been paid back
with interest? After I got through school, I urged my father to send
me to the medical academy instead of making me a tchinovnik. How
did that come about? Father and I saw that medical men live much
better than civil tchinovniks and the heads of departments, and I
could not get any higher rank than that. And that was why I got the
means and went to the medical school; it stood for bread and butter.
Without this in view I should not have gone to the medical school
and should not have stayed in it.”
“But you loved to study while you were at school, and have you
not liked medical science?”
“Yes. It is an ornament, and it is also profitable; but success is
generally won without this ornament, while without a motive, never!
Love for science was only a result arising from a certain state of
things; it was not its cause; the cause was just one thing—self-
interest” [vuigoda, profit].
“Let us suppose that you are right; yes, you are right! All actions
that I can remember can be explained by self-interest. But this
theory is cold!”
“Theory must by necessity be cold. The mind must judge of
things coldly.”
“But it is merciless.”
“Yes, to fancies that are empty and injurious.”
“But it is prosaic.”
“Science does not care for a poetical form.”
“And so this theory, which I cannot help admitting, brings people
into a cold, merciless, and prosaic life?”
“No, Viéra Pavlovna; this theory is cold, but it teaches a man to
bring out the warmth. A match is cold, the matchbox on which you
scratch the match is also cold; but there is fire in them which gets a
man warm food, and warms him also. This theory is merciless; but if
it is followed, people will not become the wretched objects of idle
charity. The lancet must not bend; otherwise it will be necessary to
pity the patient, who will suffer none the less because of your
sympathy. This theory is prosaic, but it reveals true motives
of life and poetry in the truth of life. Why is Shakespeare the
greatest poet? Because he is true to life, and has less illusion than
other poets.”
“So am I, also, going to be pitiless, Dmitri Sergéitch,” said
Viérotchka, smiling. “Don’t be drawn away by the thought that you
have in me an obstinate opponent of your self-interest theory, and
that you have converted me to be a new disciple. I myself long ago
felt the same thing, especially after I read your book and heard it
from you. But I thought that these were my individual ideas, that
clever and scientific men thought otherwise, and so I was in doubt.
All that we used to read was written in a spirit of contrariety; it was
full of adverse criticisms, of sarcastic attacks upon what we used to
see in ourselves and others. Nature, life, reason, lead you one
direction; books drag you the other: they say, ‘This is mean,
contemptible.’ Do you know, I myself saw the absurdity of the
arguments which I myself brought up!”
“Yes, so they were absurd, Viéra Pavlovna.”
“Well then,” said she, laughing, “we are making each other
wonderful compliments. I say to you, ‘You, Dmitri Sergéitch, please
don’t lift your nose so high.’ You say to me, ‘You are ridiculous with
your doubts, Viéra Pavlovna.’ ”
“At any rate,” said he, also laughing, “we have no selfish interest
in making love to each other, and therefore, we don’t make love.”
“All right, Dmitri Sergéitch; people are egotistical, aren’t they?
You were speaking about yourself, and now I want to speak
about myself.”
“Of course, men must think about themselves most of all.”
“Very good. Now let us see if you will put this into practice.”
“Let us see.”
“A rich man wants to marry me. I don’t like him. Must I accept
his offer?”
“Consider what is for your best advantage.”
“My best advantage! You know that I am very poor. On one side is
my dislike of the man; on the other, I should have the upper hand of
him, an enviable position in society, money, a crowd of worshippers!”
“Weigh everything; choose what would be most advantageous.”
“And if I choose the husband’s wealth and the crowd
of worshippers?”
“I shall say that you have chosen that which seemed more
correspondent with your interests.”
“And what ought to be said about myself?”
“If you have acted coolly, after mature deliberation, it will have to
be said that you have done wisely, and probably you will not be
sorry for it.”
“But would my choice deserve condemnation?”
“People who talk all sorts of nonsense will speak about it as they
please; but people who look upon life from a reasonable standpoint
will say that you have done as you ought. If you have done so, it will
show that such was your individuality, that you could not have acted
otherwise, circumstances being as they are; they will say that you
have acted under the necessity of things, that properly speaking you
could not have had any other choice.”
“And no condemnation whatever for my actions?”
“Who has the right to condemn the results of a fact when the fact
itself is in existence? Your individuality in the given circumstances is
a fact; your actions are the essential, unavoidable results of this fact,
arising from the nature of things. You are not responsible for them,
and to condemn them is absurd.”
“Well, I see you stick to your theory. And so I shall not deserve
your condemnation, if I accept the rich man’s offer?”
“I should be a fool if I condemned it.”
“And so your permission—I might say, your approval—I might
even say, your direct advice—is to do as I have said?”
“There is always one thing to advise—‘reason out what is for your
best’; if you do that, you have my approval.”
“Thank you. Now the personal case is decided. Let us return to
the first, that is, the general question. We began by saying that a
man acts from necessity; his actions are determined by the
influences from which they take their rise, the stronger motives
always predominating. Our arguments went thus: when an action
has vital importance, the stimulus is called self-interest; its
interaction in man is the calculation of self-interests, and therefore a
man must always act in accordance with the motive of self-interest.
Do I express the thread of the thought?”
“Perfectly.”
“You see what a good pupil I am. Now this private question about
the actions that have an important bearing upon life is settled. But in
the general question there remain some difficulties yet. Your book
says that a man acts from necessity; but there are cases when it
seems that it depends upon my will to act in this way or in that. For
instance, I am playing, and I turn the leaves of the music. I turn
them sometimes with my left hand, sometimes with my right hand.
Let us suppose that I have turned them now with the right hand;
why could I not have done it with my left hand? Does it not depend
upon my own will?”
 “No, Viéra Pavlovna; when you are turning the leaves, not thinking
which hand you use, you turn them with the hand that is most
convenient; there is no will about it. If you think, ‘Let me turn them
with my right hand,’ you then turn them under the influence of this
thought; but this thought itself was not a matter of your will, but
was engendered unavoidably by others.”
At this word Marya Alekséyevna ceased to listen. “Nu! they are
spending their time over science; that ain’t in my line, it ain’t
necessary either. What a wise, intelligent, and I may say noble,
young man he is! What reasonable advice he gives Viérotchka! And
that shows that he is a learned man: now here I go and tells her the
same things; she does not listen, she gets offended; I can’t suit her
because I don’t know how to speak scientific enough. But here when
he speaks scientific, she listens and sees that it is the truth, and she
agrees with it. Da! it is said not in vain, ‘knowledge is light;
ignorance, darkness.’ If I had been a well-educated woman, would it
have been with me as it is now? I’d have got my husband into favor
with the generals; I would have got a place for him in the
department of supplies, or somewhere else just as good! Nu! of
course I should have done the business myself with the contractors!
the idea of his doing it—rubbish! I’d have built a much better house
than this. I’d have bought more than a thousand souls [dushi, serfs].
But now I cannot. It is necessary to get a recommendation first in
the society of generals; and how can I do that? I can’t speak French,
nor any other language of theirs. They’ll say, ‘She hain’t got any
manners; all she’s good for is to make an uproar on the hay-market!’
So I am no good! ‘Ignorance is darkness.’ Indeed ‘knowledge is light;
ignorance is darkness.’ ”
Now it was just this conversation that Marya Alekséyevna had
overheard that brought her to the conviction that Dmitri Sergéitch’s
conversation was not only not dangerous for Viérotchka—she had
been inclined to think that before—but was even likely to do her
good, to lighten her own labors in overcoming Viérotchka’s foolish,
inexperienced, girlish, thoughts, and hasten the mystical benediction
in the affair with Mikhaïl Ivanuitch.
 IX

The relations of Marya Alekséyevna to Lopukhóf resemble a farce;

Marya Alekséyevna’s character is exposed by them in a ridiculous
way. Both these facts are quite against my will. If I had wanted to
preserve a high standard of art, I should have concealed Marya
Alekséyevna’s relations to Lopukhóf, the description of which gives
this part of my story the nature of a vaudeville. To hide them would
have been easy. The essential element of the matter could have
been expressed without them. Would it have been at all surprising if
the tutor, even if he had not entered into this friendship with Marya
Alekséyevna, had found occasion sometimes, though seldom, to say
a few words with the daughter of a family where he is giving
lessons? Does it take many words to engender love? There was no
need of Marya Alekséyevna putting in a hand to help along this
result which was brought about by the meeting of Viérotchka with
Lopukhóf. But I am telling this story, not as it would be necessary if I
wanted to win an artistic reputation, but simply in accordance with
the facts. As a novelist, I am very sorry because I have written
several pages which are on the low level of a vaudeville.
My design of relating the case as it was, and not as it would have
been if I had followed my inclinations, also causes me another
unpleasantness. I am very much dissatisfied because Marya
Alekséyevna is represented in a ridiculous way with her conceptions
of Lopukhóf’s bride as he described her, with her fantastic guessing
about the contents of the books which Lopukhóf gave Viérotchka,
with her reasoning about Philippe Egalité trying to convert folks to
the faith of the Pope, and her ideas of the works written by King
Louis XIV. Everyone is liable to error; mistakes may be stupid if a
man judges of matters which are foreign to his experience; but it
would be unjust to conclude from these stupid blunders made by
Marya Alekséyevna that her disposition to Lopukhóf was founded
entirely on these blunders; not at all, not for a moment would any
fantastic ideas of a rich bride or the goodness of Philippe Egalité
have obscured her common sense, if in Lopukhóf’s actual words and
actions had anything suspicious been noticeable. But in point of fact,
he behaved himself in such a way that, according to Marya
Alekséyevna’s opinion, only a man after her own heart could behave
himself; now here was a brave young man, who did not allow his
eyes to gaze impudently at a very pretty young girl; he did not pay
her ambiguous attentions, he was always willing to play cards with
Marya Alekséyevna, he never said that he would rather sit with Viéra
Pavlovna, he discussed matters in a spirit that seemed to Marya
Alekséyevna in accordance with her own spirit; like her, he said that
everything in the world is done for self-interest, that when a cheat
cheats (plut plutŭyet), there is no need of getting excited and crying
out about the principles of honesty which such a cheat is bound to
observe, that a cheat is not a cheat without good reason, that he
was made such by his environment, that not to be a cheat—leaving
aside the impossibility of not being a cheat—would have been
stupid, that is, simply foolish on his part. Yes, Marya Alekséyevna
was right, when she found a resemblance between her
and Lopukhóf.
I appreciate how deeply Lopukhóf is compromised in the eyes of
the civilized public by the sympathy shown by Marya Alekséyevna in
his way of thinking. But I do not want to flatter anyone, and I don’t
conceal this circumstance, though it is so injurious to Lopukhóf’s
reputation, although I confessed that it was in my power to conceal
Lopukhóf’s relations with the Rozalsky family. I will say even more; I
myself will even undertake to explain that he even actually deserved
Marya Alekséyevna’s good will.
In point of fact, it appears from the conversation between
Lopukhóf and Viérotchka, that the style of his thinking would far
more easily seem good to people of Marya Alekséyevna’s stamp,
than to eloquent partisans of various beautiful ideas. Lopukhóf saw
things in exactly the same light as they appear to the great mass of
the human race, with the exception of the partisans of beautiful
ideas. If Marya Alekséyevna could repeat with satisfaction what she
herself had heard of Lopukhóf’s advice to Viérotchka in regard to
Storeshnikof’s offer, he likewise would take satisfaction in adding
right to her drunken confession to Viérotchka. The resemblance
between their conceptions was so striking, that enlightened and
noble novelists, journalists, and other instructors of our public,
would long ago have declared that people of Lopukhóf’s stamp differ
in no respect from people of Marya Alekséyevna’s stamp. If such
enlightened and noble writers so understand Lopukhóf’s stamp,
could we really condemn Marya Alekséyevna because she could find
in Lopukhóf nothing but what our best writers, teachers, and
philosophers find in people of his stamp?
Of course, if Marya Alekséyevna had known half of what these
writers knew, she would have had sufficient mind to understand that
Lopukhóf is bad company for her. But aside from the fact that she
was an uneducated woman, she has still another excuse for mistake.
Lopukhóf did not give her the full benefit of his ideas. He was a
propagandist, but not such an one as the lovers of fine ideas who
are always anxious to give Marya Alekséyevnas the benefit of the
noble conceptions by which they themselves are enlightened. He
had enough good sense not to try to straighten a fifty-year-old tree.
They both accepted facts in the same way, and so discussed them.
Like a man with a theoretical education, he could draw from facts
such conclusions as were impossible to Marya Alekséyevna and her
similars, who do not know anything beyond personal everyday cares
and current aphorisms of popular wisdom—proverbs, sayings, and
the folklore which is old, archaic, and even stale. But they could
never reach his conclusions. If, for instance, he had begun to explain
what he meant by the word “self-interest,” which he used when
talking with Viérotchka, Marya Alekséyevna would have made a
grimace, seeing that self-interest, as he understood it, was not the
same as self-interest as she understood it; but Lopukhóf did not
explain this to Marya Alekséyevna, and neither was there any
explanation of it in his talk with Viérotchka, because Viérotchka
knew the meaning of the word as she had seen it used in those
books which started the conversation. Of course it is also true that
while saying you are right to Marya Alekséyevna’s drunken
confession, Lopukhóf would have added to the word “right” (prava)
these words: “According to your own confession, Marya Alekséyevna,
the new order of things is much better than the old, and I have
nothing against those who are trying to make the reform and get
pleasure out of it; but as far as the stupidity of the people is
concerned, which you regard as a hindrance against the new order,
then of course I must agree with you; but you yourself will not deny,
Marya Alekséyevna, that people soon get educated, and they see
that it is to their advantage to do what before they could not see
any need of doing; you will also agree that hitherto they have had
no way of learning sense and reason; but give them this possibility,
and why, of course they will take advantage of it.”
But he never went as far as this in speaking with Marya
Alekséyevna; and that, too, not from carefulness, though he was
very careful, but simply from the very good reason of his common
sense and politeness, which also prevented him from talking to her
in Latin, and from tiring her ears with arguments about the latest
advances in medicine, though such subjects were interesting to him.
He possessed so much politeness and delicacy that he would not
torment a person with declamations which are not understood by
that person.
Now, while I say all this to justify Marya Alekséyevna’s oversight in
not finding out in time what sort of man Lopukhóf really was, I don’t
say it to justify Lopukhóf himself. To justify Lopukhóf would not be
the right thing; and why it would not be the right thing you will see
as you go on. Those who could not justify him, but yet from their
sense of humanity would forgive, could not forgive him. For
instance, they might allege for his excuse that he was a medical
man, and was occupied with natural sciences, and that disposes to a
materialistic view. But such an excuse is very poor. There are very
many sciences that lead to such a view, aren’t there?—
mathematical, and historical, and political, and many others, of all
sorts. But are all geometricians, astronomers, all historians, political
economists, lawyers, journalists, and all other scientific people,
materialists? Not by a long chalk! Consequently, Lopukhóf is not to
be excused for his fault. Those who sympathize with him, but do not
justify him, could also say for his excuse that he is not entirely
lacking in praiseworthy characteristics; he made up his mind,
conscientiously and resolutely, to renounce all material advantages
and honors, so as to work for the benefit of others, finding that the
pleasure to be derived from such work was most beneficial for him;
he looked at a girl, who was so beautiful that he fell in love with her,
with purer eyes than if she had been his sister. But in reply to this
excuse for his materialism, it must be said that it is universally true
that there is no man so depraved as not to show some signs of
good, and that materialists, of whatever character, remain
materialists still; and this itself proves decidedly that they are
immoral and degraded people, who cannot be excused, because to
excuse them would be to encourage materialism. And so, while not
justifying Lopukhóf, it is also impossible to excuse him. And to justify
him is also not the right thing; because the lovers of fine ideas and
the defenders of higher aspirations, who have declared that
materialists are low and immoral people, in these later days have so
thoroughly recommended themselves in the matter of sense, and
also in the matter of character, in the eyes of all respectable people,
whether materialists or not, that to defend anybody from their
censure has become a work of supererogation, and to pay heed to
their words has become even unseemly.
 X

Of course, the main subject of the conversations between Lopukhóf

and Viérotchka was not the question as to which fashion of ideas
should be looked upon as the right one; but, as a rule, they spoke
with each other very little, and their long talks, which rarely
occurred, touched upon only outside matters, such as ways of
thinking, and kindred topics. They knew that two very vigilant eyes
were on them. And, consequently, in regard to the main thing that
interested them, they exchanged very few words; and this was
generally at the time when they were getting the music ready for
playing or singing. And this main topic which occupied so small a
place in their infrequent long talks, and even in their brief snatches
of talk, occupied but a small place—this subject was not their feeling
towards each other—not at all; they did not speak a word after the
first indefinite words which were said at their first talk during the
party; they had no time to speak about it. In the two or three
minutes used for the exchange of thought, without the fear of being
overheard, they had hardly time to speak about the other subject,
which was more important to them than their own thoughts and
feelings; and this was in regard to the ways and means by which
Viérotchka could escape her terrible situation.
On the morning that followed his first conversation with her,
Lopukhóf took pains to find out how it would be possible for her to
become an actress. He knew that there were a good many risks and
trials standing in the way of a girl going on the stage; but he
thought that with a firm character she might succeed all straight. But
it proved to be otherwise. When he came to give his lesson, two
days later, he was compelled to say to Viérotchka, “I advise you to
give up the thought of becoming an actress.”
 “Why?”
“Because it would be much better for you to accept
Storeshnikof’s offer.”
This ended the talk, which was said while he and Viérotchka were
getting the music—he about to play, and she to sing. Viérotchka
hung her head, and several times lost the beat, although the piece
was very familiar to her. When the piece was finished, they began to
consult what they should sing next, and Viérotchka found a chance
to say:—
“It seemed to me that that was the very best, and it’s hard for me
to hear that it is impossible. It will be harder to live, but still I shall
find some way of living; I will go out as governess.”
When he was there again two days later, she said:—
“I could not find anyone through whom I could get the place of
governess. Please keep your eyes open for me, Dmitri Sergéitch;
there is no one but you.”
“I am sorry I have so few acquaintances who might help in this
way. All the families where I am giving or have given lessons are
poor people, and their acquaintances are about the same; but I will
do the best I can.”
“My friend, I am wasting your time; but what else can I do?”
“Viéra Pavlovna, there is no need of speaking about my time, since
I am your friend.”
Viérotchka both smiled and blushed. She herself did not notice
how instead of calling him Dmitri Sergéitch, she called him “my
friend.” Lopukhóf also smiled. “You did not mean to say it, Viéra
Pavlovna; take it back if you are sorry that you gave it to me.”
Viérotchka smiled, “It is too late,” and she blushed, “and I am not
sorry”; and she blushed still more.
“When need comes, you will see that I am a true friend.” They
pressed each other’s hands.
You have here the two first conversations after that evening.
Two days later, there was in the “Police Gazette” an advertisement
to this effect: “A girl of good family, speaking French and German,
etc., desires a place as governess; inquiries can be made of the
tchinovnik So-and-So at Kolomna, NN. street, NN. house.”
 Now Lopukhóf was obliged to spend a great deal of his time in
attending to Viérotchka’s affairs. Every morning he had to go for the
most part on foot from Vuiborgsky ward to Kolomna to his friend
whose address was given in the advertisement. It was a long walk;
but he could not find any other friend who lived near the Vuiborgsky
ward. It was necessary that the friend at whose home inquiries
could be made should be subject to several conditions—a
respectable home, good family circumstances, a respectable
appearance. A poor domicile might lead to the offer of unfavorable
conditions as a governess; without respectability and apparently
good family circumstances the girl’s recommendation would not be
looked upon favorably. And Lopukhóf could not place his own
address in the advertisement: what would be thought of a girl who
was cared for by no one besides a student? And so Lopukhóf had to
take an unusual amount of exercise. After he had taken the
addresses of those who came to inquire about the governess, he
had to continue his walk still farther; the tchinovnik told the inquirers
that he was a distant relative of the girl and acted only as agent, but
that she had a nephew who would come the next day and give
further particulars. The nephew instead of going in a carriage went
on foot, looked at the people, and of course, as a general thing, was
dissatisfied with the surroundings; in one family they put on too
many airs; in another, the mother of the family was a good woman,
but the father was a fool (durak); and the third, the opposite was
true; and so on. In some it would be comfortable to live, but the
conditions would be impossible for Viérotchka; either it was
necessary to speak English, but English she does not speak, or they
did not want a governess but a nurse; or the people were well
enough in their way, but they were themselves poor, and there was
no place in their apartment for a governess, where there were
already two grown children, two little ones, a maid, and a nurse. But
the advertisement continued to appear in the “Police Gazette,” and
likewise the governess-seekers and Lopukhóf did not lose hope.
In such a manner two weeks passed by. On the fifth day of his
hunt, when Lopukhóf had returned from his walk and was lying
down on his sofa, Kirsánof said:—
 “Dmitri, you are getting to be a bad assistant in my work. You
spend all your mornings out, and the larger part of your afternoons
and evenings. You must have got a good many lessons to give,
haven’t you? Can you spare the time to give them just now? I want
to give up those that I have; I have saved up forty rubles or so, and
that will be enough till I graduate. And you have more than I have—
at least a hundred, haven’t you?”
“More; a hundred and fifty. I have no pupils, though; I have
given them all up but one; I have something that I must attend
to. If I accomplish it, you will not be sorry that I am behind you in
the work.”
“What is it?”
“You see the lesson which I have not given up is in a wretched
family, but there is a nice girl there. She wants to be a governess, so
as to leave the family, and so I am looking up a place for her.”
“A nice girl?”
“Yes.”
“Nu, this is good. Look out.”
And so the conversation ended.
Ekh! Messrs. Kirsánof and Lopukhóf, you are learned men, but you
cannot imagine in what respect this is peculiarly good. Let us grant
that what you have been talking about is good. Kirsánof did not
think of asking whether the girl were pretty, and Lopukhóf did not
think to say that she was. Kirsánof did not think to say, “Yes, brother,
you must have fallen in love that you are so energetic in looking out
for this girl.” Lopukhóf did not think of saying, “And I, brother, am
very much interested in her”; or if he thought it, and did not care to
say it, he certainly did not think to remark for the sake of turning
aside suspicion, “Don’t imagine, Aleksandr, that I am in love.” Don’t
you see they both thought that when there was a chance to free a
person from a bad situation, it made very little difference whether
that person possessed a handsome face or not, even though the
person were a young girl; but in such a case there could be no
discussion of falling in love or not falling in love. They did not even
think of thinking of it, and what is best of all, they did not notice
that they were doing a noble action.
 But, however, doesn’t this prove to the sagacious class of readers
(it proves to the majority of literary men, and this is composed of
the most sagacious people), doesn’t it prove, I say, that Kirsánof and
Lopukhóf were cold and deprived of all aesthetic sense? This was
not so very long ago a favorite expression among the aesthetic
writers who had lofty ideals. “Aesthetic sense” may be even now
fashionable; I don’t know how it is; I have not seen it used for some
time. Is it natural that young men, who possess a spark of taste, or
a grain of heart, can fail to be interested in the face when speaking
of a girl? Of course these people have no artistic feeling; that is,
aesthetic sense: and according to the opinion of others, who have
learned human nature in circles which are richer in aesthetic feelings
than the company of our aesthetic literati, young men in such
circumstances will invariably speak about young women from the
plastic side. Gentlemen, it used to be so, but not now; it is now
true in certain instances, but not with those young men who are
alone regarded as the present generation. Gentlemen, this is a
peculiar generation.
 XI

“Well, my dear, haven’t you found any situation for me yet?”

“Not yet, Viéra Pavlovna, but don’t despair; we shall find one.
Every day I go to see two or three families. It is impossible that a
respectable place will be not found at last where you can live.”
“Akh! but if you only knew, my friend, how hard, how hard, it is
for me to remain here. When there was no near possibility for me to
escape from this degradation, from this misery, I kept myself by
main force in a deathly apathy. But now, my friend, it is too
suffocating in this foul, wretched atmosphere!”
“Patience, patience, Viéra Pavlovna. We shall find something.”
Here is an example of their talk for a week.
Tuesday.—“Patience, patience, Viéra Pavlovna, we shall
find something.”
“My friend, how much trouble this is causing you! What a waste of
time! How can I repay you?”
“You will repay me, my dear, by not getting vexed.” Lopukhóf said
this, and became confused. Viérotchka looked at him. No, it was not
that he did not finish his sentence; he did not intend to add to it,
and he is waiting for her answer.
“What should I be vexed about? What have you done?” Lopukhóf
became still more confused, and seemed to be grieved.
“What is the matter, my friend?”
“To think you did not notice it at all!” He spoke so sorrowfully, and
then he laughed so gayly. “Akh, bozhe moï! how stupid I am, how
stupid! Forgive me, my friend.”
“Nu! what is the matter?”
“Nothing; you have already given me my reward.”
 “Akh! what do you mean? What a jester you are! Well, all right,
you may call me so.”
On Thursday came the “Trial of Hamlet,” according to Sakson’s
Grammar. For several days after that, Marya Alekséyevna takes some
little—though not much—rest from her inspection.
Saturday.—After tea, Marya Alekséyevna goes out to count over the
clothes which the laundress had brought.
“My dear, I think the matter will be successful.”
“Really? If that is so, Akh, bozhe moï! Akh, bozhe moï! arrange it
as soon as possible! It seems to me that I shall die if this is to go on
much longer. When will it be, and how?”
“It will be decided tomorrow. The hope is almost, almost certain.”
“What is it? How is it?”
“Keep calm, my friend; you’ll be noticed. Here you are almost
dancing with joy. Marya Alekséyevna will be back after something if
you don’t look out.”
“Well, you are a fine fellow! You came in so radiant that mámenka
looked at you a long time.”
“At any rate, I told her why I was happy; I saw that it
was necessary to tell her, and so I said that I have found a
splendid place.”
“You horrid, horrid man! here you keep cautioning me, and you
have not told me, as yet, a single thing. What is it? Do tell me
at last!”
“This morning Kirsánof—you know, my dear, that my chum’s name
is Kirsánof—”
“I know, you horrid, horrid man, I know! Now, speak quick,
without any more nonsense.”
“You, yourself, are hindering me, my friend.”
“Akh, bozhe moï! and all these digressions without ever once
coming to the point. I don’t know how I could punish you. I will get
you down on your knees yet; it cannot be done here. I command
you to get down on your knees in your room, as soon as you get
home, and I want your Kirsánof to look on, and then send me a
note, saying that you were down on your knees. Do you hear what I
am going to do with you?”
 “Very good; I will get down on my knees; and now I shall hold my
peace. After I have undergone my punishment and am forgiven, I
will speak.”
“I forgive you; only speak, you horrid man!”
“Thank you; you grant forgiveness when you yourself are to
blame. You, yourself, have made all the interruptions.”
“Viéra Pavlovna, why do you call me so? I thought you were going
to call me my friend?”
“Yes, I meant it as a reproach, my friend! I am a man easily
offended, and very severe!”
“A reproach? How dare you make me reproaches? I do not want
to hear you!”
“You don’t?”
“Certainly I don’t. What is there for me to hear? You have told me
everything already—that the matter will be arranged, that it will be
decided tomorrow; you see, my friend, you yourself don’t know
anything more today. What is there to hear? Goodbye, my dear (Dō
svidánya, moï drūg)!”
“But listen to me, my friend; my friend, do listen!”
“I am not going to listen; I am going away.” She came back.
“Speak quick! I will not interrupt you. Akh, bozhe moï! if you only
knew how happy you have made me! Give me your hand! See how
warmly, warmly, I press it!”
“But why are your eyes full of tears?”
“I thank you, I thank you!”
“This morning Kirsánof gave me the address of a lady who made
an appointment for me to call on her tomorrow. I am not personally
acquainted with her, but I have heard much about her from a mutual
friend who acted as go-between. I know her husband though; we
have met at our friend’s many times. Judging from all this, I am sure
that one could get along well in her family; and when she gave her
address to her friend, she said that she was certain that we should
agree about terms. Consequently, the matter can be looked upon as
almost absolutely settled.”
“Akh! how good it will be! what joy!” murmured Viérotchka. “But I
want to have it settled soon, as soon as possible! Will you come
from her directly to us?”
“No, my dear; that would rouse suspicions. I never come here
except during lesson hours. I’ll do this way. I will send a letter to
Marya Alekséyevna by mail, saying that I shall not be able to give
the lesson on Tuesday, and shall have to postpone it till Wednesday.
If the letter says Wednesday morning, you will understand that the
matter is arranged; if it says Wednesday evening, you will know
that it has fallen through. But it is almost certain to read in the
morning. Marya Alekséyevna will tell it to Feódor, and to you and to
Pavel Konstantinuitch.”
“When will the letter get here?”
“In the evening.”
“It’s so long! No, I shall not have enough patience! And then what
shall I learn from the letter? Only yes, and then I shall have to wait
till Wednesday! It is torturing. If it is yes, I shall go and call on the
lady as soon as I can. I shall want to know all about it. But how can
it be managed? This is the way I’ll do; I’ll be waiting for you on the
street when you leave that lady’s.”
“My friend, that would be still more risky than for me to call on
you. No! it would be much better for me to call on you!”
“No! perhaps it would be impossible for us to have a word
together. At any rate, mámenka might become suspicious. No! it
would be better as I suggested first. I have such a thick veil that no
one would recognize me through it.”
“Well, I admit that your plan seems feasible. Let me think!”
“There’s no time to think! Mámenka may be here any minute.
Where does the lady live?”
“On Galernaïa Street, near the bridge.”
“What time shall you call on her?”
“She appointed twelve o’clock.”
“At twelve I shall be sitting on the Konno-Gvardéïsky Boulevard,
on the last bench, and at the end nearest the bridge. I said that I
would wear a thick veil; but here’s a sign for you: I will carry a roll of
music in my hand. If I am not there on time you will know that I am
detained. But you sit down on that bench and wait. I may be late,
but I shall be there without fail. How well I have planned it! How
grateful I am to you! How happy I shall be! How is your bride, Dmitri
Sergéitch? See, I call you Dmitri Sergéitch instead of my friend! How
glad, how glad I am!”
Viérotchka ran to the piano, and began to play.
“My dear! What a degradation to art! How ruinous to your taste to
give up operas for galops!”
“Certainly, certainly!”
In a few minutes Marya Alekséyevna returned. Dmitri Sergéitch
played two-handed “preference” with her. At first he won; then he
allowed her to win. He even lost thirty-five kopeks. This was the first
time, and it filled her with victorious glory, and when he went away
he left her greatly pleased; not so much on account of the money as
on account of the victory. There are purely ideal pleasures even for
hearts soiled with materialism, and this is proof positive, that a
materialistic explanation of life is unsatisfactory.
 XII
Viérotchka’s First Dream

And Viérotchka dreamed a dream.

She dreamed that she was locked up in a damp, gloomy cellar,
and suddenly the door opened, and Viérotchka found herself in a
field. She was running, frolicking, and she thinks: “How is it that I
did not die in the cellar? It is because I had never seen the fields
before! Had I seen them, I must have died in the cellar.” And again
she seemed to be running and frolicking. Then she dreamed that
she was paralyzed, and she said to herself: “How is it that I have the
paralysis? Old men, old women, have the paralysis, but young girls
never have it!”
“Oh, yes, they do, very often,” an unknown voice seemed to reply,
“and very soon you will be well. Let me only touch your hand; you
see you are well already; now get up!”
“Who was it that spoke? How relieved I am! All the pain
has gone!”
And Viérotchka got up and began to walk, to run, and again she is
in the field; again she is running and frolicking, and she thinks:
“How could I have endured the paralysis? It was because I was born
with paralysis and did not know how to walk and to run! Had I
known, I could not have endured it.”
And still she keeps on running and frolicking. And here comes a
young girl across the field. How strange! her face and her gait,
everything about her, keeps changing, changing constantly. Now she
is English, French, now she is already German, Polish, and now she
has become Russian, again English, again German, again Russian;
and how is it that she has only the one face? An English girl does
not look like a French girl, a German girl does not look like a
Russian; but her face keeps changing, and yet it is the very same
face. What a strange person! And the expression of her face is
constantly changing: how gentle she is, how angry; now she is
melancholy, now she is gay. She is always changing, and she is
always kind; how is that? even when she is angry is she always
kind? But only see what a beauty she is! no matter how her face
changes, with every change she grows more and more beautiful.
She approaches Viérotchka.
“Who are you?”
“He used to call me Viéra Pavlovna; but now he always calls me
‘My dear [Moï drūg].’ ”
“Ah! so this is you! that Viérotchka who fell in love with me?”
“Yes; I love you very much; but who are you?”
“I am your bridegroom’s bride!”
“What bridegroom?”
“I do not know. I do not know my own bridegrooms. They know
me; but it is impossible for me to know them, I have so many! You
must choose one of them as a bridegroom for yourself—only from
among them, from among my bridegrooms.”
“I have already chosen.”
“I do not need to know his name, and I do not know them. But
only choose from among them, from my bridegrooms. I want my
sisters and my bridegrooms to select from amongst each other. Have
you been locked up in a cellar? Have you been paralyzed?”
“I have.”
“Are you free now?”
“I am.”
“It is I who set you free; it is I who cured you. Remember, that
there are a good many not yet freed; many not yet cured. Free
them; cure them; will you?”
“I will! But what is your name? I am so anxious to know!”
“I have many names; I have various names. According as it is
necessary for anyone to call me, an appropriate name I give! You
may call me Philanthropy [literally, love for humanity]. This is my
real name; not many call me so. But you must call me so.”
And Viérotchka seems to be going about in the city; here is a
cellar, in the cellar young girls are locked up. Viérotchka touches the
lock, the lock is unfastened. “You are free!” Out they go! Here is a
room, in the room young girls are lying stricken with paralysis.
“Arise!” They get up, they go out, and here they all are in the field,
running and frolicking. Akh! how gay! when there are many
together, it is far more lively than to be in solitude! Akh! how gay!
 XIII

Lopukhóf during these last weeks has had no time to spend with his
acquaintances of the medical school. Kirsánof, who has kept up his
intercourse with them, has replied, when asked about Lopukhóf, that
he has had among other things, some business to attend to; and
one of their common friends, as we know, gave him the address of a
lady, the lady to whose house Lopukhóf is now going.
“How excellently the matter will be arranged, if all turns out
satisfactorily,” thought Lopukhóf on his way to the lady’s house. “In
two years, or certainly in two years and a half, I shall get a
professorship. Then we shall have something to live on. And
meantime, she will be staying quietly at the B.s’, provided only
Mrs. B. prove to be the right sort of woman, and there can hardly be
a doubt of that.”
In fact, Lopukhóf found in Mrs. B. a clever, kindhearted woman,
without pretence, though from her husband’s position, and from
their wealth and connections, she had a right to put on great style.
The conditions were favorable, the family circumstances very
propitious for Viérotchka. Everything proved to be entirely
satisfactory, just as Lopukhóf expected. Mrs. B. also found
Lopukhóf’s replies in regard to Viérotchka’s character perfectly
satisfactory. The affair was rapidly drawing near a settlement, and
after they had talked half an hour, Mrs. B. said, “If your young aunt
should consent to my terms, I will ask her to remove to my house,
and the sooner, the better for me.”
“She consents; she has authorized me to consent for her. But now
that we have settled the matter, I must tell you what would have
been wrong for me to tell you before: the young girl is no relation of
mine. She is the daughter of a tchinovnik at whose house I give
lessons. There is no one besides me to whom she can confide her
troubles. But I am an absolute stranger to her.”
“I knew it, Monsieur Lopukhóf. You yourself, Professor N.” (naming
the acquaintance through whom her address had been obtained),
“and your chum, who spoke to him about this matter of yours, know
each other to be so honorable that you can speak among yourselves
about the friendship one of you has for a young girl, and not
compromise the young girl in the eyes of the others. And Professor
N., having the same good opinion of me, and knowing that I was
looking for a governess, felt that he was in the right to tell me that
the young girl was no relation of yours. Don’t blame him for
indiscretion; he knows me very well. I also am a person of honor,
Monsieur Lopukhóf; and, believe me, I understand who is worthy of
respect. I have as much faith in N. as I have in myself; and N. has
as much faith in you as he has in himself. But N. did not know her
name, and now it seems to me that I may ask it, seeing that we
have settled the matter, and today or tomorrow she may come into
our family.”
“Her name is Viéra Pavlovna Rozalskaïa.”
“Now there is another explanation that I owe you. It may seem
strange to you that I, with all my care for my children, should decide
to settle this matter with you without having seen the one who will
come into such close relations to my children. But I know very well
of what sort of people your circle consists. I know that if one of you
takes such a friendly interest in a person, then this person must be a
genuine godsend for a mother, who wishes her daughter to grow up
into a truly good woman. Therefore, an examination seemed to me
an entirely unnecessary piece of indelicacy. I am giving not you, but
myself, a compliment!”
“I am very glad now for Mademoiselle Rozalskaïa; her domestic
life has been so hard that she felt that she should be comfortable in
any sort of a family. But I did not dream of finding such a really
excellent career for her as opens for her in your home.”
“Yes; N. told me that she leads a miserable life in her family.”
“Very miserable.”
 Lopukhóf began to relate all that was necessary for Mrs. B. to
know, so that in conversations with Viérotchka, she might avoid all
references that would remind the young girl of her past life. Mrs. B.
listened with interest; finally she pressed Lopukhóf’s hand.
“No; that is enough, Monsieur Lopukhóf, or I shall get sentimental,
and at my age—and I am almost forty—it would be ridiculous to
show that even now I cannot listen with indifference to tales of
family tyranny, from which I suffered myself when I was young.”
“Allow me to tell you one thing more. It is not so important for
you, and there is probably no need of my telling you this. Yet it is
better to tell you. Just now, she is running away from a lover whom
her mother is doing her best to make her marry.”
Mrs. B. was lost in thought. Lopukhóf looked at her and also
began to appear thoughtful:—
“If I am not mistaken, this circumstance does not seem to you as
unimportant as it does to me!”
Mrs. B. seemed utterly absorbed in thought.
“Excuse me,” he continued, seeing that her mind was entirely
distracted. “Excuse me, but I see that this troubles you.”
“Yes, it is a very serious matter, Monsieur Lopukhóf. To leave home
against the will of her parents; that of course means to bring about
a great quarrel. But that, as I told you, was of no consequence. If
she were running away merely from their folly and cruelty, the
matter could be arranged with them some way or other; if worst
came to worst, we could give them some money, and they would be
satisfied. That’s nothing. But when such a mother forces a
bridegroom on her daughter, it means that the bridegroom is rich, a
very profitable investment.”
“Of course,” said Lopukhóf, in a perfectly melancholy tone
of voice.
“Of course, Monsieur Lopukhóf, he’s rich; and it is that which
troubles me. In such a case the mother is not going to give in so
easily. And do you know the law about parents? In matters of this
kind they have full control. They will begin a lawsuit, and carry it out
to the bitter end.”
Lopukhóf arose.
 “And so it remains for me only to ask you to forget all that I have
told you.”
“No, wait a moment. Allow me at least to justify myself somewhat
before you. Bozhe moï! how mean I must seem in your eyes! That
which ought to stir up every honorable person to sympathy and
protection; that very thing keeps me back. Oh, what pitiable people
we are!”
Indeed, it was sad to look at her. She was not putting it on. It was
really painful to her. For a long time her words were disjointed, so
confused had she become. Then her thoughts began to become
logical, but, whether disjointed or logical, they meant nothing to
Lopukhóf. Yes, even he was also confused. He was so occupied with
the discovery that she had made for him that he could not heed her
explanation in regard to the discovery. After he had given her
sufficient time to speak out her mind, he said:—
“All that you have said in your own excuse is idle. I was obliged to
remain so as not to seem discourteous, lest you should think that I
blamed you or were angry. But I must confess that I did not listen to
what you said. Oh, if I did not know that you were right! And how
good it would be if you were not right! I would tell her that we could
not agree about the terms, or that you did not satisfy me! and that
would be the end of it; she and I could hope for some other way of
escape. But now what can I tell her?”
Mrs. B. shed tears.
“What can I tell her?” repeated Lopukhóf, as he went downstairs.
“What will become of her? What will become of her?” he asked
himself as he came out from Galernaïa Street upon the Konno-
Gvardéïsky Boulevard.
Of course Mrs. B. was not right in that absolute sense of the word
in which people are right who try to prove to little children that the
moon is not to be seized with the hand. It was very possible, nay,
even probable, that through her position in society, through her
husband’s quite important official connections, if she had seriously
desired Viérotchka to live with her, Marya Alekséyevna would not
have been able to tear Viérotchka from her hands, without causing
serious trouble for herself and her husband, who would have to
figure as the official defendants in the lawsuit, and this she would
have feared. But, nevertheless, Mrs. B. would have to take a good
deal of trouble on her shoulders, and would possibly have some
disagreeable interviews. It would be necessary in behalf of a
stranger to incur obligations to people whose services it would be
better to reserve for one’s own affairs. Who is compelled, and what
reasonable man would want, to act in a different way from Mrs. B.?
We haven’t the slightest right to blame her. Yes, Lopukhóf was not
wrong when he despaired about Viérotchka’s escape.
 XIV

Now Viérotchka has been sitting long, long, on the appointed bench,
and how often did her heart beat quickly, quickly, when she saw an
army cap coming around the corner. “Ah! there he is; my friend!”
She jumped up, and ran to meet him.
Maybe he would have regained his courage by the time he had
reached the bench; but he was taken unawares, and his face was
seen sooner than he anticipated, and so he was caught with a
gloomy expression.
“Failure?”
“A failure, my friend.”
“But it seemed to be so certain. How did it come to be a failure?
What was the reason, my dear?”
“Let us go home, my friend; I will go with you. We’ll talk it over. I
will tell you in a few words why it failed: but now let me think; I
cannot collect my thoughts yet. We must think up some other plan.
Let us not despair; we shall find something.”
These last words gave him little hope, but not much.
“Tell me right away; I can’t endure to wait. You say, ‘Think up
some other plan’; then it means that our former plans are
impracticable. Can’t I be a governess? How poor I am! how unhappy
I am!”
“Why deceive you? ’Tis true, you cannot; I wanted to tell you so.
But patience, my dear, patience! Be brave. Keep up good heart;
whoever keeps up good heart succeeds!”
“Akh! my dear, I keep up good heart, but how hard it is!”
They walked for a few moments in silence. What is it? Why, yes,
she is carrying something in her hand under her cloak!
“My dear, you are carrying something; here, let me take it.”
 “No, no, it’s not necessary. It isn’t heavy; it’s nothing.”
Again they go in silence. They go a long way.
“And to think I did not go to sleep till two o’clock out of joy, my
friend; and when I went to sleep, what a dream I had! It seemed to
me as though I were set free from a stifling cellar, as though I were
paralyzed and then cured, and ran out into the field, and so many
young girls ran out with me, who, like myself, were set free from
stifling cellars, were cured of paralysis; and we were so happy,
so happy to run about in the open field! The dream has not
been realized; and I did so think that I should not have to go
home again!”
“My dear, let me carry your bundle for you, since now I know what
it is.”
Again they walk in silence. Long they walk in perfect silence.
“My dear, you see as that lady and I tallied the matter over, we
came to this conclusion: you cannot leave home without Marya
Alekséyevna’s consent. ’Tis impossible—no, no, take my arm; I am
afraid you are ill!”
“No, it’s nothing; only it’s stifling under this veil.” She drew back
the veil. “Now it’s all right; I feel better.”
“How pale she is!—No, my dear, don’t think about what I said. I
did not express myself well. We’ll arrange everything all right.”
“How can we arrange things, my love? You say this only so as to
console me. Nothing can be done!”
He has nothing to say. Again they walk in silence.
“How pale, how pale she is!—My dear, there is one way.”
“What way, my pet [milui]?”
“I will tell you, my dear; but only when you get a little calmer. You
will have to decide about it deliberately.”
“Tell me now! I cannot get calm until I know.”
“No! now you are too much excited, my dear. Now you could not
decide an important question. In a little while. Soon! Here’s the front
door. Dō svidánya [goodbye], my dear. As soon as I see that you
would give a deliberate answer, I’ll tell you.”
“When will that be?”
“Day after tomorrow, when I give the next lesson.”
 “Too long!”
“I will call on purpose tomorrow.”
“No, sooner than that!”
“This evening.”
“No, I will not let you go! Come in with me now. You say I am not
calm; you say I cannot decide. Very well, take dinner with us; you
will see that I shall be calm. After dinner mámenka takes a nap, and
we can talk.”
“But how can I come in? If we come in together, your mámenka’s
suspicions will be awakened again!”
“Suspicions! what do I care? No, my dear, and for this very reason
it would be better for you to come in. We may have been seen, for I
walked with my veil up.”
“You are right.”
 XV

Marya Alekséyevna was greatly surprised to see her daughter and

Lopukhóf coming in together. She forthwith proceeded to subject
them to the keenest inspection.
“I called to tell you, Marya Alekséyevna, that I have an
engagement for day after tomorrow evening, and so I am going to
give the lesson tomorrow instead. Permit me to sit down. I am very
tired and unwell. I should like to rest.”
“Why, what’s the matter, Dmitri Sergéitch? Indeed, you look
very bad!”
(“Is it a love-scrape, or did they meet by chance? If it were a love
affair, he’d have been gay. Or can they have fallen in love and
quarrelled, because she would not give in to his wishes? Then, of
course, he’d have been angry; only, if they’d quarrelled, he wouldn’t
have escorted her. And then, again, she went straight to her room,
she didn’t look at him, and there was no signs of a quarrel. No,
evidently they must have met by chance. But the deuce knows ’em!
Got to watch ’em with both eyes.”)
“There is nothing special the matter with me, Marya Alekséyevna;
but Viéra Pavlova looked rather pale, or at least I thought so.”
“What? Viérotchka? She’s often so.”
“Well, maybe it only seemed so to me. I must confess that my
head swims, it is so full of thoughts.”
“Why, what’s the matter, Dmitri Sergéitch? You ain’t had a fallin’
out with you sweetheart, have you?”
“No, Marya Alekséyevna; I am content with my sweetheart! It’s
her parents that I have to quarrel with.”
“What do you mean, bátiushka? Dmitri Sergéitch, how is
it possible to quarrel with her parents? I didn’t think that of
you, bátiushka!”
“It can’t be helped, Marya Alekséyevna; it’s such a family. They
expect a man to do God knows what things beyond his power.”
“That’s a different thing, Dmitri Sergéitch. You can’t satisfy
everybody; you’ve got to set limits, that’s a fact. If such is the case,
that is, if the quarrel’s about money, I can’t blame you.”
“Allow me to be rude, Marya Alekséyevna; I am so tired that I feel
the need of rest in pleasant and estimable society, and such a
society I find nowhere except in your house. Permit me to impose
myself upon you for dinner today, and permit me to give some
orders to your Matrióna. It seems to me that Denker’s wine-cellar is
not very far from here, and his wine is not a God-knows-what kind,
but excellent.”
Marya Alekséyevna’s face, which at the first mention of dinner
became black with rage, put off its decided expression when he
spoke of Matrióna, and assumed a look of eagerness.
“We will see, golubtchik; will you contribute something towards
the dinner? Denker—of course he must have something good.”
But the golubtchik, not looking into her face at all, had already
taken out his cigar-case, torn off a piece of paper from a letter
that had seen long service in it, took out his pencil, and proceeded
to write:—
“If I may ask you, Marya Alekséyevna, what kind of wine do you
like to drink?”
“I, bátiushka Dmitri Sergéitch, must tell you the truth: I know
very little about wines, because I scarcely ever drink; it ain’t a
woman’s business.”
“It can be easily seen from your face at a glance that you don’t
drink. However, be it so, Marya Alekséyevna; even young girls drink
maraschino; will you permit me to order it?”
“What kind of wine is that Dmitri Sergéitch?”
“Simple; you might almost say it wasn’t wine at all, but only
syrup.” He took out a “red note” (ten rubles). “There, I guess that’ll
do!” He ran over his order at a glance. “At all events, I’ll make it five
rubles more.”
 (“Three weeks’ income, a month’s support! But it can’t be done
in any other way. It is necessary to give Marya Alekséyevna a
good bribe.”)
Marya Alekséyevna’s eyes filled with moisture, and involuntarily
the sweetest of smiles spread over her face.
“Have you a confectioner near at hand? I wonder if we could find
a walnut pirog ready made. According to my taste that’s the very
best kind of pie, Marya Alekséyevna; but if we can’t find any, we’ll
have to put up with the best we can get.”
He went into the kitchen and sent Matrióna to make
the purchases.
“Let’s have a regular picnic today, Marya Alekséyevna. I want to
drink away my quarrel with those parents. Why shouldn’t we have a
picnic, Marya Alekséyevna? I get along first rate with my sweetheart.
Shan’t we live well, shan’t we live happily, Marya Alekséyevna?”
“Yes indeed, bátiushka Dmitri Sergéitch. That’s the reason [to-to];
I see that you are so flush with your money, which I never expected
of you because you are a man of solid understanding. Evidently
you must have had a little advance from your bride’s dowry, ain’t
that so?”
“No, Marya Alekséyevna; but as long as I have money in my
pocket, we may as well picnic. What do you mean by the little
advance on the dowry? You have to do business in a straightforward
way else suspicions’ll be aroused. Besides, it is not high-toned,
Marya Alekséyevna.”
“It ain’t high-toned, Dmitri Sergéitch, that’s a fact; it ain’t high-
toned. Accordin’ to my idee, one must be high-toned in everything.”
“You are right, Marya Alekséyevna.”
The half or three-quarters of an hour remaining before dinner time
passed in the most amiable conversation of this sort, touching on all
sorts of noble sentiments. Dmitri Sergéitch, among other things,
declared in a transport of confidence that his marriage would soon
take place.
“And how is it about Viéra Pavlovna’s marriage?”
Marya Alekséyevna is not able to answer because she is not
bringing any pressure upon her daughter. Of course not, but in his
opinion Viéra Pavlovna will soon make up her mind to marry; to be
sure, she had not told him anything, but he had eyes of his own.
“You and I, Marya Alekséyevna, are old sparrows, you know; and
we can’t be caught with chaff. Though my years aren’t so very
many, still I’m an old sparrow, a tough roll [kalatch]. Isn’t that so,
Marya Alekséyevna?”
“Yes, that’s so, bátiushka, a tough roll, a tough roll!”
In a word, this pleasant, confidential conversation with Marya
Alekséyevna had so enlivened Dmitri Sergéitch that he forgot all
about his melancholy. He was livelier than Marya Alekséyevna had
ever seen him before. (“What a cute rogue he is! a clever rascal
[shelma]! He must have got out of his sweetheart [bride] more than
one thousand; and prob’ly her folks found out how he was stuffin’
his pockets, and when they went for him, I reckon he tol’ ’em:—‘No,
bátiushka and mátushka, I am ready as a son to respect you, but I
haven’t got any cash for you.’ What a cute rascal, to be sure! It’s
pleasant to talk with such a man, especially, when finding out that
Matrióna has got back you make an excuse to go to your bedroom
for a clean handkercher, and peek into the kitchen, and find that
she’s bought more than twelve rubles’ worth of wine. We’ll only use
a third of it at dinner; and a pirog [pie] which must have cost a ruble
and a half. Nu! as far as the pirog goes, you might say ’twas money
thrown away. Yet I reckon some o’ that’ll be left over. It’ll be a good
thing to treat my cronies with instead of jam. Oh no, it’s no loss; it’s
a gain.”)
 XVI

But Viérotchka was sitting in her room.

“Did I do well to make him come in? Mámenka looked so sharply!
And what an awkward position I have put him in! How can he stay
to dinner? Bozhe moï! what will become of poor me?
“He says there’s one way. No, my love, there’s no way at all. Yes,
there is one way, the window; when it becomes absolutely
unendurable, I will throw myself out. How foolish I am! When it
becomes unendurable! How is it now? And when you throw yourself
out of the window, how quick, quick you fly, not as though you were
falling, but as though you really had wings; that must be very
delightful. Only—afterwards you strike against the sidewalk—akh!
how terribly it must hurt! No, I don’t believe you’d have time to feel
it; but—only it must be very hard. But it would be over in a
twinkling; and then before you struck—how soft the air is—like a
feather cushion—it takes you up so gently, so tenderly. No, it must
be good. Yes, but what then! Everybody would be gazing; one’s skull
broken, face torn, in blood, in mud. No, if clean sand could only be
scattered over the spot; but down there the sand is all filthy. No, if it
were white and clean, it would be good; one’s face would not be
torn; it would be clean, and not disgust people. And in Paris young
girls stifle themselves with coal gas; that’s a good idea, a very good
idea: but it is not good to jump out of the window. The other’s a
good way, though. How loud they are talking out there! What are
they talking about? No, I can’t catch what they are saying. I would
leave him a note explaining everything; this is what I told him the
other day: ‘This is my birthday.’ How forward I was! How could I
have been so? But then I was foolish, and didn’t understand. Yes,
how sensible the poor girls are in Paris! Well, can’t I be just as
sensible? How strange it will be! They’ll come into the room; they
won’t see anything; only there’ll be a smell of gas, a greenish tint to
the air; they’ll be frightened. ‘What does this mean? Where is
Viérotchka?’ Mámenka will scold pápenka: ‘What are you standing
there for? Open the window.’ They open the window, and see me
sitting at my bureau, my head resting on it, and my face in my
hands. ‘Viérotchka, are you suffocated?’ I make no reply. ‘Viérotchka,
why don’t you speak? Akh! she is suffocated!’ They’ll begin to
scream, to weep. Akh! how strange it will be! for them to weep, and
for mámenka to begin to tell how she loved me. Yes, but he will be
grieved. Well, I’ll leave him a note. Yes, I’ll think about it, think
about it, and do like the poor girls in Paris; if I make up my mind, I
shall do it. I’m not afraid! And what is there to be afraid of? It must
be so good! But I will wait till he has told me what the plan is that
he proposes. But no, there can’t be any; he only said so to console
me. Why do people try to offer consolation? There’s no sense in it at
all. Can there be any consolation when there’s no help? He is
sensible, and yet he does just the same. What did he say so for?
There’s no sense in it. But what’s he talking about? He seems to feel
happy. How merry his voice sounds! Has he really thought of some
plan? No, there can’t be any way whatever. But if he had not
thought of something, would he be so happy? What can he have
thought of?”
 XVII

“Viérotchka, come to dinner!” shouted Marya Alekséyevna. In fact

Pavel Konstantinuitch had returned; the pirog was all ready long
ago; it was not the pirog from the confectioner’s, but one that
Matrióna had made out of the stuffed beef that they had the
day before.
“Marya Alekséyevna, do you ever take a glass of vodka before
dinner? It’s very healthful, especially this kind, made out of bitter
oranges; I tell you this as a medical man. Please try it; yes, yes, you
must try it! without fail; I, as a doctor, prescribe it for you.”
“S’pose I’ll have to hearken a doctor; so I’ll try half a glass of it.”
“No, Marya Alekséyevna; half a glass won’t do you any good.”
“And how about yourself, Dmitri Sergéitch?”
“I’m growing old, Marya Alekséyevna; I’ve become steady. I
swore off.”
“Well, it does kinder warm one through.”
“That’s where the good comes in, Marya Alekséyevna; it gives you
new warmth.”
(“How gay he is! Is there really something in prospect? And how
on earth did he manage to become so friendly with her? And he
does not even look at me. Akh! how shrewd he is!”)
They sat down to table.
“Now, here we must drink a health to Pavel Konstantinuitch. Let
us drink it with this. Ale—it’s just the same thing as beer, not any
stronger than beer. Try it, Marya Alekséyevna.”
“If, as you say, it’s beer, why, there’s no reason not to drink beer.”
(“Gospodi (Heavens)! what a lot of bottles! Akh! how silly I am.
That’s the way she got to be so friendly!”)
 (“What a cunning rascal he is! He himself don’t drink. He only
touches his ale with his lips! But what excellent ale! It tastes better
nor kvass, and it’s strong; its got a very good strength. When I get
her married off to Mishka, I’ll give up vodka and drink nothing but
ale. Nu! this fellow’ll never loose his head in drink! If he’d only give
in to it, the villain! But then, it’s for my advantage! I reckon if he
wanted to drink tea, he’d drink enough!) You’d ought to drink some
yourself, Dmitri Sergéitch.”
“Eh! in my day we used to drink a good deal, Marya Alekséyevna.
I drank enough to last a long time. When I had no luck, and no
money, I used to get drunk; but now I have enough to do, and
enough money, I don’t need wine; I feel gay enough without it.”
And so the entire dinner passed off. They bring on the
confectioner’s pirog.
“My dear Matrióna Stepanóvna, what goes well with this?”
“I’ll bring it right in, Dmitri Sergéitch;” and Matrióna hurries back
with a bottle of champagne.
“Viéra Pavlovna, you and I have not taken anything yet; now let
us drink ‘to the health of my bride and your bridegroom!’ ”
“What does he mean? Does he really mean that?”
thinks Viérotchka.
“May God grant your bride and Viérotchka’s bridegroom all
happiness,” says Marya Alekséyevna; “and to us old folks may He
grant to see Viérotchka’s wedding right soon!”
“Never you fear; you won’t have long to wait, Marya
Alekséyevna.—Isn’t that so, Viéra Pavlovna? Da!”
“Does he really mean what he says?” thinks Viérotchka.
“Certainly [da]! Viéra Pavlovna; of course she means to marry
him! Just say ‘yes.’ ”
“Yes,” says Viérotchka.
“That’s right, Viéra Pavlovna; why should you keep your mámenka
waiting and doubting? ‘Yes,’ and that settles it. And now we must
drink another toast to Viéra Pavlovna’s approaching wedding. Drink
it, Viéra Pavlovna; don’t be afraid! it will be all right. Let us clink
glasses ‘to your approaching nuptials!’ ”
They clink glasses.
 “God grant it! God grant it! [daï Bog! daï Bog!] Thank you,
Viérotchka; you make happy, Viérotchka, in my old age,” says Marya
Alekséyevna, wiping away her tears. The English ale and the
maraschino had brought her into a sentimental state of mind.
“Daï Bog! daï Bog!” echoed Pavel Konstantinuitch.
“How pleased we are with you, Dmitri Sergéitch,” says Marya
Alekséyevna after dinner was over; “yes, indeed we are pleased. You
have been our guest and yet you have treated us! Well, we can well
say that you have given us a holiday’s entertainment!” Her eyes had
a far pleasanter expression than the impudent one that they
generally wore.
Not everything results as cleverly as it is cleverly planned.
Lopukhóf had not dared to hope for such a result when he bought
the wine; he only intended to give Marya Alekséyevna a bribe, so
that he might not lose her good will by having invited himself to stay
to dinner. Would she have drunk so much before a stranger, even
though they had common sympathies, unless she trusted him? But is
there anyone whom she would trust! And in fact she herself had not
intended to yield so soon to the temptation. She meant to postpone
her main share in the enjoyment of the good things till after tea. But
every human being has his weakness; she could have withstood the
vodka and other familiar drinks, but ale and other attractions of the
sort led her astray through inexperience.
The dinner passed off in very formal and baronial style, and
therefore Marya Alekséyevna ordered Matrióna to set on the
samovar, as is customary after baronial dinners. But only she herself
and Lopukhóf availed themselves of this luxury. Viérotchka declared
that she didn’t want any tea, and she went right to her room. Pavel
Konstantinuitch, like an ignorant boor, went off to take his nap, as he
always did after dinner. Dmitri Sergéitch drank deliberately, and
when he had finished one cup, he asked for another. Here Marya
Alekséyevna began to feel a bit queer; she excused herself by saying
that she had not been well since early morning; the guest begged
her not to stand on ceremony and she left him to himself. He drank
a second cup and a third, and took a nap in his chair; must have
dozed some time, “like our golden one [zoloto],” as Matrióna
expressed; and the golden one was already snoring. It must have
been her snoring that wakened Dmitri Sergéitch, after Matrióna went
into the kitchen for good and all, taking with her the samovar and
the cups.
 XVIII

“Forgive me, Viéra Pavlovna,” said Lopukhóf, coming into her room.
How gently he speaks, and his voice trembles; but at dinner he
spoke loud, and he did not call her my dear, but Viéra Pavlovna.
“Forgive me for having been impertinent. You know what I said: yes,
a husband and wife cannot be separated. Then you are free.”
He took her hand and kissed it.
“My dearest, you saw that I wept when you came in; it was out
of joy.”
Lopukhóf kissed her hand; many times he kissed her hand.
“Here, my dearest, you are freeing me from the cellar; how clever
and kind you are. How did you happen to think about it?”
“It was when we first danced together, that I thought about it.”
“My dearest, I thought then that you were kind. You are giving me
liberty, my dearest. Now I am ready to suffer, now I know that
I am leaving the cellar; now it will not be so suffocating for me,
now I know that I am already leaving it; but how shall I leave it,
my dearest?”
“This is the way, Viérotchka. It is now the end of April. At the
beginning of July my work at the medical school will be over. I must
graduate, so that we can have the means to live, and then you shall
leave your cellar. Endure it only three months, or even less; you shall
get out. I shall have the position of surgeon. The salary is not over
large; but no matter, I shall have some practice; as much as will be
necessary, and we shall get along.”
“Akh! my dearest, we shall need but very little. But I do not want
it to be so; I do not want to live at your expense. You see I am
earning something now by giving lessons; but I shall lose them then,
for mámenka will tell everybody that I am an abomination. But I
shall find other pupils. I shall begin to live. Now isn’t that the right
way? Don’t you see that I mustn’t live at your expense?”
“Who gave you that idea, my dearest friend, Viérotchka?”
“Akh! and now he is asking me who gave me that idea. Why,
weren’t you yourself always saying this very thing? And in your
books—fully half of them say so!”
“In the books? Did I say so? When was it, Viérotchka?”
“Akh! when was it indeed! and who told me that money lay at the
root of all things? Who told me that, Dmitri Sergéitch?”
“Well, what of that?”
“And you think that I am such a foolish young girl that I cannot
draw a conclusion from premises, to use the words of your books?”
“Well, what conclusions? My dearest friend, Viérotchka, you are
talking God-knows-what nonsense.”
“Akh! smarty! he wants to be a despot; he wants me to
become his slave! no indeed, this cannot be. Dmitri Sergéitch, do
you understand?”
“Then you tell me, and I shall understand.”
“Money lies at the root of all things, you say, Dmitri Sergéitch;
whoever has the money has the might and the right, say your
books; consequently, so long as a woman lives at her husband’s
expense, she will be dependent upon him; isn’t that so, Dmitri
Sergéitch? You supposed that I did not understand it; that I was
going to be your slave. No, Dmitri Sergéitch, I am not going to allow
you to be a despot over me! You want to be a benevolent, kind
despot, but I will not allow it; but I do not want it to be so, Dmitri
Sergéitch! Now, my mílenki [darling], how else can we live? You will
cut off people’s hands and legs, you will make them drink miserable
mixtures, and I will give piano-lessons. And how else should
we live?”
“That’s right, that’s right. Let everyone preserve his independence
from everybody with all his might, no matter how he loves him, how
he trusts him! Whether you will carry out what you propose or not, I
do not know; but it makes very little difference: whoever makes up
his mind to do a thing of this sort has already built his fort; he
already feels that he can get along by himself; that he can refuse
the help of others, if necessary, and this feeling is almost enough of
itself. What queer people we are, Viérotchka! You say, ‘I do not want
to live at your expense,’ and I am praising you for it! Who else says
such things, Viérotchka?”
“No matter if we are queer, my mílenki; what do we care? We
shall live according to our own style; it is better for us. How else
should we live, mílenki?”
“Viéra Pavlovna, I have proposed to you my ideas about one side
of our life; you have condescended to overthrow them altogether
with your plan. You have called me a tyrant and a slaveholder; now
be kind enough to think yourself how the other parts of our relations
shall be arranged. I count it idle to give you the benefit of my
thoughts, lest they should be destroyed by you in the same way. My
friend, Viérotchka, tell me yourself how we ought to live; in all
probability, there will be nothing left for me to say but this, ‘My dear
[moya milia], how very wise your ideas are!’ ”
“What is that? Do you mean to give me a compliment? You want
to be very polite; but I know too well how people flatter so as to
reign under a mask of humility. I beg of you to speak more simply
hereafter. My dear [milui moï], you are praising me to death. I am
ashamed, my dear; don’t praise me, lest I become too proud.”
“Very good, Viéra Pavlovna; I will begin to say rough things
to you if you like that better. There is so little femininity in your
nature, Viéra Pavlovna, that most likely you have nothing but
men’s thoughts.”
“Akh! my dearest, what does that word ‘femininity’ mean? I
understand that a woman speaks in a contralto voice—a man, in a
baritone; but what of that? Is it worth while to bother about our
contralto voices? Is it worth while to ask us about such things? Why
do people keep telling us that it is our duty to remain feminine? Isn’t
it a piece of nonsense, dear?”
“It is nonsense, Viérotchka, and a very great piece of triviality.”
“So, then, my dear, I shall not bother myself about femininity; now
listen, Dmitri Sergéitch, I am going to express in absolutely
masculine fashion the way that I think we ought to live. We shall be
friends; only I wish to be your principal friend. Akh! I have never
told you how I dislike this dear Kirsánof of yours!”
“You must not, Viérotchka; he is a very fine man!”
“But I hate him! I shall forbid your seeing him!”
“That is a fine beginning! She is so afraid of my despotism that
she wants to make a doll of her husband. And how can I help seeing
him when we live together?”
“You are always sitting together like lovers!”
“Of course. At breakfast and at dinner. When one’s hands are
always occupied, it is hard to use them like lovers’ hands.”
“And you are always inseparable!”
“Most likely. He is in his room and I in mine; that means
almost inseparable.”
“And if that is so, why shouldn’t you stop seeing him altogether?”
“Well [da], we are friends; sometimes we want to talk, and we
talk, and so far we haven’t been burdensome to each other.”
“You are always sitting together, hugging and disputing. I
hate him.”
“What makes you think so, Viérotchka? We have never quarrelled.
We live almost separately; we are friends, to be sure; but what
of that?”
“Akh! my dearest, how I deceived you, how cleverly I deceived
you. You did not want to tell me how we should live together, and
yet you have told me everything! How I deceived you! Listen: this is
the way we should live according to your idea. In the first place, we
shall have two rooms, yours and mine, and then a third room where
we shall drink tea, take dinner, receive guests who come to call on
both of us! and not on you alone, and not on me alone. In the
second place, I must not dare to enter your room lest I bother you.
You see Kirsánof does not dare to interrupt you, and so you do not
quarrel with him. And it will be the same with mine. That is the
second. Now there is a third! Akh! my dearest, I forget to ask you
about it. Does Kirsánof interfere with your affairs, or you with his?
Have you a right to ask each other about anything?”
“Eh! now I see why you mention Kirsánof; I shall not tell you!”
 “No! but I dislike him for all this; and you need not tell me, for it’s
not necessary. I myself know. You have no right to ask each other
about anything. And so, in the third place, I shall have no right to
ask you about anything, my dear. If it is necessary for you to tell me
about any of your affairs, you will tell me yourself, and vice versa.
Here are three rules. What more more is there?”
“Viérotchka, your second rule demands explanations. We shall see
each other at tea or dinner in our neutral room. Now imagine such
an occasion as this: We have drunk our tea in the morning, I am
sitting in my room, and do not dare to show my nose in yours;
consequently, I cannot see you till dinner time; isn’t that so?”
“Of course.”
“Excellent! An acquaintance of mine comes and says, that at two
o’clock another acquaintance will call on me, but it happens my
business calls me away at one. May I ask you to tell that
acquaintance who is coming at two the proper answer? may I ask
you whether you intend to remain at home?”
“Of course you may. Whether I will undertake it is another
question! If I refuse, you have no right to claim it of me; you have
no right to even ask why I refuse. But to ask whether I will consent
to do you that little service—you shall have that right.”
“Excellent! But at breakfast I did not know that he was coming,
and I shall not dare to enter your room; how then can I ask
the question?”
“O bozhe! how simple he is! a little child! Just listen to him! How
he misunderstands me! This is the way you must do, Dmitri
Sergéitch. You shall enter the neutral room and say, ‘Viéra Pavlovna!’
I shall answer from my room, ‘What do you want, Dmitri Sergéitch.’
You will reply, ‘I am going out. In my absence Mr. A. will call (of
course you will give me your friend’s name); I have some news to
tell him; may I ask you, Viéra Pavlovna, to tell him that?’ If I answer
‘no’ our conversation is at an end; but if I say ‘yes’ I shall come out
into the neutral room, and you shall tell me what you want me to tell
your friend. Now, my dear little child, you know, don’t you, how it
will be necessary to act?”
 “Yes, my dear Viérotchka, jesting aside, it is much better to live in
the way that you propose. Only, who in the world put such ideas into
your head? I know them, and I remember where I have read of such
things; but such books never come into your hands. In the books
which I let you have there were no such ideas. Did you hear them?
from whom? I was almost the first person whom you ever met from
among respectable people.”
“Akh! my dear, is it so very hard to think out such things? I have
seen family life—I am not speaking about my family; my family is so
peculiar—but I have friends, and I have been in their homes. Bozhe
moï! what disagreeable scenes between husbands and wives; you
cannot imagine them, my dear!”
“Nu! I have no trouble in imagining them, Viérotchka.”
“Do you know how it seems to me, my dear? People ought not to
live the way they do: always together, always together! They ought
not to see each other except on business, or when they come
together to rest or have a good time. I am always looking and
thinking, why is everybody so polite to strangers? Why do all people
try to appear better than they are in their own families? And in fact,
before strangers they are better. Why is it? Why do they treat their
own people worse than they do strangers, though they love them
more? Do you know, my dear, that there is one favor that I want to
ask of you—to treat me as you have always treated me. This has not
hindered you from loving me; after all, you and I have been nearer
to each other than all the rest. How have you always acted towards
me? Have you ever answered rudely? have you ever spoken
unkindly? Never! People ask how it is possible to be rude to a
woman or a girl who is a stranger; how is it possible to speak
harshly to her? So far, so good, my dear; now I am your bride; I am
going to be your wife, but you must always treat me as they say it is
right to treat a stranger: this, my dear, seems to be better than all
else for preserving harmony, for preserving love. So, my dear!”
“I don’t know what to think of you, Viérotchka. This is not the first
time that you have surprised me.”
“My dear [mílenki moï], you want to flatter me to death. No, my
friend, it is not as difficult to understand as it may seem to you.
Such thoughts are not peculiar to me alone, my dear; they are held
by a good many girls and young women, even such simpletons as I
am. Only it is impossible for them to tell their bridegrooms or their
husbands what they think; they know that if they did, it would be
said that they were immoral. I fell in love with you, my dear,
because you don’t think so. Do you know when I began to love you?
It was when we talked together the first time, my birthday; when
you said that women were poor, and to be pitied: it was then that I
fell in love with you.”
“And when did I fall in love with you? That very same day? Do you
suppose it was on that very same day when I told you that?”
“How strange you are, dearest [mílenki]! You said that I couldn’t
guess; but if I should guess, you would begin to praise me again.”
“But try to guess for all that!”
“Well, of course it was when I asked whether it was not possible
to arrange things so that all people could live comfortably.”
“I must kiss your hand again in payment for that, Viérotchka.”
“That’ll do, my dear; I do not like the habit of kissing
women’s hands.”
“Why not, Viérotchka?”
“Akh! my dear, you yourself know why. What is the good of asking
me? Don’t ask such questions, my mílenki!”
“Yes, my friend, that is true; one should not ask such questions: it
is wrong. I’ll ask you only when I do not really know what you
mean; and you meant that nobody’s hand should be kissed.”
Viérotchka laughed heartily.
“Now I forgive you, because I have succeeded in laughing at you.
You see, you wanted to examine me, and you yourself did not know
the principal reason why it is not well. Nobody’s hands should be
kissed; that’s true: but that was not what I was talking about; not
the general rule, but only about the impropriety of a man kissing a
woman’s hand. This, my dear, ought to be very offensive to a
woman; it shows that she is not looked upon as an equal. Women
think that a man cannot lower self-respect before a woman; that she
is already so much lower than he is, that no matter how much he
lowers himself before her, still he does not come down to her level,
but is far higher than she is. But you do not think this way, my dear;
why, then should you kiss my hand. But listen to what I think, my
mílenki, as though we had never been bridegroom and bride.”
“Yes, that is true, Viérotchka; it looks very little like it. But what
are we then?”
“God knows what we are, my mílenki; or rather it’s this way: as
though we had been married, long, long ago.”
“That’s so, my dear, it is true; we are old friends, nothing
has changed.”
“Only one thing has changed, my mílenki: that now I know that I
am coming out from the cellar to enjoy freedom.”
 XIX

Thus they talked—rather a strange conversation for the first one

after their engagement—and they pressed each other’s hands, and
Lopukhóf went home by himself, and Viérotchka locked the door
after him, because Matrióna remained sitting longer than usual in
the dining-room, hoping that her “golden one” would snore for a
long time to come; and, in fact, her golden one did snore for a long
time to come.
When Lopukhóf reached home about seven o’clock he tried to
apply himself to work, but he could not collect his thoughts. His
mind was occupied not with his work, but he was constantly
occupied with the same visions that came to him during the lone
walk from the Semyonovsky bridge to the Vuiborgsky ward: naturally
with visions of love. Certainly with such visions, but yet not entirely
with love and not entirely with visions. The life of a man without
means has its prosaic interests, and it was about them that
Lopukhóf was also thinking: that is to be taken for granted. He is a
materialist, and therefore he thinks only about his interests, and in
point of fact, he was all the time thinking about his own interests.
Instead of lofty, poetical, and plastic imaginations, such love
imaginations as are proper for a coarse materialist occupied his time.
“A sacrifice—, it will be almost impossible to get this out of her
head, and this is bad. When you think that you are specially
indebted to a person, your relations to this person are apt to be
somewhat strained, and she may find this out. Friends may explain
to her what a career was before me; and even if friends do not
explain this to her, she will find it out for herself. She will say, ‘My
dear, here you have given up for my sake the career which you
anticipated.’ Well, I don’t mean money, for neither my friends nor
she herself will think that I care about that. Well, it’s a good thing
that she will not say to herself, ‘He remained for my sake in poverty
when otherwise he might have been rich.’ This she will not think; but
she may learn that I longed for scientific fame, and that I might
have won it. But she will find something to worry about: ‘Akh! what
a sacrifice he made for my sake!’ And I never thought of making a
sacrifice; I was never so foolish as to make sacrifices, and I hope I
never shall be. I have done what was for my best good. I am not a
man to offer sacrifices; and there are no such men in existence. It is
a false term; a sacrifice is equivalent to such nonsense as ‘top-boots
with soft-boiled eggs!’ One acts in the way that’s most agreeable;
now just go ahead and preach this. It is accepted in theory, but
when the hard fact comes before a person, he is humiliated. ‘You,’
he says, ‘are my benefactor,’ and already the blade has shown itself.
‘You,’ he says, ‘have rescued me from the cellar. How kind you are to
me!’ Why should I have bothered to set you free, if I myself had not
liked to do it? Is it I who set you free, think you? Do you think that I
should take all this trouble, unless it had afforded me myself some
satisfaction? Maybe I have set myself free; of course. I have. I
myself want to live, want to love; do you understand? I am doing
everything for myself. Now, how can I manage so as not to arouse
this pernicious feeling of gratefulness which would be so trying to
her? Well, we’ll manage it somehow. She is sensible, and will
understand that it is a mere bagatelle. Of course, I did not intend to
act this way; I intended to act otherwise. I thought that if she
succeeded in leaving her family, we would postpone the thing about
two years. In the meantime, I should have succeeded in getting a
professorship; my finances would, by that time, have been
satisfactory: but it has proved to be impossible. Well, what loss has
it been to me? Did I have myself in view when it seemed to me that
my money matters must be in order beforehand? What does a man
need? A man does not need anything. If he has boots, if he is not
out at elbows, if he has shchi [cabbage soup], if he has a warm
room, what more does he want? And all this I have; consequently,
what loss shall I have? But for a young and pretty woman that is
not enough!
 “She must have pleasures; she must succeed in society; and for
this there will not be money enough. Of course she will not think
that she is deprived of these things; she is a sensible, virtuous girl.
She will say to herself: ‘These things are trifles; it’s all nonsense, and
I despise them.’ And she will despise them. But does it help when a
person does not know what he is deprived of, or is even assured that
he is not in need of anything. It is an illusion, a fancy. Nature is
deadened by reason, circumstances, pride, and is silent, and does
not speak aloud about itself to the understanding; and yet while it is
silent, it works and undermines life. A young woman, especially a
pretty young woman, must not live in that way; it is not agreeable to
be dressed worse than others, and to be prevented from shining by
being scrimped in means. I am sorry for you, my poor little girl; I
thought that something better would be arranged for you. But what
do I care? It is my gain. It is a question whether she would consent
to marry me two years hence, and now she does.”
“Dmitri, come and drink your tea!”
“I am coming.”
Lopukhóf went into Kirsánof’s room, and on the way he had time
to think: “And how true it is that I am always on the first floor! I
began with self and ended with self. And why did I begin by calling it
a sacrifice? What nonsense! as though I gave up my scientific
reputation! as though I gave up my professorship! Is it not all the
same? I shall work in the same way; I shall get a professorship just
the same, and likewise I shall serve the cause of medicine. It is
pleasant to a man who is a theorist to observe how egotism plays
with his ideas when he comes to put them into practice.”
I intend to forewarn the reader about all things, and therefore I
shall tell him not to suppose that this monologue spoken by
Lopukhóf contains a mysterious hint on the part of the author as to
some important motive in the further development of the relations
between Lopukhóf and Viéra Pavlovna. Viéra Pavlovna’s life will not
be undermined by being deprived of the means of shining in society
and of dressing expensively; and her relations to Lopukhóf will not
be demoralized by a “pernicious feeling of gratefulness.” I am not
one of those artists in whose every word is hidden some kind of a
spring. I am only relating what people have done and thought. If
any kind of an action, conversation, monologue, is necessary for the
characterizing of a person or a situation, I relate it, even though it
may respond with no results in the further development of my story.
“Now, Aleksandr, you must not complain because I am behind you
in our work. I shall be ahead of you.”
“Why? Are you through with that young woman’s affair?”
“I am.”
“Is she going to be a governess at the B.s’?”
“No, she is not going to be a governess. It has been arranged
otherwise. She will now be able for a while to live a tolerable life in
her own family.”
“Well, that’s good. It is pretty tough to be a governess. And now,
brother, I am done with the optic nerve and I am going to take up
the next pair, and how far have you got along?”
“I shall have to finish the work at—.” And here came a series of
anatomical and physiological terms.
 XX

“It is now the twenty-eighth of April; he said that he should be

through by the first of July. Let us say the tenth; but that is not the
first. Well, we can take the tenth; or, so as to get nearer, I’ll suppose
it’s the fifteenth. No, I’ll take the tenth, after all. Now, how many
days are left? Today should not be counted; there are only five hours
of it left. There are two days more in April; May, thirty-one, and two
make thirty-three; June, thirty, and thirty-three makes sixty-three; in
July ten days; altogether it makes seventy-three. Is that much? Only
seventy-three days, and then—freedom! I shall get out of this cellar.
Akh! how happy I am! My mílenki! how cleverly he thought it all out!
How happy I am!”
This was on Sunday evening. On Monday came a lesson given
instead of Tuesday.
“My dear, my beloved!16 how glad I am to be with you, if only for
a minute! Do you know how many days there are left for me to be
in this cellar? When will you be done? Will you be done by the tenth
of July?”
“Yes, Viérotchka.”
“Then I shall have to sit in this cellar only seventy-two days and
this evening. One day I have marked off already. See I have made a
little calendar just as boarding-school girls and boys do, and I cross
off the days. How delightful it is to cross them off!”
“My dear little Viérotchka, my dear!17 Indeed, you have not long
to worry along here; two months and a half will quickly pass, and
you will be free.”
“Akh! how delightful it will be! Only just at present, my dearest,18
don’t always talk with me, and don’t look at me; and we must not
play on the piano every time you come, either. And I shall not come
out of my room every time that you come here; no, I shall not have
enough strength of mind for that. I shall come out always, if only
for one minute; and I shall look at you so coldly; not fondly at
all. And now I am going right away to my room. Goodbye, my
dear.19 When?”
“Thursday.”
“Three days; how long! But then there will be only sixty-eight
days left.”
“Count less; about the seventh you will be able to get away
from here.”
“The seventh? Then it is now only sixty-eight days. How happy
you have made me! Goodbye, my dear.”

Thursday.—“My dearest,20 there are only sixty-six days to stay here.”

“Yes, Viérotchka; the time flies fast.”
“Fast? No, my dear. Akh! how long the days seem! Sometimes it
seemed to me as though a whole month had dragged along while
these three days were passing. Goodbye, my dearest,21 we must not
talk long; aren’t we shrewd? yes? Goodbye. Akh! only sixty-six
remain for me to sit in the cellar.—Hm! hm! it is not so noticeable, of
course; when one is at work, time flies. And then I am not in a
cellar. Hm! hm! da!”

Saturday.—“Akh! my dearest,22 only sixty-four days are left. Akh! how

gloomy it is here! These two days have seemed longer than those
three days. Akh! how gloomy! How miserable it is here; if you only
realized it, my dear.23 Goodbye, my dear, my sweetheart,24 till
Tuesday; and these three days will seem longer than the last five.
Goodbye, my dear.—Hm! hm! da! hm! her eyes look badly. She does
not like to weep. This is not well. Hm! da!”
Tuesday.—“Akh! my dearest,25 I gave up counting the days. They
don’t pass—they don’t pass at all.”
“Viérotchka, my little friend, I have a favor to ask of you. We
must have a nice little talk together. You are anxiously longing
for freedom. Well, give yourself a little freedom; we must have a
talk together.”
“Yes, we must, moï mílenki, we must.”
“Then I will ask you how this suits you. What time will it be most
convenient for you tomorrow; it does not make the least difference
what time, only tell me; be again on that bench of the Konno-
Gvardéïsky Boulevard. Will you?”
“I will be there, moï mílenki, without fail. At eleven o’clock; is
that right?”
“Very well; thank you, little friend.”
“Goodbye, my dearest.26 Akh! how glad I am that you have
thought about it! How was it that I, myself, foolish little thing that I
am, did not think about it? Goodbye. We will talk; at all events, I
shall breathe the fresh air. Goodbye, mílenki. At eleven o’clock,
without fail.”

Friday.—“Viérotchka, where are you going?”

“I, mámenka?”
Viérotchka blushed.
“To the Nevsky Prospekt, mámenka.”
“Then I am going with you, Viérotchka; I have an errand at the
Gostinui Dvor. What did you put on such a dress as that for,
Viérotchka, when you say you are going to the Nevsky. You ought
to put on a better one when you are going to the Nevsky; folks’ll
see you.”
“I like this dress. Just wait one second, mámenka; I want to get
just one thing out of my room.”
They start; they go. They reached the Gostinui Dvor. They were
going along the block that runs parallel with Sadovaïa Street; they
are not far from the Nevsky corner, and here is Ruzanof’s shop.
 “Mámenka, I have two words to tell you.”
“What is the matter with you, Viérotchka?”
“Goodbye, mámenka. I don’t know whether we shall meet again
soon. If you don’t get angry, it’ll be tomorrow.”
“What is it, Viérotchka? I cannot understand it, somehow?”
“Goodbye, mámenka; I am going to my husband. Dmitri
Sergéitch and I were married three days ago. Drive to Karavannaïa
Street, Izvoshchik.”
“A quarter, lady.”
“All right; only be quick about it. He will call upon you this
evening, mámenka; and don’t get angry with me, mámenka.”
These words hardly reached Marya Alekséyevna’s ears.
“Don’t drive to Karavannaïa Street; I only said so as to get away
from that lady as quickly as I could. Go to the left27 down Nevsky. I
must go much further than Karavannaïa Street, to the Vasilyevsky
Island, the fifth block behind the Middle Prospekt. Drive fast; I will
give you a good fee.”
“Akh! lady, you were pleased to fool me. You’ll have to give me
half a ruble.”
“If you drive fast.”
 XXI

The wedding had been managed in simple, and yet far from
common fashion.
Two days after the conversation which resulted in their
engagement, Viérotchka was delighted at her approaching freedom.
On the third day the “cellar,” as she called it, seemed twice as
intolerable as before; on the fourth day she wept, which was
contrary to her liking, but she did not weep much; on the fifth day
she wept more; on the sixth day she did not weep at all, but she
could not sleep from sorrow.
Lopukhóf looked on, then he spoke the monologue beginning
“Hm! hm!” He looked a second time and spoke the monologue “Hm!
hm! da, hm!” At the first monologue he had a dim suggestion of an
idea, but he was not sure what it was; at the second monologue he
saw plainly in his mind what he imagined at the first. “It does not do
to offer a person freedom and then leave him in prison.” After that
he thought steadily for two hours—an hour and a half on his way
from Semyonovsky bridge to Vuiborgsky, and half an hour on his
sofa. The first quarter of an hour he thought without wrinkling his
forehead; the remaining hour and three quarters he wrinkled his
forehead; at the end of the two hours he struck his forehead, and
using worse words than Gogol’s postmaster Telyatin (the calf),
looked at his watch, and saying, “Ten o’clock, yes, there is time yet”
left the room.
During the first quarter of an hour, when his brow was smooth,
this was what he thought, “It’s all nonsense; why should I graduate?
I shall not be ruined if I don’t get a diploma, and it is not necessary.
By lessons and translations I shall not make less; I shall make even
more than if I had become a doctor; bagatelles!”
 Consequently there was no need of wrinkling his brow; to tell the
truth, the task did not appear to be of a head-splitting nature, partly
because that from the first lesson he had anticipated something in
the nature of his present resolution. He now perceived this. And if
anyone had reminded him of his arguments that began with the
theme “sacrifice” and ended with the thought of fine dresses, one
might have proved to him that something in the nature of these
circumstances was anticipated from that very time, because
otherwise there would be no sense in the words “to renounce my
scientific career.” At that time it seemed to him that he was not
going to renounce it, but instinct was already saying, “Renounce it;
there will be no postponement!” And if anyone had proved to
Lopukhóf, as to a practical thinker, that there was no ground then for
his renunciation, he would have triumphed as a theoretical man, and
would have said: “Now here is a new example for you of how
egotism rules our thoughts (for I ought to have seen, but I did not
see, for I was trying to look in another direction), and rules our
actions; for why did I make the girl stay in her ‘cellar’ a week longer,
when the matter ought to have been foreseen and provided for
long ago?”
But he remembered nothing of that kind, and it did not occur to
him because he had to wrinkle his forehead, and while wrinkling it to
think for an hour and three-quarters on the question, “Who will
marry us?” and there was only one answer all the time, “There is no
one to marry us.” But suddenly in place of the answer, “No one to
marry us,” the name of Mertsálof came into his head; then it was
that he struck himself on the forehead and swore with good reason.
“How is it possible that I did not think of Mertsálof at the very
beginning?” And to a certain degree he was wrong in his wonder; he
was not accustomed to think of Mertsálof as of a man who marries.
In the medical school there are a good many people of all kinds;
there are among them some seminarists; these men have
acquaintances in the theological seminary, and through them
Lopukhóf had also made acquaintances there. One of the students
whom he knew at the theological seminary—not an intimate, but a
friend—had graduated a year ago and had become a priest, and was
living in a certain building with endless corridors on the Vasilyevsky
Island. To him Lopukhóf went, and as it was an extra occasion and a
late hour, he took an izvoshchik.
Mertsálof was sitting alone in his room, and was reading
some new book—possibly by Louis XIV, or someone else of the
same dynasty.
“Such and such is the state of things, Alekséi Petróvitch: I know
that it is a very serious risk for you to undertake; it is right enough if
we get reconciled with the parents, but suppose they begin a
lawsuit? There may be some trouble for you, and there probably will
be; but—”
Lopukhóf could not find in his mind anything to attach to his “but,”
for how in the world can you persuade a man to put his neck for
your sake into a noose?
Mertsálof was also in a quandary, and tried hard to find a “but”
which would authorize him to run such a risk, and he had no better
success in getting beyond the “but.”
“How can we arrange this matter? I should certainly like to. What
you are doing now, I did a year ago, and I gave up my liberty just as
you are going to do! I have some scruples, but I must help you out
of it. Yet when one has a wife, it is rather dangerous to go ahead
without precaution.”
“How are you? good evening, Alósha: all my people send their
best regards to you. How are you, Lopukhóf; we haven’t seen you
for a long time. What is this that you are speaking here about a
wife? Oh, yes, the wives are always to blame!”
This was said by a young married woman of about seventeen who
had just come in from a visit to her parents; she was a pretty and
lively blondinka.
Mertsálof told his wife about the state of things. The young
woman’s eyes flashed.
“Alósha, they will not eat you up!”
“There is a risk, Natasha!”
“A very large risk,” said Lopukhóf in corroboration.
“Well, what can be done? you must run the risk, Alósha, I beg
of you.”
 “If you will not blame me, Natasha, for not taking you into
account in running into this danger, then that settles it. When do you
want to get married, Dmitri Sergéitch?”
In point of fact all hindrances were set aside. On Monday morning
Lopukhóf said to Kirsánof:—
“Do you know, Aleksandr, that I am going to make you a present
of my half of our work. Take my papers and preparations; I give it all
up; I am going to leave the medical school; this is my last request! I
am going to be married!”
Lopukhóf told him the whole story in a few words.
“If you were stupid or I were stupid, I should tell you, Dmitri, that
this is the way that insane men act. But now I shall not say any such
thing. All the objections that I could raise you must have thought
over more than I have done. And even if you have not thought them
over, it does not make any difference. Whether you are acting
foolishly or wisely I do not know, but at least I shall not attempt to
act so foolishly as to dissuade you, when I know that your mind is
made up. Can I be of any service or not?”
“I want to find an apartment somewhere in an inexpensive
neighborhood—three rooms; and I must make application to get my
medical school papers right away, tomorrow, if possible; so you will
look us up a house.”28
On Tuesday Lopukhóf got his papers, went to Mertsálof and said
that the wedding would be on the next day. “At what time would be
most convenient for you, Alekséi Petróvitch?”
It makes no difference to Alekséi Petróvitch, as he stays at home
all day. “I think, though, that I shall have time to send Kirsánof to let
you know.”
On Wednesday, at eleven o’clock, Lopukhóf went to the boulevard,
and after waiting for some time for Viérotchka began to get worried;
but here she is, all out of breath.
“Viérotchka, my dear [drūg moï], has anything happened to you?”
“No, mílenki, nothing; I was late only because I overslept.”
“That means—what time did you go to bed?”
 “Mílenki, I didn’t want to tell you; at seven o’clock, mílenki; but I
was thinking all night long; no, it was earlier, it was six!”
“I want to ask you about something, my dear Viérotchka:
we must get married soon, mustn’t we? so that we may both
be comfortable?”
“Yes, mílenki, we must; we must very soon!”
“Then in four days, in three—”
“Akh! if it could be so, mílenki; then you would be a smart boy!”
“In three days I will surely find a house; will buy everything
for housekeeping, and then will it be possible for us to live in
it together?”
“It will, my golubtchik, it certainly will!”
“But it will be necessary to get married first.”
“Akh! I forgot, mílenki, that it was necessary to get married first!”
“Well, we can get married today; that was the very thing that I
wanted to ask you about.”
“Let us go right away and get married; and how have you
managed everything? What a bright boy you are, mílenki!”
“I will tell you everything on our way; let us go!”
Here they are! they have passed through the long corridors
into the church, they have found the sexton, they have sent
for Mertsálof; Mertsálof lived in the house where the endless
corridors were.
“Now, Viérotchka, I have to ask of you still another favor. You
know that they make young couples kiss each other in church?”
“Yes, my mílenki; only how ridiculous it is!”
“Well, lest it should be too ridiculous then, let us kiss each
other now.”
“Very well, let us kiss each other; but could it not be done
without it?”
“Yes, but it is impossible to get along without it in church; so let
us prepare ourselves.”
They kissed each other.
“Mílenki, it is well that we have had time to prepare ourselves;
here comes the sexton; now it will not seem so ridiculous in church!”
 But it was not the sexton who came—the sexton did not come till
after the diakŏn; it was Kirsánof, who had been waiting for them
at Mertsálof’s.
“Viérotchka, this is Aleksandr Matvéitch Kirsánof, whom you do not
like, and whom you have forbidden me to meet.”
“Viéra Pavlovna, what is the reason that you want to separate our
tender hearts?”
“For the very reason that they are tender,” said Viérotchka, giving
Kirsánof her hand and still smiling; then she fell into thought. “But
shall I be able to love him as well as you do? You love him very
dearly, don’t you?”
“I? I love no one but myself, Viéra Pavlovna!”
“And you don’t love him?”
“We have lived together, and we have never quarrelled; isn’t
that enough?”
“And hasn’t he loved you either?”
“I never observed anything of the sort. However, let us ask him.—
Have you ever loved me, Dmitri?”
“I never particularly despised you!”
“Well, if that is the case, Aleksandr Matvéitch, I shall not forbid
your meeting, and I myself will love you!”
“Now that is much better, Viéra Pavlovna.”
“And now, I, too, am ready,” said Alekséi Petróvitch, coming in.
“Let us go into the church.” Alekséi Petróvitch was gay and full of
jests; but when the ceremony began, his voice trembled, “Suppose it
should result in a lawsuit? Natasha, you must go back to your father;
your husband does not support you, and it is a wretched life to have
a husband alive, and to live on your father’s bread!” However, after
several words, he again regained complete control of himself.
When the service was half over, Natalia Andréyevna, or Natasha,
as Alekséi Petróvitch called his wife, invited the young people to
come to her house after the ceremony; she had prepared a little
breakfast. They came in, they laughed, they even danced two
quadrilles with two couples: they also waltzed. Alekséi Petróvitch,
who could not dance, played the violin for them; an hour and a half
flew by quickly and unnoticed. It was a gay wedding.
 “I think that they must be waiting dinner for me at home,” said
Viérotchka, “it is about time.—Now, my mílenki, I shall be able to live
three or four days in my cellar without being melancholy, and
possibly even more. Why should I worry now? There is nothing for
me to fear now. No, don’t go home with me; I am going all alone by
myself, so as not to be seen by anybody.”
“It’s all right; they will not eat me up; don’t worry, gentlemen,”
said Alekséi Petróvitch, as he escorted Lopukhóf and Kirsánof to the
door, who had remained for a few minutes, so as to give Viérotchka
a chance to get out of sight. “I am very glad now that Natasha
encouraged me!”
On the following day, after a four days’ hunt, a good house was
found, at the farther end of the fifth block on the Vasilyevsky Island.
Having all in all one hundred and sixty rubles in reserve, Lopukhóf
concluded, with his friend, that it would be impossible for him and
Viérotchka to think as yet of attempting to keep house, or to have
their own furniture and dishes; and therefore they rented three
rooms, together with furniture, dishes, and board, from an old man,
who quietly spent his days, with a little stock of buttons, ribbons,
pins, and other things, at the fence on the Middle Prospekt, between
the first and second blocks; while his evenings were passed in quiet
conversation with his old woman, who, for her part, spent her days
in mending hundreds and thousands of old things of every sort,
brought to her in bundles from the Pushing Market. The servants
also belonged to the landlord; in other words, they were the landlord
and landlady themselves.
All this cost them thirty rubles a month. At that period—ten years
ago (1853)—the times were not so hard in Petersburg, judged by
the Petersburg standard. With such an arrangement, their means
would last for three or even four months. Ten rubles a month is
enough for tea, isn’t it? and in four months Lopukhóf hoped to find
pupils, some kind of literary work, or even some kind of occupation
in a mercantile office—he did not care what. On the very day when
the house was found (and, indeed, the house was a very good one;
they looked out for that, and therefore they found what they
wanted), Lopukhóf, while he was giving his lesson on Thursday, as
usual, said to Viérotchka:—
“Tomorrow you can come to me, my dear; here is the address. I
shall not say anything more now, lest they may notice something.”
“My mílenki, you have saved me!”
Now, how to leave the house. Shall they confess what they have
done? Viérotchka thought seriously about doing so; but her mother
might lay violent hands on her, and might even lock her up.
Viérotchka concluded to leave a letter in her room. When Marya
Alekséyevna heard that her daughter was going to the Nevsky
Prospekt, and said that she was going too, Viérotchka went back to
her room, and took the letter; it seemed to her that it was better,
more honorable, if she herself told her mother to her face; for on
the street her mother would not attempt to beat her, and it would
only be necessary to stand at a distance from her while speaking, to
take an izvoshchik as soon as possible, and then drive off before she
had time to catch her by the sleeve.
In such a manner the effective scene came about at
Ruzanof’s store.
 XXII

But we have had only one-half of this scene.

For about a moment—no, rather less—Marya Alekséyevna, who
had suspected nothing of the kind, stood thunderstruck, endeavoring
to understand, and absolutely failing to understand, what her
daughter had said, what it meant, and how it came about; but it was
only for a moment, or even less. She came to herself with a start.
She uttered some objurgation or other; but her daughter was
already far down the Nevsky. Marya Alekséyevna dashed several
steps in her direction. “Must take an izvoshchik.” She turned to
the sidewalk.
“Izvoshchik!”
“Where do you want to go, lady?” Where did she want to go? she
heard her daughter say, “To Karavannaïa Street”; but her daughter
turned to the left down the Nevsky. Where does she want to go?
“I want to overtake her yonder, that beast!”
“To ketch someone? Speak sense; where do you want to go? How
can I go without any directions? And you hain’t given me any idea.”
Marya Alekséyevna entirely lost control of herself, and she began
to berate the izvoshchik.
“You are drunk, baruina; that’s all there is of it,” said the
izvoshchik, and left her. Marya Alekséyevna ran after him, still
scolding, and she shouted at the other izvoshchiks, and she dashed
in all directions for some time, and she gesticulated with her hands,
and then she went back under the colonnade, and she kicked and
she acted like a mad woman; and around her were gathered half a
dozen rude fellows, who had been peddling various articles around
the columns of the Gostinui Dvor. The fellows were laughing at her,
and they exchanged among themselves words of more or less
unfavorable character, and they praised her ironically, and they
offered her their advice to be calm.
“Ay! da! baruina! how early you managed to get full!
lively baruina!”
“Baruina! ah! baruina! buy half a dozen lemons of me; they are
good to take when you’re tipsy; I’ll let thee have them cheap.”
“Baruina! ah! baruina! don’t listen to him; a lemon won’t do you
the least good; but go and take a nap.”
“Baruina! ah! baruina! you’re a good hand at scolding; let’s get up
a scolding match, and see who’ll beat!”
Marya Alekséyevna, not knowing at all what she was about, boxed
the ears of one of the nearest of her interlocutors—a fellow of
seventeen, who, not without grace, was stretching out his tongue at
her; his hat flew off, and his hair was right at hand. Marya
Alekséyevna got her fingers into it. This act roused the rest of her
interlocutors into a state of indescribable enthusiasm.
“Ay! baruina! give it to him!” Others shouted:—
“Fyedka! give it back to her in small change!”
But the majority of the interlocutors were on Marya
Alekséyevna’s side.
“How can Fyedka stand up to her?”
“Give it to him, baruina! knock Fyedka down! He deserves it,
the rascal.”
A good many spectators had now collected besides the
interlocutors, both izvoshchiks, and the clerks of the shops, and the
passersby. Marya Alekséyevna, as though coming to her senses, and
with a final mechanical motion pushing away Fyedka’s head, started
across the street. The enthusiastic praises of her interlocutors
accompanied her.
She saw that she was on the way home after she had passed the
doors of the “School of Pages”; she took an izvoshchik and reached
home in safety. Finding Feódor at the door, she gave him a beating;
she rushed to the cupboard; she pounded Matrióna, who came out
to see what made the noise; again she rushed to the cupboard; she
dashed to Viérotchka’s room, then she rushed back again to the
cupboard; once more she dashed to Viérotchka’s room, and
remained there a long time; then she made a tour of all the rooms,
scolding, but finding no one on whom to lay her hands. Feódor had
run to the rear stairs; Matrióna, who was looking through the crack
of Viérotchka’s room, frightened out of her wits, ran back when she
saw that Marya Alekséyevna was getting up. She lost her head, and
could not find her way to the kitchen, but found herself instead
under Marya Alekséyevna’s bed, where she remained in safety until
she was called out under a flag of truce.
Whether it was a long or short period that she was scolding and
shouting as she walked through the empty rooms, Marya
Alekséyevna could never tell; but it must have been long, because
when Pavel Konstantinuitch came from his office, he also had a dose
both materially and ideally from Marya Alekséyevna. But as
everything must come to an end, Marya Alekséyevna cried out,
“Matrióna, let us have dinner!” Matrióna saw that the storm was
ended; she crept out from under the bed and got dinner.
At dinner Marya Alekséyevna did not scold at all, but she only
growled without any intentions of attacking; but only for her own
satisfaction; and afterwards she did not take a nap, but sat down
alone and did not speak, but was growling. Then she stopped
growling and became absolutely silent; finally she cried out:—
“Matrióna! wake the barin, and tell him to come to me!”
Matrióna, who, while expecting orders, did not dare to go into the
dining-room or anywhere else, fulfilled the command. Pavel
Konstantinuitch appeared.
“Go to the khozyáïka and tell her that our daughter has married
that devil because you wished her to. Tell her, ‘It was against my
wife’s will.’ Tell her that you did so, so as to please her ladyship,
because you saw that it was not her ladyship’s wish. Tell her, ‘My
wife was alone to blame, and I only carried out your ladyship’s
will.’ Tell her, ‘I myself brought them together.’ Do you understand
or not?”
“I understand you, Marya Alekséyevna. You are very wise in
your plan.”
“Well then, go along with you! Even if she is eating her dinner,
don’t mind; call her right out! Bring her from the dinner-table! so
long as she does not know the real truth.”
The assurance of Pavel Konstantinuitch’s words was so impressive
that the khozyáïka would have believed him even if he had not
possessed the gift of a persuasive tongue. But the impressiveness of
this gift was so great that the khozyáïka would have forgiven Pavel
Konstantinuitch, even if there had not been substantial proofs that
he had constantly acted against his wife, and purposely brought
Viérotchka and Lopukhóf together, in order to block the “ignoble
marriage” of Mikhaïl Ivanuitch. But how did they get married? Pavel
Konstantinuitch was not stingy in giving her a dowry. He had given
Lopukhóf five thousand rubles in cash, and he had given the
marriage and all its cost at his own expense. Through him the young
people had exchanged little notes. They had met at the house of his
colleague, the natchalnik Filantyef, “a married man, your ladyship.
Although I am a man of little account, the maiden honor of my
daughter, your ladyship, is dear to me. They met in my presence;
and although we have not money enough to justify giving a boy of
the age of ours a tutor, yet I hired one for an excuse, your ladyship,”
etc., etc. His wife’s unreliability Pavel Konstantinuitch depicted in the
darkest colors.
How then could she help being convinced and forgiving Pavel
Konstantinuitch? And the main thing—what a great and unexpected
piece of happiness! Joy softens the heart. The khozyáïka began her
speech of forgiveness with a very long explanation of the thoughts
and actions of Marya Alekséyevna, and at first asked Pavel
Konstantinuitch to send his wife away; but he implored her, and she
herself acknowledged, that it was rather for show than because she
meant it. Finally it was decided that Pavel Konstantinuitch should
retain his place as manager; that they should give up their rooms
facing the street and take another suite in the back of the building,
on condition that his wife should not dare to show her face in those
places on the first dvor where the khozyáïka’s eyes might fall; and
that she should be obliged to go out of doors, when she went at all,
by a staircase that lay far from the khozyáïka’s windows. From the
twenty rubles a month that had been added to his salary, fifteen
rubles should be taken back and five rubles would be left to him for
a compensation for the manager’s energy in the khozyáïka’s interests
and towards the expenses of his daughter’s wedding.
 XXIII

Marya Alekséyevna had a number of schemes in mind as to the way

to act towards Lopukhóf when he should come in the evening. The
most revengeful was to hide two dvorniks in the kitchen, who at a
given signal should throw themselves on Lopukhóf, and beat him to
death. The most pathetic was solemnly to pronounce with her own
lips, aided by Pavel Konstantinuitch, a parental curse on their
disobedient daughter and on him, their murderer, with an
explanation that the curse was valid—even the earth, as is well
known, does not receive the dust of those who are cursed by their
parents. But this belonged to the same category of imaginations as
the khozyáïka had, in regard to separating Pavel Konstantinuitch
from his wife; for such schemes, like any other poetry, have no
practical application, properly speaking, except to relieve the heart,
by furnishing a framework for endless thoughts in solitude, and for
other explanations, when, by and by, she should come to speak
about it; as, for example, he or she might have done this or that,
and he or she intended to do so, but, owing to his or her kindness,
he or she felt grieved to do so.
The plan of beating Lopukhóf and cursing her daughter were the
ideal part of Marya Alekséyevna’s thoughts and feelings. But the
actual part of her mind and soul took a direction not so lofty, but
more practical; and this difference is attributable to the inherent
weakness of every human being. When Marya Alekséyevna came to
her senses, at the gates of the “School of Pages,” she comprehended
that her daughter had really disappeared, was married, and had left
her for good and all; and this fact came before her imagination in
the form of the following mental exclamation, “She has robbed me!”
And all the way home she kept exclaiming mentally, and sometimes
even audibly, “She has robbed me!” And, therefore, while she was
detained for several minutes by the process of communicating her
grievance to Feódor and Matrióna, through human weakness—every
human being is carried away, by the expression of feeling, to such
an extent that he often forgets, in the excitement of the spirit, the
interests of the moment—Marya Alekséyevna ran into Viérotchka’s
room, peeked into the drawers of her bureau, into her wardrobe;
she cast a hasty glance over everything; no, apparently everything is
untouched. And then she began to confirm this reassuring
impression by a careful examination. The result was that really all
her dresses and things remained there, with the exception of a pair
of simple gold earrings, and an old white mousseline dress, and an
old cloak, which Viérotchka wore when she went away. As regarded
the practical direction in which Marya Alekséyevna’s acts would take,
she expected that Viérotchka would give Lopukhóf an inventory of
her things, which he would ask for; and she firmly decided that she
should give her nothing from among her possessions of gold and the
like, that she would give her four of the simplest of her dresses, and
some of the thinnest and oldest of her underwear. To give her
nothing was impossible, since her noble generosity would not allow
it; and Marya Alekséyevna had always been very strict in her
observance of noble generosity.
Another question of actual life was her relation to the khozyáïka;
we have already seen that Marya Alekséyevna successfully solved
the answer to it.
Now, there is a third question, “What can be done with the hussy
and the rascal?” that is, with her daughter and her unexpected son-
in-law. Curse them? that is not hard: but it is useless, except as a
dessert after something substantial. Only how is this substantial
something possible? To lodge a complaint, to bring about a lawsuit,
to have them arrested! At first, when her feelings were all stirred up,
Marya Alekséyevna looked upon this solution of the question from an
ideal standpoint, and ideally it seemed to her very delightful. But, in
proportion as her blood grew calmer, after the weariness of the
storm, the matter began to appear in a different light. Nobody knew
better than Marya Alekséyevna that lawsuits are conducted through
the agency of money, and money alone; and such cases as charmed
her by their ideal beauty are conducted through the agency of large,
very large, sums of money, and they are dragged out unendingly,
and, after wasting a great deal of money, they often come to
nothing in the end.
“What is to be done [tchto dyélat]?” At the final upshot it seemed
that there were only two courses to take: to quarrel with Lopukhóf
to her heart’s content, and to retain Viérotchka’s things when he
demanded them, and, as a means of doing that, to threaten him
with a lawsuit. But she certainly must quarrel to her full sweetness.
But she did not succeed in quarrelling. Lopukhóf came, and
began by saying, “Viérotchka and I ask you, Marya Alekséyevna
and Pavel Konstantinuitch, to forgive us for taking this step without
your consent.”
On hearing this, Marya Alekséyevna cried, “I shall curse her, the
good-for-nothing!”
But, instead of saying the whole word “good-for-nothing,” Marya
Alekséyevna had only time to say “good-for-n—,” because Lopukhóf
interrupted her, in a loud voice: “I shall not listen to your abuse; I
came to speak about business. You are angry, and you cannot speak
calmly, and so I will talk only with Pavel Konstantinuitch; and, Marya
Alekséyevna, you send Feódor and Matrióna to call us when you get
calmed down.”
While saying this, he started to lead Pavel Konstantinuitch from
the parlor into his bedroom; and he spoke so loud that there was
no chance of out-crying him, and therefore she was obliged to stop
off short.
He took Pavel Konstantinuitch to the parlor door; here he stopped,
turned around, and said: “And now, Marya Alekséyevna, I am going
to talk with you; but only about business, and it must be calmly.”
She was about to lift her voice a second time, but he interrupted
her again, “Nu, if you can’t speak calmly, then we shall leave you.”
“Now, what makes you go out, you fool [durak]?” she shouted.
“Well, he is leading me out!”
“And if Pavel Konstantinuitch did not choose to speak calmly, then
I would leave; it would not make any difference to me. But why
should you, Pavel Konstantinuitch, allow yourself to be called such
names? Marya Alekséyevna does not understand business; she really
thinks that she can do anything that she pleases with us; but you
are a tchinovnik, you are a man of experience; you of course
understand propriety. You tell her that she cannot do anything with
Viérotchka now, and still less with me.”
“The rascal must know that nothing can be done to him,” thought
Marya Alekséyevna, and she said to Lopukhóf that, being her
mother, she was excited at first, but now she could speak coolly.
Lopukhóf returned with Pavel Konstantinuitch; they sat down.
Lopukhóf asked her to listen until he should finish what he had to
say, and to postpone what she had to reply, and then he began to
speak, lifting his voice powerfully whenever she attempted to
interrupt him, and thus he finished his speech in safety. It was to
this effect: that it was impossible to untie them, and therefore the
case of Storeshnikof was beyond recall; “as you know yourself;
consequently it will be idle for you to take the trouble. However, do
as you please; if you have extra money, I even advise you to try it;
and, then, again there is hardly any reason for being vexed, because
Viérotchka never wanted to marry Storeshnikof; consequently, this
case was always beyond realization, as you yourself have seen,
Marya Alekséyevna; and young girls must certainly marry, and, as a
general thing, they are lost to their parents. It would be necessary
to give a dowry, and then a wedding itself would cost a good deal of
money; but the main thing is the dowry; consequently, Marya
Alekséyevna, you and your husband ought to be thankful to your
daughter for marrying without causing you any expense.” He spoke
in this style, and he spoke with such detail that it took him a good
half-hour.
When he finished, Marya Alekséyevna saw that there was no use
in bulldozing such a rogue, and therefore she began to speak about
her feelings: how she was particularly grieved that Viérotchka should
have married without asking her parents’ consent, because it was
very painful for a mother’s heart. Now, when a thing touches a
mother’s feelings and grievances, then, naturally, the conversation
takes a turn, as though it were impossible not to speak about them:
this, propriety demands. Now they have satisfied propriety—they
have spoken about this interesting fact. Marya Alekséyevna has said
that, as a loving mother, she was grieved; Lopukhóf has said that
she, as a loving mother, had no need of being grieved; and having
fulfilled the measure of propriety, by a discourse of suitable length
about feelings, they took up another point, also demanded by
propriety, to wit: that she had always wished her daughter to be
happy. This was said on one side; and on the other side the reply
was made that this was a thing that could never be doubted. When
the conversation had been prolonged to a suitable length on this
point also, they began to take leave of each other, also with
explanations of such a length, as is demanded by propriety among
gentlefolk, and the result of it all proved that Lopukhóf,
understanding the sorrow of a mother’s heart, did not ask Marya
Alekséyevna’s consent for her daughter to come to see her, because,
maybe it would be hard for a mother’s heart; but when Marya
Alekséyevna should have heard that Viérotchka was living happily,
which, of course, was Marya Alekséyevna’s sole desire, then her
maternal heart would be entirely calmed; consequently, then she
would be able to see her daughter without being grieved.
Thus they came to this wise conclusion, and separated peacefully.
“Well, he’s a keen one,”29 said Marya Alekséyevna to herself, as
she escorted her son-in-law to the door.
That night she dreamed a dream of this nature: she was sitting at
the window, and saw on the street an elegant carriage passing along
the street, and the carriage stopped, and from the carriage stepped
a handsomely dressed lady and a man, and they came into her
room, and the lady said, “Look, mamasha, how well my husband
dresses me!” and this lady was Viérotchka. And Marya Alekséyevna
seemed to see that the stuff of which the dress was made was of
the very best, and Viérotchka said: “The material alone cost five
hundred silver rubles, and that is a trifle for us, mamasha; and I
have a whole dozen of dresses like this! and this, mamasha, cost
more—here, look at my fingers!” Marya Alekséyevna looked at
Viérotchka’s fingers; and on her fingers were rings with large
diamonds. “This ring, mamasha, is worth two thousand rubles; and
this one here, mamasha, cost more—four thousand rubles—and look
at my breast, mamasha! this brooch cost still more; it is worth ten
thousand rubles!” And then the gentleman spoke—and the
gentleman was Dmitri Sergéitch: “All these are mere trifles for us,
dear mámenka Marya Alekséyevna; but the thing of the most
importance is here in my pocket. Look, dear mámenka, at my
pocketbook! How fat it is! there are nothing but hundred-ruble notes
in it, and I am going to make you a present, mamasha, of this
pocketbook, because it is a trifle to us. But this other pocketbook is
still fatter, dear mámenka; I do not give it to you, because it has no
paper money, but only bonds and mercantile notes, and every bond
and note is worth more than the whole pocketbook which I just gave
you, dear mámenka Marya Alekséyevna.”
“You have succeeded, dear son Dmitri Sergéitch, in making my
daughter and all our family happy; but where in the world, my dear
son, did you get so much wealth?”
“I, dear mamasha, became a monopolist!”
And while she was awaking from her dream, Marya Alekséyevna
thinks to herself, “Indeed, it would be a good thing if he became
a monopolist!”
 XXIV
A Word of Praise for Marya Alekséyevna

You have ceased to be a person of any importance in Viérotchka’s

life, Marya Alekséyevna, and now that we are going to part from
you, the author of this narrative begs you not to complain, that you
are dismissed from the stage with an epilogue which is somewhat
unfavorable to you. Do not think that we will treat you without due
respect. You were fooled, but that does not in the least lessen our
respect for your good sense, Marya Alekséyevna; your mistake does
not testify against you. You were thrown in contact with people such
as had never before crossed your path, and therefore it was no
crime that you were mistaken in them when you judged them by
your former experience. All your former life brought you to the
conclusion that people were divided into two classes—fools and
rascals: “Whoever is not a fool must be a rascal,” you used to think;
“and he who is not a rascal can only be a fool.”
This view was very true, Marya Alekséyevna, until within a very
short time, Marya Alekséyevna. You have met with people, Marya
Alekséyevna, who spoke very glibly, and you saw that all these
people, without a single exception, were either foxy, throwing dust in
the eyes of others, or full-grown stupids, not knowing life and not
having the wit to accommodate themselves to circumstances. And
therefore, Marya Alekséyevna, you considered them as evincing
stupidity and fair game for deceit, and you were right, Marya
Alekséyevna. Your opinion of men was already entirely formed when
you met the first woman who was neither stupid nor villainous; it
was excusable that you got confused and did not know what to think
of her or how to treat her. Your views of people were already entirely
formed when you met the first noble-minded man, who was not a
simple, pitiable child, who knew life as thoroughly as you did, whose
judgments of it were not less correct than your own, who could
transact business with no less skill than you; it was excusable that
you were mistaken in him and looked upon him as a scoundrel like
yourself. These mistakes, Marya Alekséyevna, do not lessen my
regard for you as a clever and active woman. You brought your
husband up from nothingness; you have gained for yourself a
competency against your declining years—these are good things,
and they were hard for you to accomplish. Your method was bad,
but your environment gave you no other method. Your methods
belong to your environment, and not to you personally, and hence it
is not to your dishonor, but it is a credit to your intellect and strength
of character.
Are you satisfied, Marya Alekséyevna, with this acknowledgment
of your good qualities? Of course you must be satisfied with this,
because you never thought of claiming to be lovely or gentle. In a
moment of involuntary frankness, you yourself confessed that you
were a bad and dishonorable woman, and you did not look upon
your wickedness and dishonesty as disgraceful to you, because you
proved that your environment would not allow you to be otherwise.
Consequently, you will not care, because in addition to the praise of
your intellect and strength of character no praise has been bestowed
upon you for your good qualities; you yourself don’t claim to have
them, and you do not look upon them as worth having, but rather
you regard them as characteristic of stupidity. Consequently you will
not ask further praise than what I have just given you. But I can say
one thing more in your favor: of all the people whom I do not like,
and with whom I do not like to have business, I would rather deal
with you than all the rest. Of course you are unmerciful wherever it
affects your advantage; but if you have no advantage in doing
anybody harm, you will not do it out of stupid little spitefulness. You
consider that it is not worth while to lose time, labor, and money
without return. Of course you would have been glad to roast your
daughter and her husband over a slow fire; but you were able to
curb your revengeful inclination and to reason the matter over coolly,
and you understood that you had no chance of success in roasting
them, and this is a great thing, Marya Alekséyevna, to be able to
recognize an impossibility! When you once recognized it you gave up
your idea of beginning a lawsuit, since the lawsuit would not punish
the people who stirred up your anger; you calculated that those little
unpleasantnesses, which a lawsuit would cause them, would bring
you yourself into more bother and expense, and therefore you did
not begin the lawsuit. If it is impossible to conquer an enemy; if, in
causing him a trifling loss you are causing yourself a greater, then
you had better not begin the battle; you understood this, and you
had the common sense and courage to yield to an impossibility,
without unnecessarily causing harm to yourself or anybody else:
this, too, was a great thing, Marya Alekséyevna. Yes, Marya
Alekséyevna, one can get along with you; you do not indulge in
wrath for the sake of wrath, to your own detriment: and this is a
very rare and very important quality, Marya Alekséyevna. Millions of
people are more injurious to themselves and others than you are,
Marya Alekséyevna, even though they may not have that detestable
side that you have. You are better than the majority of those who
are simply bad, because you are not without reason and are not
stupid. I should have been glad to sponge you off from the face of
the earth, but I have a certain regard for you: you do harm in no
way. Now you are spending your time in mean business because
your environment is so constituted, but put you into other
circumstances, and you would take delight in being harmless, in
being even useful, because you do not want to do any harm without
being paid for it, and it were profitable to you, you could do
whatever you wanted; consequently, you would act honorably and
nobly if it were advisable. You are capable of doing so, Marya
Alekséyevna, and you are not to blame because this capability is
latent; that instead of doing so, you are acting in a contrary way;
but you possess it, and this cannot be said of all. Wretches are
capable of doing anything. You are only a bad woman, but you are
not hopelessly a wretched woman. You are higher than many, even
if judged by the moral standard.
“Are you satisfied, Marya Alekséyevna?”
“What should I be satisfied for, bátiushka. My circumstances are
bad, aren’t they?”
“That is all right, Marya Alekséyevna!”
 Part III
Marriage and Second Love
 I

Three months have passed since Viérotchka was rescued from the
cellar. The Lopukhófs’ affairs have prospered. He has had a fair
number of pupils; he obtained work of a certain publisher, to
translate a textbook on geography. Viéra Pavlovna also found two
pupils, not of the highest grade, but still not to be despised.
Together they have an income of eighty rubles a month. But such an
income scarcely allows anyone to live luxuriously, but they ran no
risk of running into poverty. Their means have gradually
increased, and they have calculated that in four months or even
sooner they can set up their own establishment. And this was
afterwards realized.
The system of their lives was arranged, of course not absolutely in
accordance with Viérotchka’s half-jesting, half-serious plan proposed
on the day of their fantastic engagement, but nevertheless it was
very much like it. The old man and woman at whose house they
lived, gossiped together about the strange way in which the young
couple lived—as though they were not young people at all, not even
like husband and wife; like nobody else in the world.
“Well, now, Petrovna, it seems to me just as queer as it does to
you. You could not tell for the life of you whether she wan’t his sister
and he her brother!”
“You think that’s a good comparison, do you? Between brother
and sister there ain’t any ceremony at all. But look at them! He gits
up, puts on his clo’es, and sits down and waits till the samovar is
brought. Then he makes tea and calls her, and she too comes out all
dressed. What kind of a brother and sister’s that? You had better
say this: being as there’s poor folks who through their poverty have
to live two families in one apartment; and you might compare them
to such!”
“And how is it, Petrovna, that a husband can’t go into his wife’s
room? When she ain’t dressed, she don’t let him in. What does that
look like?”
“You ought to see how they part at night. She says: ‘Proshchaï
mílenki, good night.’ Then they separate, each to sit in their own
rooms. They read books, and he sometimes writes. Just you listen
and I’ll tell you what happened once. She went to bed and was
reading a book. Then I heard through the partition (it happened I
was wide awake that night); I hear her a gittin’ up. And what do you
think? I was list’nin’. She was a-standin’ before her lookin’ glass a-
combin’ of her hair. Well [nu], she seemed to be gittin’ ready to go
out to see some comp’ny. I was list’nin’. Out she went. Then [nu] I,
too, goes out into the entry, gits up in a chair, and peeks through the
transom into his room. I was list’nin’ as she went to the door. ‘Can I
come in, mílenki?’ And he says, ‘In a minute, Viérotchka.’ He too was
in bed. He put on his pants and his coat. Now [nu], thinks I, he’ll be
tyin’ up his cravat. But he don’t put on his cravat; he fixes hisself a
little, and says, ‘Now you can come in, Viérotchka.’ Says she, ‘I don’t
understand something in this book; please explain it to me.’ He tells
her. ‘Well [nu], mílenki, forgive me for botherin’ of you.’ And says he,
‘Oh, it’s nothin’, Viérotchka; I was only lyin’ down, you haven’t
disturbed me.’ And so [nu] she went out.”
“And so she went out?”
“And so she went out.”
“And wan’t there nothin’ more?”
“No, nothin’ more. But it ain’t so queer’t she went out so, as ’twas
’cause she went and dressed herself when she went to see him. He
says, ‘Just wait.’ Then he dressed hisself, and then he says, ‘Come
in.’ You better tell me this: what kind of actions is them?”
“It must be this way, Petrovna; it’s a kind of sect, I reckon, ’cause
you know there’s a good many kind of sects.”
“It looks like it. See here! I guess your idee is right.”
Here is another conversation:—
“Daniluitch, I axed her about them actions of theirn. Says I, ‘Don’t
git mad at my question; but what’s your religious views.’ ‘Of course,’
says she, ‘it’s the Russian.’ ‘And your old man [supruzhnik].’ ‘His is
Russian too,’ she said. Says I, ‘Don’t you belong to any sec’?’ Says
she, ‘No, I don’t belong to any. What makes you think so?’ ‘Because,’
says I, ‘because, lady, I don’t know whether to call you Miss or Mrs.
Do you live with your old man?’ She laughed. ‘Why, yes,’ says she, ‘o’
course I do.’ ”
“She laughed, did she?”
“Yes, she did. ‘O’ course I live with him,’ says she. ‘Then,’ says I,
‘what makes you act as you do? You never see him without his clo’es
on, as though you wan’t his wife.’ And, says she, ‘It’s because I don’t
want him to see me in dishabilly.’ Oh no, they don’ belong to any
sec’s at all. ‘Then,’ says I, ‘what makes you do so?’ ‘So as to keep
love in the house and git rid of quarrels,’ says she.”
“Well now, Petrovna, that looks as though she spoke the truth. Of
course, she allus wants to look decent!”
“And then she goes on and says, says she, ‘If I don’t want other
folks to see me in dishabilly, then why should my husband, whom I
love more, see me before I have washed my face. It wouldn’t do to
show myself before him in any such way.’ ”
“Well, so does that look as though she spoke the truth, Petrovna.
What makes men fall in love with other men’s wives? It’s because
they see then nicely dressed, while they see their own wives—how
did you call it? oh, yes, in dishabilly. It’s said so in Holy Writ, in
Solomon’s Proverbs, and he was the wisest of the Tsars!”
 II

The affairs of the Lopukhófs prospered. Viéra Pavlovna was always

happy. But one time (this was some five months after the wedding)
Dmitri Sergéitch, returning from one of his lessons, found his wife in
a peculiar state of mind. Her eyes were shining with pride and
happiness. This caused Dmitri Sergéitch to remember that for
several days past he had seen in her some signs of mental
exaltation, joyful thoughts, and tender pride.
“My dear, you seem to be so happy; why don’t you give us the
benefit of it?”
“I think I am, my dear; but you just wait a little while. I will tell
you when I am sure that I am right. You must wait for several days.
And it is going to be a great joy to me, and you too will be glad, I
am sure; and Kirsánof and Mertsálof will be pleased with it.”
“But what in the world is it?”
“Ah, you have forgotten our agreement, haven’t you, not to ask
questions? I will tell you when I am sure of it.”
Another week passed by.
“My mílenki, I am going to tell you my joy; only you must give me
your advice, because you know all about it. You know that I have
been wanting for a long, long time to do something great; and I
have made up my mind that we must start a sewing union. Isn’t that
a good idea?”
“Now, my dear, we made an agreement that I should not kiss your
hand, but that was a general rule; it did not include such an
occasion as this. Give me your hand, Viéra Pavlovna!”
“By and by, my mílenki, when I have succeeded in doing it.”
“When you have succeeded, then I shall not be the only one to
kiss it: Kirsánof and Alekséi Petróvitch, all will want to kiss it. But
now I am alone; and the intention is worthy of it.”
“Violence! I shall scream!”
“Scream then!”
“Mílenki moï! I shall be ashamed, and tell you nothing. As though
it were anything of such great importance!”
“Here is where its importance lies: we all make plans, but we
don’t accomplish anything. But you began to think long after the rest
of us, and sooner than all of us have resolved to put your ideas to
the test.”
Viérotchka bent her head on her husband’s breast, and hid her
face. “My dear, you have praised me to death.”
Her husband kissed her head. “What a clever little head!”
“Mílenki moï, stop! It is impossible to tell you anything! Do you
know what kind of a man you are?”
“I will stop. Tell me, my tenderhearted girl.”
“Don’t you dare to address me so!”
“Well, you hard-hearted one.”
“Akh! what kind of a man are you, all the time interrupting me?
Just listen. Sit down quietly. Here, it seems to me, is the main thing:
that at the very beginning, when you select a few, to make the
selection very carefully. You must have really honorable, good
people, not narrow-minded, not fickle, but steady, and at the same
time gentle, so that there should not be any idle quarrels among
them, and that they should be able to select others of the same
kind. Isn’t that so?”
“Yes, dear.”
“Now, I have three such girls. Akh! how long I had to hunt! Now
here, my dearest, for the last three months I have been going
round among the shops trying to make acquaintances, and I have
succeeded. Such nice girls! I have got thoroughly acquainted
with them.”
“And then, moreover, they must be thoroughly up in their art. The
business must stand on its own merits. Everything must have a solid
foundation of mercantile calculations.”
“Akh! of course it must.”
“What more is left? Why do you need my advice, then?”
 “In regard to the details, moï mílenki.”
“Tell me the details. Of course you must have thought yourself
about everything, and you will be able to accommodate yourself to
circumstances. You know that the most important thing here is
principle, character, and knowledge. Details come of themselves
from the conditions peculiar to every circumstance.”
“I know; but after all, when you give your approval, I shall be
more assured.”
They talked for a long time. Lopukhóf found nothing to correct in
his wife’s plan; but as far as she was concerned, the plan developed
and became more and more clear as she talked it over with him.
On the next day Lopukhóf took to the office of the “Police News”
an advertisement: “Viéra Pavlovna Lopukhóva would take orders for
sewing ladies’ garments, linen, etc., at moderate prices, etc.”
On that very morning Viéra Pavlovna went to see Julie.
“She does not know my married name. Tell her
Mademoiselle Rozalskaïa.”
“My child, you are without a veil. You come to me openly, and tell
your name to the servant. Now this is sheer folly. You are ruining
yourself, my child!”
“Yes, but I am married now, and I can go wherever I please, and
do what I want to.”
“But your husband; he may find it out.”
“He will be here in an hour.”
Then the questions began as to how she got married. Julie was
delighted. She hugged her, she kissed her, she wept. When she
became calmer, Viéra Pavlovna told her the purpose of her visit.
“You know that old friends are not thought of, except when their
help is needed. I have a great favor to ask of you. I am going to
establish a sewing shop. Give me your orders and recommend me to
your acquaintances. I myself sew nicely and I have good
apprentices. You know one of them.” And, in fact, Julie knew one of
them to be a good seamstress. “Here are specimens of my work.
This garment I made myself; you see how nicely it fits.”
Julie examined very carefully the fit of the garment; she
looked at the embroidery of the shawl, at the little cuffs, and she
was satisfied.
“My child, you might be very successful; you have both skill and
taste. But to succeed you must have a great shop on the Nevsky.”
“Yes, I shall establish one there in good time. Now I take orders
at home.”
Having finished talking about business, they began to talk again
about Viérotchka’s marriage.
“And that Storeshnik drank terribly for a couple of weeks, and
then he made up with Adèle. And I am very glad for Adèle’s
sake. He is a kind fellow. I am only sorry that Adèle has not a
better reputation.”
As it came up naturally, Julie began to talk about the adventures
of Adèle and others. Now Mademoiselle Rozalskaïa is a married lady,
and Julie does not think it necessary to hold her tongue. At first she
spoke reasonably; then she was drawn away, drawn away, and
began with delight to depict their dissipated existence, and she went
on and on. Viéra Pavlovna was embarrassed, but Julie did not heed
it. Viéra Pavlovna recovered her self-possession, and listened with
that cruel interest with which you examine the features of a lovely
face disfigured by disease. But Lopukhóf came in. Julie in an instant
was changed into a stately woman of the world, full of the sternest
dignity. However, she did not keep up that role very long. After she
had congratulated Lopukhóf on his wife, “such a beauty,” she again
got excited. “Now, we must celebrate your wedding.” She ordered a
breakfast offhand; she offered champagne. Viérotchka had to drink
half a glass in honor of her wedding, half a glass in honor of her
“union,” and half a glass in honor of Julie herself. Her head began to
turn. She and Julie shout, laugh, and get excited. Julie pinches
Viérotchka; she jumps; she runs away, Viérotchka after her; they
run all over the apartment, jumping over the chairs; Lopukhóf
sits and laughs. It ended with Julie making up her mind to exhibit
her strength.
“I am going to lift you up with one hand!”
“You can’t do it!”
They began to wrestle; they both fell on the sofa and neither felt
like getting up, and so they lay there laughing until they fell asleep.
 For the first time in many years Lopukhóf did not know what to
do. “Should he waken them? It is a pity; you may spoil a pleasant
meeting by making a bad ending!” He carefully got up, went across
the room to see if he could find a book. He found a book, Chronique
de l’Œil de Bœuf, in comparison with which Faublas is virtue
itself. He sat down on a sofa, at the other end of the room,
began to read, and in a quarter of an hour, he himself fell asleep
through tediousness.
In two hours, Pauline wakened Julie: it was dinner time. They sat
down alone without Serge, who had gone to some great dinner. Julie
and Viérotchka again got hilarious, and then again they grew
serious; when they bade each other farewell they became entirely
serious, and Julie thought of asking—she had never had a chance to
do so before—why Viérotchka meant to establish a sewing shop. If
she wanted to make money, then it would be much easier if she
would become an actress, or a singer: she has such a strong voice.
This matter caused them to sit down again. Viérotchka began to
describe her plan, and Julie again became enthusiastic, and she
poured out blessings, and, among other things, she declared that
she, Julie Le Tellier, was an abandoned woman, and she wept, but
she knew what virtue was, and again she wept, and again she
kissed her, and again she broke out into blessings.
Four days later Julie came to Viéra Pavlovna and gave her a good
many orders for herself; she gave her the addresses of a number of
her friends, from whom she might also receive orders. She brought
Serge along with her, telling him that it could not be avoided:
“Lopukhóf called on me, and now you must return it.” Julie behaved
with exemplary seriousness, and kept it up without the least failure,
although she stayed at the Lopukhófs’ a long time. She saw that
there were no thick walls, but thin partitions, and that her remarks
might be overheard. She did not get excited, but she fell rather into
a bucolic frame of mind, looking with delight at all the particulars of
the poor estate of the Lopukhófs’, and finding that that was the way
to live; that men ought not to live otherwise; that only in moderate
circumstances is true happiness possible, and she even announced
to Serge that she would go with him to live in Switzerland, where
they would have a little house amid the fields and mountains, on the
shore of a lake, loving each other, fishing, taking care of their
garden. Serge declared that he was perfectly ready, but he
wanted to wait and see what she would say at the end of three or
four hours.
The thunder of the elegant carriage, and the prancing of Julie’s
wonderful horses, made a startling impression on the inhabitants of
the fifth block, between the Middle and the Little Prospekts, where
nothing of the sort had been seen, at least since the time of Peter
the Great, if not longer. Many eyes were looking as the wonderful
phenomenon stopped at the locked gates of a one-storied, frame
building, with its seven windows, and when from the wonderful
carriage stepped the still more wonderful phenomenon of an elegant
lady, with a brilliant officer, whose important position could not be
doubted. The grief was general, when in a moment the gates were
opened, and the carriage rolled into the dvor; curiosity was deprived
of the hope of seeing the graceful officer, and still more graceful
lady, a second time, when they took their departure. When
Daniluitch returned home from his peddling, Petrovna had a talk
with him:—
“Daniluitch, well our tenants must be from among very important
folks. A general and a generálsha came to see them. The generálsha
was dressed so elegant that I can’t begin to tell you; and the general
had two stars!”
How Petrovna came to see the stars on Serge, who had never had
any decorations, and would not have worn them if he had had them,
while out on service with Julie, is a wonderful circumstance; but that
she actually saw them; that she was not mistaken, and did not
exaggerate, for this I will not take her word; but I will myself be
responsible for her: she did actually see them. It is we who know
that he did not have them; but he had such an appearance, that
from Petrovna’s standpoint, it was impossible not to see two stars on
him—and so she saw them; I am not joking when I tell you that she
really saw them.
“And what livery the lackey wore, Daniluitch! Real English stuff,
five rubles an arshín; such a solemn man he was, and so important,
but just as perlite as could be; he give me a civil answer; he allowed
me to feel of his sleeve; elegant cloth. They seem to have so much
money that they feed it out to their chickens.30 And they sat in our
tenants’ rooms, Daniluitch, and talked with them cosily, for more’n
two hours, just as I talk with you, and them tenants did not even
bow to them, and they were joking with them, and the tenant was
sitting with the general, both of them sitting comfortably on the
chair, and they were smoking! and our tenant smoked right in the
general’s face, and he sat comfortably before him! what else? His
cigarette went out, and then he lighted it at the general’s! And with
what grace the general kissed our lady’s little hand! why, I can’t
begin to tell you! What can we make out of this, Daniluitch?”
“Everything is from God, is the way I reason it; I reckon that
whether it’s acquaintance or relation, it’s all from God.”
“So it is, Daniluitch; there’s no doubt about it; but this is what I
think: that either our tenant or his wife are either a brother or a
sister of either the general or the generálsha. And, to tell you the
truth, I think that she must be the general’s sister.”
“What makes you think so, Petrovna? It don’t seem natural. If it
was so, then they’d have money.”
“That’s a fact, Daniluitch. It must be this way: either the mother
or the father had a natural child; because they don’t favor each
other. Really, there ain’t no resemblance ’t all.”
“That may be, Petrovna; perhaps there was a natural child. Such
things do happen.”
Petrovna, for four whole days, enjoyed great importance in her
little store. This little store for three whole days drew a part of the
public from the store on the other side of the street. Petrovna, for
the sake of enlightening the public during these days, even
neglected her work to a certain extent, and slaked the thirst of those
who were thirsting for knowledge.
The result of all this was that within a week Pavel Konstantinuitch
came to see his daughter and son-in-law.
Marya Alekséyevna had been anxious to gather some information
about the lives led by her daughter and the “villain.” It was not done
systematically or constantly, and, for the most part, it arose from a
scientific instinct of curiosity. One of her little gossiping
acquaintances, who lived on the Vasilyevsky Island, was entrusted
with the task of finding out about Viéra Pavlovna, whenever she
happened to pass by where she lived; and the gossip brought her
reports, as often as once a month, or even oftener, according to
circumstances. “The Lopukhófs live in harmony; they have no
quarrels; there’s only one thing: there are a good many young folks
call on them, and all the young men are good friends and modest.
They do not live luxuriously; but apparently they have money. They
not only do not sell; but they buy. She has made herself two silk
dresses. They have bought two sofas, an oblong table, a half a
dozen chairs—they got them at a bargain, for forty rubles; but the
furniture is good, and it would ordinarily cost a hundred rubles. They
have notified the landlord to look for new tenants. ‘We are going to
leave in about a month for our new quarters; and to you,’—that is,
the landlord—‘we are very grateful for your kindness to us.’ ‘Nu!’ say
the landlord; ‘of course,’ says he; ‘and we for yours.’ ”
Marya Alekséyevna was consoled by these reports. Though she
was a very rough and a very wicked woman, though she had
tormented her daughter and was ready to kill her, to ruin her for her
own interests, and though she cursed her, because, through her, she
had failed in her plan of getting rich—all this is true; but does it
follow from this that she felt no love for her daughter? It does not
follow at all. When the matter was ended, when her daughter tore
herself away from her power forever, what could she do? Whatever
falls from the wagon is lost. For all that, she is her daughter; and
now, when there was no chance whatsoever for Viéra Pavlovna to
serve Marya Alekséyevna’s interests, the mother sincerely wished her
daughter good. And then, again, it does not follow that she would
wish things to be God-knows-how, that it made no difference with
her; she certainly had not subjected her to any system of espionage.
The steps taken for watching her daughter were only adopted
because she, you must confess, was morally obliged to watch her;
well, and in exactly the same way, as regards the wishes for her
good, she had to do it, because she was her daughter. Why
shouldn’t she be reconciled? All the more when the villainous son-in-
law is, according to all appearances, a man of solid character. Maybe
he will be of service in time. Thus Marya Alekséyevna, little by little,
approached the thought of renewing her relations with her daughter.
It might have to wait half a year, or even a year, to accomplish it;
but there was no need of being in a hurry; time is patient. But the
news about the general and the generálsha at once pushed the story
forward, fully all the remainder of the last halfway. The villain has
really proved to be a rogue. An ex-student (studentishka), without
rank, with only a few rubles, he has made friends with a young, and
therefore a very important, and rich general, and the two wives have
become acquainted. Such a man will get ahead! Or even, may be,
Viéra made friends with the generálsha, and introduced her husband
to the general; it is all the same. At all events, Viéra will get on.
And so, soon after getting the news of the famous visit, the father
was sent to announce to the daughter that her mother had forgiven
her, and would be glad to see her. Viéra Pavlovna went with Pavel
Konstantinuitch and her husband, and they spent the early part of
the evening there. The meeting was cold and constrained. They
spoke much about Feódor, because it was not a dangerous subject.
He had gone to the gymnasium; they persuaded Marya Alekséyevna
to put him into the gymnasium boarding-school. Dmitri Sergéitch
would visit him there, and during his holidays Viéra Pavlovna would
take him home with her. Somehow or other they managed to spend
the time until tea was ready, and then they made haste to leave.
The Lopukhófs said that they expected callers.
For half a year Viéra Pavlovna had breathed pure air; her lungs
had entirely forgotten the bad atmosphere of wily words, vile
thoughts, low schemes, all for the sake of lucre, and her cellar made
a horrible impression upon her. Filth, misery, vulgarity of every sort—
everything came up before her eyes with the keenness of a novelty.
“How did I ever have the strength to live in such miserable bonds?
How could I ever breathe in that cellar? And I not only lived and
breathed there, but even grew strong and well! It is wonderful! it is
incomprehensible! How could I grow up there into a love for
goodness? It is incomprehensible! It is beyond belief!” thought
Viéra Pavlovna, as she returned home; and she felt herself rescued
from suffocation.
In a little while after they got home, the guests whom they
expected came, their regular cronies—Alekséi Petróvitch, and Natalia
Andréyevna, and Kirsánof; and the evening passed as it usually did.
How doubly happy seemed her new life to Viéra Pavlovna, with its
pure thoughts, in the society of wholesome people! As was
customary, they had a jolly conversation, with many anecdotes, and
at the same time they talked seriously about everything in the world:
on the historical events of the time (the civil war in Kansas, the
forerunner of the great war between the North and the South, which
is now going on, the forerunner of still greater events, not in
America alone, occupied the minds of this circle. Now everybody
talks about politics, but then, only a few felt any interest in this
subject, and in this small number, were Lopukhóf, Kirsánof and their
friends); and they talked about the arguments of that day, as to the
chemical foundations of agriculture according to the theory of Liebig,
and about the laws of historical progress, without which never a
conversation in society like this could go on; and about the great
importance of distinguishing between real desires, which search, and
seek, and find satisfaction for themselves; and fantastic wishes,
which cannot be realized, and which cannot find any satisfaction, like
the fantastic thirst in time of fever, for which, for the one, as well as
for the other, there is one satisfaction—to cure the organism, by
whose diseased state they are engendered through the disfiguring of
actual wishes and finally, about the importance of this radical
differentiation which was brought out at that time by the
anthropological philosophy, and about everything of this sort, and
not of this sort, but allied. The ladies at times listened to these
scientific discussions, which were spoken as though there were no
scientific terms, and took a share asking questions sometimes, but
more often not waiting for the answers; and they have even thrown
cold water on Lopukhóf and Alekséi Petróvitch, when they get too
much interested in the great importance of recent mineral
improvements: but Alekséi Petróvitch and Lopukhóf discussed their
scientific questions, and were not disturbed. Kirsánof was a bad
helpmeet; he was more; even entirely, on the side of the ladies, and
they all three played, sang, laughed, till late into the night, and then,
becoming tired, they finally separated, even the immovable
enthusiasts for serious conversation.
 III
Viéra Pavlovna’s Second Dream

And here Viéra Pavlovna falls asleep, and Viéra Pavlovna dreams
a dream.
A field, and across the field goes a man, namely, her mílenki,
together with Alekséi Petróvitch, and her mílenki says: “You are
interested in knowing why some dirt brings forth wheat so white,
and pure, and delicate, while other dirt does not bring it forth at all.
You will soon see the difference yourself. Look at the root of this
beautiful ear of wheat. Around the root is dirt, but this dirt is just
pulled up, you might even call it clean; you smell a moist odor,
disagreeable, but not foul, and not putrid. You know that in the
philosophical language which you and I use, this clean dirt is called
actual dirt. It is dirt, to be sure; but look at it attentively and you will
see that all the elements of which it is composed are healthy in
themselves. When they are gathered together, they make dirt; but
let the atoms change in some degree their relative coordination, and
something else will take its place, and all that takes its place will be
healthy, because the fundamental elements are healthy. Whence
comes the healthy element of this dirt? Just notice the situation of
this little field: you see that there is a ditch here for the water to
run, and therefore there can be no rottenness here.”
“Yes, motion is reality,” says Alekséi Petróvitch, “because motion is
life; and reality and life are one and the same thing. But the main
element of life is labor, and therefore, the main element of reality is
labor, and the truest sign of reality is activity.”
“So you see, Alekséi Petróvitch, when the sun begins to warm this
dirt, and the warmth begins to transfer its elements into a more
complicated chemical correlation, into the correlation of higher
forms, the wheat ear which grows out of this dirt through the
warmth of the sun will be a healthy wheat ear.”
“Yes, it is because it is the soil of actual life, Alekséi Petróvitch.”
“Now let us go to the next field; let us also here pull up a plant,
and examine its root. It is also dirty. But just notice the nature of
this dirt. It is not hard to see that this dirt is rotten.”
“This is fantastic dirt, to use the scientific terminology,” says
Alekséi Petróvitch.
“It’s so; the elements of this dirt are in an unhealthy state. It is
natural that no matter how they are transposed, the things not
resembling dirt, derived from this dirt will be unhealthy and rotten.”
“Yes; it is because the very elements are unhealthy,” says
Alekséi Petróvitch.
“It will not be hard for us to find the cause of this unhealthiness.”
“That is, of this fantastic rottenness,” says Alekséi Petróvitch.
“Yes, the rottenness of these elements; if you will notice the
situation of this field, you see the water has no ditch, and there it
becomes stagnant and rotten.”
“Yes, absence of motion is absence of labor,” says Alekséi
Petróvitch. “Because labor is shown in anthropological analysis to be
the radical form of motion, and which gives foundation and material
for all other forms—recreation, rest, amusement, gayety; all these
without the preliminary labor have no reality; and without motion,
there is no life, that is, there is no reality; therefore, this dirt is
fantastic, in other words, rotten. Till within a short time ago, men
did not know how to restore health to such fields; but now means
has been found; that is, drainage. The superfluous water runs off in
canals, and enough remains, and it is kept in motion, and the field
becomes practicable. But as long as this means is not applied, the
dirt remains fantastic, that is to say, rotten, and it cannot produce
any good crops; whereas, as is very natural, from the good dirt they
get good crops, because it is healthy dirt. And this is what we
wanted to prove; quod erat demonstrandum, as they say in Latin.”
As they spoke in Latin the words meaning “which was to be
proven,” Viéra Pavlovna did not catch the words.
 “And you, Alekséi Petróvitch, have a desire to amuse yourself with
hog-Latin and syllogisms,” says her mílenki; that is, her husband.
Viéra Pavlovna here seemed to join them and say, “Now do stop
talking about your analyses, identities, and anthropologisms. Please
talk about something, gentlemen, so that I may take part in your
conversation; or rather, let us play.”
“Yes, let us play,” said Alekséi Petróvitch. “Let us
play ‘Confession.’ ”
“Come on! come on! It’ll be very gay,” says Viéra Pavlovna. “You
suggested the game; now you must show us how to do it.”
“With pleasure, my sister,” says Alekséi Petróvitch. “But how old
are you, my dear sister? eighteen?”
“I shall soon be nineteen.”
“But you are not yet; therefore, let us suppose that you are
eighteen, and we will all confess what we did till we were eighteen,
because we must have an equality of conditions. I will confess for
myself and my wife. My father was a diakŏn in a governmental town,
and then he took up the business of bookbinding; and my mother
took seminarists to board. From morning till night my father and
mother were always worrying and talking about how to live. Father
used to drink, but only at times when intolerable want stared him in
the face—that was real grief; or, when his income was pretty good,
he used to give my mother all he had, and say, ‘Well, mátushka, now
thank God, you will not suffer want for two months to come; but I
have left half a ruble in my pocket, and I shall take a drink for very
joy’—that was a real joy. My mother used to get vexed very often.
Sometimes she used to beat me, but only when she had a pain in
the small of the back, as she herself used to say, from lifting the
boiler and kettles, from washing all the clothes of five of us besides
five seminarists, and from washing the floors dirtied by our twenty
feet which did not wear galoshes, and from taking care of the cow.
It is a real strain upon the nerves to bear too much labor without
rest. And for all that, the ends did not used to meet, as she
expressed it; that is, she was short of money for getting boots for
some one of us brothers, or shoes for the sisters. Then she used to
beat us. She used to pet us too, when we, stupid little children that
we were, expressed a desire to help her in her work, or whenever
we did anything clever, or whenever she took a very rare moment of
rest, and her back did not ache, as she used to say—all that was a
real joy—”
“Akh! don’t tell us anything more about your real sorrows and
joys,” says Viéra Pavlovna.
“If that is the case, perhaps you would like to hear
Natasha’s confession?”
“I do not want to hear it. She, too, had the same kind of real
sorrows and joys, I am sure of it.”
“That’s absolutely true.”
“But, maybe, you will be interested in hearing my confession,”
says Serge, who suddenly appeared to be with them.
“We will see,” says Viéra Pavlovna.
“My father and mother, though they were rich, yet they always
worried and talked about money. Rich people, too, are not free from
such kinds of worriment—”
“You don’t know how to play ‘Confession,’ Serge,” said Alekséi
Petróvitch, politely. “Please tell me why they worried about money
matters? What expenses worried them? What necessities put them
into embarrassment?”
“Yes, I understand why you ask that,” said Serge; “but let us drop
this subject. Let us turn to the other view of their thoughts. They,
too, took care of their children.”
“But they always had enough to give their children, didn’t they?”
asked Alekséi Petróvitch.
“Of course; but they had to look out that—”
“Don’t play ‘Confession,’ Serge,” said Alekséi Petróvitch. “We know
your whole story; care about superfluities, thoughts about things not
necessary, have been the soil in which you grew up; that is, a
fantastic soil. Just look at yourself! You are naturally not at all a
stupid man, but a very good man; maybe not worse and not more
stupid than we are; but what are you good for? what is the use of
your living?”
“I am good for escorting Julie everywhere that she wants me
to go. I help Julie to spend all the money she wants to spend,”
replies Serge.
“From this we see,” says Alekséi Petróvitch, “that a fantastic and
unhealthy soil—”
“Akh! how tired I am of your realism and fantasticism! I don’t
know what they mean by such terms, and still they keep on using
them,” says Viéra Pavlovna.
“Wouldn’t you like to talk with me?” asks Marya Alekséyevna, who
also appeared suddenly. “You gentlemen get away from here, for I
want to talk with my daughter.”
All disappear. Viérotchka finds herself alone with
Marya Alekséyevna. Marya Alekséyevna’s face assumes a
laughing expression.
“Viéra Pavlovna, you are an educated woman; you are so virtuous
and high-toned,” says Marya Alekséyevna, and her voice trembles
with anger; “you are so kind; how can I then, who am rough and a
drunkard, talk with you? Viéra Pavlovna, you have a bad and beastly
mother; but allow me to ask, lady, why your mother took all the
bother she did for you? It was about victuals. This, according to your
idea, is a genuine care peculiar to humanity; isn’t that so? You have
had scoldings, you have seen bad deeds and meanness; but allow
me to ask what they were meant for? Was it for nothing? Was it all
nonsense? No, lady; no matter how things go in your family, it was
not an empty, fantastic life. You see, Viéra Pavlovna, I have learned
to speak as you do, in scientific language. But it may grieve you and
shame you, Viéra Pavlovna, that your mother is a bad and ill-
tempered woman? Would you like, Viéra Pavlovna, for me to become
a good and honest woman? I am an enchantress, Viéra Pavlovna; I
can bewitch things; I can fulfil your wish. Just look, Viéra Pavlovna!
your wish is already being fulfilled. I, who am vixenish, vanish. Look
at this kind mother and her daughter!”

A room. On the doorsill snores a drunken, unshaven, miserable man.

Who it is cannot be told; his face is half covered with his hand, and
the rest is discolored and bruised. A bed. On the bed a woman; yes,
it is Marya Alekséyevna; but how kind, but how pale she is! how
feeble, though she is only forty-five years old! how exhausted! By
the bedside is a young girl of eighteen. “It is I myself, Viérotchka;
but how ragged I seem! What does this mean? my complexion is so
yellow, and my features are so rough! and what a miserable
chamber! Scarcely any furniture!”
“Viérotchka, my dear, my angel,” says Marya Alekséyevna, “just lie
down and take a rest, my treasure. Why do you watch with me? I
can attend to myself. This is the third night that you have not slept.”
“Never mind; I am not tired,” says Viérotchka.
“I am not any better, Viérotchka. How will you get along without
me? Your father’s pittance is as small as it can be, and he himself is
a poor support to you. You are a pretty girl. There are many bad
people in this world. There will be no one to watch over you. I
tremble for you.” Viérotchka weeps.
“My dear, don’t be grieved; I am telling you this, not to blame you,
but to warn you. What made you leave home on Friday, the day
before I fell sick?” Viérotchka weeps.
“He will deceive you, Viérotchka. Give him up.”
“No, mámenka.”

Two months pass. How is it that two months pass in one minute? An
army officer is sitting. On the table before the officer is a bottle. On
the officer’s knees is she, Viérotchka.

Again two months more have passed in one minute.

A lady is sitting. Before the lady she, Viérotchka, is standing.
“Can you iron, dear?”
“I can.”
“To what class do you belong? Are you a serf or free?”
“My father was a tchinovnik.”31
 “So you belong to the nobility, my dear? Then I can’t take you.
What kind of a servant would you make? Go away, my dear; I can’t
take you.”

Viérotchka is on the street.

“Mademoiselle! ho, mademoiselle!” says some young drunken
fellow, accosting her. “Where are you going? Let me escort you.”
Viérotchka runs to the Neva.

“Well, my dear, have you seen all these things that my magic art has
conjured up? How do you like being with your kind mother?” asks
the real Marya Alekséyevna, again appearing. “Am I not a good
enchantress? Hain’t I hit it off well? Why don’t you speak? You have
a tongue in your mouth, hain’t you? I’ll squeeze a word out of you!
It’s so hard to make you speak. Have you been shopping?”
“Yes,” says Viérotchka; and she trembles.
“Have you seen, have you heard, what’s going on?”
“Yes.”
“Do they live well, them learned folks? Do they read books, and
think as you do about your new plan for folks getting along better?
Do they? Tell me!”
Viérotchka says nothing, but she trembles.
“Ek! there ain’t nothing to be got out of you. Do they live well?
Hear my question!”
Viérotchka says nothing, but she is in a cold sweat.
“One can’t git a word out of you! Do they live well? I ask you. Are
they good? I ask you. Would you like to be like them? You don’t
speak! You turn away your phiz! Just listen, Viérotchka, to what I am
going to say! You are educated; you are educated on money that I
stole. You are thinking about the good; but if I had not been bad,
you would not have even known what good is. Do you understand?
You owe all to me. You are my daughter. Do you understand? I am
your mother!”
Viérotchka weeps and trembles, and is in a cold sweat. “Mámenka,
what do you want of me? I cannot love you.”
“Do I ask you to love me?”
“I should like at least to respect you; but I cannot do that, either.”
“Do I need your respect?”
“What do you want, then, mámenka? Why have you come to me,
and why do you speak so harshly to me? What do you want of me?”
“Be grateful, you selfish girl! Do not love, do not respect me? I am
a vixen; why should you love me? I am bad; why should you respect
me? But you understand, Viérka, that if I were not what I am, you
would not be what you are. You are good because I am bad. You are
sweet-tempered because I am a vixen. Understand that, Viérka, and
be grateful.”
“Leave me, Marya Alekséyevna; I want to speak with my sister.”
Marya Alekséyevna vanishes.
The bride of her bridegrooms, the sister of her sisters, takes
Viérotchka by the hand. “Viérotchka, I always wanted to be kind to
you because I am kind and I am just as the person is with whom I
speak. But now you are melancholy, so you see I too am melancholy.
Look! do I make a good appearance being melancholy?”
“You look better than anyone else in the world.”
“Kiss me, Viérotchka. We both of us are sad; and yet your mother
spoke the truth. I do not like your mother, but I need her help.”
“Can’t you get along without her?”
“By and by I shall be able to get along without her, when people
will not need to be ill-tempered; but now it is impossible. You see,
kind people cannot get to their feet alone. It is the ill-tempered who
alone are strong. They are keen. But you see, Viérotchka, that there
are different degrees of ill-temper: some of them want everything in
the world to go to the bad; others, who are just as ill-tempered,
want things to improve, because it would be better for their
interests. You see it was necessary for your mother’s plans to have
you educated. She took your money which you got by giving
lessons, because she wanted her daughter to capture a rich son-in-
law for her; and for that same reason she wanted you to be
educated. You see she had bad thoughts, and yet they brought forth
good for mankind. Haven’t you been benefited? But many bad
people act otherwise. If your mother had been Anna Petrovna,
would you have studied so as to become educated? Would you have
learned what was good, and loved it? No; you would not have been
allowed to learn about the good; you would have been made a doll.
Isn’t it so? Such a mother must have a doll in her daughter, because
she herself is a doll, and she is always playing dolls with dolls. But
your mother was a bad woman; yet she was a character. It was
necessary for her that you should not be a doll. Don’t you see how
the wicked vary? Others are hindering me, because I want men to
be men, and not dolls; they want men to be dolls. And other bad
people are helping me. They do not consciously help me, but they
give ample chance for men to be men; they gather the means for
men to be men, and this is all that I want. Yes, Viérotchka, now I
cannot get along without such bad people, since they work against
the other kind of bad. My bad people are bad, but under their cruel
hands the good is growing. Yes, Viérotchka, be grateful to your
mother. Do not love her; she is bad; but you owe everything to her,
know that; without her, you would not have been!”
“And will it always be so, or will it change?”
“No, Viérotchka, it will not always be so; it will change by and by.
When the kind become strong, I shall not need the ill-tempered; and
this will be soon, Viérotchka. Then the bad will see that it is
impossible for them to be bad; and those ill-tempered who had any
character will become kind. They were ill-tempered only because it
was contrary to their interests to be kind; because they know that
goodness is better than badness. They will begin to love it when it
will be possible for them to love it without injuring their interests.”
“And what will become of the bad who were dolls? I feel sorry for
them, too!”
“They will play with other kinds of dolls, only they will be harmless
dolls. But they will have children different from what they
themselves are, because I will make all men to be men, and I shall
teach their children not to be dolls, but men.”
 “Akh! how good that will be!”
“Yes, even now it is good, because this good is in preparation; at
least, those who, helping to bring it about, are already enjoying it.
When you, Viérotchka, help your cook to get your dinner ready, it
may be suffocating in the kitchen, but it is good for you. What do
you care for the gas and suffocating odors! All enjoy sitting at
dinner, but more than all he who helps get it ready; it tastes
doubly sweet to him. And you like to eat good things, Viérotchka,
don’t you?”
“It is true,” says Viérotchka; and she smiles because she was
caught in liking sweetmeats, and in liking to prepare them in
the kitchen.
“Then, why are you melancholy? You are not melancholy
any more!”
“How kind you are!”
“And happy, Viérotchka; I am always happy, Viérotchka! Even
when I am melancholy, yet I am happy; is not that true?”
“Yes; but when I am melancholy, you also come as though you
were melancholy, and you always drive away the blues. I am happy
with you, very happy.”
“Do you remember the little song, ‘Donc vivons?’ ”
“I do.”
“Let us sing it!”
“All right!”

“Viérotchka! Viérotchka, have I waked you up? However, breakfast is

ready. I was frightened, I heard you groaning; I came in, and you
were singing in your sleep.”
“No, my mílenki, you didn’t wake me; I should have waked myself.
But what a strange dream I had, mílenki; I will tell you at tea. Leave
me; I want to get dressed. And how did you dare to come into my
room without permission, Dmitri Sergéitch? You forget yourself.
Were you frightened about me, my mílenki? Come here, and I will
kiss you for it!” She kissed him. “Now leave me! leave me! I want to
get dressed.”
“Oh, let me stay! I’ll act as your dressing-maid.”
“Nu! I don’t object, only how shameful it is.”
 IV

Viéra Pavlovna’s sewing union was established. The foundations

were very simple at first—so simple, indeed, that it is not worth
while to speak of them. Viéra Pavlovna did not make any rules at all
for her first three seamstresses, except that she would pay them a
trifle more than the regular seamstresses were getting at the shops.
There was nothing particularly strange about the business; the
seamstresses saw that Viéra Pavlovna was not a woman of mere
words, not fickle; and therefore, without any hesitation they
accepted her offer to work with her. There was no reason for
hesitation in the fact that a woman of moderate means wanted to
establish a sewing shop. These three girls found three or four more.
They selected them with the same care with which Viéra Pavlovna
proposed to them, and in these conditions of choice there was
nothing worthy of suspicion; that is, there was nothing out of the
ordinary run about it. A young and modest woman wishes the
working girls in her establishment to be girls of straightforward
character, kind, considerate, inclined to stay in one place; is there
anything strange about that? She does not want any quarrels, that’s
all; and therefore it’s clever of her, and nothing more. Viéra Pavlovna
made acquaintance with these chosen girls; she became very well
acquainted with them before she agreed to accept them; that was
natural. It shows that she is a woman of sound common sense,
and that’s all. There is nothing to deliberate about; there is nothing
to distrust.
Thus they worked a month, receiving in due time the wages which
had been agreed upon. Viéra Pavlovna was constantly at the shop,
and they learned to look upon her as an economical, careful, and
reasonable woman, with unusual consideration for them, and thus
she won their full confidence. The was nothing extraordinary about
that either, nor was anything noticeable except that the mistress was
a good mistress, in whose hands the business would succeed; she
knows how to manage.
But at the end of a month Viéra Pavlovna came into the shop one
day with some kind of an account-book; she asked her seamstresses
to stop work, and listen to what she had to say.
She began to speak, in very simple language, things which were
comprehensible, very comprehensible, but which her seamstresses
had never heard before, either from her or from anybody else.
“Now that we know each other well,” she began, “I can say of you
that you are good workers and good girls. And you will not say that I
am a fool. Consequently I can speak with you frankly about my
ideas. If you should find anything strange in them, you will think
carefully about them, and not insist that my ideas are foolish,
because you know that I am not a foolish woman. This is the plan
that I propose:—
“Good people say that it is possible to establish sewing shops
where seamstresses might work to much greater profit to
themselves than in those shops that we know about. And so I
wanted to make an experiment. Judging by the first month, it
appears that it can be done. You have been receiving your wages
regularly, and now I want to tell you how much over and above your
wages and all other expenses remain in my hands as clear profit.”
Viéra Pavlovna read over to them the debit and credit account for
the month. In the expense account were reckoned, besides the
wages paid, all other expenses—the rent of the shop, light, even
down to Viéra Pavlovna’s charges for an izvoshchik, which she hired
in the interests of the shop, and cost about a ruble.
“You see,” she continued, “there remains in my hands so much
money. Now what am I going to do with it? I have established this
sewing shop with the express purpose of letting the profits go to the
very seamstresses by whose work it was earned. Therefore, I am
going to divide it among you. This first time, all of you will get an
equal share; each one of you her own. By and by we can see
whether we cannot manage it better, or whether there isn’t some
other way that will not be still more profitable for you.”
She divided the money.
For some time the seamstresses could not believe their senses, so
great was their surprise; then they began to pour out their thanks.
Viéra Pavlovna gave them sufficient time to express their gratitude
for the division of the money, so that she might not hurt their
feelings, by refusing to listen, for that would have looked like
indifference to their opinions and inclinations; then she continued:—
“Now I must explain to you the hardest question of all; it will be
sure to arise, and I do not know as I shall be able to make it plain to
you. Yet I must speak about it. Why didn’t I keep the money, and
what was my design in establishing the shop, if I did not intend to
profit from the advantage arising from it? I live with my husband, as
you know, and have a sufficiency: we are not rich, but we have all
that we need. If I am in need of anything, all I have to do would be
to ask my husband for it; and I should not even have to ask him, for
he would see that I was in want of more money, and I should have
it. He does not spend his time now in doing those things which bring
him in most money, but in those things which he likes best. And as
we love each other dearly, it pleases him most of all to do those
things which I like, and it is the same with me. Therefore, if I should
be short of money, he would undertake some business which would
be more profitable than his present occupation, and he is able to
find such a business, because he is a clever and an able man; but
you have some idea of him, and the fact that he does not do so, is
proof positive that the money which we both have is enough for us
both. This is because I have no great hankering after money, for you
know that different people have different desires, and not all care for
money; some hanker after balls; some after fine dresses, or cards,
and all such people are ready to ruin themselves for the sake of their
passion, and a good many do ruin themselves, and no one is
surprised that their passion is dearer to them than money. And my
hobby happens to be this thing which I am trying to arrange with
you, and I not only do not ruin myself for the sake of my hobby, but
I do not even spend any money on it; I am only too glad to give up
some of my time to it, and do not take any of the profit for myself.
Well, now, according to my idea, there is nothing strange about this;
for who expects to make any money out of his pet hobby?
Everybody else even goes to expense for the sake of gratifying it,
but I do not do that; I do not put any money out. Consequently, the
advantage lies on my side, compared with others; for I ride my
hobby and get pleasure out of it, without any loss to myself;
whereas, others have to spend money for their pleasures. And why
is it that I have this hobby? This is the reason: Kind and clever
people have written many books about the way men should get
along in this world; how all should have the chance to enjoy life, and
our principal way, they say, consists in starting shops according to a
new system. And so I want to see for myself whether we shall be
able to start such a system as is needed. It is just the same as when
one man wants to build a fine house, another, to plant a splendid
garden, or orangery, so as to get pleasure out of them; so do I want
to start a fine sewing shop, so that I may have pleasure in it.
“Of course, it would have been satisfactory enough, if I were to
divide the profits among you every month, as I have just done; but
clever people say that there is still a better way of doing it, so that
there should be more profits, and the profits themselves should be
used to much better advantage. They say that this can be very easily
done. Now, we shall see. I shall tell you, by degrees, what can be
done, according to the ideas of clever people; and if you yourselves
will take notice, as you look on, and anything which promises well
suggests itself to you, we can try to do it, little by little, according to
circumstances. But I must confess to you, that without your aid, I
cannot take this new step. Nothing new shall be tried without your
approval. Clever men say that only what people themselves want to
do turns out well. And I think so, too. Consequently, you need not
fear any new departures; for everything will go on in the old way,
unless you yourselves want to make a change. Without your own
wish, nothing can be done.
“And now, this is my last order, as mistress of the shop, without
your advice. You see that accounts must be kept, and care must be
taken that there are no unnecessary expenses. Last month I
managed the business myself, but henceforth, I do not want to take
charge of it. Select two of your number to act in concert with me. I
will not do anything without them. It is your money, and not mine;
therefore, you must look after it. As yet, the thing is an experiment.
It has not yet been shown who among you is most capable of
managing it; so, for the time being, those who are selected
must serve for only a short term, and in a week you will find out
whether it will be necessary to select others, or leave the former in
their places.”
Long discussions were awakened by these unusual words. But
Viéra Pavlovna had already gained their confidence, and she spoke
so simply, not going too far in advance, not conjuring up any
extraordinary prospects, which, after a moment’s enthusiasm, would
fade away into distrust, that the girls did not look upon her as a
lunatic, and that was all that was required—that she should not be
regarded as a lunatic. The experiment progressed slowly.
Of course it progressed slowly. Here is a short history of the shop
for the first three years, during which it played the principal part in
the life of Viéra Pavlovna herself.
The girls who at first made up the personelle of the new shop
were carefully selected; they were good seamstresses; they were
directly interested in the success of the scheme; therefore, it was
natural that the work went on successfully. The shop never lost any
of its customers who once entrusted it with orders. There was some
envy manifested on the part of several shops and factories, but it did
not produce the least effect except to oblige Viéra Pavlovna to take
out a license to display a sign, so that there might not be any
chicanery. Soon more orders began to come in than the girls who at
first made up the union were able to fill, and thus they were obliged
gradually to increase their numbers. At the end of a year and a half
there were twenty girls in the union, and after that still more.
One of the first results of giving a decisive voice to the entire shop
in the management of its business was a decision which might have
been expected: in the very first month of their regime the girls
decided that it would not do for Viéra Pavlovna to work without pay.
When they announced this decision to her, she said that they were
right. They wanted to give her the third part of the profits; she laid it
aside for some time before she ventured to explain to them that it
was diametrically opposed to the fundamental idea of their scheme.
For some time they could not understand this; then afterwards they
came to the conclusion that Viéra Pavlovna refused a special share
of the profits, not from self-conceit, but from the nature of the
experiment itself. By this time the shop had expanded to such
dimensions that Viéra Pavlovna by herself was not able to attend to
all the cutting, and so she had to get an assistant. They gave Viéra
Pavlovna the same wages as the other cutter. The money which she
had been laying aside was now, by her request, taken back into the
common fund, with the exception of what was due her for her work
as cutter; the balance was employed in the establishment of a bank.
For about a year Viéra Pavlovna spent the larger part of each day at
the shop, and really worked as hard as anyone else, according to
the schedule of hours. When she saw the possibility of spending
less time in the shop than a whole day, her wages were reduced
in proportion.
How should the profits be divided? Viéra Pavlovna wanted to bring
it about that the profits should be divided equally among them all.
They consented to this only towards the middle of the third year;
before that time they tried several different schemes. At first they
divided the profits proportionally according to the wages earned by
each; then they came to the conclusion that if a girl missed work for
a few days on account of illness or any other important reason, it
would not be fair to reduce her share of the division money, which,
properly speaking, had not been gained during those few days, but
by the general course of the work and the general state of the shop.
Then they went a step further, and agreed that the cutters and other
girls who received extra wages, by delivering orders and other
duties, were already sufficiently paid by their extra wages, and that
therefore it would be unfair for them to get proportionally more than
the others also in their share of the profits. The ordinary
seamstresses who had no extra duties were so modest that they did
not ask for any charge, although they saw the injustice of the other
arrangement, which was due to their own vote; the others who had
this extra compensation felt the awkwardness of availing themselves
of the extra division, and when they once came into the spirit of the
scheme, they entirely refused it. It is necessary, however, to remark
that this temporary modesty, the patience of the ones and the
refusal of the others, was not a remarkable step, taking into the
consideration the constant improvement in the affairs of both sides.
The most difficult task of all was to develop the idea that the
ordinary seamstresses were all entitled to an equal share in the
profits, notwithstanding the fact that some of them were earning
more wages than others; that seamstresses who were working more
successfully than others were already sufficiently compensated for
the success of their work by getting better wages. The last change in
the way of dividing the profits was accomplished in the middle of the
third year after the shop girls understood that the receiving of the
profits was not the reward for the art of one or two of their number,
but the result of the general character of the shop, the result of its
arrangement, its aim—and this aim meant equality, so far as was
possible, in the profits, for all participating in the work without
regard to their personal peculiarities, that upon this character of the
union depended the participation of the workers in the profits; but
the character of the union, its spirit, its arrangement, consisted in
the participation of all; and for this participation of all every member
was a necessary factor. The silent acquiescence of the most
hesitating and of the least gifted is no less beneficial for the
preservation and development of the scheme, no less profitable for
all of them, and for the success of the whole enterprise, than the
active zeal of the most lively and gifted.
I omit a good many details because I am not describing the
workshop, but I simply enter into it with sufficient fullness to
illustrate Viéra Pavlovna’s activity. If I mention some details, it is only
because I wanted to show how Viéra Pavlovna acted; how she
conducted the business step by step, patiently and tirelessly, and
how firmly she kept up to her rule not to show her hand as mistress,
but to explain, to advise, to plan, to offer her assistance, to bring to
a successful issue the decision of her cooperatives.
 The profits were divided every month; at first each girl took her
share and spent it separately apart from the others; each one had
immediate necessities, and they were not in the habit of acting
together. But when after constantly participating in the business,
they had acquired the habit of understanding the entire procedure of
the work in the shop, Viéra Pavlovna turned their attention to the
fact that in their business the quantity of orders varied in different
months of the year, and that therefore it would be advisable, during
the most profitable months, to put away a portion of their profits
against those months when the profits were not so great. The
accounts were kept with great accuracy; the girls knew that if any
one of them left the shop, she would get without any difficulty her
share of the earnings remaining in the depository; therefore they
consented to accede to this plan. A small reserve capital was
established; it gradually grew; they began to look for various ways
of applying it. From the very first, all understood that this reserve
capital could be drawn upon in the way of loans by those members
who had any extraordinary need of money, and that no interest
would be charged for its use. Poor people have the idea that
respectable help in money ought to be given without interest. After
this bank was established, there followed a commission house for
purchases; the girls found it more profitable to buy tea, coffee,
sugar, foot wear, and many other things through this shop, as it
bought goods not at retail but at wholesale, consequently cheaper.
From this in a short time they branched out still further; they began
to understand that it might also be possible to arrange for the
purchase of the bread and provisions which they used to buy every
day from the bakers and retail shops. But here they saw that to do
this they must live in one neighborhood; they began to gather into
circles, each circle occupying one suite, and they tried to get
quarters near the shop; then the shop had to establish its agency to
transact business with the bakeries and the stores. In a year and a
half or so, almost all the girls were living in one large apartment,
had one general table, and purchased their provisions in exactly the
same way as is done in great establishments.
 Half of the girls were lonely souls. Some of them had old women
as relatives, mothers, or aunts; two supported aged fathers, and a
good many had little brothers and sisters. On account of these
family relationships three of the girls could not live in the general
apartment: one of them had a mother whom it was impossible to
get along with; the second had a mother who was a tchinóvnitsa,
and did not want to live with peasant girls; the third had a drunken
father. These only made use of the agency just the same as those
seamstresses did who were not girls, but married women. But, apart
from these three, all the other girls who had relatives to support
lived in the general apartment. They lived by themselves in one
suite, two or three in one room; but their male or female relatives
were given rooms according to circumstances. Two old ones had
separate rooms; all the other old women lived together. For the little
boys there was a separate room, and two others for the little girls. It
was decided that the little boys could stay until they were eight
years old; those above that age would be put out to learn a trade.
There was an accurate account kept of everything, in order that
the whole association might get used to the idea that no one was
getting any advantage over anybody else, that they were not doing
each other any harm. The accounts of the single girls in the
apartment for rooms and board were very simple. After some
hesitation, they decided to charge for a brother or sister, under eight
years of age, the fourth part of the expenses of a grown-up girl, and
that then the support of a girl until she was twelve was to be
reckoned at one-third; after she was twelve, the price should be
one-half of that of her sister. When the little girls should reach the
age of thirteen, they should enter the shop as apprentices, if they
did not succeed in establishing themselves otherwise; and it was
decided that from sixteen and upwards they should enter as full
members of the union, provided they were found to be skilful
seamstresses. For the support of the grown-up relatives, as much, of
course, was charged as for that of the seamstresses: for separate
rooms there was an extra charge. Almost all the old women, and the
three old men, who lived in the union apartment, busied themselves
in the kitchen and in other domestic duties, and for this, of course,
they were paid.
All this can be told very quickly in words, and in reality it seemed
very easy, simple, and natural, when it was once accomplished. But
everything was done very deliberately, and every new step cost a
great many arguments, and every change was the result of a whole
series of experiments. It would be very tedious and dry to describe
the other details of the shop as particularly as we have told about
the division of the profits. In regard to many points it is not
necessary to speak at all, lest we should weary the reader; but we
must briefly mention one or two other things. For instance, that the
union had its agency for selling ready-made clothing, which was
made at the time when they were not busy with orders. A separate
store they could not as yet accomplish; but they made arrangements
with one of the shops in the Gostinui Dvor. They established a little
shop in the Pushing Market; two of the old women took charge of
this little shop. But it is necessary to speak with a little more fullness
about one side of the life of the union.
Viéra Pavlovna, from the very first, began to bring them books.
After she had given her directions she began to read aloud. She
would read half an hour, or an hour, if she were not interrupted by
the necessity of giving out new work. Then the girls took a rest from
listening; then followed some more reading, and another rest. It is
hardly worth mentioning that the girls, from the very first, became
interested in the reading; some of them had been fond of it even
before. In two or three weeks, the reading during the working hours
took the form of a regular course. In three or four months, two or
three good readers were found, who were delegated to relieve Viéra
Pavlovna, to read half an hour; and this half-hour was reckoned as
regular work. When the duty of reading aloud was taken from Viéra
Pavlovna, Viéra Pavlovna, who even before used to vary the
monotony of reading by telling stories, began to speak oftener and
more at length; then her stories turned into a channel resembling
elementary courses in various branches of knowledge. Afterwards—
and this was a very great step—Viéra Pavlovna saw the possibility of
introducing a regular course of instruction. The girls became so
ambitious to learn, and their work went on so successfully, that they
decided to take, during their working day before dinner, a long rest
for hearing the lessons.
“Alekséi Petróvitch,” said Viéra Petróvitch once, while she was at
the Mertsálofs, “I have a favor that I want to ask of you. Natasha is
already on my side. My sewing union is becoming a lyceum for all
possible knowledge. Be one of its professors.”
“Well, what shall I teach? Latin or Greek or logic or rhetoric?” said
Alekséi Petróvitch, laughing. “My specialty would not be very
interesting, according to your opinion, and the opinion of another
man whom you know.”
“Yes, you are needed, just because you are a specialist. You
must serve as the buckler of morality and the special direction of
our science.”
“That’s true. I see that without me there would be no morality.
Give me a professorship.”
“For instance, Russian history or international history.”
“Capital! But I will read this subject up, and I shall be taken as
a specialist. Excellent! Two occupations—to be a professor and
a buckler.”
Natalia Andréyevna, Lopukhóf, two or three students, and Viéra
Pavlovna herself were the other professors, as they called
themselves in jest.
Together with the course of instructions, they also arranged for
amusements. They had evening parties; they had picnics out of
town—at first rarely, but afterwards, when they had more money,
more frequently; they took boxes at the theatre. During the
third winter they took ten places in the parquet circle during the
Italian opera.

How delightful, how exciting this was to Viéra Pavlovna! there was
much labor and care, and she also had disappointments. The
misfortune that befell one of the best girls in the union powerfully
affected not her alone, but the whole shop. Sáshenka Pribuitkova,
one of the three girls whom Viéra Pavlovna herself found, was very
handsome, and was very modest. She was engaged to a good and
kind young man, who was a tchinovnik. Once, as she was walking on
the street rather late, some gentleman accosted her. She hastened
her steps. He followed her, and caught her by the arm. She snatched
herself away from him and started to run; but by the motion of
pulling away her arm, she hit his chest, and on the pavement was
heard the ring of the polite gentleman’s watch. The polite gentleman
caught Sáshenka with perfect self-possession, and with a feeling of
legal right, and cried out, “Robbery! police!” Two policemen came
and took Sáshenka to the station-house. Meantime, nothing was
known in the shop as to what had become of her, and they could not
imagine where she could be lost. On the fourth day a kind soldier,
attached to the station-house, brought Viéra Pavlovna a note from
Sáshenka. Lopukhóf immediately went off to see about it. He was
treated insultingly; he gave them back in their own coin, and went
off to Serge. Serge and Julie had gone out of town to a great picnic,
and did not come back for two days. Two hours after his return, one
of the officials begged Sáshenka’s pardon, and went to beg her
bridegroom’s pardon into the bargain. But he could not find the
young man. The bridegroom had been to see Sáshenka the evening
before at the station, and having learned from the policemen who
were placed in charge of her the name of the dandy (frant), went to
him, and challenged him to a duel. Before he was challenged, the
dandy apologized for his mistake in a very insulting tone; but after
he had received the challenge, he burst into a peal of laughter. The
tchinovnik said, “Here, then, you will not refuse this challenge,” and
slapped him in the face; the dandy seized a stick; the tchinovnik hit
him in the chest; the dandy fell to the ground, and his servants
hurried to the noise. The barin was picked up dead; he had been
knocked violently to the floor, and struck his cheek on the sharp
corner of a table. The tchinovnik was put in prison, a criminal suit
was instituted, and no end could be foreseen to this case. What was
the result? There was no result; only, from that time, it was sad to
look at Sáshenka. The shop had several other experiences; not
criminal like this, but likewise not very gay. Very ordinary
occurrences, such as cause girls long tears, and young or middle-
aged men not long but pleasant recreation. Viéra Pavlovna knew
that, according to the existing ideas and conditions, such
occurrences were unavoidable; that young girls could not be kept in
perfect safety, either by their own care or by that exercised by
others. It is just the same way as it used to be in old times, in
regard to smallpox, before people learned to get rid of it. Now,
whoever suffers from smallpox, is himself to blame, and much more,
those near to him; but once it was otherwise: no one was to blame
except the miserable weather or the wretched town or village; for
the person suffering from smallpox probably carried the contagion
by not putting himself into quarantine, until he got well. The same
thing is true now of these stories. Some time in the future people
may get rid of this kind of smallpox also. Means have been found for
it; but people are not yet ready to adopt it, just as it took a long
time, a very long time, for people to be willing to adopt
preventatives against the smallpox. Viéra Pavlovna knew that this
miserable weather was to be found mainly in cities and towns, and it
gets victims even from the most careful hands: but this is a very
poor consolation, when you know only that “I am not to blame, my
dear, for your sorrow; nor are you to blame, yourself.” Nevertheless,
every one of these ordinary occurrences caused Viéra Pavlovna
much grief, and still more labor. Sometimes it was necessary to look
up the girls in order to help them; but more frequently there was no
need of hunting; it was only necessary to help, to pacify, to restore
courage, to bring back self-respect, to reason, to bid them cease
weeping—“If you stop doing so, you will not need to weep.”
But her happiness was much more, oh, much more! Everything
was happiness, except these sorrows; and these sorrows were only
exceptional and rare occurrences. Today or a half-year you may be
sorry for one; but at the same time you are glad for all others; and
when two or three weeks have passed, you may be glad for this one
too. Bright and gay was the ordinary course of the business, and it
filled Viéra Pavlovna’s heart with constant happiness. And if
sometimes things went hard owing to these griefs, yet exceptionally
happy circumstances compensated for them; and these arose
oftener than her griefs; for instance, they succeeded in establishing
the young sisters or brothers of one or another of the girls; on the
third year two girls passed their examinations as private teachers.
What a happiness that was to them! There were several good things
of this sort. But more often the cause of happiness for the whole
shop, and for Viéra Pavlovna, was a marriage. There were a good
many, and all were fortunate. The marriage passed off very gayly;
there were evening parties before and after it, a good many
surprises to the bride from her friends in the shop, and a dowry was
given her from the reserve fund; and, then, again how much work
Viéra Pavlovna had; she had her hands full, of course. One thing at
first seemed to the shop indelicate on the part of Viéra Pavlovna: the
first bride asked Viéra Pavlovna to be her nuptial godmother, but her
request was not granted; the second did likewise, and was also
refused. More often the bridal nuptial godmother was
Mrs. Mertsálova or her mother, who was also a very nice lady; but
Viéra Pavlovna always refused; she would help dress the bride, and
escort her to the church, but only in the capacity of one of her
friends. The first time they thought that the refusal was out of
displeasure for something or other; but that was not so; Viéra
Pavlovna was very glad of the invitation, only she did not accept it;
the second time it was believed that it was from mere modesty;
Viéra Pavlovna did not want to appear in public as the patroness of
the bride. And, indeed, it was true that she avoided all appearances
of being influential. She always took pains to bring others to the
front, so that a good many of the ladies, who came to the shop to
give order, could not distinguish her from the other cutters. But Viéra
Pavlovna took the greatest delight when she was explaining to
anyone that the whole establishment was founded and supported by
the girls themselves. With these explanations she tried to convince
herself of what she wanted to believe—that the shop could get along
without her, so that, in time, other shops might be established of the
same kind, entirely spontaneously; and why not? wouldn’t it be a
good thing? It would be better than anything else; even without any
leadership, outside of the rank of seamstresses, but by the thought
and planning of the seamstresses themselves. This was Viéra
Pavlovna’s pet dream.
 V

And thus three years have passed since the union was founded, and
more than three years since Viéra Pavlovna’s marriage. How quietly
and busily passed these three years, how full they were of calmness,
happiness, and all that was good!
Viéra Pavlovna after waking, long takes her ease in bed; she likes
to take her ease, and as it were, to doze; and yet she does not doze,
but she thinks of what must needs be done; and so she lies, not
dozing and not thinking; yes, she is thinking, “How warm, soft,
good, how comfortable it is to sleep in the morning”; and so she lies
and takes her ease, until from the neutral room—no, we must say
from one of the neutral rooms; there are two of them now, because
it is the fourth year of their wedded life—her husband, that is her
mílenki, says, “Viérotchka, are you awake?”
“Yes, mílenki.”
That is as good as to say that her husband may begin to make the
tea (in the morning it is his work to make the tea), and that Viéra
Pavlovna—no, in her room, she is not Viéra Pavlovna, but
Viérotchka—may dress herself. How long it takes to dress herself!
No, it does not take her long—one minute; but she plays long with
the water; she likes to splash in it, and then she takes considerable
time with her hair. No, she does not take very much time for it; she
arranges it in a minute; but she trifles with it, because she likes her
hair; however, sometimes she is long busy with one of the important
stages of her toilet, putting on her shoes; she wears elegant shoes;
she dresses very simply, but shoes are her passion.
And here she comes out to tea, kisses her husband. “How did you
sleep, mílenki?” She talks with him at table about different trifles and
serious things; however, Viéra Pavlovna—no, Viérotchka, because at
morning tea she is still Viérotchka—drinks not as much tea as
cream; tea is only pretext for cream, she has more than half a cup
of it; cream is also her passion. It is hard to find good cream in
Petersburg, but Viérotchka manages to find the best that there is,
without any adulteration. She dreams of having her own cow; well, if
business improves as it has been doing, it can be realized in a year’s
time. But now it is ten o’clock. “Mílenki” goes off to give his lessons
or to business; he is employed in the office of a manufacturer. Viéra
Pavlovna—now she is Viéra Pavlovna again, until the next morning—
looks after the house; she has one servant, a young girl whom she
has to teach everything, and after you have taught her, it is
necessary to break in a new one. Viéra Pavlovna does not keep her
servants long; they all get married! Within a half-year or a little
more, you will see Viéra Pavlovna working on a collar or a pair of
cuffs, preparing herself to be the bride’s nuptial godmother; here it
is impossible to refuse. “How is it possible to do otherwise, Viéra
Pavlovna? you have made all the arrangements yourself, there is no
one besides you.” Yes, there is a great deal of care about the house.
Then it is necessary to go and give her lessons; she has a good
many pupils, about ten hours a week; more would be too hard, and
she would not have any time. Before the lessons it is necessary to
stop in the shop for a little while, and on her way home she has to
look in once more. And then comes dinner with the mílenki. At
dinner they almost always have company; one, more often two.
More than two is impossible; when they have two to dinner, it is
necessary to do extra work, to prepare a new dish so as to have
enough. If Viéra Pavlovna feels tired when she gets home, dinner is
made more simple. She sits till dinner time in her own room, resting,
and the dinner is put on as it was begun, without her help. But if she
is not tired, affairs in the kitchen begin to boil and steam, and extra
dishes appear at dinner, some baked dish, but more often something
that can be eaten with cream; that is, something that will serve as
an excuse for cream.
At dinner Viéra Pavlovna asks questions and tells about things;
more often she tells stories. And how can she help telling them?
How much news she has to tell about the shop! After dinner she sits
a quarter of an hour longer with the mílenki. Then comes dō
svidánya (goodbye), and they each go to their own room; and Viéra
Pavlovna lies down on her little bed, and takes her ease and reads,
and very often she falls asleep, more often than not. Every other day
she takes a nap for an hour or an hour and a half; this is a
weakness, and it is a weakness of a low character. But Viéra
Pavlovna sleeps after dinner when she can get a nap; and she likes
to go to sleep, and she feels neither shame nor regret for this low-
toned weakness. She then gets up, after sleeping or lounging for an
hour or two, dresses, and goes again to the shop, and remains there
till teatime. If they do not have company in the evening, then at tea
she has another talk with the mílenki, and for half an hour they sit in
the neutral room; then it is, “Dō svidánya, mílenki”; they kiss each
other, and part till breakfast. Now Viéra Pavlovna sometimes works
or reads, or rests from reading by playing on the piano, till very late,
even till two o’clock. She has a grand piano in her room; the grand
was bought not long ago; hitherto their piano was rented. This also
was a great happiness, to own their own grand; it was cheaper, too.
It was bought at a bargain, for a hundred rubles—a small Erarovski,
second hand; it cost seventy rubles to have it put in order; but the
grand was of an excellent tone. Sometimes the mílenki comes to
hear her sing; but only seldom: he is too busy. Thus goes the
evening: work, reading, playing, singing; but reading and singing
most of all. This is when they do not have company. But very often
they have visitors, generally young people, younger than the
“mílenki,” and younger than Viéra Pavlovna herself; their number
includes the instructors of the shop. They esteem Lopukhóf very
highly; they consider him one of the best minds in Petersburg, and
perhaps they are not mistaken. And their tie to the Lopukhófs
consists in this: they feel that it is profitable for them to talk with
Dmitri Sergéitch. To Viéra Pavlovna they show immense respect; she
even allows them to kiss her hand, not feeling that it is any
degradation to herself, and she behaves towards them as though
she were fifteen years their senior; that is, she behaves herself in
such a way when she does not get into a gale; but, to tell the truth,
she very often gets into a gale. She likes to run, to frolic with them,
and they are all delighted, and there is a great deal of dancing and
waltzing, a great deal of simple running about, a great deal of
playing on the piano, a great deal of talking and laughter, and
probably more singing than anything else. But the running, laughter,
and everything else does not in the least prevent the young people
from absolutely and entirely and boundlessly worshipping Viéra
Pavlovna, from respecting her—as may God grant respect for an
older sister!—as a mother, not even a good mother, is not always
respected. However, singing is not frolicking, though sometimes one
cannot get along without the nonsense. But for the most part, Viéra
Pavlovna slugs seriously; and sometimes, when she does not sing,
she plays seriously, and her hearers then sit in dumb silence. Not
infrequently they have guests who are older, or who are of the same
age as the Lopukhófs; for the most part, Lopukhóf’s former
classmates, or friends of his former comrades, two or three young
professors, almost all bachelors; almost the only married people are
the Mertsálofs. The Lopukhófs do not very often go out, and they go
scarcely anywhere else than to the Mertsálofs’, or to
Mrs. Mertsálova’s parents’; these kind and simple-hearted people
have a good many sons, who occupy important places in all possible
official departments; and therefore at the house of the old people,
who live in some comfort, Viéra Pavlovna sees a varied and different
calibered society.
Free, ample, active life, not without its luxuries; lying at ease in
her soft, warm bed; cream, or baked dishes and cream; it is a life
that greatly delights Viéra Pavlovna.
Can there be any better life in the world? To Viéra Pavlovna it
seems impossible.
Well (da), in early youth nothing better can be imagined.
But years pass on; and with the years, things improve, if life goes
on as it should, as it goes on with a few now, as it will pass with a
good many in the future.
 VI

Once (it was towards the end of summer) the girls gathered,
according to their custom on Sunday, at the outskirts of the city for a
picnic. During the summer they used to go out almost every holiday
in boats to the islands. Viéra Pavlovna generally went with them, and
this time Dmitri Sergéitch went along too, and that made this picnic
remarkable. His company was a rarity, and it was the second time
that he had been with them. The shop, when they heard about it,
was greatly pleased. “Viéra Pavlovna will be gayer than usual, and it
may be expected that the picnic will be particularly hilarious.” Some
of them, who had intended to spend their Sunday otherwise,
changed their plans and joined those who had decided to go. It was
necessary to take instead of four great hampers, five, and
afterwards the number was increased to six. The company consisted
of fifty people or more. There were more than twenty seamstresses
(there were only six who did not take part in the picnic), three
middle-aged women, a dozen children or so—mothers, sisters, and
brothers of the seamstresses; three young men—bridegrooms (one
was a watchmaker’s apprentice, the second was a small dealer, and
these two were not in the least inferior in manners to the third, who
was a schoolteacher); there were five other young men of different
ranks, among them even two army officers; and there were eight
university and medical students. They took with them four big
samovars, great heaps of different baked things, huge reserve stores
of cold veal and other eatables. The people are young, there will be
much motion, and the fresh air besides; one can count on their
appetites. There are half a dozen bottles of wine. For fifty people,
including fifteen young men, it does not seem a great supply!
 And, in point of fact, the picnic turned out better than was even
expected. They had everything. They danced in sixteen couples, and
then in twelve, and also in eighteen; and in one quadrille they had
even twenty out at once. They played high spy, about twenty-two
couples of them; they improvised three swings between the trees;
and in the intervals they drank tea and partook of luncheon. For half
an hour—no, less, much less—almost half the company listened to a
discussion between Dmitri Sergéitch and two students, the most
radical of all his younger friends. They found in each other’s
arguments inconsequentiality, moderantism, and bourgeoisism.32
These were the terms that they applied to each other; but in private
each one had a special sin. One student, romanticism, and Dmitri
Sergéitch was a schematist, and the other student believed in
rigorism. Of course a stranger would find it hard to keep up his
interest in such a discussion longer than five minutes; even one of
the disputants, the romanticist, could not hold out longer than an
hour and a half, then ran off to those who were dancing; but he did
not run off ingloriously. He was indignant at some moderantist or
other (almost with me, though I was not there at all), and, knowing
that the cause of his indignation was not very old, he cried out,
“Why are you talking about him? I will tell you the words which were
said to me a few days ago by a respectable person—a very witty
woman, ‘Only till a man is twenty-five may he preserve intact the
style of his thoughts.’ ” “I know who that lady is,” said an officer who,
to the romanticist’s mortification, joined the disputants, “It was
Mrs. N. She said it in my presence, and she is really an elegant
woman; but she was caught on the spot. Half an hour before she
had said that she was twenty-six years old, and do you remember
how we all roared?”
And at this all four laughed, and the romanticist beat a retreat,
laughing. But the officer took his place in the dispute, and the fun
was much more lively than before until it was teatime. The officer,
while showing up the rigorist and the schematist much more cruelly
than the romanticist had done, was himself mournfully convicted of
Auguste Comteism. After tea, the officer announced that as long as
his age still allowed his style of thought to be intact, he would not
refrain from joining other people of his age. Then Dmitri Sergéitch
and, though it was much against his will, the rigorist followed his
example. They did not dance in the dances, but they played high
spy. And when the men decided to run races, to jump over the ditch,
then the three thinkers distinguished themselves as the most agile
champions of manly exercise. The officer received the first prize for
jumping over the ditch. Dmitri Sergéitch, who was a very strong
man, got into a great rage when the officer defeated him. He hoped
to be first in this contest after the rigorist, who had easily lifted in
the air and set down again both Dmitri Sergéitch and the officer
together; for this feat aroused no ambition either in the officer or
Dmitri Sergéitch. The rigorist was a recognized athlete, but Dmitri
Sergéitch did not care to endure the affront of not being able to
defeat the officer. Half a dozen times they grasped each other, and
each time the officer floored him though not without difficulty. After
the sixth wrestling bout, Dmitri Sergéitch owned himself
undoubtedly the weaker of the two. They were both exhausted. The
three thinkers threw themselves on the grass. They continued the
dispute, and now Dmitri Sergéitch recognized the value of Auguste
Comteism and the officer of schematism, but the rigorist remained
as before, a rigorist.
They went home at eleven o’clock. The old women and children
fell asleep in the boats (it was a good thing that they had plenty
of warm wraps with them); but all the rest talked without ceasing
and in all the six boats there was no interruption to the jokes
and laughter.
 VII

Two days later at morning tea, Viéra Pavlovna remarked to her

husband that she did not like the color of his face. He said that he
had not slept well the night before and that he had not felt well
since evening, but it was of no consequence. He had caught a little
cold at the picnic; of course during the time when he had been lying
on the ground after their running and wrestling. He gave himself a
little scolding for his carelessness, but he assured Viéra Pavlovna
that it was a mere nothing, and he went to his business as usual;
and at supper he said that apparently his ill turn had entirely passed,
but on the following morning he said that he would have to stay at
home for some time. Viéra Pavlovna, who had been greatly worried
since the day before, became seriously frightened now and insisted
on Dmitri Sergéitch calling a doctor.
“But I myself am a doctor, and can heal myself, if it is necessary;
but, as yet, there is no need of doing anything,” said Dmitri
Sergéitch, trying to smooth it off. But Viéra Pavlovna was inflexible,
and so he wrote a note to Kirsánof, adding that his illness was
trifling, and that he asked him to call, simply to please his wife.
Therefore, Kirsánof did not make haste; he stayed at the hospital
till dinner time, and called at the Lopukhófs at six o’clock in
the evening.
“Well, Aleksandr, I did well to call you,” said Lopukhóf; “there is no
danger, and I don’t think that there is going to be any; but I have
inflammation of the lungs. Of course I could have cured myself
without your aid, but for all that, please take my case in hand. It
cannot be helped; it is necessary to satisfy my conscience; you see,
I am not a bachelor, as you are.”
 They made a long examination of the lung; Kirsánof sounded his
chest, and they both agreed that Lopukhóf was not mistaken; there
was no danger, and, in all probability, there would be none. But the
inflammation of the lung was severe. It would be necessary for him
to stay in the house for ten days, Lopukhóf for some time having
neglected his illness, but yet it could be cured.
Kirsánof had to have a long talk with Viéra Pavlovna, to quiet her
alarm. Finally she was convinced that they were not deceiving her;
that, in all probability, the illness was not only not serious, but not
even difficult; but this was only “in all probability”; but are there not
contingencies which arise contrary to all probability?
Kirsánof began to call twice a day on the sick man; they both saw
that the illness was without complications, and not dangerous. On
the fourth morning, Kirsánof said to Viéra Pavlovna:—
“Dmitri is all right; everything is going well with him; for three or
four days more it may be hard, but it will not be more severe than it
is today, and then he will begin to gain. But I want to talk seriously
about you yourself, Viéra Pavlovna. You do not act wisely, in sitting
up all night; he does not need a nurse; he does not even need me.
But you may harm yourself, all for nothing. Your nerves are already
very much unstrung.”
For a long time he tried to reason with Viéra Pavlovna, but without
avail. “I know it’s nothing,” and, “There’s no reason in it,” and “I
should be glad to, but I cannot,”—that is, glad to sleep in the
nighttime, and leave her husband without a watcher. Finally she
said: “All that you are telling me now, he has already told me many
times, as you know well. Of course, I would have listened to him
sooner than to you; consequently, I can’t.”
Against such an argument there is no disputing. Kirsánof shook his
head and went away.
He came to see the sick man at ten o’clock, that evening, and sat
by his bedside, together with Viéra Pavlovna, for half an hour, and
then he said: “Now, Viéra Pavlovna, go and get some rest. We both
ask you to. I am going to stay here tonight.”
Viéra Pavlovna hesitated; she herself knew, or more than half
knew, that it was not necessary to sit all night beside the sick man,
and here she is compelling Kirsánof, who is a busy man, to waste his
time. And what was it in reality? “It apparently is not necessary”;
apparently, but who knows? No; it is impossible to leave the mílenki
alone! Who knows what might happen? He may want a drink, he
may want tea; he is so delicate, he will not wake up; consequently, it
is impossible not to sit by his side. But it is not necessary for
Kirsánof; she will not allow it. She said that she would not go away,
for she was not very tired; that she was taking a great deal of rest in
the daytime:—
“Under the present circumstances, I beg of you to leave us
entirely to ourselves.” Kirsánof took her hand and led her from the
room, almost by main force.
“I am really ashamed of her, Aleksandr,” said the sick man; “what
a ridiculous part you are playing, to sit up all night with a man who
is not sick enough to need it. But I am very grateful to you. I could
not even persuade her to hire a nurse, when she was afraid to leave
me alone; she would not trust me in anybody’s hands.”
“If I had not seen that it was impossible for her to be calm when
you were in somebody else’s care, then, of course, I should not have
disturbed my comfort. But now, I hope that she will get some sleep.
I am a doctor, and I am your friend.”
In fact, Viéra Pavlovna, as soon as she touched her bed, fell sound
asleep. Three sleepless nights in themselves would not have been so
trying, and the worriment by itself would not have been so trying,
but the worriment, together with the sleepless nights, without any
rest in the daytime, was very dangerous; two or three days and
nights more without sleep, and she would have been more seriously
ill than her husband.
Kirsánof spent three nights more with the sick man, for it did not
tire him much, because he slept very peacefully; only out of
carefulness he locked the door, so that Viéra Pavlovna should not see
his unconcern. She suspected that he slept instead of watching; she
was calm, however, because he was a doctor, and there were no
grounds for fear, were there? He himself knows whether he ought to
sleep or not. She was ashamed that she could not have been calm
before, so as not to have disturbed him; but now he paid no
attention to her assurances, that she would sleep even though he
were not there.
“You are to blame, Viéra Pavlovna, and, therefore, you must be
punished; I do not trust you!”
But, in four days, it was perfectly obvious to her that the sick man
was no longer sick; the proofs even to her skepticism were very
clear; that very evening they were playing cards; Lopukhóf was half
lying down, or was not even lying down at all, and he spoke in a
very clear voice. Kirsánof could stop his somnolent watching, and
announced that fact.
“Aleksandr Matvéitch, why have you entirely forgotten me—I
mean me? You are always on good terms with Dmitri; he calls on
you very often; but you have not called on us till this sickness—it
seems to me for a half a year, it’s such a long time! and, don’t you
remember, we used to be very good friends?”
“People change, Viéra Pavlovna. Then, again, I am working very
hard, if I may say a word for myself. I call on scarcely anybody; I
have no time; besides, I am lazy. You get so tired, being at the
hospital and the medical school from nine o’clock till five, that you
don’t feel it possible to go anywhere else, or make any change,
except from your uniform into your smoking-jacket. Friendship is a
good thing; but don’t get angry, if I say that a cigar on a sofa, in a
smoking-jacket, is better still!”
And, in fact, Kirsánof had not called on the Lopukhófs for more
than two years. The reader has not once noticed his name among
the common guests, and among the frequent callers for a long time;
he was the most infrequent of all.
 VIII

The sapient reader—I explain myself only to the masculine reader;

my lady reader has too much understanding to be bothered with
guessing, and therefore I do not explain to her; I say this once and
for all. There are also among my masculine readers not a few who
are not stupid, and to this class of readers also, I do not need to
make any explanation; but the majority of readers—and this number
includes almost all literary men, and those who claim to be literary
men—are sapient, and it is always agreeable for me to talk with
such; and so the sapient reader says: “I understand how the affair is
going to turn. A new romance is going to begin in Viéra Pavlovna’s
life, and in this Kirsánof is going to play a part. I understand even
more; Kirsánof fell in love with Viéra Pavlovna long ago, and that
was the reason why he ceased to call on the Lopukhófs.” Oh, what
penetration you have, my sapient readers! As soon as you are told
anything, then you say, “I thought so,” and you plume yourself on
your shrewdness. I bow before you, sapient reader!
And thus in Viéra Pavlovna’s life appears a new person, and it
would be necessary to describe him, if he had not already been
described. When I spoke about Lopukhóf, I had some difficulty in
distinguishing between him and his intimate friend, and there was
scarcely anything more that I could have said about him that I
should not have to repeat about Kirsánof. And, in fact, everything
that the (sapient) reader can learn from the following description of
Kirsánof’s characteristics, will be a repetition of Lopukhóf’s
characteristics. Lopukhóf was the son of a meshchanín, who was
well to do for a man of his rank—that is, one who very often has
meat in his shchi; Kirsánof was the son of a clerk in a provincial
court—that is, a man who often has no meat in his shchi; or, in other
words, not very often has meat in his shchi. Lopukhóf, in very early
youth, almost from childhood, earned money for his own support;
Kirsánof, after he reached the age of twelve, helped his father copy
papers, and he gave lessons while he was still in the fourth class in
the gymnasium. They both, by their own exertion, without
connections, without acquaintances, made their own way. What sort
of a man was Lopukhóf? In the gymnasium he did not succeed in
learning French, and he did not go further in German than the
declension of der, die, das, with few mistakes; but after he entered
the medical school, Lopukhóf soon saw that he could not make great
progress in science with the Russian language alone; he took a
French dictionary and such French books as happened to be at
hand, and those that fell into his hands were: Télémaque and the
stories of Madame Genlis, and several livraisons of our clever journal
Revue Etrangère. They were not very attractive books, but he took
them; and though he was an eager reader, he said, “I shall not open
a Russian book until I am able to read French fluently.” And thus he
learned French fluently. But he acted differently in regard to
German: he rented a room in a house where there were a good
many German laborers; it was a wretched hole; the Germans were
tiresome; it was a long walk to the medical school, but he lived there
until he had accomplished what he needed.
Kirsánof did in a different way: he learned the German through
different books, with a lexicon, just as Lopukhóf learned French, but
French he acquired in a peculiar fashion—through one book without
a lexicon. It was the Gospels—a very familiar book; and he took the
New Testament, in the translation of Geneva; then he read it over
eight times; the ninth time he understood it thoroughly; and so he
mastered it. What kind of a man was Lopukhóf? This was what he
was. One time he was walking in a shabby uniform on the
Kammenoi-Ostrof Prospekt, on his way from his lesson, for which he
got fifty kopeks (thirty cents) an hour, though he had to go a
distance of three versts from the lyceum. A distinguished somebody,
of imposing mien, met him, motions him out of the way in the
manner of men of imposing mien, and bears straight down upon him
without giving way. But Lopukhóf, at that time, had a rule, not to be
the first to turn out for anybody except a woman. They bumped
against each other with their shoulders, and the distinguished
somebody, half turning about, said, “What a pig, what a hog you
are!” but while he was preparing to continue the lesson, Lopukhóf
made a full turn towards the distinguished somebody, took the
distinguished somebody by the body, and deposited him in the
gutter very tenderly; then he stood over him, and said, “Don’t you
move, else I will drag you farther where the mud is deeper.” Two
muzhiks passed, looked on, praised him; a tchinovnik passed, looked
at him, and did not praise him, but smiled sweetly; some carriages
passed by; no one looked out; it could not be seen who was lying in
the gutter; Lopukhóf stood there for a time, then he took the
distinguished somebody, not by the body this time, but by the hand,
picked him up, led him upon the highway, and said, “Akh, my dear
sir, how did you happen to get into this plight? You have not done
yourself any harm, I hope? Allow me to brush your coat!”
A muzhik passed by, and began to help wipe the dirt off from the
distinguished somebody. Two meshchaníns passed; they also
stopped to help wipe him off; they wiped the dirt off from the
distinguished somebody, and departed.
Kirsánof never had such an experience as that; but this was what
happened to him: A certain lady, who had people to run errands for
her, thought that it was necessary to have prepared a catalogue of
the library left her by her husband, who was a follower of Voltaire,
and had died twenty years before. Why such a catalogue was
needed, after the lapse of twenty years, is more than I can tell.
Kirsánof was selected to arrange the catalogue, at a salary of eighty
rubles. He worked at it a month and a half. Suddenly the lady came
to the conclusion that the catalogue was not necessary. She came
into the library and said: “Don’t take any more trouble about this
work; I have changed my mind. And here’s to pay you”; and she
gave Kirsánof ten rubles. “Your ladyship” (he gave the lady the
benefit of her full title), “I have already done more than half the
work; out of seventeen shelves I have already catalogued ten.”
“Do you find that I have taken advantage of you as regards
pay?—Nicolas, come here and talk this matter over with
this gentleman.”
Nicholas came in.
“How do you dare to insult my maman?”
“You are a milk-sucker!”
An unjustifiable expression on Kirsánof’s part. Nicolas was five
years older than he.
“You had better hear both sides first.”
“Help!” cried Nicolas.
“Help? I will show you how to call for help.”
In the twinkling of an eye the lady screamed and fell in a swoon;
and Nicolas felt that he could not move his hands, which were fixed
to his sides, as by an iron belt; and indeed they were pinned by
Kirsánof’s right hand, while his left hand had Nicolas by the jaw,
ready to clutch his throat, and Kirsánof was saying, “Just see how
easily I can choke you.” And he squeezed his gullet; and Nicolas
perceived that it was a very easy thing for Kirsánof to choke him;
but Kirsánof’s hand has already left his throat. He can breathe
freely; and yet Kirsánof’s hand is at his throat. And Kirsánof
addressing the Goliaths who appeared at the door, says: “Stay where
you are, else I shall choke him! Get out of here, else I shall choke
him!” All this Nicolas understood in the twinkling of an eye; he
made a sign with his nose, which signified that Kirsánof was right in
the case.
“Now, brother, see me downstairs,” said Kirsánof, again turning to
Nicolas, and continuing to embrace Nicolas as before. He went into
the front room, went downstairs, followed from afar by the
astonished gaze of the Goliaths, and on the last step he let go of
Nicolas’ throat, pushed Nicolas himself away, and went into a store
to buy a cap, in place of the one which had remained as a prey in
the possession of Nicolas.
Now, what difference can you find between such people? All their
most prominent features are features not of individuals, but of a
type; a type differing so greatly from that to which you are
accustomed, sapient reader, that its general peculiarities hide the
individual differences in them. These people when seen amongst
others, are like Europeans among Chinamen, whom the Chinamen
cannot distinguish apart. In all of them they see one characteristic,
that they are “redheaded barbarians, who do not understand any
ceremonies.” In their eyes the French are just as redheaded as the
English. And the Chinamen are right, as they look upon it; all
Europeans are like anyone European, not individuals, but
representatives of a type, and nothing more. All of them alike do not
eat cockroaches and centipedes; they are alike in not cutting people
into little bits; they all alike drink brandy and wine made from
grapes, and not from rice. And actually, even the one thing which
the Chinamen see, is their native custom, the drinking of tea,
practised in a diametrically different way from their way—with sugar,
and never without sugar.
Thus people of the type to which Lopukhóf and Kirsánof belong
seem alike to people of a different type. Every one of them is a man,
dauntless, firm, unwavering, capable of undertaking any matter; and
if he undertakes it, he sticks so resolutely to it that it cannot slip out
of his grasp. This is one side of their nature. Another side: each one
of them is a man of irreproachable integrity, so much so that the
question never even enters our mind, “Is it possible to rely on this
person unconditionally?” It is as clear as the fact that he breathes
with his lungs; as long as the lungs breathe, such a heart is warm
and unchanged. You can lean your head upon such a bosom, you
can rest upon it. These general features are so prominent that the
personal peculiarities are covered over by them.
It is not long that this type has been in existence among us. In
former times there were only isolated individuals, who gave promise
of it; they were exceptions, and as exceptions they felt lonely and
powerless, and for that very reason they were inactive, or they fell
into despair, or they felt exalted, or became romantic or fanciful;
that is, they could not possess the chief characteristic of this type;
they could not show any cool practicability, an even, well-regulated
activity, or active, sound good sense. Those were people who,
though they had this very same nature, had not yet developed into
this type; and this type is a recent growth; in my time it had not yet
come into existence, though I am not very old; in fact, am not at all
an old man. I myself could not have come to be such. I was brought
up in a different epoch; and for the very reason because I myself am
not of this type, I can, without the least hesitation, express my
respect for it; unfortunately I do not give myself a word of praise
when I say in regard to these people, They are good people.
This type sprang up not long ago, and it is growing rapidly. It was
engendered by the times, it is a sign of the times, and, shall I say
further, it will vanish with its time, and not a long time either. Its
already short life is doomed to be short in the future. Six years ago
these people were not to be seen; three years ago they were
despised; and now!—but it does not make any difference what is
thought about them now; in a very few years, a very few years,
these people will be called upon, “Save us!” and whatever they will
say, will be believed by everybody; a few years more, and maybe
not years but months, and they will be cursed, and they will be
driven off the stage, they will be hissed and insulted. All right, hiss
and cast insults, drive them away and curse; you have gained your
benefit from them; that is sufficient for them, and amid the noise of
hissings, amid the thunder of curses, they will leave the scene,
proud and modest, stern and kind, as they have ever been. And will
nothing be left of them on the stage? No. How will the world get
along without them? Wretchedly. But after them it will be still better
than if they had not been. And years will pass, and people will say,
“After they left, the world was better, but still it is bad enough.” And
when this is said, it shows that the time for this type has come
again, and it will come again and be represented in greater
numbers, in better forms, because then there will be more of good
in the world; and again the same history will be repeated in a new
light. And so it will come to pass that men shall say, “Well, now we
are enjoying life”; and then it will not be an exceptional type,
because all people will be of this same type, and they will find it
difficult to understand how there ever was a time when it was
considered a peculiar type, and not the general nature of all people.
 IX

But as Europeans among Chinamen are all of one face and one way
of acting, only so far as the Chinamen are concerned, but in reality,
among the Europeans there are incomparably wider differences than
among the Chinese; so in this apparently monotonous type, the
variety of individualities is developed into more classes and are more
distinguishable from each other than among all the varieties of all
the different types that are separate from each other. Here you find
all sorts of people—sybarites, ascetic, severe, and tenderhearted,
and every other kind. But, as the sternest of Europeans is very kind,
the most cowardly is very brave, the most passionate is very moral
in comparison with the Chinaman, so it is with these; the most
ascetic of them deems it more necessary for all men to be more
comfortable than is imagined by the people not of this type; the
most passionate are more stern in their moral rules than the
greatest moralizers not of this type. But all this they interpret
according to their own fashion; and morality, comfort, and sensuality
and goodness, they understand in a peculiar way; and they all
understand them in the same way, and not only do they all
understand them in one way, but this one way is such a way that
morality, comfort, goodness, and passion are all regarded as one
and the same thing. But all this, again, is only when it comes into
comparison with the understanding of the Chinamen; among
themselves a great deal of difference is found in understanding
these things, according to the differences of their nature. But how
now to bring into harmony this conflict of nature and understanding
among themselves?
In conversations about their own affairs among themselves, and
only among themselves, and not among Chinamen, European
natures give expression to their characteristics. Thus, among the
people of this type, apparently there is a very great variety of
natures when they are among themselves, and only among
themselves and not with strangers.
We have had before us two people of this type, Viéra Pavlovna
and Lopukhóf, and we have seen how their relations were arranged
between them. Now there comes in a third person. Let us see what
difference will be shown now that we have the possibility of
comparing the other two with this one. Viéra Pavlovna sees before
her Lopukhóf and Kirsánof. Hitherto she has had no choice; now
she has.
 X

But it is necessary to say two or three words about Kirsánof’s

outward appearance.
He, as well as Lopukhóf, had regular and handsome features.
Some regarded the former, others the latter, as the better looking.
Lopukhóf was rather thinner, had dark chestnut hair, gleaming dark
eyes, which seemed almost black, an aquiline nose, thick lips, and a
rather oval face. Kirsánof had blonde hair, inclining to a brownish
shade, dark blue eyes, a straight Grecian nose, a small mouth, an
oblong face, and a remarkably light complexion. Both were men of
very tall stature, and straight; Lopukhóf somewhat broader across
his shoulders, Kirsánof somewhat taller.
Kirsánof’s outward circumstances were very good. He was now a
professor. The largest majority at the balloting was at first opposed
to him; not only did they want to refuse him his professorship, but
they would have taken away his doctor’s degree; but this was
impossible. Two or three young men, and one, not a young man,
from among his former professors, friends of his, long ago declared
to the rest of the faculty that there was in the world a certain
Virchow, and he lived in Berlin, and also a certain Claude Bernard,
and he lived in Paris, and certain others, whose names you could not
remember, who also lived in various towns; and that Virchow, Claude
Bernard, and the others were the stars, as it were, of the medical
science. All this seemed extremely improbable, because we know all
the stars of science—Burghaf, Hufeland; and Harvey was also a very
distinguished man, who discovered the circulation of the blood; then
Jenner, who taught vaccination. And so we know them; but these
Virchows and Claude Bernards we do not know; what kind of stars
are they? However, the devil knows them. And here this very Claude
Bernard spoke with respect about Kirsánof’s works, when Kirsánof
took his degree. And so they could not help it; they had to give
Kirsánof the degree of doctor; and a year and a half later they gave
him a professorship. The students said that if he came into the
faculty, the party of good professors would be increased. He had
never practised, and he said that he had given up the practice of
medicine. But he used to spend long hours at the hospital; it
happened that he dined there on some days, and even slept there
many nights. But what has he done there? He said that he was
working for science, and not for the sake of the sick. “I do not cure;
I only observe, and make experiments.” The students confirmed this,
and declared that at the present time only quacks cured, because at
this time it is impossible to effect cures. The hospital servants
judged the matter in a different way. “Well, this Kirsánof takes folks
home into his palace; it must be a bad case,” they used to say
among themselves; and then they would say to the patient, “Keep
up good heart; it takes a tough sickness to stand up against this
surgeon; he is a master, and a real father.”
 XI

During the first part of Viéra Pavlovna’s married life, Kirsánof used to
be very frequently at the Lopukhófs’, as often as every other day, or,
to speak more accurately, almost every day; and soon, almost on the
very first day, he became very close friends with Viéra Pavlovna,
nearly as much so as with Lopukhóf. It lasted this way for half a
year. One time they were sitting all three together: he, the husband,
and the wife. The conversation was going on as usual, without any
ceremony. Kirsánof was doing the most of the talking, but suddenly
he grew silent.
“What has got into you, Aleksandr?”
“What has made you so solemn all of a sudden,
Aleksandr Matvéitch?”
“Nothing in particular; I feel rather blue.”
“That does not happen to you very often,” said Viéra Pavlovna.
“I might say, never, without some reason,” said Kirsánof, in a
constrained tone.
A few minutes afterwards he got up and went away, earlier than
some times, taking his leave in his usual simple manner.
Two days afterwards Lopukhóf told Viéra Pavlovna that he had
been to see Kirsánof, who, as it seemed to him, had received him in
a very strange way. Kirsánof apparently wanted to be ceremonious
towards him, and this had always been an unnecessary formality
between them. Lopukhóf had looked him straight in the face,
and said:—
“Aleksandr, you must be provoked with someone; is it with me?”
“No.”
“Is it with Viérotchka?”
“No.”
 “Then what is the matter with you?”
“Nothing at all; it is only in your imagination.”
“Why aren’t you friendly towards me today? You are not natural;
you are as though you were provoked.”
Kirsánof began to pour out his assurances that Lopukhóf was
mistaken; and in this way he managed to confirm the impression
that he was provoked. Then, afterwards, it seemed as though he
must have been ashamed; he again became as unaffected, kind,
friendly, as could be desired. Lopukhóf, availing himself of the fact
that the man seemed in his right mind again, asked him:—
“Now, Aleksandr, tell me the reason of your getting provoked.”
“I never thought of being provoked.” And again he became
disagreeable and disputatious.
What a marvel! Lopukhóf could not think of anything that might
have offended him; and this did not seem possible, considering all
their mutual respect and warmth of friendship. Viéra Pavlovna also
tried hard to recollect whether she could have offended him in any
manner, and she, too, could think of nothing out of the way; for she
knew, just as her husband did, that it was impossible, as far as she
was concerned.
Two days more passed; for Kirsánof not to call at the Lopukhófs’
for four days was a most unusual circumstance. Viéra Pavlovna even
wondered “could he be well?” Lopukhóf went round to see if he
were really ill. “How? ill?” He is still angry. Lopukhóf questioned him
persistently. After repeated negations, he began to get off some
disjointed nonsense about his relations with Lopukhóf and Viéra
Pavlovna; that he loves and respects them very highly; but after all
that had happened, they were not attentive enough to him. But in
what respect—and this was worst of all—there was not the slightest
hint in his bombastic talk. It was clear that the gentleman was eaten
up by ambition. All this was so savage to witness in such a man
as Lopukhóf considered Kirsánof to be, and so the visitor said to
his host:—
“Now, listen; we have been friends; and the time will come when
you will be ashamed of this.”
 Kirsánof, with affected humility, replied that, in fact, it must on his
side be a mere trifle; but what can be done, supposing he has been
offended by many things?
“Nu, what was it then?”
He began to bring up a good many occasions at which he had
taken offence lately, all in such a style as this: “You said that the
lighter the hair of a person, the nearer he is to dullness; Viéra
Pavlovna said that tea was getting dearer. The one was a hit at the
color of my hair; the other was a hint that I was eating you out of
house and home.”
Lopukhóf’s hands fell to his side. This man has gone crazy with his
ambition; or, properly speaking, he has become a fool and a good-
for-nothing!
Lopukhóf returned home in a gloomy frame of mind; it was bitter
for him to see such a warp in a man of whom he was so fond. To
Viéra Pavlovna’s questions as to what he had learned, he answered
gloomily that it would be better not to speak about it; that Kirsánof
had spoken disagreeable nonsense, and that he was probably sick.
In three or four days Kirsánof, who had in all probability come to
his senses and seen the savage disgracefulness of his behavior,
came to the Lopukhófs. He behaved himself as well as possible; then
he began to tell how mean he had been. From Viéra Pavlovna’s
words he perceived she had not heard from her husband of his
absurdities. He sincerely thanked Lopukhóf for his consideration;
and, as a punishment to himself, he began to tell the whole story to
Viéra Pavlovna. He grew sentimental; he excused himself, and said
that he was sick, and again there followed some more nonsense.
Viéra Pavlovna tried to say that he ought to stop talking about it;
that it was a mere trifle. He clung to the word trifle, and began to
rattle off the same sort of ridiculous nonsense as he had done
before, in his talk with Lopukhóf. He very delicately and
circumstantially began to develop the thought that of course it was a
trifle, because he was aware of his insignificance in the eyes of the
Lopukhófs, but that he didn’t deserve any more; and so on. And all
this was said with the most underhanded, slyest hints, and, at the
same time, with the most courteous expressions of respect and
devotion. Viéra Pavlovna, hearing this, let her hands fall to her side
exactly as her husband had done. When he had gone, they
remembered that for several days previous to his entirely losing his
balance he had been strange. Before, they had not noticed it
particularly, or even perceived it; but now his former absurdities are
explained. They were of the same kind, only more developed.
After this, Kirsánof began to call very often; but the continuation
of their former simple relations was utterly impossible. From behind
the mask of a respectable man there appeared such a long ass-ear
that the Lopukhófs would have lost a great part of their respect for
their former friend, even if this ear were hidden henceforth forever;
but it continued to appear frequently. It would not show itself for
any long time, and then it would hide itself; but it was pitiful, low,
and ugly.
They soon became entirely cold to Kirsánof; and as he really had
no pleasure in calling at the Lopukhófs’, he soon ceased to call.
But he still used to meet the Lopukhófs at the houses of friends.
Some time afterwards the spite of the Lopukhófs towards him grew
less; there was nothing serious the matter now. Lopukhóf began to
call on him. In a year he even began to call at the Lopukhófs’ again,
and he was the same elegant Kirsánof as of old, simple and honest.
But he called seldom; it was evident that he hesitated and was
ashamed, when he remembered the stupid business of which he had
been guilty. Lopukhóf had almost forgotten about it, and so had
Viéra Pavlovna. But the cordial relations, once severed, had never
returned again. According to outward appearances, he and Lopukhóf
were close friends, and, in fact, they were so. Lopukhóf began
almost to respect him as before, and called on him not unfrequently.
Viéra Pavlovna also gave him back a portion of her former
friendliness; but she saw him very seldom.
 XII

Now Lopukhóf’s illness, or, more properly speaking, Viéra Pavlovna’s

extraordinary attachment to her husband, compelled Kirsánof to be
more than a week in close, familiar intercourse with the Lopukhófs.
He knew that he was stepping in a dangerous path, when he
decided to spend whole nights with them, in order to take away
Viéra Pavlovna’s watch. How happy and proud he had been when,
three years ago, having noticed in himself some signs of passion, he
had so strenuously succeeded in doing all that was necessary for the
interruption of its development. How delighted he felt at this! Two or
three weeks he was drawn to the Lopukhófs; but at that time he felt
more satisfaction from recognizing his firmness in the struggle than
pain from the deprivation, and in a month the pain entirely passed,
and there remained only the pleasure of his uprightness. It was so
calm and delightful in his soul.
But now there was more danger than then. In these three years
Viéra Pavlovna had assuredly undergone great moral development.
Then she was scarcely more than a child; now it is otherwise. The
emotion stirred by her could no longer resemble the amusing
attachment to a little girl whom you love, and at whom you smile at
the same time. And not only morally had she developed. If the
beauty of a woman is a real beauty, then, in our far North, a
beautiful woman grows more beautiful every year. Yes, three years
of life at such a period develop a great deal of good in the soul, in
the eyes, in the features, and in the whole person, if the person is
good and the person’s life is good.
It was a great danger, but only for him, Kirsánof. What danger
could there be for Viéra Pavlovna? She loves her husband. Kirsánof
is not so stupid and conceited as to look upon himself as a
dangerous rival for Lopukhóf. And not out of false modesty does he
think this; all respectable people who know him and Lopukhóf put
them on the same level. And on Lopukhóf’s side is the immeasurable
advantage of having already won her love; yes, won it; he has
absolutely gained her heart. Her choice is already made, and she is
satisfied with her choice; and she can have no thought of looking for
something better. Isn’t it good enough as it is? It is ridiculous to
think about it; this fear on her account and Lopukhóf’s would be a
very stupid piece of self-conceit on Kirsánof’s part.
And is it out of any such stupid nonsense that Kirsánof should
have to suffer a month, perhaps two? Is it from any such nonsense
that he should let a woman strain her nerves, and run the risk of
serious illness by sitting by her husband’s bedside? Is it worth while,
for the sake of avoiding a trifling and short interference with his old
quiet and well-regulated life, to let serious harm befall a man, a man
of no less worth? And this would have been dishonorable. And this
dishonorable action is more disagreeable than the really not very
severe struggle with himself which he would have to undergo, and
the final end of which in the proud satisfaction of his own firmness
there could be no doubt.
Thus reasoned Kirsánof, when deciding to relieve Viéra Pavlovna
from her idle watching.
The necessity for the watching passed. For the preservation of
propriety, so as not to make an abrupt stop, which would attract
attention, Kirsánof had to call two or three times more on the
Lopukhóf’s every day, then in a week, then in a month, then in a
half-year; and then his absence would be sufficiently explained by
his occupation.
 XIII

Everything was going well with Kirsánof, as he thought. His

attachment was renewed, and stronger than before; but the struggle
with it did not present any serious suffering; it was easy. Here
Kirsánof was at the Lopukhófs’ for the second time since Dmitri
Sergéitch’s cure was effected; and he was going to stay till nine
o’clock; that would be enough; formality would be observed. Next he
would call in two weeks’ time; then the separation would be almost
accomplished. And now it would be necessary to sit one hour more.
And during this week the development of his passion had been
about half scotched; in a month everything would be over. He is very
well satisfied; he takes part in the conversation as naturally as
possible, because he is rejoiced at his success, and his very
satisfaction gives him greater unconcern.
Lopukhóf expected to go out of doors for the first time on the
morrow. On this account Viéra Pavlovna was in a remarkably lively
state of mind; she was even more rejoiced than the invalid himself.
The conversation turned upon the illness. They laughed about it;
and they praised, in a jocular tone, Viéra Pavlovna’s wifely self-
sacrifice, who had nearly upset her own health by worrying over
what was not worth worrying about.
“Laugh away, laugh away,” she said; “but I know well that if you
had been in my place, you would not have had enough strength of
mind to act any way different.”
“What an influence the solicitude of others has upon a person,”
said Lopukhóf; “now, the sick man himself is subjected to the
delusion that he must take God-knows-what care of himself, when
he sees that people are worried on his account. I might have left the
house three days ago, but I still stayed in the house; and this very
morning I wanted to go out, but I postponed it for one day more, so
that there might be less danger.”
“Yes, you might have gone out a long time ago,” said Kirsánof
in confirmation.
“Now, I call this heroism, and, to tell the truth, I am awfully tired
of it; I should like to go out this instant.”
“My dear, it was for the sake of putting me at ease that you
showed your heroism. But let us go out this very moment, if you are
so anxious to put an end to your quarantine. I am going to run over
to the shop for half an hour; let’s all go together. It will be very good
of you, after your sickness, to pay your first visit to our union. The
girls will notice it, and will be greatly pleased at such an attention.”
“All right; let’s go all together,” said Lopukhóf, with noticeable
satisfaction at the idea of breathing fresh air today.
“I declare! the hostess has shown fine tact!” said Viéra Pavlovna.
“It did not occur to me that perhaps Aleksandr Matvéitch might not
care to go with us.”
“No, on the contrary, it is very interesting to me; I have been
wanting, for a long time, to go there. Your thought is a happy one.”
In point of fact, Viéra Pavlovna’s suggestion turned out
propitiously. The girls were really delighted that Lopukhóf paid them
the first visit after his sickness. Kirsánof was greatly interested in the
shop; and a man of his turn of thought could not help being
interested. If a special cause had not prevented him, he would have
been from the very first one of the most enthusiastic instructors in it.
Half an hour, or maybe even an hour, in the shop passed before they
knew it. Viéra Pavlovna led him through the different rooms, and
showed him everything. While they were returning from the dining-
hall into the working-rooms, a girl, who had not been in the
working-rooms, came up to Viéra Pavlovna. The girl and Kirsánof
looked at each other.
“Nástenka!”
“Sasha!”33 and they embraced each other.
“Sáshenka, my dear, how glad I am to see you!” The girl kept on
kissing him, and laughed and cried at once. Coming to her senses
from joy, she said: “No, Viéra Pavlovna, I am not going to speak
about business now; I cannot part from him. Come, Sáshenka, let us
go to my room.”
Kirsánof was no less glad than she. But Viéra Pavlovna noticed
an expression of deep grief in his eyes, after he recognized her.
And this was not to be wondered at; the girl was in the last stages
of consumption.
Nástenka had entered the union about a year before, and even
then was very ill. If she had remained in the shop where she had
been working till that time, she would have died. But in the union
there was a chance for her to live somewhat longer. The girls
entirely relieved her from sewing. It was easy for them to give her
other work that was not harmful for her to do. She looked after the
little interests of the shop; she took charge of the closets; she
received orders; and no one could say that Nástenka was less useful
that anyone else in the shop.
The Lopukhófs went away, without waiting for Kirsánof to finish
his interview with Nástenka.
 XIV
Nástenka’s Story

On the next day, early in the morning, Nástenka came to

Viéra Pavlovna.
“I want to tell you about what you saw yesterday, Viéra Pavlovna,”
she said; but for some time she was at a loss how to go on. “I would
not want you to think ill of him, Viéra Pavlovna.”
“What do you mean? You must have a poor opinion of me,
Nastasia Borísovna.”
“No; if it were someone else besides me, I should not have
thought of such a thing; but you know I am not like other girls.”
“No, Nastasia Borísovna, you have no right to speak about
yourself in such a way. We have known you for a year; and before
that a good many of our Union knew you.”
“This proves that you do not know anything about me.”
“How so? I know a good deal about you. You have been a servant-
girl, the last time you were with the actress N.; after she got
married, you left her, so as to avoid her father-in-law; you entered
Y.’s shop, and from there you came to us. I know all the particulars
about it.”
“Of course, I know that Maksímova and Shéïna, who knew all
about me, would not tell anything to anybody. But, after all, I
thought that you and the others might have heard about me. Akh!
how glad I am they yonder don’t know anything about it! And I am
going to tell you, so that you may know what a good man he is. I
have been a very bad girl, Viéra Pavlovna.”
“You, Nastasia Borísovna?”
“Yes, Viéra Pavlovna, I have. I have been a very bold girl; I had
not the slightest shame, and I used to be always drunk. And that’s
the reason that I am ill, Viéra Pavlovna, because with my weak lungs
I used to drink too much.”
This was the third case of the kind that had come under Viéra
Pavlovna’s observation. These girls, who had behaved themselves
with perfect propriety since their acquaintance with her, told her that
hitherto they had been leading bad lives. The first time she was
amazed at such a confession; but, after reasoning it over for several
days, she asked herself: “How about my own life? The filth in which
I grew up was also very bad. However, it did not stick to me; and
there are probably thousands of women who have grown up in
purity in families worse than mine. Is there anything strange in the
fact that those whom a happy chance has brought out from such
degradation are not ruined?”
She listened to the second confession, and was not surprised,
because the girl who made it had kept intact all the noble
peculiarities of a human being—generosity, capability for genuine
service, and softness of heart—had even preserved a great part of
her innocence.
“Nastasia Borísovna, I have heard such confessions as you want to
make; and it was hard for both of us—for her who spoke and for me
who listened. I shall respect you not less, but rather more, than
before, when now I know that you have endured a great deal; but I
understand the whole story without listening. Let us not speak about
it; there is no need for you to confess before me. I myself have
spent many years in great sorrows; I am trying not to think about
them, and I don’t like others to speak about them; it’s too hard.”
“No, Viéra Pavlovna; I have a different feeling about it. I want to
tell you what a good man he is; I want someone to know how
grateful I am to him; and whom can I tell it to if not to you? What
kind of a life I led, of course there is no need of speaking about
that—it was of the same stamp as that of all such poor creatures. I
only want to tell you how I became acquainted with him. It is so
pleasant for me to talk about him; and besides, I am going to live in
his house, and you must know why I am going to leave the shop.”
“If telling this story will give you any pleasure, Anastasia
Borísovna, I will gladly listen. Let me get my work first.”
 “Yes; but it is impossible for me to work. How kind these girls
have been, to let me have such work as agreed with my health. I
shall be grateful to them all, to each one. Tell them, Viéra Pavlovna,
that I asked you to thank them for me. I was walking on the Nevsky,
Viéra Pavlovna; it was rather early when I went out. A student was
walking along, and I accosted him. He did not reply, but crosses to
the other side of the street. Then he sees that I am following him; I
grasped him by the arm. ‘No,’ said I, ‘I am not going to let you go,
you are such a handsome little fellow.’ ‘But I beg of you to let go of
me,’ he says. ‘No, come along with me.’ ‘I do not care to.’ ‘Well,
then, I will go with you. Where are you going? I shall not leave you
on any account!’ I was such a shameless girl, much worse than
anybody else.”
“Perhaps, from the very reason, Anastasia Borísovna, that you
were at heart more modest, more conscientious.”
“Yes, it may be so. At least, I have seen this in others; not at that
time, of course, but afterwards, I understood it. When I told him
that I was going with him, at all events, he laughed, and said, ‘If you
want to, come along; but it will be useless.’ He wanted to teach me
a lesson, as he told me afterwards; it was disagreeable to him to
have me clinging to him. And so I went along, and I told him all
sorts of absurdities, but he kept silent; and so we went to his rooms.
For a student he lived then very comfortably; he used to get from
his pupils about twenty rubles a month, and he lived all by himself. I
stretched out on his sofa, and said: ‘Nu, where is your wine?’ ‘No,’
says he, ‘I shall give you no wine; but you can have tea, if you want.’
‘With whiskey,’ I said. ‘No, without whiskey.’ I began to do all sorts of
foolish things, to be utterly shameless. He sat down and looked at
me; but he did not show any interest, so offensive was it to him.
Nowadays you can find such young men, Viéra Pavlovna; since that
time young men have been growing morally better, but then it was a
very rare thing. I began to get angry, and I scolded him. ‘Since you
are such a stick!’ I said, ‘so I am going.’ ‘What is the use of going
now? you may as well have some tea; my landlady will bring the
samovar right in. But don’t abuse me.’ And all the time he addressed
me formally [with vui, you]. He said, ‘You had better tell me who
you are, and how you came to do such things.’ I began to tell him
everything that came into my mind. We make up stories to suit
ourselves, and that’s the reason no one ever believes us; but there
are some, in spite of all that, whose stories are not made up; there
are among us wellborn and well-educated girls. He listened, and
said: ‘No; you have made up your story poorly. I should like to
believe it, but it is impossible.’ At this time we were drinking tea. And
then he said: ‘Do you know, your constitution makes it bad for you
to drink? Your lungs are already very much injured by it. Let me
examine you.’ Well, Viéra Pavlovna, you won’t believe me, but I
assure you that I felt ashamed—and yet what was my life? and how
shamefully I had been behaving just a few minutes before!—and he
noticed it. ‘Don’t be disturbed,’ he says; ‘I only want to examine your
lungs.’ He was then only in the second class, but he knew a great
deal about medicine; he was away ahead in science.
“He examined my chest. ‘No,’ says he, ‘you must not drink at all;
you have very weak lungs.’ ‘How can we help drinking?’ I asked. ‘We
cannot get along without it.’ And it is really impossible, Viéra
Pavlovna. ‘Then you must give up the life that you are leading.’ ‘Why
should I give it up? It’s such a gay life.’ ‘No,’ says he, ‘there’s very
little gayety in it. Nu!’ says he, ‘I am very busy now, and you had
better leave me.’ And I left him, feeling very angry because I had
wasted my evening; and I felt very much offended because he was
such a passionless fellow, because we have our ambition in such
matters, you know.
“And then in a month it occurred to me to go to the same place
again. ‘Come on,’ says I, ‘I’ll go and see that stick again; I’ll see if I
can’t wake him up.’ This was just before dinner. I had gone to bed
the previous night, and I had not been drinking; he was sitting with
a book. ‘Hullo, old stick,’ says I. ‘How do you do? What do you
want?’ Then I began again to do ridiculous things. ‘I shall put you
out,’ he says; ‘stop, I told you that I did not like it. You are not drunk
now, and you can understand; and you had better heed what I say;
your face shows that you are sicker than you were before; you must
give up wine; just fix your dress and we will have a little talk.’ Well,
the fact was that my chest had already begun to pain me; he
examined me again; he said that my lungs were in a worse state
than before; he had a great deal to say; yes, and my chest did pain
me, and so I began to get sentimental, and I burst into tears. I did
not want to die, and he was all the time threatening me with
consumption. And I say, ‘How can I give up my mode of life? My
khozyáïka will not let me go. I owe her seventeen silver rubles.’ We
were always kept in debt, you know, so that we could not have any
voice in the matter. ‘Nu!’ says he, ‘I have no seventeen silver rubles
with me, but you come and see me day after tomorrow.’ That
seemed so strange, because I did not mean to give him any hint;
and how could I have expected it? I did not believe my ears, and I
wept still more violently, for I thought he was making fun of me. ‘It
is a sin and a shame to insult a poor girl when you see that she is
weeping’; and I did not believe him for a long time, until at last I
saw that he was in earnest. And what do you think? he raised the
money, and gave it to me two days later; and even then I somehow
did not believe it. ‘How is it you do this when you do not want to
take any favors from me?’ I said. I paid off my khozyáïka, and
rented a separate room; but I had nothing to do, and I had no
money. And so I went on living as before, that is, not exactly as
before; what an improvement it was, Viéra Pavlovna! I used to
receive only my acquaintances, my good friends, those who did not
offend me. And I had no wine either. And therefore what an
improvement. And do you know how easy it was for me in
comparison with what it had been before? no; after all, it was hard;
and I want to tell you this. You know me; am I not a modest girl?
Who ever hears anything bad of me now? And here in the shop how
much care I take of the children! and they all love me; and those old
women cannot say that I am teaching them anything bad. And so I
lived in this way. Three months or so went by, and during this time I
took good care of myself, because my life was peaceful; and though
I was ashamed on account of the money, I did not look upon myself
as a bad girl. Only at that time Sáshenka used to come to see me,
and sometimes I used to go and see him. And now I am coming to
speak of the subject that I wanted to tell you about. He did not
come to see me as the others did, but he looked after me to see
that I did not return to my former weakness, or get to drinking wine.
And really the first days he helped me because I had a strong
inclination for wine. And I was ashamed on his account; supposing
he should come in and see that I was drinking! And possibly if it had
not been for that, I should not have resisted, because my friends,
very good young fellows, used to say, ‘I am going to send out for
wine’; but as I was ashamed on his account, I used to say, ‘No, it
must not be.’ But otherwise I should have been tempted; the mere
thought that wine was bad for me would not have been enough. And
then in three weeks or so I grew stronger; my craving for wine
passed, and I got out of the habit of drinking. And I kept laying up
money to pay him back, and in two months I paid him up. How glad
he was that I returned him the money. The day after he brought me
some muslin for a dress, and some other things that he bought with
that money. He used to come to see me after that just as a doctor
calls to take care of an invalid. And a month after I had paid off my
debt, he was sitting in my room, and said, ‘Now, Nástenka, I begin
to like your looks.’ And really, it’s true, wine spoils the complexion,
and its effects don’t pass off suddenly; but by this time they had
passed, and the complexion of my face had become more delicate,
and my eyes were clearer; and then again as I had got out of my
former habits, I began to speak modestly, for you know my thoughts
after I gave up drinking became modest, though I used to get
entangled in my speech, and sometimes I used to forget myself on
account of my former carelessness; but by this time I had got
accustomed to behaving myself and to speaking more modestly. And
as soon as he said that I pleased him, I was so happy that I wanted
to throw myself on his neck, but I did not dare, and I refrained. And
he said, ‘You see, Nástenka, I am not devoid of feelings.’ And he
declared that I had become a nice modest young girl, and he
caressed me; and how did he caress me? He took my hand and laid
it on his, and began to smooth it with his other hand; and he looked
at my hand, and indeed at that time my hands were white and
delicate. And so when he took my hand—you would not believe it—I
blushed, after my life, Viéra Pavlovna, as though I had been an
innocent baruishna. This is strange, but it is so. But with all my
shame—it is absurd to say, Viéra Pavlovna, with all my shame, it is
true—I still said, ‘How is it that you are willing to caress me,
Aleksandr Matvéitch?’ And he said, ‘It is because you are a virtuous
girl now, Nástenka.’ And the words, ‘virtuous girl,’ that he called me,
affected me so much that I burst into tears. And then he said, ‘What
is the matter, Nástenka?’ and he kissed me. What do you think?
When he kissed me, my head began to swim, and I forgot all about
the past; is it possible to believe, Viéra Pavlovna, that such a thing
could happen to me after such a life as mine?
“Well, on the next morning, I was sitting and weeping, and
wondering what would become of me, and how should I live, poor
creature that I was. All that was left for me was to throw myself into
the Neva. I felt that I could not live such a life as I had been living! I
might die; I might starve to death; but I could not live so any more.
You see that I had been in love with him long ago; but, as he had
not shown any such feelings towards me, I had no hope of ever
winning his love, and my love died away within me, and I did not
even know that I had it. And now it was all brought to light again;
and, of course, when you feel such a love, how can you look upon
anybody else with favor, except the man whom you love? You
yourself know that this is impossible. There is nothing else in
existence except the one man. Here I was sitting and weeping,
‘What can I do now, being as I have nothing to live on?’ And I really
made up my mind to go and see him once more, and then go and
drown myself. And thus I spent the whole morning weeping. But
suddenly I saw him coming in, and he began to kiss me, and he
said, ‘Nástenka, do you want to live at my house?’ And I told him
how I felt; and so I went to live at his house. That was a happy
time, Viéra Pavlovna; I think that few have ever enjoyed such
happiness. And he was always so kind to me. How many times it
happened that I woke up, and he was sitting with a book; and then
he would come and look after me, and he would forget his book,
and he would sit and keep watch over me. But what a modest man
he was, Viéra Pavlovna; I could understand it afterwards, when I
came to read and find out how love is described in novels; I could
judge then. But, with all his modesty, how he loved me! And what a
feeling you have when a beloved man loves you. It is a happiness
such as you can form no idea of. Let us imagine when he kissed me
for the first time: my head even turned; I bowed before him. Such a
feeling is sweet, indeed; but that was nothing in comparison to the
feeling afterwards. Before the blood boils, you know, there is
anxiety; and even in the sweet feeling there is more or less torment;
so that it is even hard to bear it, although it is hardly worth while to
say how blessed it is; because, for such a minute, you are ready to
sacrifice your life—and there are some who do sacrifice their lives,
Viéra Pavlovna—therefore it must be a great happiness. But still it is
not this, not this at all. It is just the same as when you get lost in
daydreams sometimes, when you are sitting alone, and merely think,
‘Akh! how I love him!’ and there is no worriment, no anxiety at all, in
this pleasantness; and you feel so calm, so easy in mind! So it is the
same feeling, only a thousandfold stronger, when this beloved man
loves you. And how calm you feel; and the heart does not throb—no,
for that would mean disturbance, and you feel nothing of that kind—
but it is much smoother, and there is more pleasantness; and it
beats so gently and your chest expands and you breathe freer! Akh!
this is so, this is true; it is very easy to breathe! akh! how easy! So
that when an hour or two passes, like one minute—no, not a minute,
not a second—there is no time at all, just as when you fall asleep
and get up again. If you fall asleep, you know that much time has
passed since you went asleep; but how has the time passed? It did
not make up a single minute. And then, again, it is the same thing
as after you have been asleep: there is no weariness, but, on the
contrary, freshness, courage, as though you had been resting; and
so it is: you have been resting. I said that it was very easy to
breathe, and that is the very truth. What a strength in the glance,
Viéra Pavlovna! No caresses of friends can caress you in such a way,
or give you such a sense of luxury, as his glance. All the rest that is
in love is not as comforting as this comfort.
“And how he loved me! how he loved me! Akh! what a delight it
was! No one can imagine it, except the one who has experienced it.
You know that, Viéra Pavlovna!
 “You know, Viéra Pavlovna, that the look of even a woman makes
me blush; our girls will tell you how bashful I am. It is for that
reason that I live in a separate room; and how strange it is, you
would scarcely believe it. But you know all about it, and I need not
tell you. But when you think about it, you cannot part from this
thought. No; I am going to leave you, Viéra Pavlovna; there is
nothing more for me to tell you. I only wanted to tell you how good
Sáshenka is.”
 XV

Nástenka finished telling her story to Viéra Pavlovna on other days.

She lived at Kirsánof’s house about two years. The signs of her
threatening sickness seemed entirely to have disappeared; but at
the end of the second year, when spring came, consumption
suddenly appeared in its full development. The doctor thought that if
she went away, she might count on staving off her death for a long
while. They decided to part. To occupy her time in sedentary
employment was also sure destruction. It was necessary for her to
look for occupation as a housekeeper, chambermaid, nurse-girl, or
something of the kind, and with such a mistress as would not
impose trying duties upon her, and in such a way that there should
not be unpleasantness, and this was a very important thing. These
conditions were hard to meet; but such a place was found. Kirsánof
had acquaintances among rising artists. Through them Nástenka
found a place as chambermaid with one of the actresses in the
Russian theatre, an excellent woman.
As long as the actress remained on the stage, Nástenka was well
satisfied to live with her. The actress was a refined woman, and
Nástenka valued her place; it would be hard to find another like it.
Nástenka became attached to her because she never had any
disagreeable scenes with her, and the actress seeing this, became
kinder than ever. Nástenka lived a quiet life there, and her disease
ceased, or almost ceased, to develop. But the actress got married,
renounced the stage, and made her home in her husband’s family.
And here, as Viéra Pavlovna had already heard before, the actress’s
father-in-law began to affront the chambermaid. Nástenka, let us
suppose, was not subjected to temptation, but it occasioned a family
quarrel; the former actress began to put the old man to shame; the
old man felt the shame. Nástenka did not want to be the cause of a
family disorder, and even if she had wanted, she could not enjoy the
peaceful life of her former situation, and she gave it up.
That was about two years and a half since her parting from
Kirsánof. They had not seen each other at all during this time. He
called upon her, but the happiness of the meeting affected her so
unfavorably that he begged her not to let him call upon her for her
own sake. Nástenka tried to live as chambermaid in two or three
families, but everywhere she found so many worriments and
unpleasantnesses, that it seemed better for her to become a
seamstress, though it was a direct step towards the development of
her disease; the disease would have been developed from any such
trying position, and so it would be better for her to be subjected to
such a fate, but without the unpleasantness, and only from her own
work. A year of sewing entirely undermined Nástenka’s health. When
she entered Viéra Pavlovna’s union, Lopukhóf, who was then the
doctor for the shop, did everything possible to stop the development
of the consumption; he did a great deal, that is, so far as a man
with so little real knowledge of medicine can do. But the end was
at hand.
Nástenka had enjoyed the delusion universal among those who
suffer from consumption, imagining that her disease was not very
far advanced, and so she did not seek to see Kirsánof; but for the
last two months she had persistently asked Lopukhóf whether she
had long to live. Why she wanted to know, she did not say, and
Lopukhóf did not feel that he had the right to tell her plainly about
the approaching crisis, for he did not see in her question anything
more than the universal attachment to human life. He tried to calm
her; but she, as it often happens, could not be contented, for she
kept aloof from that which might have given her days a glimpse of
happiness; but now she herself saw that she had not long to live,
and her feelings were dominated by this thought: but the doctor
assured her that she must take care of herself. She knew that she
had to believe more in him than in her own hopes, and therefore she
did not look to see Kirsánof.
 Of course this doubt could not last long. According as her last
days approached, Nástenka’s questions became more persistent; she
either would have said that she had a particular reason for knowing
the truth, or Lopukhóf and Viéra Pavlovna would have guessed that
she had a particular reason in her questions, and two or three
weeks, or maybe several days later, the result would have been the
same as really happened, owing to Kirsánof’s unexpected
appearance in the shop. But now the doubt was at an end; not
brought by the further progress of her questions, but by this
accidental circumstance.
“How glad I am, how glad I am! I always have been wanting to
catch a sight of you, Sáshenka,” said Nástenka, when she took him
to her room.
“Yes, Nástenka, I too am no less glad than you; now you shall not
leave me again. Come back to my house,” said Kirsánof, who was
drawn away by a feeling of sympathy and compassion; but after he
said this, it occurred to him, “How could I have said that to her? She
most likely is not aware of the nearness of the crisis.”
But she either did not understand at first the sense that could be
drawn from these words, or she understood it, and did not care to
heed it; and her gladness at seeing once more the man whom she
loved, deadened her grief at the approaching end; at all events, she
simply showed her happiness by saying, “How kind you are! How
could I have ever left you?”
But after he left she wept. Only now she either understood, or
may have noticed that she had understood, what it meant for her to
see him once more. “Well, it is of no use for you to take care of
yourself any longer, but at least you shall enjoy the little of life that
is left.”
And indeed she was glad; he never left her for a moment, except
those hours when he had to be in the hospital, or at the medical
school; so she lived about a month, and he was always with her. And
how much they talked about everything; what had happened since
she had left his house, and still further recollections about her past,
and how many pleasures she had; he even took her out to ride; he
hired a coupé, and he took her out every pleasant day into the
suburbs of Petersburg, and she was greatly delighted. Nature is so
dear to a human being that even this pitiable, miserable nature
surrounding Petersburg, which cost millions and tens of millions of
rubles, people are delighted with; he used to read to her, and they
played loto, and she even tried to play chess, as though she had
time to learn it.
Viéra Pavlovna sometimes spent late hours at their house when
returning from her walks, and still more often she used to call on the
invalid in the morning, to distract her thoughts when she was alone,
and when they were alone together, Nástenka had only one thing to
tell her, how kind Aleksandr Matvéitch was, and how good, and how
she loved him.
 XVI

Four months passed. The watching over Nástenka and then his
recollections about her deceived Kirsánof; it seemed to him that now
he was out of danger as far as Viéra Pavlovna were concerned; he
did not avoid her when she came to see Nástenka and stopped to
talk with him; and afterwards when she tried to console him. As long
as he mourned for Nástenka, there was nothing in his feelings
towards Viéra Pavlovna except a friendly feeling of gratefulness
towards her.
But—the reader has already learned to know what I mean by but
the same as he will always know beforehand what is going to follow
the pages that he has already read—but, of course, Kirsánof’s
feeling towards Nástenka had not been the same as Nástenka’s
feelings towards him; he had long ceased to feel love for her; he
only felt well disposed to her, as towards a woman whom he had
loved long before. His former love towards her was only the thirst of
a youth to love someone, no matter whom. Of course Nástenka was
not his equal, because they were not equal in mental development.
When he ceased to be a youth, he could only feel pity for Nástenka,
and nothing more; possibly he could be tender to her, on account of
old recollections and compassion, and that was all. His grief for her,
in fact, was very soon appeased; but when his grief was a thing of
the past, he imagined that he was still occupied with it; and after he
saw that he did not really feel any grief, but only recollections of it,
he saw himself in such relations with Viéra Pavlovna that he found
that he was entrapped in a great misfortune.
Viéra Pavlovna tried to distract him, and he gave himself up to it,
for he considered himself safe, or rather not realizing that he was
falling in love with Viéra Pavlovna again, or realizing that, by giving
himself up to her care, he was drifting towards misfortune. Well, and
what happened now in two or three months, after Viéra Pavlovna
began to console him for his grief for Nástenka? Nothing except the
fact that he used to spend almost every evening at the Lopukhófs’,
or escorted Viéra Pavlovna somewhere or other, frequently with her
husband, but more often by himself. That was all that happened, but
this was altogether too much, not only for him, but also for her.
How did Viéra Pavlovna spend her days now? Till evening it was
just the same as before. Now, here it is six o’clock; at this time she
usually goes alone to the shop, or she sits in her room, and works by
herself. But now, if she has to be at the shop in the evening,
Kirsánof was told about it the evening before, and he comes to
escort her. On their walk to and from the shop—by the way, it was
not a very long distance—they talk about various matters, generally
about the union. Kirsánof himself is now the most active helper
there. Once there she occupies herself in giving directions, and he
too has a good deal to do; for thirty girls ask not a few questions
and favors, which it is most convenient for him to fulfil, isn’t it? And
during the intervals he sits and talks with the children; and here
several of the young girls take part in this conversation about
everything in the world—about the beauty of the Arabian stories, the
Thousand and One Nights, a good many of which he had already
told them, and about the white elephants which are so esteemed in
India, just as in our country a good many love white cats; half the
company think that this is not good taste—white elephants, cats,
horses; for all these are albinos, a sickly species; you can see by
their eyes that they do not enjoy such good health as the colored
ones; but the other part of the company stand up for the white cats.
“And don’t you know anything more about the life of Mrs. Beecher
Stowe, whose novel we have all known because you told us?” asked
one of the growing girls. No; Kirsánof, just now, does not know it,
but he will find out about it; it is very interesting to him, but now he
can tell them something about Howard who was almost as great as
Mrs. Beecher Stowe. Thus pass Kirsánof’s talks, or Kirsánof’s
discussions with the little flock; one half of the flock, consisting of
children, has been constantly the same, but the older half
unceasingly changes. But now Viéra Pavlovna has finished her
business, and she returns home with him to tea, and they all three
sit for a long time after tea; now Viéra Pavlovna and her husband
spend a much longer time together than when Kirsánof was not
there. Almost every evening that they spend together, they have
music for an hour or two: Dmitri Sergéitch plays, Viéra Pavlovna
sings, Kirsánof sits and listens; sometimes Kirsánof plays, and Dmitri
Sergéitch and his wife sing duets. But now it often happens that
Viéra Pavlovna hurries from the shop, so as to have time to dress for
the opera: now very often they go to the opera, sometimes all
together, and sometimes Viéra Pavlovna and Kirsánof go by
themselves; and besides, the Lopukhófs have company more often
than before—before not counting the young folks; for what kind of
guests are young folks? they are only like nephews—the Mertsálofs
were almost their only visitors—now the Lopukhófs have made
friends with two or three lovely families. The Mertsálofs and two
other families made arrangements to have every week, in their own
circle, little evening parties with dancing; there used to be six
couples, and even eight couples, of dancers. Lopukhóf scarcely ever
goes to the opera or to these parties without Kirsánof; but Kirsánof
very often escorts Viéra Pavlovna to these entertainments. Lopukhóf
says that he much prefers to stay at home in his everyday coat on
his sofa. And therefore, only about half the evenings they spend
together; but these evenings they are together with scarcely any
interruptions; it is true, when the Lopukhófs have no company
besides Kirsánof, the sofa often draws Lopukhóf from the parlor,
where the grand piano stands; the piano has now been brought
from Viéra Pavlovna’s room into the parlor; but this does not save
Dmitri Sergéitch very much. In a quarter or a half hour, Kirsánof and
Viéra Pavlovna give up the music, and sit by his sofa; however, Viéra
Pavlovna does not sit long by the sofa; she quickly arranges herself
comfortably on the sofa itself, but in such a way that there is plenty
of room for her husband also; for the sofa is wide; that is, there is
not any too much room, but she would throw her arm around her
husband, and so it is comfortable for him to stay there.
And thus passed three months or more.
 The idyl is no longer fashionable, and I myself do not like it at all;
that is, personally I do not like it, just as I do not like sauntering, do
not like asparagus—several things, aren’t there, that I am not fond
of? but it is impossible for any one man to like all dishes and all
ways of amusement. But I know that these things, which are not
according to my personal taste, are very good things; that they are
to the taste, or they would be to the taste of a vastly greater
number of people than those who, like me, prefer chess-playing to
sauntering, sauerkraut with hemp oil to asparagus. I even know that
the tastes of the majority which does not share my enjoyment in
chess-playing, would be glad not to share my taste for sauerkraut
with hemp oil, are not worse than mine; and so I say: let there be in
the world as many amusements as possible, or let them almost
absolutely vanish from the world, but let sauerkraut with hemp oil
remain, as an antiquarian rarity for a few such odd fellows as I.
And, likewise, I know that for the huge majority of people, who
are not in the least worse than I am, happiness must have an idyllic
character; and I exclaim: “Let the idyl begin to reign over all the
other characters in life.” For a few originals who are not fond of it
there will be other forms of happiness; but the majority must have
the idyl. As to the fact that the idyl is not in fashion, and therefore
people shun it, that is no objection at all; they shun it just as the fox
in the fable shunned the grapes. It seems to them that the idyl is
inaccessible, and therefore they lay down their dictum: “Let it not be
in fashion.”
But it is pure absurdity that the idyl is inaccessible; it is not only a
good thing for almost all people, but it is very feasible; there ought
to be no hardship in arranging it, only it must not be for one person,
or ten persons, but for all. Now the Italian opera is an impossible
thing for five people; but for the whole city of Petersburg it is very
possible, as all see and hear. And so, too, the Collected Writings of
N. V. Gogol, Moscow, 1861, would be an impossible thing for ten
people; but for the whole public it is very possible, and not
expensive, as we all know. But as long as there is no opera for the
whole city, it is possible for only a few very music-mad people to
enjoy themselves at second-class concerts; and as long as the
second volume of Dead Souls34 was not printed for the whole public,
only a few of the most eager admirers of Gogol, not valuing the
labor, prepared each for themselves manuscript copies. A manuscript
is incomparably worse than a printed book; a second-class concert is
very poor compared to an Italian opera; but both the one and the
other are good in their way.
 XVII

If a stranger had consulted Kirsánof about the position in which

Kirsánof found himself after he came to his senses, and if Kirsánof
had been a perfect stranger to all the people who were concerned in
the matter, he would have said to the one who came to consult with
him: “To straighten out this affair by running away is too late. I do
not know how the play will end, but for you to run or to stay is
equally dangerous; but for those for whose peace you care, your
running away would be still more dangerous than your remaining.”
Of course Kirsánof would have said this only to a man like himself,
or like Lopukhóf, to a man of firm character and undoubted virtue.
To other people it would be useless to give advice about such a
situation, because these other people invariably act in such cases
meanly and contemptibly; they put the woman to shame; they
dishonor themselves, and then go out into their own society, and
whimper or boast, and take delight in their heroic virtue, or their
amorous irresistibility. With such people neither Kirsánof nor
Lopukhóf liked to talk about the way that men of generous character
should act. But Kirsánof would have been right in telling anyone his
dictum that to run away now would be worse than to remain. It
would have been to imply, “I know how you would act if you
remained; you would act in such a way as not to expose your
feelings, because only in this way you will not do ill by remaining.
The task before you is so far as possible not to disturb the
tranquillity of a woman whose life runs smoothly. But it appears that
it is already impossible not to disturb it. The feeling that is
incompatible with her present relations is already, according to all
probability, or rather, to use simpler language, already, without any
doubt, engendered in her, but as yet she does not know it. Whether
it will spring up soon or not by herself without any interference on
your part is uncertain. But your avoidance of her would be the very
thing to call it out. Consequently your going away would only be to
hasten the matter, a thing which you want to avoid.”
But Kirsánof argued the case not as a stranger but as a
participant. It seemed to him that to go away would be harder than
to remain; the feeling impels him to remain; consequently would not
to remain be the same thing as to yield to the feeling, to be tempted
by its suggestions? What right had he to believe so absolutely that
neither by words nor by looks he would not betray his feeling, would
not bring it forth? And therefore it would be wiser to go away. In
your own case it is very difficult to distinguish how far reason is
tempted by the sophisms of inclination, because uprightness says,
act, fight against temptation, then you have better chances for noble
action. This is a translation from the language of theory into
everyday speech; but the theory to which Kirsánof adhered,
considers such lofty words as nobleness, to be ambiguous, obscure,
and Kirsánof in his terminology would have expressed: himself thus:
“Every man is an egotist; so am I; now the question comes up, ‘Is it
more profitable for me to go away, or to remain?’ If I go away, I
crush in me my personal feeling; if I remain, I am liable to disturb
my feeling of human dignity by some stupid word or look which may
be caused by this individual feeling. The individual feeling may be
crushed; and by and by my peace of mind may be again restored; I
may be again satisfied with my life. But if I once act against my
human nature, I shall lose forever the possibility of peace, the
possibility of self-satisfaction; I shall poison all my life. My position is
like this: I am fond of wine, and before me is a flask with very good
wine; but I have a suspicion that this wine is poisoned. I cannot tell
whether my suspicion is well founded or not. Must I drink this flask
of wine, or shall I pour it out so as not to be tempted by it. I must
not call my decision either noble or even virtuous, these are too high
words; I must simply call it coldly calculating common sense. I throw
away the flask. Thus I deprive myself of some pleasure; I cause
myself some displeasure; but by doing so I secure my health, that is,
the possibility of having a great deal of such wine to drink, which I
shall surely know is not poisoned. I simply do not act foolishly, and
that is all the praise that I deserve.”
 XVIII

But how could he withdraw? His former game of making believe

offended, of exhibiting some mean feature of his character so as to
depend upon it, would not work; twice to perform the same trick is
impossible; a second performance like the first would only have
revealed the design of the first, would have shown him up as the
hero not only of the new, but also of the former affair. Yes; and
generally speaking, it is necessary to avoid any abrupt cessation of
relations. Such an avoidance would be easier, but it would be
theatrical; it would arouse attention, that is, at the present time it
would be mean and contemptible, or, according to Kirsánof’s theory
of egotism, it would be a stupid miscalculation. And so there
remained only one, and the most tormenting means, that is, an
unobtrusive renunciation carried out in a slow and unnoticeable
manner, so that it might not be seen that he was giving them up.
This action is very difficult; it requires great tact to disappear from
sight so that your motion is not noticed, when you are watched by
bright eyes; but it could not be helped; he had to do in this way.
However, according to Kirsánof’s theory, it was not tormenting at all,
but rather agreeable; for the harder a deed is to accomplish, the
gladder you are (on the selfish theory) at the strength and skill
which you have shown while successfully accomplishing it.
And, indeed, he fulfilled it successfully; he did not betray his
attention by one word too much or one word too little, or by a look;
as before, he was free and jocular with Viéra Pavlovna; as before, he
made it evident that he enjoyed her society, but there appeared
various things to hinder his coming to the Lopukhófs’ as often as
before, or remaining there a whole evening as before, and the result
was that Lopukhóf had to seize him more often than before, by his
arm or the lapel of his coat, with the words, “No, old fellow, you
can’t get rid of this discussion so easily”; and by far the larger part
of the time that Kirsánof spent at the Lopukhófs’ he tried to stay by
his friend’s sofa. And everything was arranged so gradually that it
was not noticed at all how the change was developing. Interruptions
came along, and Kirsánof not only brought them up as excuses, but,
moreover, was sorry (this did not happen every time, for too great
show of sorrow would not do) that such an interruption happened.
And these interruptions seemed to be so natural, so unavoidable,
that the Lopukhófs themselves pushed him from the house
reminding him that he had forgotten his promise to be at home,
because such and such an acquaintance, whom he ought to see,
was coming to his house. Or he forgot that if he did not call today
on such and such a person, such and such a person would be
offended; or he had forgotten that he ought to work for at least four
hours, and ought he not to sleep a little tonight in preparation for it?
Why, it’s ten o’clock already, and he must not talk any more; he
must go and take up his work. Kirsánof, moreover, did not always
listen to them when they reminded him; he would not go to see his
acquaintances, he would let his friend get angry, or the work would
not run away, so he would spend the evening with them. But these
interruptions kept growing more frequent, and scientific operations
began to steal unmercifully one evening after another from Kirsánof.
They might go to the deuce, according to his opinion (and
sometimes he used to say this aloud); that is, his scientific
occupations or his acquaintances have been imposing upon him
more than usual; how they did impose upon him! (This also he used
to say aloud.) And so it seemed to him—and the Lopukhófs saw very
well how it was—that he was getting to be very popular, and so
there always came up more and more people to whom he was
necessary; and then he must not treat his work carelessly, for there
was no excuse for his being so lazy; and, indeed, he had been very
lazy during the last few months, and it would be hard for him to
begin work again; “But you must work, brother Aleksandr,” and she
would say, “It’s time, Aleksandr Matvéitch.”
 The maneuver was a difficult one; for week after week it was
necessary to prolong this wheeling “to the left and around,” and the
turn was made so slowly, so steadily, like the hands of a clock. Look
at it as attentively as you please; you cannot see that it is turning,
but it does its work silently; it steadily goes away from its former
position. And what pleasure Kirsánof, as a theorist, had in watching
his skill in putting this into practice. Egotists and materialists act only
for their own pleasure! And Kirsánof, laying his hand on his heart,
could say that he was playing this game only for his own pleasure.
He delighted in his skill and his boldness.
Thus passed a month, and maybe somewhat more; and if anyone
had reckoned, he would have found that during this month his
friendliness to the Lopukhófs had not diminished a hair’s breadth;
but fourfold less time he spent with them, and simultaneously he
reduced to almost a half the time that he used to spend with Viéra
Pavlovna. One month more, and while their former friendship still
remained, the friends would see each other but little, and the thing
would have its hat on.
Lopukhóf’s eyes were sharp; don’t they really see anything? No;
not a thing.
But Viéra Pavlovna? and Viéra Pavlovna notices nothing. But does
she notice no change in herself? Viéra Pavlovna notices no change in
herself. Only Viéra Pavlovna dreams a dream.
 XIX
Viéra Pavlovna’s Third Dream

And Viéra Pavlovna dreams a dream.

After tea, she had a talk with her mílenki, and went to her room to
lie down—not to sleep; it was too early to sleep. Why, it was only
half-past nine; no, she did not even undress; she only lay down to
read. And here she is reading as she lies on her little bed; but the
book falls away from her eyes, and Viéra begins to think: “What is
the reason that lately I have been feeling lonesome occasionally; or
not exactly lonesome, or does it merely seem so? No; it is not
lonesome, but I only just happened to remember that I wanted to
go to the opera this evening: but this Kirsánof, attentive fellow that
he is, went too late to get tickets; he might have known that when
Bosio35 is singing, it is impossible to get two-ruble tickets at eleven
o’clock. Of course he cannot be blamed; he must have been working
till five o’clock, surely till five o’clock, though he didn’t confess it; and
yet he is to blame. No; after this, I’d better ask the mílenki to get
tickets, and I guess I’d better go to the opera with my mílenki, too;
mílenki would never be so stupid as to let me go without tickets, and
he is always glad to go with me; my mílenki is such a sweet fellow!
And on account of this Kirsánof, I have missed hearing Traviata. I
would go every night to the opera, if there were opera, no matter
how bad it might be, provided only Bosio sang the chief role; if I had
such a voice as Bosio, it seems to me I would sing all day long. I
wonder if I could get acquainted with her. How could I manage it?
That artillerist is well acquainted with Tamberlík.36 Could it be done
through him? No; it is impossible; what an absurd thought! What is
the good of getting acquainted with Bosio? Would she sing for me?
Of course she has to save her voice.
 “And how did Bosio succeed in learning Russian? How purely she
pronounces! But what absurd words! Where could she have found
such wretched poetry? Yes; she must have studied out of the same
grammar which I did; those verses were quoted in it to illustrate the
use of quotation marks. How stupid it is to quote such verses in a
grammar! though it would not be so bad if the poetry were better;
but there is no need of thinking about the meaning of the verses; all
one needs to do is to hear her sing:—

‘The hours of pleasure

Make the most of;
The years of youth
Give up to love.’37

“What ridiculous poetry! wrong accent in the second line: make

the most of! of, uv! But what a voice and what feeling she puts into
her singing; and her voice is vastly sweeter than it used to be—
incomparably better! It is wonderful! How could it improve so much?
And here I was wondering how I could get acquainted with her, and
she herself has come to call upon me. How did she find out that I
wanted her to?”
“Yes; you came to call on me a long time ago,” says Bosio, and
she speaks Russian.
“I called upon you, Bosio? How could I have called upon you when
I was not acquainted with you? But I am very, very glad to see you.”
Viéra Pavlovna pushed aside her bed-curtain, so as to give Bosio
her hand; but the cantatrice laughs, and it seems that it is not Bosio
at all, but de Merrick in the role of the gypsy “Rigoletto”; only the
gayety of the laughter is de Merrick’s, but the voice is still Bosio’s,
and she runs away and hides herself behind the bed-curtain. How
disagreeable, that this bed-curtain hides her—and before there was
no bed-curtain at all: where did it come from?
“Do you know why I came to you?” And she laughs, as though she
were de Merrick and at the same time Bosio.
“Who are you? You are not de Merrick, are you?”
“No.”
 “Are you Bosio?”
The songstress laughs. “You learn rapidly; but now it will be
necessary for us to attend to what brought me here. I want to read
your diary with you.”
“I do not keep a diary; I never kept one.”
“Look here; what is that lying on this little table?”
Viéra Pavlovna looks; on the table near the bedstead is lying a
copybook with the inscription, “V. L.’s Diary.” Where did this
copybook come from? Viéra Pavlovna takes it, opens it; the book is
written in her own hand—but when?
“Read the last page,” says Bosio.
Viéra Pavlovna reads: “Again I am often obliged to stay alone
whole evenings. But that’s nothing; I am used to it.”
“Is that all?” asks Bosio.
“That’s all.”
“No; you did not read it all.”
“There is nothing more written there.”
“You cannot deceive me,” says the visitor. “What is this?”
From behind the bed-curtain comes forth a hand; what a
handsome hand! No; this wonderful hand does not belong to Bosio,
and how does this hand come out from the curtain without pushing
it apart?
The hand of the new visitor touches the page; from under the
hand appear new lines, which were not there before.
“Read,” says the visitor.
And Viéra Pavlovna’s heart begins to feel oppressed; she has
never seen these lines before; she did not know that they were
written, but her heart is oppressed. She does not wish to read the
new lines. “Read,” repeats the visitor.
Viéra Pavlovna reads: “No; it is tiresome for me to be alone. Once
I did not feel the loneliness. Why is it tiresome for me now when it
did not used to be?”
“Turn back a page,” says the visitor. Viéra Pavlovna turns a page:—
“The summer of this year!”
“Who writes diaries like that?” thinks Viéra Pavlovna; “it should
have been written, ’1885, June or July,’ and have the day of the
month; but here it stands: ‘The summer of this year’; who keeps
diaries in that way?”
“The summer of this year; we go picnicking in our usual way into
the suburbs, to the islands, and this time mílenki goes along with us.
How enjoyable it is to me!—Akh! so it is August, is it? What day of
the month? the fifteenth; or, no, the twelfth? Yes, yes, it was about
the fifteenth; it was after that excursion that my poor mílenki
became sick,” thinks Viéra Pavlovna.
“Is that all?”
“That’s all.”
“No, you don’t read everything. What is this?” says the visitor, and
again through the unparted bed-curtain comes the wonderful hand;
and again it touches the pages, and again on the pages appear new
words, and again Viéra Pavlovna reads against her will the new
words, “Why doesn’t my mílenki come along with us oftener?”
“Turn one leaf more,” says the visitor.
“My mílenki has so much to do, and it is all for my sake; for my
sake he is working, my mílenki;—and that is the answer,” thinks
Viéra Pavlovna, happy at the thought.
“Turn one page more.”
“What honest, noble people these students are, and how they
respect my mílenki. And I enjoy myself with them just as though
they were brothers, and we have no ceremoniousness.”
“Is that all?”
“That is all!”
“No, read further.”
And again appears the hand and touches the page, and again
come forth new lines, and again Viéra reads the new lines:—
“The sixteenth of August—that is on the second day after our visit
to the island; no, it was exactly the fifteenth,” thinks Viéra Pavlovna:
“all the time the mílenki spoke with that Rakhmétof,38 or as they
called him out of jest, the rigorist, and his comrades, but he spent
hardly quarter of an hour with me.—That is not true; he spent nearly
half an hour with me,” thinks Viéra Pavlovna, “besides the time when
we were sitting together in the boat.”
 “The seventeenth of August; yesterday the students spent a whole
evening with us.”—Yes, it was on the evening when the mílenki was
taken sick—“Mílenki talked with them the whole evening long. Why
did he spend so much time with them and so little with me? He is
not working all the time; he himself says that he is not working all
the time; that without rest it is impossible to work; that he takes a
great deal of rest, that he thinks about nothing else except taking a
rest; why does he think by himself and not with me?”
“Turn over one leaf more.”
“July of the present year and every month of the present year, and
until mílenki became sick, then last year and before that too. Five
days ago the students called on us, and yesterday too. I carried on
with them, it was so gay. Tomorrow or day after tomorrow they will
call again, and again it will be gay.”
“Is that all?”
“That is all!”
“No, read further.”
Again appears the hand, touches the page, and again from under
the hand come new lines; and again against her will Viéra Pavlovna
is reading them:—
“The beginning of the present year, especially at the end of spring.
Yes, it used to be gay with these students, but that was all. But now
I often think it was childish nonsense; such nonsense will amuse me
for a long time yet. Probably even when I have come to be an old
woman, when I myself will not be of the age for playing, I shall
delight in the youthful games which will remind me of my childhood;
for even now I look upon the students as younger brothers, but I
should not like to become a Viérotchka always when I want to rest
from serious thoughts and labors. I am now Viéra Pavlovna, and to
enjoy one’s self like Viérotchka is only agreeable at times, but not
always. Viéra Pavlovna sometimes wants such happiness that she
might still remain Viéra Pavlovna; and this happiness comes only
with one’s equals in life.”
“Turn back several pages more.”
“I have opened a sewing union, and went to Julie to ask for
orders. Mílenki stopped at her rooms to get me. She kept us to
breakfast and she ordered champagne, and she forced me to drink
two glasses. We began to sing, run, shout, wrestle; how gay it was!
Mílenki looked on and laughed.”
“Is that really all?” asks the visitor, and again appears the hand,
and again from under the hand appear new words, and again Viéra
Pavlovna reads against her will:—
“Mílenki only looked on and laughed. Why didn’t he join in with
us? That would have made it still gayer. Was it that it was improper,
or didn’t he care to take a part in our sport? No, it was not in the
least improper, and he might have done it! But he has such a nature.
He not only does not interfere; he also approves, but that is all.”
“Turn one page back.”
“I went with mílenki for the first time since my marriage to see my
parents. It was hard to see the life that oppressed and stifled me
before my marriage. My mílenki! from what a horrible life he saved
me! and that night I had a horrible dream, and my mámenka
reproached me for being ungrateful; and she spoke the truth, but
such fearful truth that I began to groan. Mílenki heard my groan and
came into my room, and I was singing all the time (in my dream)
because my loving ‘bride’ came and consoled me. The mílenki
wanted to act as my dressing-maid! How ashamed I was! But he is
such a modest man? He only kissed my shoulder!”
“Is that all that is written? You cannot deceive me! read!” And
again from under the visitor’s hand appear the new words, and Viéra
Pavlovna reads them against her will:—
“This seems to me rather insulting!”
“Turn several pages back.”
“Today I was waiting for my friend D. on the Boulevard, near the
new bridge. There lives a lady, at whose house I expected to be a
governess; but she was not willing to take me. I returned home with
D. very despondent. I was thinking, in my room, before dinner, that
it would be better to die than to live as I am living now; and
suddenly, at dinner, D. says: ‘Viéra Pavlovna, let us drink to the
health of my bride and your bridegroom.’ I could hardly refrain from
tears, in the presence of all, from joy at such an unexpected
salvation. After dinner, I talked a long time with D. about how we
should live. How I love him! He is leading me out from the cellar!”
“Read it all.”
“There is nothing more to read.”
“Look!”
Again from under the visitor’s hand appear new lines.
“I do not want to read,” says Viéra Pavlovna, in fear. She has not
yet distinguished what is written in those new lines, but already it is
horrible to her.
“You cannot help reading, when I bid you to read. Read!”
Viéra Pavlovna reads:—
“Do I only love him because he led me out from the cellar—not
himself, but my salvation from the cellar?”
“Just turn back once more, and read the very first page.”
“It is my birthday, today; today I spoke for the first time with D.,
and fell in love with him. I never before heard such noble and
consoling words from anyone. How he sympathizes with everything
that demands sympathy, wants to help everything that needs help!
How sure he is that happiness is possible for all people, that it must
be, and that anger and woe are not forever; that a new and bright
life is rapidly approaching us! How joyfully my heart expanded when
I heard these assurances from this learned and serious man, for
they confirmed my own thoughts. How kind he was when he spoke
about us poor women! Every woman would love such a man. How
clever he is! how generous! how kind!”
“Good! Turn again to the last page.”
“But I have read that page!”
“No; that is not the last one yet. Turn one leaf more.”
“But there is nothing on this leaf!”
“Just read! Do you see how much is written on it?” And again from
the touch of the visitor’s hand appear lines which were not there
before. Viéra Pavlovna’s heart grows cold.
“I do not want to read! I cannot read!”
“I command you. You must!”
“I cannot! I will not!”
 “Then I will read for you what is written. Just listen.—‘He is a
noble man, a generous man; he is my saviour! But generosity gives
rise to respect, confidence, and readiness to act in unanimity,
friendship. A saviour is requited by gratefulness, by devotion; that is
all. His nature maybe is quicker than mine. When the blood is
boiling, his caresses burn into the heart. But there is another
demand; a demand for quiet, calm caresses; a demand for sweet
dreams in a tender sentiment. Does he know it? Do our natures
agree? our demands? He is ready to die for my sake, and I for his;
but is that enough? Does he live in his thoughts for me? Do I live in
my thoughts for him? Do I love him with such a love as my soul
craves? Before, I did not realize the demand for a quiet, tender
feeling. No, my feeling for him is not—’ ”
“I do not want to listen any more!”
Viéra Pavlovna throws away the diary with indignation:—“You
wretch! you abomination! I never asked you to come! Leave me!”
Her visitor is laughing, with a still, good-humored laugh.
“No, you don’t love him; these words were written with your
own hand.”
“I curse you!”
Viéra Pavlovna wakes up with this exclamation, and quicker than
she could make out that it was only a dream that she had seen, and
that she had waked up, she starts to run.
“My dear, take me in your arms! protect me! I dreamed such a
terrible dream!” She snuggled up to her husband. “My dear, caress
me! be tender to me! protect me!”
“Viérotchka, what is the matter with thee?” The husband
embraces her. “Thou art all of a tremble!” Her husband kisses her.
“Thou hast tears on thy dear cheeks! There is a cold sweat on thy
brow! Thou wert running barefooted over the cold floor, darling. I
am kissing thy little feet to put some warmth into them.”
“Yes, fondle me! save me! I dreamed a horrible dream; I dreamed
that I did not love thee.”
“My dearest, whom dost thou love, if not me? No; it is an idle,
absurd dream.”
 “Yes, I love thee! Only caress me, fondle me, kiss me! I love
thee—I want to love thee!”
She embraces her husband passionately; she clings to him, and
when he has pacified her with his caresses, quietly falls asleep,
kissing him.
 XX

The next morning, Dmitri does not go to call his wife to breakfast;
she is there with him, clinging to him. She is still asleep, and he is
looking at her, and thinking, “What can be the matter with her? what
frightened her so? what caused that dream?”
“Stay here, Viérotchka; I will bring thee thy tea here. Don’t get up,
my dear little girl.39 I will bring it to you, and you can wash your
face and not get up.”
“No, I will not get up; I will be awhile, it is so comfortable for me
here. How smart you are, mílenki! and how I love thee! And now I
have washed my face, and now thou canst bring the tea here. No;
first take me into thy arms.” And Viéra Pavlovna long holds her
husband in her embrace. “Akh! my mílenki, how absurd I was! How
did I happen to come running to your room? What will Masha think
now? I shall hear from her how I woke up in your room. Kiss me, my
mílenki, kiss me. I want to love thee; I must love thee. I am going to
love thee as I never loved thee before.”

Viéra Pavlovna’s room is empty now. Viéra Pavlovna, without any

concealment from Masha, has moved to her husband’s apartment.
“How tender he is, how kind, my mílenki! and I could imagine that I
did not love thee! How absurd I am!”
“Viérotchka, now that you are calmed down, tell me what you
dreamed day before yesterday.”
“Akh! what nonsense! I only dreamed, as I told you, that you
caressed me very little; but now it is good. Why didn’t we always live
this way? Then I should not have dreamed that horrible dream; it
was dreadful, disgusting! I don’t like to think about it.”
“Yes, but if it had not been for it, we should not be living as we
do now.”
“That is true; I am very grateful to her; to that disgusting, no, not
disgusting, I mean splendid, woman!”
“Whom do you mean by ‘she’? Have you found some new friend
beside your former ‘beauty’?”
“Yes, I have. Some woman or other called on me with such a
fascinating voice, much finer than Bosio’s, and what lovely hands
she had! Akh! what wonderful beauty! but all that I could see of her
was her hand; she, herself, was hidden behind the bed-curtain; I
dreamed that at my bedside, and that was the reason I gave up that
bed; because I had such a dream in it. There was a bed-curtain, and
that my ‘visitor’ hid herself behind it; but what a wonderful hand she
had, my dear; and she sang about love, and she revealed to me
what the meaning of love was: now, I understand, my dear. What a
stupid little thing I was because I did not understand; I was a mere
girl, a foolish little girl.”
“My dear, my angel, everything has its time. The way we lived
before was love, and the way that we live now is love; some people
must have one kind of love, others another. Hitherto the one kind of
love satisfied you; now you need another. Now you are a woman,
my dear, and what you did not want then, you must have now.”

A week or two pass. Viéra Pavlovna makes herself comfortable. She

is in her own room now, only when her husband is not at home, or
when he is working, or rather when he is working she often sits in
his library; when she sees that she disturbs him, that his work
requires his full attention, then she does not interrupt him. But such
work does not often come along; for the most part, it is scientific
work, which is entirely mechanical, and accordingly three-fourths of
the time he has his wife by his side, and at times they caress each
other. But one contrivance was necessary; they had to buy another
sofa a little smaller than the husband’s. And so Viéra Pavlovna, after
dinner, ensconces herself in her little sofa;40 and her husband sits by
her little sofa, and takes delight in looking at her.
“My dear, why do you kiss my hand? You know I don’t like it.”
“Oh! I forgot that you considered it an affront; well, [nu] I am
going to keep on just the same.”
“My mílenki, you are saving me the second time; you saved me
from bad people, and you have saved me from myself. Caress me,
my dear; caress me!”
A month passes. Viéra Pavlovna after dinner ensconces herself
comfortably on her wide, little, soft divantchik in her room and her
husband’s; that is, in her husband’s library. He sat down on her little
sofa, and she threw her arms around his neck; she bent her head to
his bosom, but she is lost in thought; he kisses her, but her
melancholy does not pass away, and her eyes are almost ready to
shed tears.
“Viérotchka, my dear, what makes you so pensive?”
Viéra Pavlovna weeps, but she says nothing. “No,”—she wipes
away her tears.—“No, don’t caress me, dear! That’s enough; thank
thee.” And she looks so affectionately and frankly at him. “Thank
thee, thou art so kind to me!”
“Kind, Viérotchka? What is it? what do you mean?”
“Yes, kind, my dear; thou art kind.”

Two days pass. Viéra Pavlovna again ensconces herself comfortably

after dinner; no, she is not comfortable, but she is lying and
thinking; and she is lying in her own room, on her own bed. Her
husband is sitting near her with his arm around her; and he also is
lost in thought.
“No, it is not this; it is not my fault,” thinks Lopukhóf.
“How kind he is; how ungrateful I am!” thinks Viéra Pavlovna. And
that is what they think.
She says, “My dear, go to your room and work, or else take a
rest,” and she tries to say, and succeeds in saying, these words in a
natural and not melancholy tone.
“Why do you drive me away, Viérotchka? It is pleasant for me
here,” and he tries to say these words, and he succeeds in saying
these words, in a natural and jocular tone.
“No, go away, my dear; you have done enough for me. Go, and
get rested.”
He kisses her, and she forgets her thoughts, and again it is sweet
and easy for her to breathe.
“Thank you, dear,” she says.

And Kirsánof is perfectly happy. The struggle has been pretty hard
this time, but how much inward satisfaction it afforded him! and this
satisfaction will never pass away, though the struggle will soon be
over; but it will warm his heart for a long day, till the end of his life.
He is honorable. Yes, he has harmonized them; yes, in reality, he has
brought them into harmony. Kirsánof is lying on his sofa; he is
smoking and thinking, “Be honest, that means be prudent; don’t
make any miscalculation; remember the axiom: remember that the
whole is greater than any of its parts; that is, that your human
nature is stronger, is more important for you than every other
individual tendency; and therefore treasure its benefits above those
which may come from any separate tendency of thine, if they prove
to be anyway inconsistent with the whole, and that’s all; and that
means be honest, and all will be well. One rule, and how
commonplace it is, and that is the whole result of science; and that
completely fills the volume of the laws of a happy life. Yes, happy
are those who are born with the capability of understanding this
simple rule. In this respect, I am very fortunate. Of course I am very
much indebted to training, more probably than to nature. But
gradually it will develop into a general rule, which will be the result
of the universal training and circumstances of life. Yes, then it will be
easy for everybody to live in this world, just as it is for me now. Yes,
I am satisfied; yet I must go and call on them. I have not been there
for three weeks; it’s time, even though it may be unpleasant for me.
I am not drawn there any more at all; but it’s time. Some of these
days I will stop in there for half an hour, or would it not be better to
postpone it for a month? It seems to me that I can. Yes, my retreat
has been well managed; my maneuvers are at an end; I have
passed from their sight, and now they will not notice whether it’s
three weeks or three months since I have been to call on them. And
it is agreeable to think, when you are away, about people towards
whom you have acted uprightly. Now I shall rest on my laurels.”

And Lopukhóf in two or three days later still, also after dinner, comes
into Viérotchka’s room, takes his wife in his arms and carries her to
her ottoman in his room. “Rest here, dear!” And he takes delight in
looking at her. She fell asleep smiling; he is sitting and reading; and
she opened her eyes and thinks:—
“How his room is decorated! there is nothing in it except what is
absolutely necessary. Yet he has his own tastes; there’s a big box of
cigars, which I gave him last year; he has not opened it yet; it’s
waiting its time. Yes, it’s his only pleasure, his own only luxury—
cigars. No, he has no other—the photograph of that old man; what a
splendid face that old man has! what a mixture of kindness and
vigilance in his eyes and in the whole expression of his face! what
trouble Dmitri took to get this photograph! for Owen’s photographs
are not to be had. He wrote three letters, two of his letters did not
reach the old man; the third one reached him, and how long he
tormented him before he succeeded in getting this really superb
photograph, and how happy Dmitri was when he got it, together
with a letter from the ‘Saintly old man,’ as he calls him, in which
Owen, as he says, praised him. And here is still another luxury: my
portrait; half a year he laid up money for the sake of getting a good
artist, and how he and the young artist bothered me. Two pictures
and that’s all. Would it cost much to buy a few engravings and
photographs just as I have in my room? And he has no flowers,
while I have quantities in my room. Why shouldn’t he like flowers as
well as I do? Is it because I am a woman? What nonsense! Or is it
because he is a serious and scientific man? But Kirsánof has flowers
and engravings, and he too is a serious, scientific man. And why
does he hate to give up his time to me? I know that it costs him a
real effort! Is it because he is a serious, scientific man? But here’s
Kirsánof. No! no! he’s kind, kind! he has done everything for me, he
is always ready to do anything to gratify me. Who can love me as he
does? And I love him and I am ready for anything for his sake—”
“Viérotchka! you are not sleeping, dear!”
“My mílenki, why haven’t you any flowers in your room?”
“Very well, dearest,41 I will get some tomorrow. It simply did not
occur to me that it was a good thing. But it is very nice.”
“And what was it that I wanted to ask you about besides? Oh, yes!
do get some photographs; or rather, I’m going to buy you some
flowers and photographs.”
“Then they will surely be agreeable to me. I like them for
themselves, but then they will be still more delightful to me. But,
Viérotchka, you are getting blue again; you have been thinking
about your dream. Will you allow me to ask you to tell me something
more about the dream that frightened you so much?”
“My dear,42 I have not been thinking about it at all. It is so painful
for me to think about it.”
“But, Viérotchka, maybe it would be well for me to know about it.”
“Very well, my dearest! I dreamed that I was bored because I had
not gone to the opera, and I was thinking about Bosio; some woman
seemed to call on me, and at first I thought it was Bosio, but she
kept hiding from me; she compelled me to read my diary; and there
was nothing in it except how we loved each other; but when she
touched her hand to the pages, new words seemed to be which said
that I did not love you.”
“Forgive me, dearie,43 for asking one thing more. Was that all that
you saw in your dream?”
“My dearest, if that had not been all, wouldn’t I have told thee so?
And I have already told thee all.”
This was said so tenderly, so sincerely, so simply, that Lopukhóf
felt in his heart a wave of warmth and sweetness, such as one who
has once experienced this joy will never forget till his dying day. Oh,
how pitiful that only a few, a very few, husbands can have this
feeling! All the pleasures of happy love are nothing in comparison
with it; it fills the human heart with the purest content, the holiest
pride. In Viéra Pavlovna’s words, which were spoken with a shade of
melancholy, rang a reproach, but the significance of the reproach
was this: “My dear, don’t you know that I have perfect confidence in
you? A wife may hide from her husband the mysterious motions of
her soul; such are those very relations in which they stand to each
other. But you, my dear, have so behaved that there has never been
any need of hiding things from you, that my heart is open before
you as before my own eyes.”
This is a great merit in a husband; this great reward is purchased
only by a high moral worth, and whoever has deserved it has a right
to look upon himself as a man of unquestionable nobility; he may
boldly hope that his conscience is pure and will always remain pure,
that his manhood will never play him false, that in all trials of every
sort he will remain calm and firm, that fate is not reigning over the
peace of his soul, that from the time that he has deserved this great
honor, to the very last moment of his life, disregarding whatever
shocks to which he may be subjected; he will be happy in the
consciousness of his worthy manhood. Now we know enough of
Lopukhóf to see that he was not a sentimental man, but he was so
touched by these words of his wife that his face burned:—
“Viérotchka, my dearest, you have reproached me.” His voice for
the second and last time in his life trembled. The first time that his
voice trembled it was from doubt arising from conjecturing his
position; now it trembled from pleasure. “You have reproached me,
but this reproach is dearer to me than all the words of love. I
offended you with my question, but how happy I am that my bad
question gave me, brought me, such a reproach. Look, there are
tears in my eyes, the first tears that I have shed since I was a boy!”
The whole evening long he scarcely took his eyes from her, and
she never once thought that he was making an effort to appear
tender to her; and this evening was one of the happiest of her life,
at least, up to the present time. Several years after the time of
which I am now telling you about her, she will have a good many
such days, months, years; this will be when her children shall have
grown up, and she will find in them people worthy of happiness and
sure of it. This pleasure is higher than all other individual pleasures;
whatever may appear in any other personal pleasure is a rare and
transitory loftiness; with her it is an ordinary, everyday level of
happiness. But this is in the future which will come to her.
 XXI

But after his wife had gone to sleep sitting on his knees, after he laid
her down on her little sofa, Lopukhóf began to think seriously about
her dream. It was not his affair whether she loved him or not; that
was her concern, over which he had no control, and over which as
he himself plainly saw, he had no control. This will settle itself; there
is no need of thinking about it today; let time tell; but now there is
no time for it; it is now his business to find out what is the cause of
her foreboding that she does not love him.
For the first time he sat a long while in these thoughts; already for
the last few days he has seen that he is not retaining her love for
him. A great loss; but what could be done about it? If he could
exchange his nature, acquire a tendency towards that gentle
fondness which her nature demanded, then of course it would be a
different thing. But he saw that such an attempt would be in vain. If
the inclination is not given by nature, and if it is not developed by
life independently of the man himself, this man cannot create it in
himself by force of will, and without this tendency nothing can be
done as it ought to be done. Consequently the question about him
was already decided. His former thoughts had been spent in this
very direction. But now that he had finished his own side of the case
(like an egotist, who always thinks first about himself, and about
others only when there is none of his own business left to think
about), he was able to think for someone else; that is, to think about
her. What can he do for her? She does not yet understand what is
going on in her; she has not had such experience of her heart as he
has; well, that’s natural; he is four years older than she is; at the
beginning of youth four years is a long time. Can’t he, who is more
experienced, analyze what she is unable to analyze? How, then, to
interpret her dream?
A supposition quickly presented itself to Lopukhóf; the cause of
her thoughts may be found in the circumstance which gave rise to
her dream. In the motive to her dream may lie the connection with
its tenor. She said that she felt bored because she did not go to the
opera. Lopukhóf began to examine his way and her way of living,
and gradually everything appeared before him in its true light. The
larger part of the time not occupied by her duties she used to spend,
as he did, in solitude. Then a change began; she began to be always
ready for amusement. Now once more their old way had been
reestablished. She cannot accept indifferently this renewal of their
old mode of life; it was not in her nature, just as it would not be in
the nature of the great majority of people. There is nothing
mysterious about it. And from this it was a very short step to the
supposition that the explanation of everything was her close
relationship to Kirsánof and then Kirsánof’s estrangement. Why does
Kirsánof stay away? The reason seemed sufficient in itself: his lack
of time and multiplicity of occupations. But an honest and
intellectual man, who has had experience in life, and who is
particularly able to put in practice the theory of which Lopukhóf was
an advocate, it is impossible to deceive by any tricks or cunningness.
He may be deceived through lack of attention; he may not pay any
attention to the fact itself; thus Lopukhóf was deceived the first time
when Kirsánof deserted them; at that time, to tell the plain truth,
there was no reason and consequently no desire energetically to
investigate the reason why Kirsánof became estranged. The only
important thing for him was to see whether he were not the cause
for the severance of the friendship; it was plain that he was not, and
so there was no cause for thinking of anything else; he was not
Kirsánof’s uncle and not his pedagogue, bound to lead in the paths
of virtue the steps of a man who understands things as clearly as he
does. Yes, and what necessity is there in reality for him to do so?
Was there in his relations with Kirsánof anything particularly
important for him? As long as you are friendly and you want me to
like you, I am very willing; no, on the contrary, I am very sorry, but
go wherever you please. Isn’t it all the same to me? Whether there
is one stupid fellow, more or less, in the world makes no difference
to me. I took the stupid fellow to be a fine man; I am sorry, and
that’s all. If our interests are not connected with the actions of a
person, his actions in reality interest us but little, if we are serious
people, except in two cases, which, however, seem exceptions to the
general rule only for those people who are accustomed to
understand the word “interest” in the too narrow sense of every
day’s interpretation. The first case is where these actions are
interesting for us from a theoretical standpoint, as psychological
phenomena explaining the nature of a person, that is, if they have in
them an intellectual interest: the other case is where the fate of a
person depends upon us. Here we should be to blame in our own
eyes for inattention to his actions; that is, if we take a conscientious
interest in them. But in those former stupid actions of Kirsánof there
was nothing that would not be known to Lopukhóf as a very ordinary
peculiarity among people of the present day. There was nothing rare
in a person having gentlemanly instincts giving himself over to
triviality, resulting from the present state of things. And that
Lopukhóf was destined to play an important part in Kirsánof’s fate
was beyond Lopukhóf’s power of imagination. Why should Kirsánof
be in need of his interference? Consequently, “Go ahead, my friend!
go wherever you please without regarding me. What need have I of
troubling about you?”
But now it is different. Kirsánof’s actions suddenly seem to have
an important bearing on the interests of a woman whom Lopukhóf
loved. He could not refrain from thinking carefully about them. But
to think carefully about a fact and understand its causes is almost
one and the same thing for a person of such a turn of mind as
Lopukhóf. Lopukhóf found that his theory affords unerring means for
analyzing the motions of the human heart, and I confess I agree
with him in this respect. In those long years since I have accepted it
as true, it has never once led me into error, and it has never refused
to reveal the truth to me, no matter how deep the truth, in regard to
some human action, might have been hidden. It is also true that the
theory itself is not easily acquired; it is necessary to have lived and
thought to be able to understand it.
Half an hour’s thinking was sufficient for Lopukhóf to understand
the relations of Kirsánof to Viéra Pavlovna. But still he sat long
thinking about the same thing; further explanation was needless, but
it was interesting; the discovery was made with complete fullness of
details, but it was so interesting that long he refrained from going
to sleep.
However, what is the good of straining your nerves with
sleeplessness? It is already three o’clock. “If I can’t fall asleep, I
shall have to take morphine.” He took two pills. “I will just look at
Viérotchka once more.” But instead of walking over to her and
looking at her, he removed his chair over to her sofa, took her hand
and kissed it.
“Mílenki, you have been working too hard, and all for my sake;
how kind you are, and how I love you!” said she, half asleep. No
shipwreck of the spirit can resist morphine in sufficient quantity; at
this time, two pills proved to be enough; he is overcome by sleep.
Consequently, the shipwreck of the soul by itself is approximately
equal, according to Lopukhóf’s materialistic views, to four glasses of
strong coffee, to overcome which one pill would not have been
enough in Lopukhóf’s case; but three pills would have been too
much. He fell asleep laughing at this comparison.
 XXII
A Theoretical Conversation

On the following day, Kirsánof had just thrown himself down like a
sybarite, with a cigar, intending to read and rest after his late dinner
upon returning from the hospital, when Lopukhóf came in.
“A guest at the wrong time is worse than a Tartar,” said Lopukhóf,
in a jocular tone; but his tone proved not to be very successfully
jocular. “I disturb you, Aleksandr; but even if it is so, you must put
up with it. I want to speak to you seriously. I meant to have come
earlier, but I overslept this morning, and I should not have found
you.” Lopukhóf was now speaking without joking.
“What does it mean? Has he really suspected?”
wondered Kirsánof.
“Let us have a little talk,” continued Lopukhóf, seating himself.
“Look me in the eye.”
“Yes, he is going to speak about it; there is no doubt about it.”
“Listen, Dmitri,” said Kirsánof, in a tone still more serious. “You
and I are friends; but there are things which even friends must not
allow themselves. I beg of you to cease this conversation. I am not
inclined now to serious conversations, and I am never ready for it.”
Kirsánof’s eyes looked keenly and angrily, as though a man were
before him whom he suspected of committing a murder.
“It is impossible not to speak, Aleksandr,” continued Lopukhóf, in a
calm, but rather dull voice. “I have understood your maneuvers.”
“Silence! I forbid you to speak, unless you want me to be your
enemy forever—if you don’t want to lose my respect.”
“Some time ago, you were not afraid of losing my respect; do you
remember? Now I understand all. I did not understand it then.”
“Dmitri, I beg of you to leave the room, or I shall.”
 “You cannot leave. What do you suppose—that I do not have your
interests at heart?”
Kirsánof did not reply.
“My situation is a good one. Yours, judging by your words, is not.
I appear to you in the guise of a man doing a noble deed. But that’s
nonsense. I cannot act otherwise, according to common sense.
I beg of you, Aleksandr, to cease your maneuvers; they will lead
to nothing.”
“How? was it really too late? Forgive me,” cried Kirsánof,
impetuously; and he could not decide whether it was joy or grief
excited in him by the words, “they will lead to nothing.”
“No; you have not understood me. It was not too late. So far
there has been no harm done; we shall see whether there will be.
But now there is nothing to be seen. However, Aleksandr, I do not
understand what you are speaking about; neither do you understand
what I mean. We do not understand each other; isn’t that so? There
is not any need of our understanding each other, is there? These are
little enigmas which you do not understand; they are unpleasant.
There was nothing of the sort; I have not said anything. I have
nothing to say to you. Give me a cigar; I forgot mine. I’m forgetful. I
am going to smoke and have a talk with you about scientific
questions; that was all that I came for. I wanted to spend a little
time in scientific talk, as I had nothing else to do. What do you think
about these strange experiments on the mechanical production of
albumen?” Lopukhóf moved from one chair to another, so as to have
a comfortable place for his feet; he got into an easy position,
and while he smoked his cigar he continued what he had to say.
“According to my view it is a great discovery. Have you repeated
the experiments?”
“No; but I shall have to.”
“How fortunate you are to have such a splendid laboratory at your
disposal. I beg of you, try them for yourself; try them more carefully.
A complete revolution of the whole question of food, and of all
human life—the artificial production of the principal element of
nutrition, directly from inorganic matter. It is a most extraordinary
thing; it is equal to Newton’s discovery. Don’t you think so?”
 “Certainly. Only I greatly doubt the accuracy of the experiments.
Sooner or later we shall reach this without doubt; science is going
on in that direction, that is evident. But now we have hardly come
to it.”
“Do you think so? I think so myself. Then our conversation is
ended. Goodbye, Aleksandr. But while I say goodbye, I will ask you
to call on us often, just as you used to do. Dō svidánya.”
Kirsánof’s eyes, which all the time had been looking fiercely
and steadily at Lopukhóf, flashed with indignation. “It seems to
me, Dmitri, that you want me to get the opinion that you have
low thoughts.”
“I don’t want anything of the sort. But you must come to see us.
There is nothing strange in that, is there? You and I are friends.
What is there strange in my request?”
“I cannot. You are beginning a foolish piece of work, and,
therefore, wretched.”
“I do not understand what you mean. And I must tell you that
what you say does not please me at all; just as two minutes ago
what I said did not please you.”
“I demand an explanation, Dmitri.”
“There’s none to give. There is nothing, and there is nothing to
explain, and there is nothing to understand. You are getting excited
over mere nothing.”
“No, I cannot let you go so.” Kirsánof took Lopukhóf by the arm as
he started to leave. “Sit down; you began to speak when it was not
necessary. You don’t realize what you ask of me. You must hear me
now to the end.”
Lopukhóf sat down.
“What right have you”—Kirsánof began in a voice of greater
indignation than before—“what right have you to ask of me what is
hard for me? Is there anything that I owe you? What does this
mean? It’s absurd. Try to clear your brain of romantic nonsense.
Whatever you and I regard as a normal life will come to be so, only
after the ideas of general society have entirely changed. There must
be absolute reorganization, that is true. It will be reorganized
according as life is developed. Whoever gets the new training, helps
others, that is true. But until this new education is accomplished, as
long as things are not completely changed, you have no right to risk
the happiness of another. This is a horrible thing; do you understand
it, or have you lost your senses?”
“No; I do not understand anything at all, Aleksandr. I do not know
what you are talking about. You are pleased to see a wonderful
design in the simple request of a friend, not to forget him, because
he likes to see you at his house. I don’t understand why you need to
get excited about it.”
“No, Dmitri; in such talk you will not get rid of me with a jest. I
must show you that you are crazy, in thinking about such a
miserable piece of work. There are a good many things that you and
I don’t acknowledge, aren’t there? We don’t acknowledge that a box
on the ear carries with it something dishonorable; it is a stupid
prejudice, a harmful prejudice, and nothing more. But have you the
right now to subject a man to the risk of getting a boxing? That
would be on your part, a mean, low abomination, for you would
have taken away from a man the peace of his life. Do you
understand what I mean, stupid? Do you understand that if I love
this person, and you ask me to give him a box in the ear, which,
according to my ideas and yours, is a trifle—do you understand that
if you asked me to do this, I should consider you a fool and a low
fellow; and if you compelled me to do it, I should kill either you or
myself, according to whose life were the less desirable—I would kill
either you or myself, but I would not do this. Do you understand
this, you stupid fellow? I am speaking about a man and a slap,
which is a trifle, but which takes away the peace of life from a man.
Besides men, there are in this world women, who are also human
beings; besides slaps, there are other kinds of trifles, which,
according to your idea and mine, and which are really trifles, but
which also deprive people of the peace of life. Do you understand
that to subject any person, even though it be a woman, to any such
thing, which, according to your opinion and mine, and in reality are
trifles—well, to do any such thing, it does not matter what—do you
understand, that to subject anyone to such a thing, is mean,
contemptible, dishonest? Do you hear me? I say that you have
dishonorable thoughts.”
“My friend, you speak the exact truth about what is honorable and
dishonorable; only I do not know what you are saying these things
for, and I do not understand what relation it may have to me. I have
not told you anything at all, nor have I said anything about any
intention of risking the peace of life of anybody in the world! nothing
of the kind! You are indulging in fancies, and that’s all there is of it. I
ask of you, my friend, not to forget me, because it is agreeable to
me, as your friend, to spend time with you, and that’s all. Will you
fulfil your friend’s request?”
“It is dishonorable, I told you, and I don’t act dishonorably.”
“It is very praiseworthy of you that you don’t; but you got angry
over some fancy or other, and you dashed off into theory. You
apparently wanted to theorize without any reason, without any
applicability to what we were talking about. Now I also am going to
theorize, also absolutely without any direct intention, I will ask you a
question that has no relation, whatever to anything except the
explanation of an abstract truth, without any application to anyone
in particular. If anyone without any distaste to himself can afford to
give another pleasure, then common sense, according to my view,
demands that he give it to him, because he himself will get pleasure
from it; isn’t that so?”
“That’s nonsense, Dmitri! You are off the point.”
“I am not saying anything, Aleksandr; I am only indulging myself
in theoretical speculations. Here is still another: If any desire,
whatsoever, is awakened for anything, does our attempt to stifle this
desire ever lead to anything good? Is not that so? No, such an
attempt would lead to no good. It leads only to the necessity
increasing threefold; it becomes injurious or takes a false direction;
it is both harmful and miserable, or if the desire is stifled also, life is
stifled; that is pitiful.”
“That is not the point, Dmitri. I am going to put your theoretical
problem in another form: Has anybody a right to subject a person to
a risk, if that person’s life is happy without that risk? There will come
a time when all the demands of every man’s nature will be fully
satisfied, that you and I know; but we both know equally well that
this time has not yet come. Now a reasonable man is satisfied if he
has enough to live upon, even though parts of his nature are not
satisfied with the position in which he is satisfied to live. I shall
suppose, by the way of abstract hypothesis, that such a fortunate
man is in existence. I shall suppose that this person is a woman; I
shall suppose again, in the way of an abstract hypothesis, that the
position in which she is satisfied to live is married life. I will suppose
that she is satisfied with her position, and I say: given such facts
according to this abstract hypothesis, who has a right to run the risk
of destroying what is good, what she is satisfied with, in order to try
to give this person something better, which she can easily manage to
get along without. There will be a golden age; we know that it is
coming, but it is far in the future. The age of iron is almost gone, but
the golden age has not yet made its appearance. If according to my
abstract hypothesis, some strong demand of this person, let us
suppose—since it is only for an example, let us suppose, love—the
necessity of love were not entirely satisfied or were ill satisfied, I
would not say anything against the danger run by the person, but
only against such danger itself, and not against the danger brought
upon him by somebody else. And if this person finds perfect
satisfaction after all for his demand, then he himself must not run
the risk. Now I will say abstractly that he does not want to run the
risk, and I will say further, he is right and sensible because he does
not want to run the risk; and I say, mean and contemptible is the
man who would subject to the risk the one who does not want to
run the risk. What can you say against this hypothetical result?
Nothing! Understand, then, that you have no right.”
“If I had been in your place, Aleksandr, I should have answered in
the same way; I, like you, am speaking only in parables; I will
imagine that you have a personal interest in this question. I know of
course that it does not concern any one of us; we are speaking only
as scientific men about certain interesting sides of universal scientific
principles, which seem to us right; according to these views,
everybody judges about every case from his own standpoint, which
is formed by his individual relations to the thing. I only say in this
sense of the word, that if I were in your place I should have spoken
as you have, and you in my place would have said exactly what I
have said. From the general scientific standpoint, this is an
undisputable truth. A in B’s place is B; if A were not B when in B’s
place, then he would not be in B’s place; he would somehow fail to
be in B’s place; isn’t it so? Consequently you have nothing to say
against this, just as I had nothing to say against what you said. But
according to your example I will establish my hypothesis, which is
also abstract, and which also has no application to anybody. Let us
suppose that there are three people in existence—a supposition
which contains nothing impossible; let us suppose that one of them
has a secret which he would like to keep from the second, and
particularly from the third; let us suppose that the second finds
out the secret of the third, and says to him: Do as I tell you, else
I shall expose your secret to the third. What do you think about
this matter?”
Kirsánof grew rather pale and for a long time twisted his
mustache. “Dmitri, you behave shamefully towards me,” he said
at last.
“Have I any special necessity upon me to act well toward you?
what interest do I take in you? And besides, I do not understand
what you are talking about. You and I have been speaking as two
scientific men speak among themselves. We offered each other
various scientific hypotheses; at last I succeeded in offering one
which brought you to terms, and my scientific self-respect is
satisfied. And therefore I shall cease this theoretical conversation. I
have a great deal of work to do, not less than you have, and so dō
svidánya. By the way, I had almost forgotten; Aleksandr will you fulfil
my request to come and see us; we are good friends, you know; and
we shall be always glad to see you. Come just as you used to these
last few months.”
Lopukhóf got up. Kirsánof was sitting, looking at his fingers as
though each one were a abstract hypothesis. “You are acting cruelly
towards me, Dmitri. I cannot help fulfilling your request. But in my
turn I shall impose one condition; I will come to see you; but if I
leave your house not by myself, you must also go everywhere that I
go, and I must have no necessity of asking you. Do you hear? You
yourself, of your own free will, without my asking you. Without you
I shall not take a step; not to the opera, not to call on friends or
go anywhere.”
“Oughtn’t that condition to be offensive to me Aleksandr? Do you
think I look upon you as a thief?”
“I didn’t speak in that sense of the word. I would not bring such
an affront upon you as to think that you could take me for a thief. I
would give my life into your hands without any hesitation. I hope I
have a right to expect this from you also. But what I mean is for me
to know. You do what I say, and that’s all.”
“Now I too know. Yes, you have done a great deal in this respect;
you want now to guard against this even more solicitously. Well, in
this respect you are in the right. Yes, you have a right to compel me.
But no matter how thankful I am to you, my friend, this will amount
to nothing. I myself tried to compel myself; I too have a will as well
as you, and my scheme has been as clever as yours. But whatever is
done through calculation, through a feeling of duty, by strength of
will, and not by the drawing of nature, results lifelessly. Only to kill a
thing is possible through these means, just as you have been doing
with yourself, but to make a living thing is impossible.”
Lopukhóf had become sentimental over Kirsánof’s words, “what I
mean is for me to know.” “Thank you, my friend. And since we have
never kissed each other, maybe we have a desire to now?”

If Lopukhóf had examined his actions during this conversation, as a

theorist, he would have noticed with satisfaction: “How true the
theory is, Egotism makes sport of men. Now here the most
important thing he entirely suppressed: ‘Let us suppose that this
person is satisfied with his situation.’ Now when that was said, he
ought to have replied: ‘Aleksandr, your supposition is not true.’ But I
held my peace because it was not to my advantage to say it. It is
pleasant for a man, as a theorist, to notice what tricks his egotism
plays with him in practical life. You are retreating from the battle
because the battle is lost for you, but egotism turns your gestures so
that you are playing the man who is doing noble actions.”
Had Kirsánof examined his actions during this conversation, as a
theorist, he would have noticed with pleasure “How true this theory
is. I wanted to preserve my own peace, to rest upon my laurels, and
here I was saying, ‘You have no right to risk a woman’s peace of
mind’; and this means—be sure you yourself understand it—that I
actually have done a noble action to my own detriment, for the sake
of another’s peace, and for your sake, my friend, and therefore fall
on your knees before the grandeur of my soul! It is pleasant for a
man, as a theorist, to notice what tricks his egotism plays with him
in practical life. He retreated from the battle so as not to be a fool,
and gained glory because he had accomplished a heroic action of
magnanimous nobility. You did not yield to the demand at the first
word, so that you might not be troubled again about yourself, so
that you might not be deprived of the sweet triumph in your nobility;
but egotism turns your actions so that you are playing the man who
presses forward into noble endeavor.”
But neither Lopukhóf nor Kirsánof had time to examine their
actions as theorists, or to make these pleasant observations; and the
practical solution of the question seemed to both pretty hard.
 XXIII

The renewal of Kirsánof’s frequent visits could be explained very

naturally; five months he had been interrupted in his occupations,
and he had accumulated a great deal of work; and so it took him a
month and a half to sit down at it, not straightening his back. Now
he had finished his neglected work, and he was more at liberty in
the use of his time. This was so clear that there was hardly any need
of explaining it.
In fact, it was plain and all right, and did not arouse any suspicion
in Viéra Pavlovna’s mind. And on the other hand, Kirsánof played his
part with the same undoubted artistic skill as before. He was afraid
that, when he called at the Lopukhófs’, after his scientific
conversation with his friend, he would “lose his grip”;44 he would
either blush from excitement at seeing Viéra Pavlovna for the first
time, or would very noticeably avoid looking at her, or do something
of the kind. But, no, he stood firm, and he had full right to feel
satisfied from the moment that he met her; a pleasant, friendly
smile, such as is natural in a person who is glad to get back among
old friends, from whom he had been obliged to be absent for some
time; a calm glance, a frank and unconcerned flow of speech, such
as is natural to a person who has no other thoughts in his mind,
beyond those he fearlessly speaks. If you had been the most ill-
tempered, gossiping old woman, on the lookout to find something
out of the way, you could not have found in him anything, except a
man who seems very glad that he can pleasantly kill a leisure
evening in the society of his good friends.
And if the first moment was so well accomplished, what prevented
him from spending the rest of the evening just as well? And if he
succeeded in spending the first evening so well, then was it hard for
him to spend the evenings to come in the same way? Not a single
word which was not free and natural, not one look which was not
hearty and simple, straightforward, and friendly, and that was all
there was of it.
But if he behaved himself no worse than of old, yet the eyes
which were bent upon him were inclined to notice every action
which no other eyes would have perceived. Yes; no other eyes would
have seen anything. Lopukhóf himself, whom Marya Alekséyevna
acknowledged to be born for a monopolist, was surprised at the self-
possession which did not for one moment desert Kirsánof, and as a
theorist, he derived great pleasure from such observations, contrary
to the will of those who interested him by the psychological
peculiarity of this phenomenon viewed from a scientific standpoint.
But the “visitor” did not prophecy in vain when she compelled Viéra
Pavlovna to read her diary. Eyes become too sharp, when such a
“visitor” whispers in your ear.
But even these eyes could see nothing; but still the “visitor”
whispered, “Is it impossible to find something here, even though
there is nothing to be seen, as I myself perceive? but still we will try
to see”; and the eyes tried to peer, and though they saw nothing,
yet the very fact that the eyes tried to see was sufficient for them to
observe that there was something peculiar.
Here, for instance, Viéra Pavlovna is going with her husband and
Kirsánof to their regular weekly evening, which happens to be at the
Mertsálofs’. Why doesn’t Kirsánof waltz at this unceremonious party,
when even Lopukhóf waltzes, because a general rule has been
made: If you are an old man of threescore years and ten, and have
found your way hither, then you must play the fool, together with
the others; for here nobody looks at anybody else, everybody has
one and the same idea about it—“the more noise, the more stir, the
better”; and that is equivalent to saying, the more enjoyment for all.
Then, why does not Kirsánof waltz? Well, he has begun to waltz; but
why did it take him several minutes to make up his mind? Was it
worth while to spend several minutes in thinking whether to begin or
not to begin such a very important matter? If he had not waltzed,
the thing would have been half revealed here. If he had waltzed, but
had not waltzed with Viéra Pavlovna, the thing would have been
completely revealed here. But he was too clever an artist in his part.
He did not want to waltz with Viéra Pavlovna, but he soon perceived
that this would be noticed, and so, after a short hesitation, which
apparently bore no relation to Viéra Pavlovna or anybody else in the
world, he asked her to dance. There remained in her memory a
slight, a very slight, wonderment, which in itself she would have not
noticed, notwithstanding the whisper of the “visitor-songstress,” had
not the “visitor” whispered a numberless quantity of just such little,
insignificant questions.
Why, for instance, after they returned from the Mertsálofs’, when
they make an appointment to go to the opera, I Puratani, on the
next evening, and when Viéra Pavlovna said to her husband,
“Mílenki, you don’t like this opera, you will be bored. I will go with
Aleksandr Matvéitch, for he likes all the operas; and I believe that if
you or I had written an opera, he would like it!” why didn’t Kirsánof
uphold Viéra Pavlovna’s suggestion, and say, “Really, Dmitri, I am
not going to get a ticket for you”; why was this? The fact that
mílenki goes along also, this by itself would not have aroused any
wonderment; for he escorts his wife everywhere, since she had once
asked him to. “Devote more time to me,” she said. Since that time
he had never forgotten it; consequently, there is nothing strange in
his going with her: it simply shows always one and the same thing—
that he is kind and complaisant, that she ought to love him. That is
true; but Kirsánof does not know this reason, and so why doesn’t he
support Viéra Pavlovna in her suggestion? Of course these trifles are
almost unnoticeable, and Viéra Pavlovna scarcely gives them a
passing thought; but these unnoticeable little grains of sand keep
falling on the pan of the scales, though they were almost invisible.
For example, a conversation like the following is not a little grain of
sand, but a small pebble.
On the next day, as they were going to the opera in an
izvoshchik’s carriage (this was less expensive than two izvoshchiks),
among other things they said several words about the Mertsálofs,
where they had been the evening before. They praised their
harmonious life; they remarked that this was a rare thing; they all
said this, including Kirsánof, who added, “Yes, this alone is a good
thing in Mertsálof, that his wife dares tell him all the secrets of her
soul.” That was all that Kirsánof said, and each one of the three
thought of saying the same thing; but it happened that Kirsánof
alone said it. But why did he say it? What does it signify? if it
contained an insinuation, what could it mean? It would be in praise
of Lopukhóf; it would be in favor of Viéra Pavlovna’s happiness with
Lopukhóf. Of course, this could have been said with reference to no
one else except the Mertsálofs; and if it could be supposed that he
thought of the Lopukhófs together with the Mertsálofs, then, of
course, it would show that it was directly for Viéra Pavlovna; but
what was his purpose in saying it?
It always happens so that if a person has an inclination to look for
something, he everywhere finds what he is looking for; even let
there be not the slightest sign of it, still he sees the sign manifestly;
let there be no shadow, but he not only finds the shadow of what he
expects to find, but the whole substance of what he is looking for,
with the most unmistakable features, and these features at every
fresh thought become more clear.
And here, besides everything else, there was really a very
substantial fact, which hid in itself a very complete solution of the
matter. It is clear that Kirsánof respects the Lopukhófs; then why did
he keep aloof from them for more than two years? It is clear that he
is a thorough gentleman; how did it happen that he appeared before
them in the character of a boor? As long as Viéra Pavlovna was
not called upon to think about this, she did not think about it any
more than Lopukhóf had done; but now she thinks about it in spite
of herself.
 XXIV

Slowly, unobservably, this discovery began to evolve itself in her

mind. All the time there accumulated small, almost
undistinguishable, impressions made by Kirsánof’s words and
actions, to which no one else would have given any heed, which she
herself scarcely noticed, for they were only supposed and suspected.
Slowly this question, “Why did he avoid them almost three years?”
began to interest her mind. Slowly the idea was confirmed that such
a man could not have stayed away from any petty grounds of self-
conceit, because he is absolutely free from it. And, moreover, not
knowing why she thought of this, still more obscurely and slowly
arose from the silent depths of her life into her consciousness, the
question, “Why am I thinking about him? What is he to me?”
And here, one time after dinner, Viéra Pavlovna was sitting in her
room, sewing and thinking, and she was thinking very calmly, and
she was not thinking at all of him, but of something quite different,
connected with her household, and about the shop and about her
teaching, and gradually, gradually, her thoughts were drawn to the
matter concerning which, without being conscious of it, her thoughts
were more and more often drawn. There came up recollections, little
questions began to present themselves; they multiplied, and here
they are in thousands, finding place in her thoughts; and still they
grow and grow, and they go to form one question, the form of which
becomes clearer and clearer. “What has got into me? what am I
thinking about? what am I feeling?” and Viéra Pavlovna’s fingers
forget to sew, and the sewing slips from her drooping hands, and
Viéra Pavlovna grew a shade paler, then she blushed; she grew still
paler, then the fire touched her flushed cheeks. The next moment
they were white as snow, and with wandering eyes she ran in to her
husband, sat herself on his knees, tremblingly threw her arms
around his neck, laid her head on his shoulder, so that it might
support her head and hide her face, and with choking voice she said,
“My dear, I love him,” and she began to weep.
“What of that, my dear? Why should you feel disturbed about it?”
“I do not want to offend you, my dear; I want to love you.”
“Try. Look here: if you can, it will be well. Be calm; give time a
chance, and you will see what you can do, and what you cannot do.
You are so dear to me; how, then, can you offend me?”
He smoothed her hair, kissed her head, pressed her hand. She
could not for a long time cease her convulsive weeping; but
gradually she became calm. But he who had for a long time
expected such a confession, was therefore able to take it coolly.
However, even yet she could not bear to look at his face.
“I do not want to see him; I shall tell him to cease coming to see
us,” said Viéra Pavlovna.
“You must act, my love, in the way which you find will give you
the greatest happiness. And when you have become calmer, we will
talk the matter over; for you and I, no matter what may happen
between us, will always be friends, won’t we? Give me your hand;
press mine. You see how warmly you press it.”
Every one of these phrases were spoken at long intervals, and the
intervals were filled by his smoothing her hair, fondling her, as a
brother fondles a grieved sister.
“Do you remember, my dear, what you told me when we became
engaged? ‘You are leading me into freedom.’ ”—Again silence and
caresses. “Do you remember how you and I talked the first time
about what it means to love a person? It means to feel gladness at
whatever is good for that person, to feel pleasure in doing whatever
may be to his advantage.”—Again silence and caresses—“Whatever
is for your best good gives me joy also; but you must decide what is
best for you. Why should you be grieved? If it brings you no
misfortune, what misfortune can it bring me?”
In these laconic words, which were repeated a good many times,
with the ordinary insignificant variations of repetition, passed
considerable time, which was equally trying for Lopukhóf and Viéra
Pavlovna. But while gradually getting calmer, Viéra Pavlovna began
at last to breathe more freely. She embraced her husband tightly,
and she kept repeating, “I want to love thee, my dear,45 thee alone;
I want to love no one else besides thee.”
He did not tell her that this was beyond her power; it was
necessary to let the time pass until her strength could be restored by
calmness, giving her some sort of decision, no matter what.
Lopukhóf succeeded in writing a note for Masha to give Kirsánof in
case he should come: “Aleksandr, don’t come in just now, and don’t
come for some time; there is no particular reason, and there will be
no particular reason; it is only necessary for her to rest.”
“It is necessary for her to rest; there is no particular reason.” A
strange juxtaposition of contraries! Kirsánof read over the note, and
told Masha that he only came to get it, and that he had no time
now to stop in; that he had another place to go to; that he would
stop on his way back, after he had done the errand which the
note demanded.

The evening passed peacefully according to all appearances. Half the

time Viéra Pavlovna sat quietly by herself in her room, without
letting her husband stay; the other half of the time he sat near her,
trying to calm her with the same laconic words, and of course, not
so much by his words as by his voice, which was steady and
reassuring; of course not with God-knows-what happiness, and of
course, also, not melancholy; except that there was an undertone of
melancholy in it, which was shown in his face. Viéra Pavlovna, after
hearing such sounds, and looking at such an expression of face,
began to think, not absolutely, but to a degree; no, not to a degree,
but almost absolutely, that her fears had been overestimated; that
she had mistaken for a great passion a mere imagination, which
would vanish in a few days, without leaving any trace; or, she
thought—she did think it, only she felt that it was not so: “No, this is
not so; no, it is so”; or she firmly thinks that she thinks so: and she
really thinks that it is so; and how can she help thinking so, while
she listens to this calm, steady voice, which keeps repeating that
there is nothing to be worried about. Peacefully she fell asleep under
the influence of this voice; she slept soundly, and she did not dream
of the “visitor,” and she woke up late, and after she woke up she felt
renewed strength.
 XXV

“The best distraction for thoughts is work,” said Viéra Pavlovna to

herself, and she was entirely right. “I shall spend every day in the
shop until I am cured, and this will help me.” She began to spend
the whole day in the shop. The first day she really succeeded in
greatly distracting her thoughts; the second day she only tired
herself out, but she could not entirely escape from them; on the
third she could not get rid of them at all. Thus passed a week.
The struggle was hard. Viéra Pavlovna’s face grew pale, but, by
outward appearances, she was entirely calm; she even tried to seem
happy, and in this respect she succeeded almost without
interruption. But if no one could notice anything, and her paleness
were ascribed to some slight ailment, yet Lopukhóf was not
deceived; he knew perfectly well how it was; he had no need
to look.
“Viérotchka,” he began at the end of a week, “as we are living
now, we carry out the old proverb that the cobbler has no boots,
and the tailor’s clothes don’t fit him. We are teaching others to live
according to our economical principles, but we, ourselves, don’t take
it into our heads to arrange our own lives in accordance with them.
Isn’t one large household more advantageous than several small
ones? I should like to apply this law to our own housekeeping
arrangements. If we had lived with somebody, we, and those who
lived with us, would have saved almost half of our expenses. I
should be able to give up those execrable lessons, which I detest so;
my salary from the factory would be enough, and I should get time
for relaxation. I could occupy my time with scientific work, and
thus have taken up my career again. It is only necessary to find
people such as it would be agreeable to live with. What do you think
about this?”
Viéra Pavlovna had been looking at her husband with eyes full of
suspicion, and burning with indignation just as Kirsánof had looked
at him on the day of their theoretical conversation. After he stopped
speaking, her face was on fire.
“I beg of you to cease this conversation; it is not becoming.”
“Why so, Viérotchka? I am only speaking about pecuniary
advantages; such people as you and I, who are not rich, must not
neglect them. My work is hard, and a part of it is even detestable
to me.”
“You have no right to speak so to me.” Viéra Pavlovna got up. “I
shall not allow you to speak to me in dark words. Dare to speak
freely what you mean!”
“I only want to tell you this, Viérotchka: that taking into
consideration our advantage, it would be good for us.”
“Again, silence! Who gave you the right to be master over me?
I shall despise you!” She ran quickly to her own room and locked
the door.
This was their first and their last quarrel.
Till late that night Viéra Pavlovna sat with her door locked; then
she returned to her husband’s room.
“My dear,46 I spoke to you very severe words, but do not be angry
at them. You see that I am doing my best; instead of helping me,
you began to help along what I am struggling against, hoping—yes,
hoping—to win the victory.”
“Forgive me, my love,47 for beginning so roughly, but now we are
reconciled, aren’t we? Let us talk reasonably.”
“Oh, yes, we are reconciled, my dear. Only don’t act against me. It
is hard enough, even as it is, to struggle against myself.”
“And it is useless, Viérotchka; you have had plenty of time to
examine your feeling: you have seen that it is more serious than you
believed at first. Why torment yourself?”
“No, my dear,48 I want to love you, and I do not want to
wrong you.”
 “My dear,49 you wish me to be happy. What! do you think that it is
pleasant for me to see you keep tormenting yourself?”
“My dear,50 but you love me so!”
“Of course I do, very dearly: there is no need of saying that; but
we both understand what love means: does it not consist in the fact
that you are happy in the happiness, that you suffer with the
suffering, of the one whom you love. When you torment yourself,
you torment me.”
“So it is, my dear;51 but you will suffer if I yield to this feeling,
which—akh! I cannot understand why it should have come to me; I
curse it!”
“It makes no difference how or why it came to you; you cannot
help it. Now there is only one choice: either you should suffer, and I
suffer also through it, or that you cease to suffer, and I too.”
“But, my dear,52 I am not going to suffer; this will pass away; you
will see this pass.”
“Thank you for your efforts; I appreciate them, because you show
a will to fulfil what you deem your duty. But know, Viérotchka, that it
seems necessary only to you, and not to me. I am looking upon it as
a stranger; and your position is clearer to me than it is to yourself. I
know that this will be useless. Struggle as long as your strength
holds out, but don’t think that you are going to wrong me. For you
know how I look upon this; you know that my view of this matter
cannot be shaken, and is founded in the nature of things: you know
all this. Can you deceive me? Will you ever cease to respect me? I
can say further: even if your disposition towards me changed its
nature, will it grow weaker? Isn’t the contrary true? would it not
grow stronger from the very fact that you did not find in me an
enemy? Don’t pity me; my fate will not be in the least pitiful because
you will not be deprived of happiness on my account. But that’s
enough. It is hard to say much about it, and for you to hear is
harder still. Only remember, Viérotchka, what I am saying now.
Forgive me, Viérotchka. Go to your room and think it over, or, rather,
go to sleep. Don’t think about me, but think about yourself. Only by
thinking about yourself, you may not cause me useless sorrow.”
 XXVI

At the end of two weeks, while Lopukhóf was sitting in the counting-
room of his factory, Viéra Pavlovna was spending the whole morning
in extraordinary excitement. She threw herself down on her bed, she
covered her face with her hands; and at the end of a quarter of an
hour she jumped up, walked up and down the room, threw herself
into one chair after another, and again walked with quick, unsteady
steps, and then again threw herself on her bed, and then walked
again; and several times she went to the writing-desk, and stood by
it, and turned away, and finally she sat down, wrote a few words,
sealed her note. Then, in half an hour, she seized the note, tore it
up, burned it, and again she walked about excitedly. She wrote a
second letter; this, also, she tore up and burned. Again she walked
up and down, and again she wrote, and hastily, scarcely stopping to
seal it; not giving herself time to write the address, she ran off with
it to her husband’s room, threw it on the table, and hurried back to
her own room, fell into a chair, and sat motionless, hiding her face in
her hands, half an hour, possibly an hour. There is the sound of the
bell; it is he. She ran into the library to seize the letter, to tear it up,
to burn it—but where is it? It is not there! where is it? She hastily
looked over the papers; where is it? But Masha is already opening
the door, and Lopukhóf saw from the threshold how Viéra Pavlovna
flashed out from his library into her own room, excited and pale.
He did not follow her, but went straight into his library; coolly, at
his leisure, he examined the table and the space behind the table.
Yes; he had been expecting for some days some such thing, either in
the way of words or note. Nu, here it is, a letter without address, but
her seal; nu, she must have been looking for it, so as to destroy it,
or she may have just thrown it down. No, she must have been
looking for it; the papers are in disorder. But how could she find it,
while in throwing it down she had been in such a flurry of
excitement that, in being thrown impetuously down, like a coal
burning the hand, it slid across the whole width of the table, and fell
on the window behind the table? There is hardly need of reading it;
the contents are what he expects. However, it is impossible not to
read it.
“My dear,53 never was I so strongly attached to thee as I am now.
If I could only die for thy sake! Oh, how happy I would be to die, if
it would only make thee happier! but I cannot live without him. I
wrong thee, my dear; I am killing thee, my dear.54 I do not want to
do so; I am acting contrary to my will. Forgive me! forgive me!”
For quarter of an hour, maybe more, Lopukhóf stood before the
table, looking attentively down at the arm of the chair. Though it
was a shock foreseen, still it was painful; though he had thought it
all over, and decided what should be done, and how it was
necessary to act, in case such a letter or confession came, still he
could not at once collect his thoughts. But at last he collected them.
He went into the kitchen to give an order to Masha.
“Masha, you will please not set the table until I tell you. I am not
quite well, and I must take some medicine before dinner. But don’t
you wait; eat your dinner, and don’t hurry: you will have plenty of
time before I shall want mine. I will tell when.”
From the kitchen he went to see his wife. She was lying down,
hiding her face in the pillows; when he entered, she shuddered:—
“You found it, you read it! bozhe moï! how crazy I am! It is not
true—what I wrote! it was fever!”
“Of course, my dear;55 your words must not be taken seriously,
because you were too much excited. These things are not so easily
decided. We shall have time to talk this matter over more than once,
calmly, rationally, because it is a very important matter for us. And,
meanwhile, my dear,56 I want to tell you something about my
affairs. I have succeeded in making a good many changes in them—
everything that was needed; and I am very well content. Are
you listening?”
 Of course she did not herself know whether she was listening or
not; she could only have said, however it was, whether she heard or
not, that she heard something, but she was very far from
understanding what she heard; however, something she did hear,
and something could be drawn from what she heard, that something
was being done about something, and that it had no connection with
her letter; and gradually she began to listen, because her mind was
led to it. Her nerves wanted to occupy themselves with something,
not with the letter; and though it was long before she could
understand what he was driving at, yet she was reassured by the
cool and contented tone of her husband’s voice, and gradually she
began to understand.
“Do listen! because it is about a very important matter for me.”
Her husband kept repeating each question, “Do you hear?”—“Yes,
very pleasant changes for me”—and he begins to tell her the whole
story in detail. She realizes three-quarters of what he is telling her—
no, she knows it all; but it is all the same to her: “Let him speak!
How kind he is!” And he keeps on with his story: that he has been
tired of giving private lessons this long time, and why, or in what
family, and of what special pupils he is tired, and how he is not tired
of his occupation in the counting-room of the factory, because it is
important, and he has a great influence over all the factory-hands,
and how he has succeeded in doing something there; how he has
enabled those who desired to learn to read and write; how he has
taught them how to learn their letters; how he has succeeded in
getting from the firm a salary for the teachers, by proving that the
workmen would in this way ruin less machinery and less work,
because in this way there would be less idleness and drunken eyes—
of course it was a trifling salary; and how he keeps the working
people from drinking, and in order to do this he has often been to
their saloons—and a great deal of the same sort of talk. But the
principal thing was this, that he has made himself solid with the firm
as an active, energetic man, and he has been gradually getting the
business into his own control, so that the conclusion of his story and
the main flavor of it for Lopukhóf consisted in this: he has accepted
the place as acting manager of the factory. The nominal manager
would be an honorary person from the firm itself, with an honorary
salary, but the active manager would be Lopukhóf himself: the
member of the firm accepted the position of nominal manager only
on this condition: “I,” says he, “cannot do it; how can I?”—“You take
the name then, so that an honorable man may have it, and there will
be no need for you to trouble yourself, for I will do everything.”—“If
that is the case, all right then; I will take the position.” But the
importance does not lie in his having the power, but in the fact that
he is to have a salary of three thousand five hundred rubles—nearly
a thousand rubles more than all taken together that he had received
from his occasional hard literary work and from his pupils and from
his former place in the factory; consequently he can give up
everything now except the factory, and that is splendid. And all this
takes more than half an hour to relate; and at the end of the story
Viéra Pavlovna is able to say that it is really good, and she is able to
arrange her hair and go to dinner.
And after dinner Masha gets eight silver kopeks for an izvoshchik,
to take her in four different directions, to carry notes from Lopukhóf,
saying, “I am at leisure, gentlemen, and I should be glad to have
you come to see me.” And some time later appears the terrible
Rakhmétof, and after him, one by one, come a whole tribe of young
people, and a formidable scientific conversation begins with
immeasurable reproaches heaped up on each individual by all the
rest with all possible inconsequentialities; but some traitors to this
lofty discussion help Viéra Pavlovna somehow or other to kill the
evening, and when half the evening is spent she guesses where
Masha has been gone so long. How kind he is! Yes, this time Viéra
Pavlovna had been absolutely glad on account of her young friends,
though she did not get into a gale with them, but sat quietly, and
she was ready to kiss even Rakhmétof himself.
The visitors went away towards three o’clock in the morning, and
they did well in being so late. Viéra Pavlovna, weary from the
excitement of the day, had only just lain down when her husband
came in:—
“While telling you about the factory, my dear Viérotchka, I forgot
to tell you one thing about my new place, and by the way, it is not
very important, and I don’t know as it is worth while to speak about
it, but I will tell you some time; but I have one favor to ask: I want
to sleep, so do you; so if I do not tell you the rest of the story now,
we will speak about it tomorrow; and now I will tell you in two
words. You see when I took the place of acting manager I agreed
upon this condition: that I can take the place any time that I want,
within a month or two; and now I want to avail myself of this time: I
have not seen my old folks in Riazan for five years. I am going to
make them a visit. Good night,57 Viérotchka. Don’t get up. You will
have time tomorrow. Go to sleep.”
 XXVII

When Viéra Pavlovna came out from her room the next morning, her
husband and Masha were already packing two valises with things.
And all the time Masha was hard at work; Lopukhóf gave her so
many things to wrap up, and fold, and stow away, that Masha really
could not attend to it all. “Viérotchka, you, too, come and help us.”
And all three of them were drinking tea, as they were taking down
and stowing away things. Viéra Pavlovna had hardly time to collect
her wits, when her husband said, “It is half-past eleven; it is time to
go to the station.”
“My dear,58 I am going with thee.”
“My love,59 Viérotchka, I am going to take two valises; there will
be no room for you; you can go with Masha.”
“I did not mean that; I mean to Riazan.”
“Ah! if that’s so, then Masha may bring along the valises, and we
will go together.”
On the street you cannot well get sentimental in your talk. And
besides, there is such a rattling over the pavement. Lopukhóf could
not hear all that she said; he made a good many replies that could
not be heard, or he would not reply at all.
“I am going with thee to Riazan,” repeated Viéra Pavlovna.
“But you have not got your things ready; how can you go? You
can get ready if you want to; do just as seems best to you. But I
would ask you one thing: wait till you get a letter from me. You will
get it tomorrow; I shall write and mail it somewhere on my journey.
Tomorrow you will get it; wait, I beg of you.”
How she throws her arms around him at the gallery of the railway
station! With what tears she kisses him, while seeing him into the
car! And he speaks all the time about his business in the factory;
how fine it is, and how glad his old folks will be to see him, and how
everything in the world is dross compared with health, and how
important it is for her to look out for her health; and just as he bids
her goodbye, he says, speaking through the balustrade: “You wrote
that you had never been so fond of me as you are now; this is true,
my dear Viérotchka. And I am not less fond of you than you are of
me. And the disposition towards a person—the wishing his
happiness—this we both firmly believe in. But there is no happiness
without freedom. You would not want to restrain me, nor I you. And
if you began to use restraint on yourself on my account, you would
grieve me; so don’t do it. Do whatever you think is for your best. But
we will see about it by and by. Write me, when you want me to
come back. Goodbye, my dear;60 the second bell has rung; it’s time
for the train to start. Goodbye.”
 XXVIII

This was towards the end of April. Towards the middle of June
Lopukhóf returned; lived three weeks in Petersburg, then he left for
Moscow, on business for the factory, as he said. On the twenty-first
of July he left; and on the twenty-third of July, in the morning,
happened the misunderstanding in the hotel at the station of the
Moscow railroad, on account of the stranger not getting up; and two
hours later came the scene in the Kamennoï Ostrof dacha. Now the
sapient reader will not fail to have guessed who shot himself. “I saw
long ago that it was Lopukhóf,” says the sapient reader, in triumph at
his perspicacity. Where could he have hid himself, and how did his
cap have a bullet-hole through the top? “There is no need of asking;
it is only a trick of his, but he caught himself in a net, the rascal,”
says the sapient reader. Nu! God be with thee; decide it just as thou
pleasest; there’s no reasoning with thee.
 XXIX
An Extraordinary Man

Three hours after Kirsánof left, Viéra Pavlovna came to her senses,
and almost her very first thought was, that it was impossible to leave
the shop in such a way. Yes; though Viéra Pavlovna loved to assure
herself that the shop was getting along by itself, yet in reality she
knew that she is only flattering herself with this thought, and, as a
matter of fact, the shop needed a director, else it would go astray.
However, the business was now very well established, and it took
but very little trouble to direct it. Mrs. Mertsálova had two children;
but she might spare an hour, or an hour and a half, every day, or not
even every day. She surely would not refuse, for already she has a
great deal to do with the shop. Viéra Pavlovna began to look over
her things, preparatory to the sale of them, and she herself sent
Masha first to Mrs. Mertsálova, to ask her to come, and then to the
old woman61 who deals in secondhand clothes and other things of
every sort, Rachel, one of the most businesslike of Jewesses, and a
very good friend of Viéra Pavlovna’s, towards whom Rachel had
proved herself absolutely honest, as almost all the small retail
dealers among the Hebrews are, whether men or women, when they
have to do with respectable people. Rachel and Masha had to stop
at their city apartment to collect the remainder of the clothes and
things, and on their way to stop at the furrier’s, where Viéra
Pavlovna’s shubas were stored away for the summer, and then to
come back to their summer dacha with the whole collection, so
that Rachel might put a valuation on the things, and buy them all
at once.
After Masha left the gate, she was met by Rakhmétof, who had
been prowling for half an hour around the dacha.
“Are you going away, Masha? For long?”
 “Yes; probably I shan’t get back before late this evening; I have a
great deal to attend to.”
“Is Viéra Pavlovna all alone by herself?”
“She is alone.”
“Then I will step in and stay with her, in your place, in case I can
do anything to help her.”
“If you only would; and I tremble on her account. And I forgot
entirely, Mr. Rakhmétof; call some of the neighbors. There is a cook
and a nurse-girl, friends of mine, to get dinner; for she has not had
anything to eat yet.”
“All right! I have not had any dinner myself. We’ll help ourselves.
Have you had your dinner?”
“Yes; Viéra Pavlovna would not let me go without it.”
“Well, that’s good. I imagined she would have forgotten this on
account of her own trouble.”
Except Masha, and those who were her equals or superiors in the
simplicity of soul and dress, all people were rather afraid of
Rakhmétof. Lopukhóf and Kirsánof, and all those who feared nobody
and nothing, felt in his presence, at times, some trepidation.
Towards Viéra Pavlovna he was very distant. She found him very
tiresome. He never sought her society. But Masha liked him, though
he was less sociable and polite to her than were any other of
their visitors.
“I came without being invited, Viéra Pavlovna,” he began. “But I
have seen Aleksandr Matvéitch, and I know all, and so I came to the
conclusion that I might be useful to you in some way; and I am
going to spend the evening here.”
His services might have been very useful, even now, to help Viéra
Pavlovna in undoing the things. Anyone in Rakhmétof’s place would
have been asked to do it, or would have offered his services. But he
did not offer, and he was not asked. Viéra Pavlovna only pressed his
hand, and, with sincere feeling said that she was very grateful to
him for his attention.
“I shall remain in the library,” he said. “If anything is needed,
call me, and if anybody comes, I will open the door. Don’t you
trouble yourself.”
 With these words he went into the library; took from his pocket a
big piece of ham and a hunk of black rye bread—all of which must
have weighed four pounds; he sat down and ate it to the last crumb,
striving to chew it all very fine; he drank half a pitcher of water;
then he went to the bookshelves and began to pick out something to
read. “I know that; not original, not original, not original, not
original.” This criticism, “not original,” referred to such books as
Macaulay, Guizot, Thiers, Ranke, Gervinus.
“Ah! but here’s something good!”
This he said, after reading on the back of several huge tomes,
Complete Works of Newton. He began hastily to turn over the
pages; finally he found what he was looking for, and with a lovely
smile cried: “Here it is, here it is!—Observations on the Prophesies of
Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John.62 Yes, this side of knowledge
has, till now, remained with me without any real foundation. Newton
wrote this commentary when he was old, when he was half sane
and half crazy. It is the classical fountain when one is on the
question of the mixture of sense and insanity. Here is a question of
worldwide historical interest; this mixture which is in almost all
occurrences, in almost all books, and in almost all brains. But here it
must be in a model form: in the first place, the most ingenious and
normal brain that ever was known; in the second place, the
acknowledged, undisputed insanity which was superinduced upon
this brain. And so the book is capital in its way. The most obscure
features of the general phenomenon must appear here more
distinctly than anywhere else, and no one can have the least doubt
that here you find these very features of this phenomenon, to which
the features of the mixture of sanity and insanity are related. The
book is worth studying.”
With great energy he began to read the book, which for the last
century had been scarcely read, except by those who wanted to set
it right. For anyone else to read it, except Rakhmétof, would be
equivalent to eating sand or sawdust. But it was to his taste.
Such people as Rakhmétof are rare. So far in my life I have met
with only eight examples of this species (and that number includes
two women). They have no interrelation, except in one feature.
Among them were people soft and severe, people melancholy and
gay, energetic people and phlegmatic people, sentimental people
(one of them had a severe face, sarcastic even to impudence;
another one, with a wooden face, quiet and indifferent to
everything; they both shed tears before me several times, like
hysterical women, and not on their own account, but during talks on
different topics. While by themselves, I am sure they wept often),
and people who never, under any circumstances, lost their self-
possession. There was no resemblance between them in any
respect, with the exception of the one feature, but that feature, in
itself, joined them into one species, and separated them from the
rest of humanity. I used to laugh at those with whom I have been
intimately acquainted, when I was alone with them. They would
either get angry or not, but they would also join in the laugh. And,
really, there was so much that was amusing about them—the main
characteristic was amusing—for this very reason, that they were
people of a different species, I love to laugh at such people.
The one whom I met in the circle of Lopukhóf and Kirsánof, and
about whom I am going to speak here, serves as a living proof that
a reserve clause is necessary in the arguments between Lopukhóf
and Mertsálof about the peculiarities of the soil in Viéra Pavlovna’s
second dream. Such a reserve clause is necessary to this effect, that
no matter how bad the soil may be, it may have some very tiny
portions which will produce healthy grain. The genealogies of the
principal characters of my narrative, Viéra Pavlovna, Kirsánof, and
Lopukhóf, to tell the truth, do not go back further than their
grandfathers and grandmothers, and possibly by some tremendous
straining, you may get back still further to some kind of great-
grandmother; the great-grandfather is hidden by the darkness of
oblivion; all that is known of him is probably that he was the
husband of the great-grandmother, and that his name was Kirill,
because the grandfather was Kirilluitch.63
Rakhmétof belonged to a family which has been known since the
thirteenth century; that is, it is one of the most ancient, not only in
Russia, but anywhere in Europe. In the number of the Tartar
prisoners, tribal chiefs who were massacred in Tver, according to the
words of the chroniclers, on account of their intention of converting
the people to Mohammedanism (an intention which they probably
did not have), but simply out of brutality, was a certain Rakhmet.
The young son of this Rakhmet by a Russian wife, who was the
niece of a nobleman of Tver—that is, the oberhōf-marshal or field-
marshal—whom Rakhmet married by force, was saved on his
mother’s account, and he was baptized Mikhaïl instead of Latuif.
From this Latuif-Mikhaïl Rakhmétovitch sprang a good many
Rakhmétofs. In Tver they were boyars; in Moscow they were crown-
officers;64 in Petersburg, during the last century, they were generals-
in-chief; of course not all of them: the family branched out very
widely, so that there would not have been enough positions of
general-in-chief to give them all. Our Rakhmétof’s great-great-
grandfather was a friend of Ivan Ivanovitch Shuválof’s,65 and he put
him on his feet again after his failure, which was caused by his
friendship for Muennich.
His great-grandfather was a contemporary of Rumiantsof; he
served till he reached the rank of general-in-chief, and he was killed
at the battle near Novo. His grandfather escorted Alexander to Tilsit,
and would have risen higher than any of them, but he early ruined
his career by his friendship with Speransky. His father served without
any success, and without any failures; at the age of forty he
resigned with the rank of general-lieutenant, and made his home at
one of his estates which were scattered about over the sources of
the Medvyedítsa River.66 The estates were, however, not very large,
all in all, probably about two thousand five hundred souls (serfs),
and during the leisure which came to him in his country retirement,
he had eight children; our Rakhmétof was the next to the youngest;
he had one younger sister, and consequently our Rakhmétof did not
have a large estate; he received about four hundred souls, and
seven thousand desyatins of land.67 How he managed with his serfs,
and his five thousand five hundred desyatins of land is not known to
anybody, nor was it known that he kept for himself one thousand
five hundred desyatins, and, moreover, generally it was not known,
as long as he lived among us, that he was a proprietor,68 or that the
land retained for himself gave him about three thousand rubles
income. This we learned afterwards, but at that time we supposed,
of course, that he was of the same family as those Rakhmétofs,
many of whom were rich proprietors, and who, together bearing the
same name, possessed about seventy-five thousand souls around
the sources of the Medvyedítsa, Khoper, Sura, and Tsna rivers, who
forever were the district marshals69 of those places, and one or the
other of them is constantly the marshal of one or the other of the
governmental cities through which run their feudatory rivers. And we
knew that our friend Rakhmétof used to spend four hundred rubles a
year; for a student of that time that was not very bad, but for a
proprietor from among the Rakhmétofs it was too little; and so every
one of us, though we cared really very little for such investigations,
decided for himself, without making any inquiries, that our
Rakhmétof must be from some impoverished or estateless branch of
the Rakhmétofs, maybe the son of some kind of a governmental
officer,70 who left his children a small fortune; but we did not bother
ourselves about these things.
Now he was twenty-two years old, and he had been a student
since he was sixteen; but for nearly three years he had given up the
University. He left the second class, went to his estate, took charge
of it, after defeating his guardian’s resistance, and winning the
anathemas of his brothers, and succeeding in making his sister’s
husbands forbid them to mention his name; then he wandered all
over Russia in different guises, both by land and by water, and by
one or the other, in a common and an uncommon way; for instance,
by foot, and on rafts, and in slow boats; he had a good many
adventures, which he brought upon himself. Among other things that
he did, he sent two men to the University of Kazan, and five to the
University of Moscow; these were his stipendiaries; but to
Petersburg, where he, himself, intended to live, he had no students
at his expense, and therefore no one of us knew that, instead of four
hundred, he had three thousand rubles income. This became known
only later on, but all we knew was that he often disappeared for
some time, and two years before the time that he is sitting in
Kirsánof’s library, with Newton’s Commentaries on the Apocalypse,
he returned to Petersburg, entered the philological faculty; before he
had been in the department of natural science, and that’s all.
But if none of Rakhmétof’s Petersburg acquaintances were aware
of his family and pecuniary standing, yet all who knew him knew him
by two nicknames. One of them we have already used in this
story—“the rigorist”; he accepted it with his usual easy smile of
gloomy satisfaction. But when he was called Nikitushka or Lomof, or
by the full name, Nikitushka Lomof, he smiled broadly and sweetly,
and he had just reason for it, because he was not endowed by
nature, but gained by the firmness of his will, the right to this name
which is so famous among millions of men. But it thunders with its
fame only in a district of a hundred versts in width, running through
eight provinces; but to the readers living in the rest of Russia it is
necessary to explain what this name meant. Nikitushka Lomof was a
river-boatman,71 who went up and down the Volga twenty years or
fifteen years ago; he was a giant of herculean strength; he was
more than twenty-six feet high;72 he was so broad across his chest
and shoulders that he weighed fifteen poods (600 pounds
avoirdupois). Though he was such a heavy man, he was not stout.
To illustrate his strength it is necessary to give only one illustration:
he used to receive the wages of four men. Whenever his vessel
came to a city and he went to market, or, as it is called in the Volga
dialect, the bazaar, the boys were heard in the most distant corners
of the streets, shouting: “Here comes Nikitushka Lomof! here comes
Nikitushka Lomof!” and everybody ran into the street which led from
the wharf to the bazaar, and crowds of people used to pour out after
their favorite hero.
Rakhmétof, from the age of sixteen, when he first came to
Petersburg, was, as regards strength, an ordinary lad of rather tall
stature, rather strong, but by no means remarkable for his strength;
certainly two out of ten of his comrades would have got the better of
him. But when he was going on to seventeen, it occurred to him that
it would be a good thing to acquire physical riches, and he began to
work over himself: he energetically practised gymnastics. This was
good; but gymnastics only perfect the material, and it is necessary
to have a material basis; and so for a time, which was twice as long
as he spent on his gymnastics, he used to work every day for several
hours as a common laborer, where physical strength was required.
He lugged water, he carried wood, chopped wood, sawed trees, cut
stone, dug earth, hammered iron; he passed through a good many
occupations, and he frequently changed them, because with every
new work, with every change, some of his muscles would get a new
development. He underwent the diet of a boxer. He began to nurse
himself, in the full sense of the word, with the special things which
had the reputation of strengthening the body—beefsteaks, almost
raw, more often than anything else; and since that time he always
lived in such a way. In a year after he began such a regime, he
started off on his wanderings, and here he had still better
opportunities to develop his physical strength. He became a
plowman, a carpenter, a ferryman, and a workingman—a laborer in
every kind of healthy occupation whatever. Once he went the whole
length of the Volga, from Dubovka to Ruibinsk, in the capacity of a
burlak. To tell the master of the boat and the other burlaks that he
wanted to join them would have been regarded as absurd, and he
might not have been accepted. So he simply engaged passage as a
traveller, and after making friends with the crew, he began to help
tow the boat; and at the end of a week he put on the regular
harness, as though he had been a genuine laborer. They quickly
noticed how powerfully he was towing the boat; they began to put
his strength to the test. He out-towed three, even four, of the
strongest of his mates. At that time he was twenty years old, and his
mates on the boat christened him Nikitushka Lomof, after the
memory of the hero, who at this time had left the stage. In the
following summer he was travelling in a steamer. One of the second-
class passengers who crowded the steamer’s deck proved to be one
of his last year’s co-workers on the towpath; and in this way his
companions, who were students, learned that he must be
nicknamed Nikitushka Lomof. In fact, he acquired and, without
sparing any time, he kept up his mighty strength. “This is necessary,”
he used to say; “it gives you respect and love among the common
people. This is useful, and it may come handy sometime.”
This entered his mind when he was halfway through his sixteenth
year, because from that time his peculiarities began to develop
themselves. At sixteen he came to Petersburg, as a commonplace,
good-natured graduate of the gymnasium, a commonplace, kind,
and honest youth, and he spent three or four months in an ordinary
way, as all new students do. But he began to learn that there were
among the students some very clever heads, who had different ideas
from the rest, and he learned the names of half a dozen such
students. At that time there were only a few; they interested him,
and he began to try to make their acquaintance. He happened to get
acquainted with Kirsánof, and from this time dated his regeneration
into an extraordinary man, the future Nikitushka Lomof and the
rigorist. He listened eagerly to Kirsánof the first evening. He wept;
he interrupted him with exclamations of curses against all that was
to vanish, and blessings on all that must live. “What books shall I
begin to read?” Kirsánof directed him. On the next day, at eight
o’clock in the morning, he was walking down the Nevsky, from the
Admiralty to the Police Bridge, wondering which German or French
bookstore would be the first to open. He took what he wanted, and
read steadily for more than seventy-two hours in succession—from
eleven o’clock on Thursday morning till nine o’clock Sunday
evening—eighty-two hours. The first two nights he did not sleep at
all. On the third he drank eight cups of the strongest coffee; but on
the fourth night coffee refused to support his strength. He fell down
on the floor, and slept for fifteen hours. At the end of a week he
came to Kirsánof, asked what books further he should read, and
some explanations. They became friends; and through him he
afterwards met the Lopukhófs. In six months, though he was only
seventeen, while they were each one and twenty, they didn’t look
upon him as only a young fellow compared to themselves; and he
had indeed become an extraordinary man.
What earnest was there in his past life for such a course? Not a
very great one, but still there was something. His father was a man
of despotic character, very clever, educated, and an
ultraconservative, in the very same way as Marya Alekséyevna was
ultraconservative; but he was honest. It was hard for him, of course.
But that would not have made any difference to Rakhmétof. But his
mother, a woman of very delicate nature, suffered much from her
husband’s severity; and his whole life was bounded by the village.
And this, too, would not have made any difference; there was
another thing. It happened that, when he was fifteen, he fell in love
with one of his father’s mistresses. Trouble ensued, which was, of
course, trying to her. He pitied a woman who had suffered a great
deal on his account. Thoughts began to stir in him, and Kirsánof
stood in the same relation to him as Lopukhóf had stood to Viéra
Pavlovna. There was an earnest in his past life; but in becoming
such an extraordinary man the principal element is nature. For some
time before he left the university and went back to his estate, and
afterwards, while wandering over Russia, he adopted original
principles in his material, moral, and intellectual life; and after he
returned, they had been crystallized into a complete system, to
which he unflinchingly adhered. He said to himself, “I am not going
to drink a drop of wine; I shall not touch a woman.” Yet his nature
was passionate.
“What is the need? There is no good of going to such extremes.”
“It is necessary. We ask, demand, for all people the full enjoyment
of life. We must bear witness with our own lives, that we are
demanding this, not for the gratification of our personal passions,
not for ourselves personally, but for humanity in general, that we
speak only in accordance with principle and not from preference,
according to conviction and not individual necessity.”
Consequently, he began to lead a very severe and ascetic style of
life. To become a Nikitushka Lomof, and keep up the character, he
had to eat meat, a great deal of meat, and he ate a great deal. But
he grudged every kopek that he spent on anything else but meat.
He gave orders to his landlady73 to buy the very best meat that was
to be had, and have the very best pieces for him; but all else that he
ate at home was of the cheapest description. He gave up white
bread and ate only black bread at his table. For weeks at a time he
never had a piece of sugar in his mouth; for months at a time he
never tasted fruit, or veal, or chicken. With his own money he never
bought anything of the kind. “I have no right to spend money for
luxuries which I can easily get along without.” Yet he was brought up
at a table where luxury reigned, and his taste was refined, as was
seen by his remarks on dishes, when he used to dine at the table of
others. He enjoyed a good many of the dishes of which he did not
partake at his own table, but some dishes he would not eat at the
table of a stranger. The cause for the distinction was a solid one:
“What the common people eat now and then, I, also, may eat
occasionally; but whatever is not in the reach of the common
people, I, too, must not eat. This I must do, so as to appreciate how
wretched the lives of the people are in comparison with mine.”
Therefore, if fruits were served, he actually ate apples, but he
absolutely refused apricots; oranges he would eat in Petersburg, but
he would not touch them in the provinces. Don’t you see, in
Petersburg the people sometimes eat them, but never in the
provinces. Pies he used to eat, “because a good pirog is not worse
than a pie, and pie-crust is familiar to the common people”; but he
never ate sardines. He used to dress very poorly, though at one time
he liked finery; and in all other respects he led the life of a Spartan;
for example, he never allowed a mattress, and he slept on a bag of
straw, not even allowing it to be doubled.
He had one spot on his conscience—he did not give up smoking.
“I cannot think without a cigar. If that is really so, then I am right;
but maybe it is from weakness of will power.” And he would not
smoke bad cigars, for he was brought up amid aristocratic
surroundings. Out of his four hundred roubles of income, he used to
spend one hundred and fifty on cigars. “It is a detestable weakness,”
as he used to express himself. And only this weakness afforded
some possibility of getting the best of him. If he went too far with
his reproaches of others, the one whom he reproached would say to
him, “Yes, but perfection is impossible—even you smoke.” Then
Rakhmétof would break out into reproaches of double strength;
but the greater part he would pour out on his own head, the
other would get the smaller share of them, though he would not
be forgotten.
He succeeded in accomplishing a great deal, because in disposing
of his time he put exactly as firm restrictions on himself as in
material things. Not a quarter of an hour a month was lost in
recreation; he did not take rest. “My occupations are various;
change from one occupation to another is sufficient rest.” He did not
join the circle of his friends, whose headquarters were at Kirsánof’s
or the Lopukhófs’, more frequently than was necessary to keep him
in close relations with this circle. “This is necessary; everyday
occurrences prove the advantage of having close connection with
some circle of men; it is necessary to have in your power open
resources for various references.” With the exception of the meetings
with this circle, he never called on anybody, except on business, and
he never stayed five minutes longer than was necessary for his
business; and he never allowed anybody to stay with him, except on
the same conditions. Without beating around the bush he would say
to the caller, “We have talked about this business; now you will allow
me to take up other things, because my time is valuable.”
During the first months of his regeneration, he used to spend
almost all his time reading; but this lasted only a little more than six
months. When he saw that he had acquired a systematic style of
thought in the spirit whose principles he found to be correct, he said
to himself: “Reading is now a secondary matter: from this time forth
I am ready for life;” and he began to give to reading only the time
which was free from other occupations, and such time was very
little. Notwithstanding this fact, he extended the circle of his
knowledge with wonderful rapidity; now that he is twenty-two years
old, he is a man of remarkably solid learning. This was because he
had made a rule also in this regard: luxury and pleasure there
should be none; only what is needful. And what is needful? He used
to say: “On every subject there are very few first-rate works; all that
you can find fuller and clearer in these few, in all the rest is
repeated, spoiled, ruined. It is necessary to read only them, and all
other reading is only an idle waste of time. Let us take Russian
belles lettres. I say: I shall read Gogol before anything else. In the
thousand and one other stories I see, from half a dozen lines on half
a dozen different pages, that they contain nothing else but Gogol
spoiled; why should I read them, then? The same thing in science;
in science this limit is still more striking. If I have read Adam Smith,
Malthus, Ricardo, and Mill, I know the alpha and the omega of their
theories, and I have no need of reading hundreds of other political
economists, no matter how famous they may be: by half a dozen
lines on half a dozen pages I see that I shall not find one single
fresh thought which belongs to them; they are all borrowed and
mutilated. I read only spontaneous works, and only to such a degree
as to appreciate their spontaneity.” Therefore, it was impossible to
make him read Macaulay; after spending a quarter of an hour on
different pages, he decided: I know all the originals from which this
matter is taken. He read Thackeray’s Vanity Fair with delight, and he
began to read Pendennis, but he gave it up when he reached the
twentieth page. “All this is said in Vanity Fair; apparently there will
be nothing more, and so there is no need of reading it. Every book
that I read in such a way spares me the necessity of reading
hundreds of books,” he used to say.74
Gymnastics, work that served to increase his strength and
reading—these were Rakhmétof’s personal occupations; but after he
returned to Petersburg, they took only the fourth part of his time;
the rest of his time he spent in helping others, or in things that did
not belong to anyone in particular, constantly observing the same
rule as in reading: not to waste any time on secondary matters and
with secondary people, but to occupy himself only with things of
essential importance, from which the secondary things and
secondary people are influenced, without his interference. For
instance, outside of his circle, he used to get acquainted only with
people who had influence over others. Whoever was not an
authority for several other people could not even begin a
conversation with him; he used to say, “I beg you to excuse me,”
and go away. But in the same way it was impossible for anyone with
whom he had a desire to become acquainted to avoid him in
anywise. He simply used to come to you and say whatever he had to
say, with such an introduction as this: “I want to be acquainted with
you; it is necessary. If you have no time now, appoint another time.”
To your trifling business he never paid the least heed, no matter if
you were his closest friend, and begged him to help you out of your
embarrassment. “I have no time,” he would say, and go away. But in
important business he used to take a share, when it was necessary,
as he expressed it, though no one may have asked his aid. “I must,”
he used to say. What things he used to say and do on such
occasions is beyond comprehension.
Here, for example, is my own experience with him. I was then not
very young; I was living comfortably, and therefore oftentimes five
or six young people from my province used to visit me.
Consequently, I was a valuable man for his purposes; these young
people were attached to me, because they saw that I had an
attachment for them; in this manner he heard my name. And I,
when I had met him for the first time, at Kirsánof’s, had never
known anything about him; this was soon after his return from his
wanderings. He came in after I did; I was the only one in the
company whom he did not know. When he entered, he took Kirsánof
aside, and indicating me with his eyes, said several words. Kirsánof
answered him briefly, and they separated. In a minute Rakhmétof
was sitting directly in front of me, with only a small table which
stood by the sofa dividing us, and from this distance, which was only
an arshín and a half, he began to study my face with all his might. I
was vexed; he examined me without any ceremony, as though I
were not a man, but a picture: I grew angry. It was none of his
business. After looking at me for two or three minutes, he said to
me: “Mr. N., I must get acquainted with you; I know you, but you
don’t know me. Ask about me of the khozyáïn, and anybody else
whom you particularly trust, in this company.” Having said this, he
got up and went into the other room.
“Who is that crank?”75
“That is Rakhmétof; he wants you to ask whether he can be
trusted—without hesitation; and whether he deserves attention—he
is more important than all the rest of us here taken together,” said
Kirsánof, and others corroborated it.
In about five minutes he returned to the room where we were all
sitting. He did not say anything to me, and he spoke very little to the
others. The conversation was not scientific and not important.
“Ah! it is already ten o’clock!” he exclaimed, after some little time.
“At ten o’clock I have an engagement at such and such a place.—
Mr. N.,” he said, turning to me. “I have a few words that I want to
say to you. When I took the khozyáïn aside to ask him who you
were, I pointed you out with my eyes, so that you must have seen
that I was asking who you were; consequently, it would be useless
not to make signs which would be natural at asking such a question.
When will you be at home, so that I may call on you?”
I did not like new acquaintances at that time, and this imposition
did not please me at all.
“I am only at home when I am asleep; I am out all day,” I said.
“But you sleep at home? What time do you go to bed?”
“Very late.”
“For example?”
“Two or three o’clock.”
“That makes no difference to me; name your time.”
“If it’s absolutely necessary, I will set tomorrow, at half-past four
in the morning.”
“Of course I might take your words to be insulting and ridiculous;
but maybe it is true that you have your own reasons, which, very
likely, deserve approval. At all events, I shall call upon you tomorrow
morning at half-past four.”
“No; if you are so bent upon it, you may come a little later. I will
be home all the morning till twelve o’clock.”
“All right; I’ll be there at ten o’clock. Will you be alone?”
“Yes.”
“Very good.”
He came; and without any beating around the bush, went straight
at the matter, on account of which he felt it necessary to get
acquainted with me. We talked for half an hour. What the subject
was, makes no difference; suffice it to say, that he declared that
such and such a thing must be done. I said, “No”; he said, “You
must do it”; I said, “Not at all.” In half an hour he said:—
“It is evidently useless to talk about this matter longer. Are you
convinced that I am a man who deserves full trust?”
“Yes; I was told so by all, and now I see for myself.”
“And after all, do you still stick to your decision?”
“I do.”
“Do you know what conclusion one can draw from this?—that you
are either a liar or a villain.”
What do you think of that? What would have been necessary to
do to anybody else who said such words? Challenge him to a duel?
But he speaks in such a tone, without any personal feeling, like a
historian, who judges coolly, and with no intention of offending, but
for the sake of truth; and he is so strange, that it would be ridiculous
to take offence, and all I could do was to laugh. “But that is one and
the same thing,” I said.
“In this case it is not one and the same thing.”
“Nu, but maybe I am both at once.”
“In this case, to be both is impossible, but one of the two things,
surely: either you are thinking and acting not as you speak, and in
such a case you are a liar; or, you are thinking and acting as you
speak, in which case you must be a villain; one or the other must be
so. I take it for granted that it is the first hypothesis.”
“Think as you please,” I said, still laughing.
“Goodbye.76 At all events, understand that I still preserve my trust
in you, and I will be ready to renew our conversation whenever
you please.”
With all the roughness of his behavior, Rakhmétof was entirely
right; both in the very fact that he began as he did, because he first
learned thoroughly about me, and only then undertook this business
with me; and that he ended the conversation as he did. I really did
not tell him what I thought, and he really was right in calling me a
liar; and this could not be offensive at all; it was even flattering to
me, “in the present case,” according to his expression, because there
was such a case, and because he could preserve his former
confidence in me, and possibly even respect.
Yes, with all the savageness of his manners, everybody remained
satisfied that Rakhmétof acted as he did, because it was the most
simple and commonsense way of acting; and the terrible extremes
to which he went, and his horrible reproaches, he spoke in such a
way, that no person of common sense could be offended with them;
and with all his phenomenal roughnesses, he was at heart very
gentle. His preliminary talk was always of this stamp. Every
embarrassing explanation he began thus:—
“You know very well that I speak without any personal feeling. If
my words prove to be disagreeable, I beg you to excuse them; but I
find that there is no need of getting offended when anything is
kindly meant, absolutely, without intention of offending, but from
necessity. However, as soon as it shall seem to you useless to listen
to my words, I will stop; my rule is, to offer my opinion everywhere
and always, whenever I am impelled; but never to impose it
upon anyone.”
And actually he did not impose it; it was impossible to save one’s
self from him expressing his opinion, if he found it necessary, but
only so far that you might understand his view of it; but he did it in
two or three words, and then he would add: “Now you know what
the tenor of my conversation would be; do you find it useful to have
such a talk?” If you said “No,” he bowed and went off.
This was the way that he spoke and managed his affairs, and he
had a great many things to attend to, and none of them were
matters that concerned him personally; he had no personal
business, as everybody knew; but what affairs he attended to, no
one in the circle knew. It could only be seen that he had a great deal
of bother. He was at home very little; he was always on the go; he
was always travelling, but for the most part he walked. But there
were always people calling upon him; either the same people, or
new ones. And on this account, he made it a rule to be always at
home between two and three; at this time he talked with them and
had his dinner. But very often he would not be at home for several
days; then in his place, one of his friends who was devoted to him
soul and body, would be at his rooms and receive callers, silent as
the grave.
Two years after this glimpse of him in Kirsánof’s library with
Newton’s Commentary on the Apocalypse, he left Petersburg, telling
Kirsánof, and one or two of his most intimate friends, that he had
nothing more to do there, that he has done all that he could, that he
may be able to do more after three years, that these three years are
free now, that he is thinking of availing himself of them, according
as it may seem necessary for his future activity. We learned
afterwards that he left for his former estate, sold the land which he
had reserved, getting thirty-five thousand rubles for it, went to
Kazan and Moscow, gave five thousand rubles or so to his
stipendiaries, so that they might graduate, and that was all that we
knew about him. Where he went after leaving Moscow is not known.
After several months passed without any tidings from him, those
who knew something more about him than all the rest knew ceased
to hide things, about which, by his request, they had kept silent so
long as he was among us. Then our little circle learned that he had
stipendiaries, and also learned the larger part of his personal doings,
which I have already told. We learned a great deal about his
adventures, which, however, did not explain everything; in fact,
explained nothing at all, but only made Rakhmétof a still more
mysterious person for the whole circle; adventures, which, by their
strangeness, surprised us, or entirely contradicted the opinion, which
the circle entertained of him as a man who was entirely hard-
hearted as far as personal feeling went; one who had not, if I may
use the expression, a personal heart, beating with the sensation of
personal life. To relate all of these adventures would not be in place
here; I shall only quote two of them of two different kinds: one of a
savage order; the other of a stamp which contradicted the former
ideas entertained by the circle in his regard. I will select these
histories from those told by Kirsánof.
About a year before he left Petersburg for the second, and
probably the last, time, Rakhmétof said to Kirsánof, “Give me a good
quantity of plaster for curing wounds from sharp weapons.” Kirsánof
gave him a big jar, supposing that Rakhmétof wanted to take this
medicament to some society of carpenters or other laborers, who
are frequently subjected to cuts. On the next morning, Rakhmétof’s
landlady came in great alarm to Kirsánof: “Bátiushka! doctor, I don’t
know what has happened to my tenant; he has not been out of his
room for a long time; he has locked the door; I peeked through the
crack; he was lying all in blood. I began to scream, and he says to
me, says he, ‘It’s nothing, Agrafyéna Antonovna.’ What does he
mean by nothing? Save him bátiushka, doctor; I’m afraid it’s suicide:
he is so unmerciful to himself!”
Kirsánof ran in all haste. Rakhmétof opened the door with a
melancholy broad smile; the caller saw the thing from which not
Agrafyéna Antonovna alone might have been frightened; the back
and shoulders of his underclothes (he was dressed only in his
underclothes) were soaked with blood; there was blood on the bed;
the straw bed on which he slept was also covered with blood; in the
straw were thousands of little nails with heads down and points up;
they penetrated out from the bag almost an inch:77 Rakhmétof had
been lying on them all night long.
“For heaven’s sake, what is the matter, Rakhmétof?” cried
Kirsánof, in horror.
“It is a trial; it is necessary; it’s incredible, of course; however, it is
necessary. I see that I can stand it.”
Besides what Kirsánof saw, it may be judged from this that the
khozyáïka also could relate a great many interesting things about
Rakhmétof; but in her capacity of a simple-hearted and simply-
dressed old woman, she was out of her wits in regard to him, and,
of course, it was impossible to learn anything from her. This time she
ran off to get Kirsánof only because Rakhmétof allowed her to do so
to calm her. She wept so bitterly, thinking that he was going to
commit suicide.
Two months after that was the end of May. Rakhmétof was away
for a week or more, but at that time nobody noticed it, because it
was a common occurrence for him to vanish in that way. Now
Kirsánof told the following story of the way Rakhmétof spent those
days. They constituted an erotic episode in Rakhmétof’s life. Love
arose from an occurrence which was worthy of Nikitushka Lomof.
Rakhmétof was going from the first Pargalof into town, lost in
thoughts, and looking at the ground in his usual way. He was near
the Forestry Institute; he was awakened from his thoughts by the
desperate shrieks of a woman; he looked up: a horse attached to a
sharaban, in which a lady was riding, was running away. The lady,
herself, was driving, but she could not control him; the reins were
trailing on the ground, and the horse was within two steps of
Rakhmétof. He threw himself in the midst of the way, but the horse
was already past him; he had no time to catch the reins; he had only
time to catch the hind axle of the sharaban; he brought it to a stop,
but it threw him down. A crowd gathered, helped the lady out of the
sharaban, and lifted Rakhmétof to his feet. His chest was somewhat
bruised, but the worst was that the wheel had torn out a large piece
of flesh from his leg. The lady came to herself, and ordered him
taken to her dacha, which was within half a verst. He consented
because he felt weak from loss of blood, but he asked that Kirsánof
should be sent for without fail, and no other doctor. Kirsánof found
that the bruises on his chest were not serious, but Rakhmétof was
weak from loss of blood. He lay there for ten days. The rescued lady,
of course, took care of him herself. He could not do anything else in
his weak condition, and so he talked with her—all the same the time
would be wasted—he talked with her, and became quite friendly with
her. The lady was a widow of nineteen; she was not poor, and,
generally speaking, she was in an absolutely independent position,
an intellectual and respectable woman. Rakhmétof’s fiery speeches,
of course not on the subject of love, charmed her. “I see him in my
dreams surrounded by a halo,” she said to Kirsánof. Rakhmétof also
fell in love with her. She, judging by his dress, and by everything
else, supposed that he was a man who had absolutely nothing, and
therefore she was the first to confess her love, and she offered to
marry him, when on the eleventh day he got up and said that he
was able to go home.
“I have been more frank with you than with others. You see,
such people as I have no right to unite the fate of anyone else with
their own.”
 “Yes, that is true,” she said; “you have no right to marry. But till
the time when you must renounce me, love me.”
“No, I cannot accept that,” he said. “I must suppress love in my
heart; to love you would tie my hands. Even as it is, they cannot be
free so soon, for they are already tied. But I shall untie them; I must
not love.”
What became of the lady? A crisis must have come into her life. In
all probability she also became an extraordinary person. I wanted to
find out about it, but I cannot. Kirsánof did not tell me her name,
and he himself did not know what became of her. Rakhmétof asked
him not to see her and not to inquire about her. “If I supposed that
you knew anything about her, I could not refrain from asking, and
that would not do.”
After hearing this story, all remembered that for a month or two
afterwards, and maybe more, Rakhmétof was more melancholy than
usual, did not get angry with himself, no matter how his “eyes were
pinched” by his low weakness—that is, for cigars—and did not smile
sweetly and broadly when he was flattered with the name of
Nikitushka Lomof. And I recollected also more, that summer, three or
four times in conversations with me (some time after our first
conversation he began to be fond of me, because I laughed at him),
when I was alone with him, and in reply to my rallying him, would
utter such words as these: “Yes, pity me; you are right. I myself am
not an abstract idea; I am a man who would like to love. Nu, it is
nothing though; it will pass,” he would add. And in reality he got
over it. Only once, after I had roused his spirits by some of my
ridiculous speeches, even in the late fall, he still uttered these words.
The sapient reader, maybe, will guess from this that I know more
about Rakhmétof than I am telling him. It may be; I do not dare to
contradict him, because he is so sapient. But if I do not know, there
are a good many other things that I know which thou, sapient
reader, will not know, as long as thou shalt live. But there is one
thing that I really do not know. I do not know this: where
Rakhmétof is now, and what he is doing, or whether I shall ever see
him again. I have no other information or conjectures, beyond what
all of his acquaintances have. When three or four months had
passed since his disappearance from Moscow, and there was no
tidings at all about him, we all supposed that he went travelling over
Europe. This conjecture apparently was true. At least, it was
confirmed by the following circumstance. In a year after Rakhmétof
disappeared, one of Kirsánof’s acquaintances met, on a car between
Vienna and Munich, a young Russian, who said that he had travelled
all over the Slavonic lands. Everywhere he had made friends among
all classes; and in every country he had stayed long enough to learn
the ideas, habits, style of life, the local customs of self-government,
the different degrees of welfare among all the classes of the
population; and for this purpose he had lived in the cities and towns,
and had gone on foot from one village to another. Then afterwards,
in the same way, he had studied the Romanians and Hungarians. He
had travelled over Northern Germany; from there he had again
made his way on foot to the South, in the German provinces of
Austria. Now he was going to Bavaria, and from there to
Switzerland, through Württemberg and Baden to France, which he
intended to travel and walk through in the same way. From there,
with the same purpose in view, he was going to England; and he
intended to spend a year in this way. If any time should be left from
this year, he would see the Spaniards and Italians. But if no time
were left, then be it so, because this is “not so necessary”; but the
other lands are necessary. “Why?” “For study.”
And after a year it would be “necessary” for him to be, at all
events, in the States of North America, to study, which was more
“necessary” for him than any other land, and there he was going to
stay a long time; maybe for more than a year, and maybe forever, if
he should find anything to do there. But it was more probable that in
three years he would return to Russia, because in Russia, if not now,
still by that time, it will be “necessary” for him to be there.
All this seemed very much like Rakhmétof, especially the word
“necessary,” which was left in the narrator’s memory. His age, his
voice, his features, as far as the narrator could remember, of the
traveller, also pointed to Rakhmétof; but the narrator did not pay
much attention at that time to his travelling companion, who,
moreover, was not with him very long, not more than two hours. He
entered the train at some little town, and he got out at some village;
therefore the narrator could describe his appearance only in too
general terms, and there was no full certainty possible; but in all
probability it was Rakhmétof. Yet who can tell? Maybe it was not he.
There was still another rumor, that a young Russian, once a
proprietor,78 appeared before one of the greatest European
philosophers of the nineteenth century, the father of a new
philosophy, a German. “I have thirty thousand thalers; all I need is
five thousand. The balance I beg of you to accept from me.” (The
philosopher was living very wretchedly.) “Why?” “To publish your
works.” The philosopher naturally did not accept the offer; but the
Russian was said to have left the money with a banker in the
philosopher’s name, and to have written him thus: “Use this money
as you please. Throw it into the river, if you want, but you can’t
return it to me; you can’t find me.” And it is said that even now this
money is at the banker’s. If this rumor is true, then there is no doubt
that it was Rakhmétof who appeared before the philosopher.
Such was the gentleman who was sitting in Kirsánof’s library.
Yes, this gentleman is an extraordinary man, an example of a very
rare species. I do not describe this example of a very rare species,
with all this detail, for the sake of teaching thee, O sapient reader,
how to treat people of this kind politely, for that is out of thy
province. It is not likely that thou wilt see any such people; thy eyes,
sapient reader, are not constituted so as to see such people; they
are invisible to thee; only honest and courageous eyes see them; but
the description of this man will serve thee, so thou canst know by
hearsay what people there are in the world. For what purpose this
description serves my lady readers and simple-hearted readers, they
best know by themselves.
Yes, ridiculous people like Rakhmétof are very amusing. I say this
for their own benefit, that they are ridiculous, because I feel pity for
them. I say to those noble people who are fascinated by them, Don’t
follow their example. I say this because the path over which they
call you to follow is barren of personal happiness. But noble people
do not listen to me. They say, “No, it is not barren, it is very rich;
though it may be barren in some places, yet these places are not
long; we shall have strength enough to pass these places, and we
shall come to places which are rich with endless happiness.” So thou
seest, sapient reader, that it is not for thy sake, but for the other
part of the public, that I have said that such people as Rakhmétof
are ridiculous. To thee, O sapient reader, I will declare that they are
not bad people; otherwise, thou very likely wilt not understand for
thyself. No, they are not bad people. There are few of them, but
through them flourishes the life of all; without them life would
become dead and putrid; there are few of them, but they help all
people to breathe; without them people would suffocate. The mass
of honest and kind people is great, but people like these are few;
but they are in the midst, like theine in tea, like the bouquet in fine
wine; from them come their strength and fragrance; it is the flower
of the best people; they are the motive powers of motive powers,
they are the salt of the salt of the earth.
 XXX

“Well [nu!],” thinks the sapient reader, “now the main character is to
be Rakhmétof; and he will put everybody into his belt, and Viéra
Pavlovna will fall in love with him; and soon the same story will
begin with Kirsánof as happened to Lopukhóf.”
There will be nothing of the sort, O sapient reader. Rakhmétof will
spend the evening, will speak with Viéra Pavlovna. I shall not hide
one word of their conversation from thee, and thou shalt quickly
see, that if I did not want to share this conversation with thee, it
might have been very easy for me to hide it from thee, and the
current of my narration would not have been altered in the least if I
had kept silent; and I tell thee in advance, that after Rakhmétof
speaks with Viéra Pavlovna, he will leave the house, and then he will
disappear forever from this narrative; and that he will be neither the
main nor a subordinate, or any character whatsoever in my novel.
Then why was he brought into the novel at all, and described so
minutely? Just try, sapient reader, if thou canst guess why. But this
will be told thee in the following pages, immediately after
Rakhmétof’s conversation with Viéra Pavlovna. As soon as he
disappears, I will tell thee at the end of the chapter. Now just try to
guess what will be said there; it is not very hard to guess if thou
hast the least conception of the artistic, of which thou art so fond of
talking. But how canst thou? Nu! I will tell thee more than half of the
answer. Rakhmétof was brought in so as to fulfil the principal, the
most radical demand of what is artistic; exclusively to give
satisfaction to it. Well, well! Guess now. Try to guess this very
minute what is that demand. What was it needful to do for its
satisfaction? and how was it satisfied by showing thee Rakhmétof’s
figure, which has no influence or part in the current of this
narrative? Well (nu-ko), guess! The lady reader and the simple
reader, who do not talk about the artistic, they understand. But do
try to guess, thou wiseling! For this reason plenty of time is given
thee, and for this purpose a long and thick dash is placed between
the lines. Dost thou see how much pains I take on thy account? Stop
for a moment, and just think if thou canst not guess!

Mrs. Mertsálova came, shed a few tears, offered some consolation,

and said it would give her pleasure to take charge of the sewing
shop, but she did not know as she had the ability; and again she
shed a few tears and offered some more consolation, while helping
to look over the things. Rakhmétof, after asking the servant at the
next neighbor’s to go to the bakery, put up the samovar, set it on the
table, and they began to drink their tea. Rakhmétof sat for half an
hour with the ladies, drank half a dozen glasses of tea, and, together
with them, he emptied half of a huge pitcher of cream and ate a
terrible quantity of baked things, besides two simple loaves of white
bread, which served as the foundation for the rest.
“I have a right to take this delectation, because I sacrificed
twelve hours.”
He took his enjoyment, listened as the ladies tormented
themselves to death, three times expressed his opinion that it was
“nonsense”; not the fact that the ladies were tormenting themselves
to death, but suicide for any cause whatsoever, except too painful
and incurable physical disease, or the presentiment of some painful
and unavoidable death; for instance, being broken upon the wheel.
He expressed this opinion in a few but strong words; according to
his custom, he helped himself to a sixth glass of tea, poured the
remainder of the cream into it, took what was left of the baked
things—the ladies had already long ago finished with their tea—
bowed, and went with these materials into the library again, to enjoy
the finale of his material enjoyment, almost to make a sybarite of
himself, to place himself on the sofa, on which everybody was free
to take a nap, but which was for him something in the nature of
genuine Capuan luxury.
“I have earned my right to this delectation, because I have
sacrificed twelve or fourteen hours’ time.”
After he had finished his material enjoyment, he took up his
intellectual feast again, the reading of the Commentary of the
Apocalypse. At nine o’clock the police tchinovnik came to tell the
suicide’s wife about the matter, which was now entirely cleared up.
Rakhmétof told him that the widow knew all about it, and there was
no need of her hearing anything more. The tchinovnik was very glad
that he had escaped such a tormenting scene. Then Masha and
Rachel put in appearance. They began to examine the things; Rachel
found that everything, all told—except the good shuba, which she
advised her not to sell, because in three months she would have to
get a new one, and to this Viéra Pavlovna consented; that all the
rest was worth four hundred and fifty rubles; and really she could
not do better than that, even according to Mrs. Mertsálova’s inward
conviction. Thus about ten o’clock, the commercial operation was
brought to an end. Rachel paid down two hundred rubles; she had
no more; the balance she would send in three days to Mertsálova:
so she took the things and went off. Mertsálova stayed for an hour
longer, and then it was time for her to go home and nurse her baby;
and she went, saying that she would come on the next day to
accompany her to the railroad station.
After Mertsálova went away, Rakhmétof closed Newton’s
Commentary on the Apocalypse, put it carefully in its place, and sent
Masha to ask Viéra Pavlovna if he might see her. He came in with his
usual tranquillity and calmness.
“Viéra Pavlovna, I can now, to a great degree, console you. Now it
is possible; before it was impossible. I will tell you in advance that
the general result of my visit will be consoling to you; you know that
I do not speak vain words, therefore, and in advance, you must
become calm. I am going to lay the matter before you in due order:
I told you that I met Aleksandr Matvéitch, and that I know all about
it. This is really true; I really saw Aleksandr Matvéitch, and I really
know everything. But I did not say that I knew all from him, and I
could not have said so, because I do not know all from him;
because, to tell the truth, I know all that I know, not from him, but
from Dmitri Sergéitch, who spent two hours with me. I was told that
he was coming to see me, and so I stayed at home; he was with me
for two hours, and even longer, after he had written the little note
which caused you so much pain, and he asked—”
“You heard what he intended to do, and you did not stop him?”
“I asked you to be calm, because the result of my call will be
comforting to you. No; I did not stop him, because his decision was
soundly based, as you yourself will acknowledge. I will begin again:
he asked me to spend this evening with you, because he knew that
you would be grieved, and he gave me a message to you. He
naturally chose me to do this, because he knew me as a man who
fulfils messages with minute exactness, if I undertake it; and cannot
be turned aside by any feeling or by any requests, from the exact
fulfilment of the obligation undertaken. He foresaw that you would
implore anyone to violate his will, and he knew that I, not being
moved by your prayers, would fulfil it, and I shall fulfil it; and so I
beg of you in advance, do not ask me to yield in any degree from
what I say. His commission was as follows: he, while going away, in
order to ‘leave these scenes79—’ ”
“Bozhe moï! what has he done? How could it be that you did not
stop him?”
“Just get the meaning of his expression, ‘to leave these scenes,’
and do not condemn me prematurely. He used that expression in the
note which you received; didn’t he? and we must use this very same
expression, because it is very strikingly chosen.”
Viéra Pavlovna’s eyes began to show some lack of comprehension;
her whole face clearly implied the thought, “I do not know what he
means! what am I to think about this?”
O Rakhmétof! with all the apparent absurdity of his circumstantial
manner of laying the matter before her, was a master, a great
master, in the art of management! He was a great psychologist; he
knew and could fulfil the laws of gradual preparation.
 “And so, while going away, in order, as he rightly expressed it, ‘to
leave these scenes,’ he left in my hands a note for you.”
Viéra Pavlovna jumped up. “Where is it? Let me have it! and how
could you sit a whole day without giving it to me?”
“I could, because I saw the necessity. Very soon you will
appreciate my reasons; they are well founded. Before all, I want to
explain to you the expression which I used when I began, ‘that the
result will be comforting to you.’ I did not mean that this note would
conduce to your comfort; for two reasons, the first of which is that
the receipt of the note would not have been sufficiently comforting
to deserve the name of consolation; isn’t that true? For consolation
something more is required. And so the consolation must be in the
very contents of the note.”
Viéra Pavlovna again jumped up.
“Be calm; I cannot say that you are in the wrong. Having
mentioned to you the contents of the note, I shall ask you to listen
to the second reason why I could not mean by the words ‘comforting
result’ the mere act of your receiving the note, but that I had to
mean its contents. These contents, the character of which we have
insinuated, are so important that I can only show it to you, but I
cannot give it to you. You may read it, but you cannot keep it.”
“What! You are not going to give it to me?”
“No! For this very reason I was chosen! for anyone else in my
place would have given it to you. It cannot remain in your hands,
because, from the extraordinary importance of its contents, which
we have mentioned, it must not remain in anyone’s hands. But you
would certainly want to keep it if I were to give it to you. Therefore,
rather than be compelled to take it away from you by main force, I
shall not give it to you, but I shall only show it to you. But I shall
only show it to you when you have sat down, put your hands on
your knees, and given me your promise not to lift them.”
If there had been any stranger there, no matter with what a
sentimental heart he had been gifted, he could not have helped
laughing over the solemnity of all this procedure, and especially over
the ceremonious ceremony of its final scene. It was ridiculous
without doubt. But how good it would be for all nerves if, while
imparting cruel tidings, you were able to preserve the tenth part of
the ceremony of preparation which Rakhmétof did.
But Viéra Pavlovna, not being a stranger, of course could only feel
the trying element of this torturing slowness, and she herself
presented a figure at which the observer would have found no less
cause for amusement, when, sitting down quickly, obediently folding
her hands, and with the most ludicrous voice, that is, with a voice of
poignant impatience, she cried out, “I take my oath!”
Rakhmétof laid on the table a sheet of writing paper, on which
were written ten or twelve lines.
Viéra Pavlovna had hardly cast her eyes upon them when, at the
very same instant, flushing, forgetting all her oaths, she jumped up;
like a lightning-flash her hand grasped for the note, but the note
was already far in Rakhmétof’s uplifted hand.
“I foresaw this, and therefore, if you were able to notice, as you
may have noticed, I did not take my hand entirely from the note.
The very same way I shall keep hold of this sheet by the corner so
long as it lies on the table. Therefore, all your attempts to grab it will
be in vain.”
Viéra Pavlovna sat down again and folded her hands. Again
Rakhmétof put the note before her eyes. She read it over twenty
times in excitement. Rakhmétof stood very patiently behind her
chair, keeping in his hand the corner of the sheet. Thus passed a
quarter of an hour. Finally Viéra Pavlovna lifted her hand very quietly,
evidently without any thieving intention, and covered her eyes with
it: “How kind! how kind!” she exclaimed.
“I do not entirely share your opinion, and why, we shall see later
on. This is not the fulfilment of his commission, but only the
expression of my opinion, which I expressed also to him when we
met last. His commission consisted in my showing you this note and
then burning it up. Have you seen it as long as you want?”
“I want to see it more, more!”
Again she folded her hands; again he put down the note, and with
patience as before he again stood a good quarter of an hour. Again
she hid her face in her hands, and kept uttering, “Oh, how kind!
how kind!”
 “So far as you could learn this note by heart, you have done so. If
you were in a calm state of mind you would not only have known it
by heart, but the form of every letter would forever be engraved in
your memory, so long and attentively you have been looking at it;
but by such excitement as you are in, the laws of remembrance are
violated, and your memory may fail you. Foreseeing this emergency,
I made a copy of this note; whenever you want you can always see
this copy, which I shall retain. Sometime I may even see the
possibility of giving it to you. But now, I suppose, the original can be
burned up, and then my errand will be ended.”
“Show it to me again!”
Once more he laid the note down. This time Viéra Pavlovna kept
continually lifting her eyes from the paper: it was evident that she
was learning herself to see if she knew it perfectly. In a few minutes
she sighed and ceased to lift her eyes from the note.
“Now, I see you have already seen it long enough. It is already
twelve o’clock, and I want to give you the benefit of my thoughts
about this affair, because I consider it useful for you to learn my
opinion about it. Are you willing?”
“Yes.”
At that very moment the note was burning in the flame of
the candle.
“Akh!” cried Viéra Pavlovna; “I did not mean that! why did you?”
“Yes, you only said that you were willing to listen to me. But it
does not make any difference now. It was necessary to burn it up
some time.” When he had said this, Rakhmétof sat down. “And
besides, there is a copy of the note left. Now, Viéra Pavlovna, I am
going to express my judgment on this whole matter. I am going to
begin with you. You are going away. Why?”
“Because it would be very hard for me to stay here. The sight of
places which would remind me of the past would drive me crazy!”
“Yes, it is a very disagreeable feeling. But would it be any easier in
another place? For very few it is easy! And meantime, what have
you done? For the sake of getting some trifling comfort for yourself,
you have left to the mercy of chance the fate of fifty people whose
lives depend upon you. Is that good?”
 What had become of the melancholy solemnity of Rakhmétof’s
tone? He spoke lively, easily, simply, enthusiastically.
“Yes; but I was going to ask Mertsálova.”
“ ’Tis not the same thing. You don’t know whether she would be
capable of taking your place in the shop; for her ability in regard to
this has never yet been tried. But here a grade of ability is
demanded which it is very hard to find. There are ten chances to
one that you will not find anybody to take your place, and that your
withdrawal will affect the shop injuriously. Is that good? You are
going to subject to certain, almost unavoidable, injury the interests
of fifty people; and for what? For a slight comfort to yourself. Is that
good? What a tender solicitude for a trifling alleviation of your pain,
and what heartlessness for the fate of others! What do you think of
this part of your action?”
“But why didn’t you stop me?”
“You would not have listened. And then, I knew that you would
soon come back. Consequently the matter would not amount to
anything important. Do you plead guilty?”
“Absolutely,” said Viéra Pavlovna, partly jesting, but partly, and for
the most part, in serious earnest.
“Now, this is only one part of your fault. All around you still
greater will be found. But since you confess, you shall be rewarded
by help towards correcting the other fault, which it is possible still to
correct. Are you calm now, Viéra Pavlovna?”
“Yes, almost.”
“All right. What do you think? is Masha asleep? Do you need her
now for anything?”
“Of course not.”
“But now you are calm; consequently, you might remember that
you ought to tell her to go to bed, for it is one o’clock, and she gets
up early in the morning. Who ought to have remembered about this,
you or I? I am going to tell her to go to bed. And here, by the way,
for your new confession—for you are sorry for your fault now—there
shall be a new recompense. I am going to bring whatever I can find
there for your supper. You have not had any dinner today, have you?
and now I think you must be hungry.”
 “Yes, I am; I see that I am, now that you have reminded me of it,”
said Viéra Pavlovna, laughing heartily.
Rakhmétof brought the cold victuals which were left over from
his dinner. Masha showed him the cheese, and a jar of mushrooms.
The lunch was very excellent. He set the table for her, and did
everything himself.
“Do you see, Rakhmétof, how ravenously I am eating? That shows
that I was hungry; and I had not felt it before, and I had forgotten
about myself, and not about Masha alone. So you see I am not such
an ill-conditioned criminal as you thought.”
“Neither am I such a miracle for taking care of others. When I
remembered your appetite for you, I myself wanted something to
eat; I did not have much for dinner. I suppose I ate enough to fill
anybody else up to the eyes, for a dinner and a half; but you know
how much I eat—enough for two muzhiks.”
“Akh! Rakhmétof, you were a good angel, and not for my appetite
alone. But why did you sit there all day, and not show me that note?
Why did you torment me so long?”
“The reason was a very sensible one. It was necessary for others
to see in what distress you were, so that the news about your
terrible trouble should be carried around, so as to confirm the fact
which caused you the trouble. You would not want to make believe.
Yes, and it is impossible to make anybody’s nature different from
what it is; nature acts more vigorously. Now, there are three ways by
which the fact will be confirmed—Masha, Mertsálova, and Rachel.
Mertsálova is a particularly important source. She will be enough to
take the news to all your friends. I was very glad that you thought of
sending for her.”
“How shrewd you are, Rakhmétof!”
“Yes, that was not a bad thought—to wait till it was night; but it
was not my thought. That was Dmitri Sergéitch’s own idea.”
“How kind he was!”
Viéra Pavlovna sighed; but, to tell the truth, she sighed not from
grief, but from gratefulness.
“Eh! Viéra Pavlovna, we shall yet pick him to pieces. Lately he has
thought of things very cleverly, and acted very well. But we shall find
little faults in him, and very big ones, too.”
“Don’t dare to speak so about him, Rakhmétof! I shall get angry.”
“Do you mutiny? There’s a punishment for this. Shall I keep on
executing you? for the list of your crimes has only begun.”
“Execute me! execute me, Rakhmétof!”
“For your humility, a reward. Humility is always rewarded.
You must certainly have a bottle of wine. It will not be bad for
you to drink some. Where shall I find it? on the sideboard or in
the cupboard?”
“On the sideboard.”
On the sideboard he found a bottle of sherry. Rakhmétof
compelled Viéra Pavlovna to drink two glasses, and he himself
lighted a cigar.
“How sorry I am that I cannot drink three or four glasses; I should
like it.”
“Do you really like it, Rakhmétof?”
“I envy you, Viéra Pavlovna, I envy you,” said he, laughing; “man
is weak.”
“Are you weak? Thank God! But, Rakhmétof, you surprise me. You
are not at all like what I supposed you were. Why are you always
such a gloomy monster? But now you are a lovely, jovial man.”
“Viéra Pavlovna, I am now fulfilling a pleasant duty; so why should
I not be happy? But this is a rare occasion. As a general rule, you
see things about you that are not happy. How can you help being a
gloomy monster? Only, Viéra Pavlovna, as you happen to see me in a
mood such as I would like to be in all the time, and since there is
such frankness between us, let it be a secret that I am not by my
own will a gloomy monster. It is easier for me to fulfil my duty when
I am not noticed, because I myself would like to fulfil my duty and
still be happy in life. Now people do not try to entertain me any
more, and I do not have to waste my time by refusing invitations.
But that you may the more easily imagine me nothing else than a
gloomy monster, it will be necessary to continue the inquisition of
your crimes.”
“But why do you want to find more? You have already found two:
heartlessness toward Masha and heartlessness towards the shop; I
confess it.”
“Indifference to Masha is only a error, not a great crime. Masha
has not been lost by rubbing her sleepy eyes an hour longer; on the
contrary, she did it with the pleasant consciousness of fulfilling her
duty; but for the shop, I really want to torture you.”80
“Yes, but you have already tortured me.”
“Not entirely; I want to finish it. How could you dare to give it out
at the risk of its destruction?”
“But I have confessed already that I have not given out; Mertsálof
promised to take my place.”
“We have already said that your intention of putting her in your
place was not a sufficient excuse, but by this remark you have only
pleaded guilty to a new crime.” Rakhmétof again gradually assumed
a serious, though not a gloomy, tone. “You say that she takes your
place; is that decided?”
“Yes,” said Viéra Pavlovna, without her former jocular tone,
anticipating that something really bad might result from this.
“Just look here. By whom was the matter decided? by you and by
her, without any inquiry whether those fifty people would consent to
the change or not, or whether they wanted somebody else, or might
not find somebody else better? This is despotism, Viéra Pavlovna. So
here are two great crimes on your part: heartlessness and
despotism! but the third one is still more cruel. The establishment
which, to a greater or less degree, corresponded with sound ideas of
managing life, which should serve as a more or less important
corroboration of their practicability—but practical proofs are so few,
and every one of them is so valuable—this establishment you have
subjected to the risk of going to destruction, of bringing it from a
practical proof into an affidavit of impracticability; a refutation of
your convictions, a means of showing the uselessness of ideas,
which ought to be proved of real benefit to humanity. You have
afforded the upholders of darkness and wickedness an argument
against your holy principles. Now I am not speaking at all about the
fact that you are going to injure the welfare of fifty people. What
does fifty people mean? You have injured the chances of humanity;
you have proved to be a traitor against progress. This, Viéra
Pavlovna, in the language of the Church, is called a sin against the
Holy Ghost—a sin about which is said that any other sin may be
forgiven to a person, but this, never, never. Isn’t it true that you are
a criminal? But it is well that everything has ended as it has, and
that your sins were committed only in your imagination; but,
however, you are really blushing, Viéra Pavlovna. Good! I will give
you some consolation. If you were not suffering so keenly, you
would not have committed such horrible crimes, even in your
imagination. Consequently the real criminal in things is the one who
has caused you so much trouble; but you keep repeating, ‘How kind
he was! how kind he was!’ ”
“How do you make out that he is to blame for my suffering?”
“Who else? In regard to all this he has done well; I do not deny it;
but why did it happen? Why all this disturbance? Nothing of the sort
should have happened!”
“No, I oughtn’t to have had this feeling, but I didn’t ask for it; I
did my best to overcome it.”
“That sounds well, ‘ought not to have had it’! The real cause of
your sin you have not perceived; and, for what you are not to blame
at all, you reproach yourself. This feeling was bound infallibly to arise
as soon as your nature and Dmitri Sergéitch’s came into contact; if
not one way, then another, it would have been developed anyhow;
for the root of the feeling does not lie in the fact that you love
another; that is a consequence: the root of the feeling is the
dissatisfaction with your former relations. In what form was this
dissatisfaction bound to develop? If both you and he, or either one
of you, had been people of no intelligence, not refined or even bad,
it would have been developed in its usual form—a quarrel between
husband and wife. You would have fought like cats and dogs, if both
of you had been bad; or if one of you had been bad, one would have
eaten the other up, and the other would have been eaten. At all
events, there would have been a domestic galleys, such as we are
pleased to see almost universally in married life; and this, of course,
would not have prevented the development of love for another; but
the main thing would be the galleys, and the eating each other up.
Your dissatisfaction could not have taken such a form, because both
of you were enlightened people, and therefore it was developed in
only its easiest, gentlest, and least offensive form—love towards
another. Consequently there is no use in talking about love to
another; that is not the main trouble at all. The essence of the
matter lies in your dissatisfaction with your former position, and the
cause of this dissatisfaction was the discordance of your characters.
Both of you were good people, but after your character became
mature, Viéra Pavlovna, and lost its childish indefiniteness, and
acquired definite features, it proved that you and Dmitri Sergéitch
were not very well adapted to each other. Is there anything
reprehensible in either of you? Now, for example, I also am a decent
man, but could you get along with me? You would hang yourself
with weariness of me; how long do you suppose it would take you to
come to that point?”
“A very few days,” said Viéra Pavlovna, laughing.
“He was not such a gloomy monster as I am, yet you and he are
quite too little adapted to each other. Who ought to have noticed it
first? Who was the older? Whose character settled sooner? Who had
the more experience in life? He ought to have foreseen it, and have
prepared your mind so that you would not get alarmed or worry; but
he understood it only when the feeling, which he ought to have
expected and did not expect, was developed; but when the feeling
resulting from the other feeling developed, then he perceived it. Why
had he not foreseen and noticed it? Was he stupid? He had enough
sense for that. No; it was from inattention, from carelessness. He
neglected his duties toward you, Viéra Pavlovna; that is the case;
and you are declaring that he was kind, that he loved you.”
Rakhmétof, gradually becoming excited, spoke with feeling; but
Viéra Pavlovna stopped him.
“I must not listen to you, Rakhmétof,” she said, in a tone of
extreme dissatisfaction. “You are pouring reproaches upon a man to
whom I am endlessly indebted.”
“No, Viéra Pavlovna; if there had been no necessity of my saying
that, I should not have said it. Did I notice it today only for the first
time? Could I have said it if I had seen it only today for the first
time? You know that it is impossible to avoid a conversation with me,
if I think a conversation is necessary. Indeed, I could have told you
this long ago, but I held my peace. So if I speak now, it is because it
is necessary to speak. I do not say anything before it is necessary.
You saw how I kept the note ten hours in my pocket, though it was
pitiful to look at you; but it was necessary not to speak, and I did
not speak. Consequently, if I speak now, it shows that I thought long
ago about Dmitri Sergéitch’s relations towards you; thus, of course,
it was necessary to speak about them.”
“No, I do not want to listen,” said Viéra Pavlovna, greatly stirred.
“I ask you to be silent, Rakhmétof. I beg of you to go. I am very
much obliged to you for wasting an evening on my account, but I
beg you to leave me.”
“Are you in earnest?”
“In earnest.”
“Very well,” he said laughing. “It’s all right, Viéra Pavlovna, but you
cannot get rid of me so easily; I foresaw that this would happen and
I provided for it. The little note which I burned up, he wrote of his
own accord; but this he wrote according to my request; this I can
leave in your hands because it is not a proof. Here it is.”
Rakhmétof gave Viéra Pavlovna this note:—
“Twenty-third of July; two o’clock in the morning. Dear friend
Viérotchka, listen to everything that Rakhmétof will have to say to
you. I do not know what he wants to tell you; I have not authorized
him to say anything; he has not given me the least hint that he
wants to speak to you, but I know that he never says anything but
what he thinks is necessary. Yours, D. L.”
Viéra Pavlovna kissed this note, God knows how many times.
“Why didn’t you let me have it before. You probably have
something else of his?”
“No, I have nothing more, because nothing more was necessary.
Why didn’t I let you have it? Until there was necessity, there was no
need of giving it to you.”
“Bozhe moï! Why so? For the sake of my own pleasure in having
some lines from him, now that he has gone from me!”
 “Well, if it was only for that reason, nu, that was not very
important.” He smiled.
“Akh, Rakhmétof, you want to tease me!”
“So this note is going to serve as another quarrel between us, is
it?” he said, laughing again. “If that is the case, I shall take it away
from you and burn it up, for you know that it is said about such
people as you and me, that we consider nothing holy, for we are
capable of all murderous deeds of violence. But how is it? may
I continue?”
They both grew a little more subdued; she, on account of having
seen the note; he, because he had been sitting a few minutes in
silence while she was kissing it.
“Yes; I am obliged to listen.”
“He did not notice that which he ought to have noticed,” continued
Rakhmétof, in a calm tone of voice, “and this brought about bad
consequences. But if he could not be blamed for not having noticed
it, still he could not be excused for it either. Let us suppose that he
did not know that this was bound unavoidably to arise from the very
nature of the given relations between your character and his, still he
ought, at all events, to have given you some preparation for
something of the kind, simply as a thing that might happen, which is
not desirable and which it is not necessary to expect, but which still
may arise; no one can guarantee what occurrences the future may
bring. This axiom, that there are a good many contingencies, he
certainly knew. How did he leave you in this state of mind, that
when this happened you were not prepared for it? The very fact that
he did not foresee it resulted only from neglectfulness which was
insulting to you, but in itself is a matter of no importance, not a bad
one, not a good one. That he did not prepare you at all for any such
event came about from a very, very bad motive. Of course he acted
unconsciously, but a man’s nature is betrayed in those things which
are done unconsciously. To prepare you for it would have been
contradictory to his interests. But if you had been prepared, your
resistance to the feeling which was contradictory to his interests
would have been less violent. There was always such a strong
feeling in you that the most energetic resistance on your part was
useless, but it is a matter of mere chance that the feeling appealed
in such a strength. If it had been caused by a man less deserving,
but still a decent man, it would have been weaker. Such strong
feelings, against which all struggles are useless, are rare exceptions.
Many more are the chances for the appearance of feelings which it is
possible to conquer, if the strength of the resistance is not weakened
entirely. Now for these most likely chances he did not want to
weaken your powers of resistance. And this is the motive that he
had in leaving you unprepared and subjecting you to so much
suffering. How does this strike you?”
“It is not true, Rakhmétof. He has never hidden from me any of
his thoughts. His convictions were as well known to me as they were
to you.”
“Of course, Viéra Pavlovna, to hide them would have been too
much. To interfere with the development of your convictions, so as
to gratify his own convictions, and for this reason to make believe
think differently from what he really thinks—this would have been an
absolutely dishonorable thing. Such a man you could never love. Did
I call him a bad man? He was a very good man; in what respect was
he not good? Yes, I shall praise him to your heart’s content. I only
say that before this matter arose: after it arose, he behaved towards
you very nobly; but before it arose, he acted unkindly towards you.
Why did you torment yourself so? He said—and then there was no
need of saying it, because it was self-evident—that you did it, so
that you might not grieve him. How could this thought have
occurred to you, that this would greatly grieve him? You ought not
to have had such an idea. What kind of grief was that? It was
stupid. What kind of jealousy is that?”
“Don’t you recognize such a thing as jealousy, Rakhmétof?”
“In an intelligent person it has no right to exist. It is a mutilated
feeling, it is a false feeling, a contemptible feeling; it is the result of
that order of things, according to which I don’t allow anybody to
wear my underclothes, smoke my meerschaum; this is the result of
viewing a person as personal property, as a chattel.”
“But, Rakhmétof, if jealousy should not be acknowledged, then
there would be a horrible state of things.”
 “For him who feels it there are horrible things, but for the one who
does not feel it there is nothing horrible, or even important.”
“But you are advocating an absolute immorality, Rakhmétof.”
“Does it seem to you so, after living with him four years? In this
respect he is to blame. How often do you dine every day? Once?
Would anybody be offended if you dined twice? Of course not. Then
why don’t you do so? Is it because you are afraid of offending
someone? In all probability, it is simply because you do not need it,
because you do not care to. But a dinner is an agreeable thing. But
reason, and principally the stomach, says, that one dinner is
agreeable and the second may be disagreeable. But if you have a
fancy or a morbid desire to dine twice a day, would you have been
kept from it by your fear of offending somebody? No; if anyone were
offended, or forbade you to do it, you would only do it secretly; you
would begin to eat the dishes in a bad style, you would soil your
hands by your hurried seizing of the food, you would soil your dress
by hiding victuals in your pockets, and that’s all. The question here
has nothing whatsoever to do with morality or immorality, but only
whether the contraband is a good thing. Who has the idea that
jealousy is a feeling worthy of respect and mercy, that the feeling
says, ‘Akh! when I do this, I shall offend him’; and whom does it
compel to suffer vainly in the strife? Only a few of the most noble,
for whom it is impossible to fear that their nature would draw them
into immorality. For the rest are not restrained by this nonsense, but
are simply driven to be cunning, deceitful; that is, it makes them
really bad. That is all. Is this not well known to you?”
“Of course it is.”
“Now, how, henceforth, can you find any moral advantage
in jealousy?”
“Yes, but we ourselves always used to speak together in
this spirit.”
“Probably not absolutely in this sense of the word, or you spoke
words, but did not believe each other, when you heard these words
on each other’s tongue; and of course you really did not believe,
because you constantly heard about other subjects, and maybe this
very subject, words in a different sense; else why should you have
suffered so long?—God knows how long! And for what reason? and
from what nonsense what a great rumpus! How much trouble for all
three, and particularly for you, Viéra Pavlovna! Meantime, you all
three might have lived together very calmly, just as you did
afterwards for a year; or, somehow, you might have arranged to
move into one apartment, or to have arranged it otherwise, however
it might happen, only without the least trouble. In accordance with
your former style, to drink tea all three together, and, as before, to
go to the opera all three together. Why, then, this suffering? Why
this catastrophe? All this because there was left in your mind, thanks
to his bad method of preparing you for it, the thought, ‘I am killing
him,’ which was entirely a fancy. Yes; he caused you entirely too
much worriment.”
“No, Rakhmétof; you are speaking terrible things.”
“Again ‘terrible things’! Terrible to me are the awful sufferings from
trifles and unnecessary catastrophes.”
“And so, then, according to your view, all our history is a
stupid melodrama.”
“Yes; an entirely unnecessary melodrama, with an entirely
unnecessary tragedy; and for the fact that, instead of a simple
conversation of the calmest tenor, arose an exciting melodrama,
Dmitri Sergéitch is to blame. His honest style of action in regard to it
is hardly sufficient for covering his fault in not averting this
melodrama, by preparing you and himself for very calm views in
regard to all this, as a mere piece of nonsense, for which it is not
worth while to drink one glass of tea more, or not to finish your
glass of tea. He was very much to blame. Nu, but he has paid dearly
enough for it. Drink one more glass of sherry, and go to bed. I have
now reached the final purpose of my call. It is already three o’clock.
If no one wakes you, you will sleep very long; and I told Masha not
to wake you before half-past ten, so that tomorrow you will hardly
have time enough to drink your tea; you will have to hurry to the
railroad station. If you do not have time to put away all the things, it
will not make any difference, for you will either return soon, or they
will send them to you. What do you think is best to be done? Shall
Aleksandr Matvéitch go after you, or will you return by yourself? It
would be hard for you and Masha now, for it would not do for her to
notice that you are entirely calm. And how could she notice it during
the half an hour of hasty preparations? Mertsálova would be a great
deal worse. But I will go to see her early in the morning, and tell her
that she had better not come here, because you have not slept
much, and you ought not to be wakened, but that she had better go
straight to the station.”
“How much care you take for me,” said Viéra Pavlovna.
“Don’t, at least, ascribe this to him; it is of my own accord. But,
except that which I reproach him for, as regards the things of the
past (to his own face I told him more things, and more
emphatically), except the fact that he was entirely to blame for the
arising of this vain suffering, he behaved like a hero.”
 XXXI
A Colloquy with the Sapient Reader, and His Banishment

“Now tell me, O sapient reader, why Rakhmétof was introduced,81

who has now vanished, and will not appear again in my story? I
have already told thee that this figure has no part in my story—”
“That is not true,” says the sapient reader, interrupting me.
“Rakhmétof is an important character, for he brought a note
from which—”
“Thou art very poor, my dear sir, in aesthetical judgments, of
which thou art so fond,” say I, interrupting him in my turn. “At this
rate, according to your opinion, then Masha, also, is an important
character, is she not? At the very beginning of the story, she, also,
brought a letter, which startled Viéra Pavlovna. And is Rachel also an
important character? for she advanced the money, without which
Viéra Pavlovna would not have been able to leave. And is Professor
N. an important character, because he recommended Viéra Pavlovna
to Mrs. B., without which there would not have been any scene on
returning from the Konno-Gvardéïsky Boulevard? Possibly the Konno-
Gvardéïsky Boulevard is an active character also. How is it? Because
without it there wouldn’t have been any stage for the interview while
returning from it. And the Gorokhovaïa Street would certainly be the
most important main character, because without it there would be
no houses standing on it, and so Storeshnikof’s house would not be
there; consequently there would be no manager of it, and the
manager would not have any daughter, and then there would be no
story at all. Well [nu], let us grant that, according to your opinion, all
of these are active characters—the Konno-Gvardéïsky Boulevard, and
Masha, and Rachel, and the Gorokhovaïa Street. But only half a
dozen words are said about them, or even less, because their action
is of such a nature that they are not worth more than half a dozen
words; but see how many pages have been given to Rakhmétof.”
“Ah! now I know,” says the sapient reader; “Rakhmétof was
introduced for the sake of pronouncing the sentence on Viéra
Pavlovna and Lopukhóf. He was necessary for the talk with
Viéra Pavlovna.”
“O how dull you are, my dear sir! You are quite wrong in your
judgment. Was it necessary to introduce an extraordinary man just
for the purpose of telling his opinion about other people? For such
necessities, maybe, your great artists may introduce people into
their works and take them away again; but I, though I am a
wretched writer, still somewhat better understand the conditions of
the artistic. No; my dear sir; Rakhmétof is not at all necessary for
this purpose. How many times have not Viéra Pavlovna, Lopukhóf,
and Kirsánof by themselves expressed the opinion about their
actions and relations? They are not stupid people; they are able to
judge for themselves what is good and what is bad, and therefore
for this do not need a prompter. Do you really think that Viéra
Pavlovna herself, when at leisure after a few days, would remember
the past confusion and not condemn her forgetfulness about the
interests of the shop just as Rakhmétof had done? And don’t you
think that Lopukhóf himself thought about his relations in exactly the
same way as Rakhmétof told Viéra Pavlovna? He had thought it all
over. Honorable people themselves think about themselves, all that
can be said to their discredit, and so, my dear sir, these are
honorable people; didn’t you know it? You are very ignorant, my
dear sir, in regard to what honorable people think about themselves.
I shall tell you further. Do you really suppose that Rakhmétof, in this
conversation with Viéra Pavlovna, acted independently of Lopukhóf?
No, my dear sir; he was only a tool for Lopukhóf, and he himself
understood that he was only Lopukhóf’s tool, and Viéra Pavlovna
understood it also in a day or two, and she would have guessed it
the very moment that Rakhmétof opened his mouth had she not
been too much excited; that was really the state of things. Did not
you really understand it? Of course Lopukhóf, in his second note,
said, very truly, that he had not spoken a word to Rakhmétof, nor
Rakhmétof to him, in regard to the character of the conversation to
take place between Viéra Pavlovna and Rakhmétof. But Lopukhóf
knew Rakhmétof very well and what Rakhmétof thinks about a
certain matter and what Rakhmétof would say in regard to this
certain matter, for honorable people understand each other without
having any explanation beforehand. Lopukhóf might have written
down beforehand almost every word that Rakhmétof was going to
say to Viéra Pavlovna, and therefore that was the very reason that
he asked Rakhmétof to be the mediator. Shall I not introduce you a
little deeper into psychological mysteries? Lopukhóf very well knew
everything which Rakhmétof, and he himself thought about himself,
and what Mertsálof thought, and what Mrs. Mertsálova thought, and
what the officer who wrestled with him at the picnic on the islands
thought, and what Viéra Pavlovna would come to think about him,
even if no one had told her about it. She would have quickly seen it
as soon as the first access of gratefulness had passed; consequently,
Lopukhóf calculated: ‘I shall lose nothing by sending Rakhmétof to
her, though he will blame me; for she herself would surely come to
have just the same opinion of me. On the contrary, I shall rise in her
estimation, for she will soon come to see that I foresaw Rakhmétof’s
conversation with her, and that I arranged for this conversation and
why I arranged it, and so she will think: “What a splendid fellow he
is! He knew that in the first days of my excitement, my gratefulness
towards him would overwhelm me with its exaltations, and he took
care that in my mind should enter as soon as possible thoughts
which would make my trial easier for me; and though I was angry at
Rakhmétof for his blaming him, yet I understood that in reality
Rakhmétof spoke the truth. I myself should have come to that idea
in a week; but by that time it would not be important to me, for I
should have found peace without it, and for the reason that these
thoughts were expressed to me the very first day I got rid of my
mental burden, which I should otherwise have borne a whole week.
That day these thoughts were very important for me and useful for
me. Yes, he was a very noble man.” ’
“This was a game that Lopukhóf arranged, and Rakhmétof was
only his tool. Do you see, my dear sir? O sapient reader, how
cunning these noble people are, and how egotism plays with them.
Not as with you, my dear sir; because they find satisfaction, not as
you do, my dear sir. They, as you see, find their highest satisfaction
in having the people whom they respect think about them as noble
people, and for this reason, my dear sir, they took trouble to play all
kinds of games, not less energetically than you do for your own
private ends; but your aims are different, and therefore the games
that you and they bring about are not of the same character. You
think of mean things which are injurious for others, but they think of
those which are advantageous for others.”
“Now, how do you dare to treat me in such a way?” exclaims the
sapient reader, addressing me. “I shall bring a lawsuit against you
for this; I shall proclaim you an unreliable man.”
“Have mercy, my dear sir,” I reply; “I dare to tell you such things
because I have such lofty respect for your character as well as for
your brains. And I only have the audacity to enlighten you in regard
to the artistic, of which you are so fond. You are mistaken in regard
to this, my dear sir, in supposing that Rakhmétof was introduced
purposely for announcing the sentence upon Viéra Pavlovna and
Lopukhóf. There was no such necessity in the thoughts which you
expressed about them. There is nothing of the kind which I could
not have imparted to you, my dear sir, as the thoughts of Lopukhóf
in regard to himself, and as thoughts which, without Rakhmétof,
Viéra Pavlovna herself would have had about Lopukhóf. Now, my
dear sir, here is a question for you, Why do I relate to you this
conversation between Rakhmétof and Viéra Pavlovna? Do you
understand now that if I am imparting to you, not the thoughts of
Lopukhóf and his Viéra Pavlovna, but the conversation between
Rakhmétof and Viéra Pavlovna, then why it was necessary to impart
not only these thoughts, which constituted the essence of their
conversation, but the conversation itself? Why was it necessary to
impart to you this conversation? Because it was a conversation
between Rakhmétof and Viéra Pavlovna. Do you understand now?
Not yet? You’re a fine fellow! You are bad as far as understanding
goes, very bad. Nu! I am going to chew it for you. When two people
speak, then from the conversation can be gathered, to a greater or
less degree, the character of these two people. Now, do you see
where this is leading you? Was Viéra Pavlovna’s character sufficiently
known to you before this conversation took place? It was; you have
learned nothing new about her; you knew already that she was hot-
tempered, that she was fond of jesting, that she never failed to eat
with appetite, and could even drink a glass of sherry; consequently,
the conversation was not needed to characterize Viéra Pavlovna: but
whom then? There are two who speak—she and Rakhmétof. It is not
to characterize her; guess, then, who is it.”
“Rakhmétof!” exclaims the sapient reader.
“Well,82 you are a fine fellow, and I like you for it. So you see that
it is entirely contrary to what you thought before. Rakhmétof was
not introduced for the sake of carrying on the conversation, but the
conversation was imparted to you for the sake of making you better
acquainted with Rakhmétof. From this conversation you saw that
Rakhmétof would like to drink sherry, though he does not take it.
That Rakhmétof is not an absolutely gloomy monster, that, on the
contrary, on pleasant occasions, he forgets his sorrowful humors, his
burning grief, that then he jokes, and talks gayly, although he says it
is very rarely that ‘I do it,’ and he says, that ‘is bitter to me that I do
it so rarely’; he says, ‘I, myself, am not glad that I am such a gloomy
monster, but my circumstances are such that a man, with such a
burning love for the good, cannot help being a gloomy monster’;
‘And if it were not for this,’ he says, ‘I should probably joke, and
laugh, and sing, and leap, all day.’
“Have you understood, now, sapient reader, that although a good
many pages have been devoted to the fair description of the sort of
man that Rakhmétof was, yet, in reality, still more pages have been
devoted exclusively for the same purpose of making you acquainted
with the very same person, who is not at all an active character in
my novel? Tell me now, why this figure was brought out and
introduced, and so minutely described? Do you remember I said
then, ‘It is exclusively for satisfying the main demand of the artistic’?
Think! how does it seem, and how is it satisfied by placing before
you Rakhmétof’s figure? Was it hard for you? Have you succeeded in
finding out? and yet, how could you? Well,83 listen, or rather, don’t
listen; you will not understand it. Leave me alone; I have amused
myself enough at your expense. I am going to speak now not to
you, but the public and I am going to speak seriously.
“The first demand of the artistic is this: it is necessary so to
picture things that the reader may see them in their true light. For
example, if I want to draw a picture of a house, then I must reach
that excellence of drawing that it may look to the reader as a house
only, not as a little hut or as a palace. If I want to picture an
ordinary man, then I must be able to draw him in such a way that
he will not appear to the reader either as a dwarf or as a giant.
“I wanted to picture ordinary decent people of the rising
generation, people whom I meet by the hundreds; I took three such
people, Viéra Pavlovna, Lopukhóf, and Kirsánof. I look upon them as
ordinary people; they look upon themselves in the same way, and all
their acquaintances and friends, who are also such people as they
are, look upon them in the same way. Where have I spoken about
them in any other spirit? What have I said about them that
contradicted this? I introduced them with love and respect, because
every honorable man is worthy of love and respect; but where have
I bowed on my knees before them? Where does the least shadow of
a thought show itself in my novel that they are God-knows-how high
and beautiful characters, that I can imagine nothing higher and
better than they are? that they are ideals of people? As I think of
them, so they act for me; not more than ordinary honorable people
of the rising generation. What do they do that is wonderful? They
don’t do any mean things; they are not cowards; they have ordinary
honest convictions; they try to act in accordance with them, and
that’s all. What a heroism in reality! Yes, I wanted to represent
people who act like ordinary people of their type, and I hope that I
have succeeded in so doing. Those readers who accurately know live
people of this type, I hope, have constantly seen, from the very first,
that the main heroes of my story are not at all ideals, but are people
not at all higher than the general level of people of their own type;
that every one of my readers who belongs to their type has
undergone two or three occurrences, in which he has acted not
worse than my characters have acted. Let us suppose that other
honorable people have had exactly such experiences as I have
related. In this there is absolutely no going to extremes, and the
idea that all wives and husbands should part is not presented as a
charming ideal; for not every honorable woman feels a passionate
love for her husband’s best friend, and not every honorable man
wrestles with passion for a married woman, and for three years at
that; and moreover, not everybody is driven to commit suicide on
the bridge, or to use the words of the sapient reader, to go away
somewhere from that hotel. But no honorable man would consider it
a heroic deed to act in the situation of those here described, exactly
as they acted, but all would be ready to do, if there were any
necessity for doing it, and many a time they have acted in situations
not less, but probably more, difficult, but still have not looked upon
themselves as extraordinary people, but each has said to himself, ‘I
am a commonplace man, a pretty honorable man, that’s all there is
of it.’ And the good friends of such a man (all such good people as
he himself is—for with others he has nothing to do in the way of
friendship) also think in regard to him that he is a fine man, but they
do not think of falling on their knees before him, but they say to
themselves, ‘We are just such people as he is.’ I hope I have
succeeded in reaching this point that every honorable man of the
rising generation will recognize an ordinary type of his good
acquaintances in my three principal characters.
“But these people, who from the very first beginning of my story
will think about my Viéra Pavlovna, Kirsánof, and Lopukhóf, ‘Well,
now [nu da], these are my good acquaintances, simple, ordinary
people, like ourselves’; people who think so, I say, about my three
leading characters, constitute the minority of the public. The
majority is a great deal lower than this type. A man who never saw
anything but little huts, would take an ordinary house drawn upon a
piece of paper to be a palace. How can you go to work with such a
person to show him that it is a house and not a palace? It is
necessary on the same paper to draw at least a small corner of a
palace; by this corner he will see that the palace must be something
of quite different proportions from the structure which was
represented on the paper, and that this structure must be only a
simple, ordinary house, in which, or even in better ones, everyone
ought to live. Had I not shown Rakhmétof’s figure, the majority of
my readers would have lost their senses of proportion in regard to
the main characters of my story. I will wager that till the last part of
this chapter, Viéra Pavlovna, Kirsánof, and Lopukhóf have seemed to
the majority of the public as heroes, as persons of the highest
nature, as even persons idealized, maybe, people such as it is not
possible to find in real life, on account of their too grand nobility. No,
my friends, my mean, bad, pitiful friends, it did not appear to you in
the right way. It is not they that stand so high, but you that stand so
low. Now you see that they are standing on the earth. If they appear
to you flying in the clouds, it is because you are sitting in the bottom
of a den; on the height upon which they stand all people can stand,
and must. The highest natures, which you and I cannot attain, my
pitiable friends, are different. I have shown you a slight sketch of the
profile of one of them; you see very different features. But those
people who are completely described, you can reach unto, if you
want to work over your self-development. Whoever is lower than
they are is low. Lift yourselves up, my friends; lift yourselves up! It is
not very hard. Go out into the free, white world! It is good to live in
it, and the path is easy and inviting. Try it; culture! culture! Observe,
think, read the works of those who tell you about the pure
enjoyments of life, about the fact that a man can be kind and happy!
Read them; they are books which fill the heart with joy. Observe life;
for it is interesting to observe. Think; for it is delightful to think. That
is all. No sacrifices are required; no deprivations are asked; they are
not necessary. Desire to be happy! that is all; only this desire is
wanted. And for this sake with delight watch over your development;
there is happiness in it. Oh, what an enjoyment there is for a fully
developed man! Even that which another may look upon as a
sacrifice, as a sorrow, he feels to be a satisfaction to himself, an
enjoyment; and how open his heart is to happiness, and how many
enjoyments he has! Try it; it is good.”
 Part IV
Second Marriage
 I

Berlin, July 20, 1856.

Much Esteemed Lady, Viéra Pavlovna—
My close relationship with the late Dmitri Sergéitch
Lopukhóf gives me the hope that you will kindly include
in the number of your acquaintances a person who is an
absolute stranger to you, but who deeply respects you.
At all events, I venture to think that you will not accuse
me of imposing upon you. By entering into
correspondence with you, I only fulfil the desire of the
late Dmitri Sergéitch, and those tidings which I am going
to impart about him you can look upon as absolutely
true, because I shall speak of his thoughts in his own
language as though he were speaking himself. And here
are his words about a matter, the explanation of which is
the aim of my letter.
“The thoughts which brought the conclusion so
disturbing to the people nearest to me [I am quoting
Dmitri Sergéitch’s original words, as I said before]
gradually grew in my mind, and my mind was changed
several times before it received its ultimate development.
The circumstance which caused these thoughts came
under my observation in an entirely unexpected way, only
at the moment when she [Dmitri Sergéitch means you]
with fear told me about a dream which horrified her. The
dream appeared to me very significant; and, as a man
who was accustomed to look upon the state of her
feelings from without, I understood at that very moment
that an episode was beginning in her life which, within a
longer or shorter time, would change our relations. But a
man tries till the very last to preserve the situation to
which he has become accustomed. In the depths of our
nature lies a conservative element from which we yield
only out of necessity. This, according to my opinion,
contains the explanation of my first supposition. I wanted
to think, and I succeeded in thinking, that this episode
might pass away after some time, and then our former
relations would be restored. She wanted to avoid the
very episode, by kindling the warmest friendship. This
deceived me, and for several days I did not think it
impossible for her hope to be realized. Soon I became
convinced, however, that to hope for this would be in
vain. The reason for this lies in my own character.
“I do not intend to stain my character by saying this.
This is my idea of it:—
“To a man who spends his life as he ought, his time is
divided into three parts—labor, enjoyment, and rest or
recreation. Enjoyment needs rest as much as labor does.
In labor and in enjoyment, the general nature of a man
takes precedence over his other personal peculiarities; in
work, we act under the predominating external stimulus
of rational necessities; in enjoyment, under the
predominating stimulus of other necessities also common
to the whole human race. Rest or recreation is an
element in which a person seeks restorement of strength
after this stimulus which exhausts the reserves of life
materials—an element which is brought into life by the
person himself. Here a person wants to give himself up to
his own peculiarities, to his own individual comfort. In
labor, and in enjoyment, people are drawn to people by a
general mighty power, which is more influential than their
personal peculiarities, by the calculation of profit in labor;
in enjoyment, by equal demands of the organism. Rest is
different. This is not a thing that belongs to that general
power which softens down personal peculiarities. Rest is
more of a personal thing; here nature demands for itself
more room; here a person becomes more individualized,
and the character of a person shows itself from the kind
of rest which appears more agreeable and more easy
for him.
“In this regard people are divided into two categories.
For those of the one, rest or recreation is more agreeable
than the society of others. Everybody must have
seclusion. For them it must be an exception; as a rule,
life must be spent with others. This class is far more
numerous than the other, which must have the contrary.
While alone they feel much more comfortable than in the
society of others. This difference is noticed by the
common opinion, which is expressed by the words, ‘a
social man and a reserved man.’ I belong to those who
are not social; she to those who are social. That is the
whole secret of our history. It is apparently clear that in
this cause there is nothing reprehensible in either one of
us; nor is the fact reprehensible that neither one of us
had the strength to remove the cause. Against his own
nature man is weak.
“It is very hard for anyone to understand the nature of
others. Everyone measures the characters of everybody
else by his own peculiarities. Whatever I do not want,
according to my opinions, others will not want; so we are
led to think by our individuality. Exceedingly noticeable
signs are required to make me realize the contrary; and,
on the other hand, whatever affords me comfort and
ease I must think that others like. The naturalness of this
arrangement of ideas is my excuse, in the fact that I
recognized too late the difference between my nature
and hers. The mistake was greatly aided by the fact that
after we came to live together, she placed me too high.
There was never any equality between us; but she
showed me a great respect. My style of life seemed to
her exemplary; she took for a universal human feature
any peculiarity of mine, and for a time she was drawn
away by it. There was another cause, a stronger one still.
“Among uncultured people the sanctity of the inner life
is but very little respected. Every one of the family,
particularly among the elders, will thrust his paw, without
any ceremony, into the very depths of your soul. The
trouble is not in the fact that your secrets are interfered
with. Secrets of greater or less importance you are
careful to hide or to watch; and then, not all have them.
A great many have absolutely nothing to hide from
nearest friends; but everyone wants that, in his inner life,
there should be a little corner where nobody has a right
to enter, just as everyone wants to have his own separate
room for himself alone. Uncultured people regard neither
of these things; if you have a separate room, everybody
goes to it, not from a desire to act the spy or to impose
upon you, but simply because there is no thought that
this may disturb you. That may occur to them only in
case there has been some disturbance between you,
when you might have no desire to see them appearing
before you quite unexpectedly. They do not understand
that they may disturb you, even though you may be
kindly inclined to them. The sanctity of the threshold over
which no one has a right to step, without the permission
of the person living on the other side, is recognized only
in one room; that is the room belonging to the head of
the family, because the head of the family can turn
everybody out of his room who enters without asking
permission. Into all the others, everybody who is older or
contemporary with them enters without asking. The
same which is true in regard to the room can be applied
to your inner life. Into it everybody intrudes without any
necessity, even without any thought, in search of any
amusement, and, more often than not, simply to ‘scratch
his tongue on your soul.’ A girl has two everyday dresses,
one white and one pink. She puts on the pink one; and
here comes a chance for someone to rub tongue over her
soul. ‘You put on the pink dress, Aniuta; what for?’ Aniuta
herself does not know why she put it on. It was
necessary to put on some kind of a dress; and then,
again, if she had put on the white one, it would have
amounted to the same thing. So mámenka (or ‘sister’)
says, ‘But you would have done better to put on the
white one.’ But why it would be better, the one who gives
the advice does not herself know; she simply rubs her
tongue. ‘You don’t look very happy today, Aniuta; what’s
the matter?’ Aniuta is neither happy nor unhappy;
however, why shouldn’t they ask after what they neither
see nor don’t see? ‘I don’t know; there’s nothing the
matter that I know of.’ ‘No? you seem to be rather
unhappy.’ Two minutes pass. ‘Aniuta, you had better sit
down at the piano and play us a tune’; there is no reason
why. And so it goes the whole day. Your soul is like a
street, on which everybody who sits at the window is
looking, not for the sake of seeing anything in
particular—no, they even know that they will see nothing
useful and nothing curious—but simply because they
have nothing else to do. But it’s all the same; so, then,
why not look? For a street, of course it makes no
difference; but people have no pleasure at all from
people walking over them.
“Naturally, this imposition, without any aim or idea
whatever, must bring a reaction; and as soon as a person
places himself in such a situation that he can have
seclusion, he for some time finds pleasure in such
seclusion, though by nature he may be inclined to
sociability and not to seclusion.
“She, in this regard till she was married, was placed in
a singularly hard position; they walked on her; they
intruded into her very soul, not simply because they had
nothing else to do, accidentally, occasionally, and only out
of indelicacy, but systematically, without cessation, every
minute, too coarsely, too impudently, they pushed their
way in like savages, and with mean intentions, they
forced themselves, not simply with unceremonious
hands, but with very hard and very dirty hands, and
therefore the reaction was very strong.
“Therefore my mistake should not be severely judged.
Several months, and maybe a year, I was not mistaken;
seclusion was really necessary and pleasant for her, and
during this time I formed an opinion about her character;
this strong, temporary demand of hers corresponded with
my constant demand, and is it to be wondered at that I
took a temporary phenomenon for a constant feature of
her character? And everybody is so much tempted to
judge of others by his own standard; the mistake was
very great: I do not blame myself for it, but I want to put
myself in the right light; that means, I feel that others
will not be as indulgent to me as I am towards myself. To
modify their condemnation, I must say a few words more
about that side of my character, which is entirely strange
to her, and to a good many other people, and, which
without explanations, may not be rightly understood.
“My only idea of rest is seclusion. To be with others
means to occupy my mind with something—to work or to
enjoy myself. I feel myself entirely at liberty only when I
am alone by myself. How shall I name it? Why is it? With
some it comes from reserve; with others from
bashfulness; with still others from a melancholy and
thoughtful disposition; and with a fourth class from a lack
of sympathy with others; but it seems to me that there is
nothing of the kind in me. I am frank and
straightforward; I am always ready to be gay, and I am
never melancholy. To observe people is pleasant for me,
but this is connected in my mind with the idea of work or
enjoyment, and that is something which demands rest
after it; that is—in my way of looking at it—seclusion. So
far as I can understand, it is a peculiar development in
me, a drawing towards independence and freedom.
“And thus the strength of the reaction against her
former, too troublesome situation in her family compelled
her for a time to adopt a style of life which did not
correspond to her constant disposition. Respect towards
me kept alive in her this temporary disposition longer
than it would have been by itself; but I long before had
formed my opinion of her character; I took this
temporary feature to be a constant one, and thus I was
at ease, and that is the whole story. On my side, it was a
mistake, but there was very little that was blameworthy
in this mistake; on her part, there was absolutely
nothing: but how much suffering did it not cause her!
And what a catastrophe it brought upon me!
“After her fear, caused by the terrible dream, disclosed
to me the state of her feelings, it was too late to correct
my fault; but if I had, we had noticed it before; then,
maybe, by constant efforts over ourselves, she and I
might have succeeded in bringing our relations into a
situation forever satisfactory for us both. Could we? I do
not know, but I think that, even if we had succeeded, it
would not have been particularly advantageous. Let us
suppose that we had remodelled our characters
sufficiently for our relations to each other to be free from
all burdensomeness, but then the remodelling of
characters is only good when it is directed against some
bad side; but those sides which she and I would have
had to remodel had nothing bad in them. Why should
sociability be better or worse than a disposition to
seclusion, or vice versa? But the remodelling of a
character is, at all events, the forcing of it, the breaking
of it; and in the breaking of a thing there is a great deal
that is lost; in the forcing of a thing much energy is
wasted. The result which she and I, maybe, only maybe,
not surely, had reached was not worth the loss. We both
would have partly spoiled our individuality, would both
have destroyed the freshness of our lives. For what end?
Only for the sake of preserving certain places in certain
rooms. It would have been quite a different thing if we
had had children; then it would have been necessary to
think deeply as to the change in their fate if we
separated. If the change would be for the worse, then
the removal of the cause would have been worth the
most desperate efforts, and the result would have been
happiness; for we should have accomplished what was
necessary for the preservation of the greatest happiness
of those whom we loved, and such a result would have
compensated for all our efforts; but, as it was, what
rational end was to be gained?
“Therefore, as it happened, my mistake apparently led
to something better; owing to it, both of us had less
breaking of our natures to endure. It brought a great
deal of worriment; but if it had not happened, surely
there would have been a great deal more, and moreover,
the result would have been far more unsatisfactory.”
Such were Dmitri Sergéitch’s words. From the energy
with which he expressed himself so far, you can easily
see that he, as he himself said, felt something
embarrassing in it and unprofitable to himself. He
straightway added:—
“I feel that I shall not be entirely justified in the
opinion of those who review this matter without any
sympathy for me; but I am sure of her sympathy. She will
judge about me even more kindly than I myself, and I
consider myself entirely in the right. Such is my opinion
of the time until she had the dream.”
And now I am going to tell you how he felt and
what he intended to do after you had the dream
which revealed to him the unsatisfactory nature of
your relations.
 “I said [these again are Dmitri Sergéitch’s own words]
that from the first words about her terrible dream, I
understood the unavoidableness of some episode
different from our former relations. I expected it would
have a mighty power, for it was impossible otherwise,
from the energy of her nature and by the former state of
her dissatisfaction, which had already acquired great
strength from a too prolonged restraint. Still, the
expectation at first appeared in a form very easy and
profitable for me. I reasoned thus: she will be drawn
away for a time by a passionate love for somebody else;
a year or two will pass and she will return to her old
allegiance. I am a very decent man. Her chances of
finding another man like me are rare (I speak about
myself just exactly as I think; I have no hypocritical
fashion of depreciating myself). A feeling of love satisfied
will lose a portion of its force; she will see that though
one part of her nature is less satisfied by living with me,
yet in the general sum of existence life with me will be
easier and freer than with any other, and everything will
be restored to its former state. I, taught by experience,
shall be more attentive to her. She will acquire new
respect for me; she will be more warmly attached to me
than before, and we shall live more happily than ever.
“But (and this thing, though the explanation of it is
very embarrassing for me, must nevertheless be said),
but how did the prospect of our relationship being
renewed appear to me? Did it make me happy? Of course
it did! But did it bring only happiness? No; it appeared to
me as a burden, a pleasant burden, but still a burden. ‘I
love her very, very dearly, and I shall easily break myself
in, so as better to attend to her; this will afford me
pleasure, but still my life will be trying.’ Thus it came over
me, after I regained my calmness after the first
impression; and I saw that I was not mistaken. She
allowed me to experience this when she wanted me to
act so as to preserve her love. A month in which I
satisfied this desire of hers was the most burdensome
month of my life. There was no pain in it—such a word
would hardly apply to the idea; it would be absurd here,
as far as positive sensations are concerned. I
experienced nothing but pleasure while pleasing her, but
it was tiresome to me. Here is where the mystery lies,
that her attempt to retain her love for me remained a
failure. I was tired while pleasing her.
“At first sight it may seem strange why I did not feel
tired of giving up numberless evenings to the students,
for whom, of course, I would not put myself out
seriously, and why I felt such a degree of weariness
when I gave up only a few evenings to a woman whom I
loved more than myself; for whom I would be ready not
only to die, but to endure every imaginable torture. This
may seem strange, but only for one who cannot
appreciate my motives in having intimate relations with
the young men to whom I devoted so much time. In the
first place, I had no personal relations with these young
people. When I was sitting with them I did not feel that I
was in the presence of people, but I saw only several
abstract types who were only exchanging thoughts. My
talk with them varied but little from my own
contemplations when alone. Here only one part of my
nature was occupied, and the very one which less than
all others demanded rest—thought. Everything else was
sleeping; and besides, our talk had a practical, useful
aim—the aiding the development of intellectual life,
nobility, and energy in my young friends. This was work;
but it was such an easy work that it was good for the
restoration of strength, expended by other kinds of labor;
it did not weary, but refreshed, and yet it was labor.
Therefore my own person had no demands for taking
rest. There I expected to get benefit, but not peace; here
I allowed all the other parts of my being to sleep, except
thought. But my thought acted without any mixture of
personal relations towards people with whom I was
speaking; therefore I felt as much liberty as though I had
been alone. These conversations, I may say, did not take
me out of my seclusion. Here there was nothing
analogous to those relations in which the whole man
takes part.
“I know how embarrassing it is to use the word
‘weariness,’ but my conscience does not allow me to keep
it back. Yes, with all my love to her, I felt a great deal
easier after I became convinced that, between her and
me, relations could not comfortably be arranged as they
had been before. I gradually became convinced of this
about the time that she began to notice that the fulfilling
of this desire was going to be tiresome to me. Then the
future appeared to me under a new form, which was
more agreeable to me. After we saw that it would be
impossible for us to remain in our former relations, I
began to think how soon it would be possible—I must
again use an embarrassing expression—to get rid of it—
to free myself from a situation which had become
burdensome to me. Here lies the secret of what must
seem magnanimity to the man who might be willing to be
blinded by acknowledgment of the outward appearances,
or even to one who would be so shortsighted as not to
see the whole depth of the motives. Yes, I simply wanted
to get rid of an embarrassing situation. As I am not
hypocritical enough to deny what is good in me, I shall
also not deny that one of my motives was the desire for
her good; but this was only a secondary motive, a very
strong one, to be sure, yet it fell far behind the first, the
main one, in strength; that is, the desire of getting free
from weariness was the real prompter. Under its influence
I began carefully to examine into her mode of life, and
easily perceived that in the change of her feelings, which
was the result of the change in her way of living, the
main part was played by Aleksandr Matvéitch in his
appearance and disappearance. This brought me to think
about him: I understood the reasons of his strange
behavior, to which before I had paid no attention, and
after that my thoughts received a new form, which, as I
have said already, was agreeable to me. After I saw that
she had not only the desire for passionate love itself,
although she was, as yet, unconscious of it herself; that
this feeling was directed towards one who was absolutely
worthy, and generally speaking, was absolutely able to fill
my place; that this man also loved her passionately—then
I became extremely glad. It is true, however, that the
first impression was very cruel; every important change
carries with it some pain. I saw now that I could not,
conscientiously speaking, look upon myself as a man
necessary for her, and I had become accustomed to this,
and to tell the truth, it had been pleasant to me.
Consequently, the severance of this relation unavoidably
had to have its painful side; but only for the first part of
the time, and not for long, this feeling predominated over
the other feelings, which were joyful in their nature. Now
I was assured of her happiness, and calm in the
contemplation of her fate: this was a source of great
happiness. But it would be vain to think that this
constituted the main source of pleasure; no, personal
feeling was once more much more important. I saw that
I became entirely free from compulsion. My words do not
imply that the life of a bachelor would be easier or
happier for me than family life; no, if man and wife are
not compelled to any kind of restraint for the sake of
pleasing each other; if they are content with each other
without making effort; if they satisfy each other without
thinking of the satisfaction, then, the closer the relations
between them are, the freer and easier it is for both of
them: but the relation between her and me was not of
this kind; therefore to separate meant freedom for me.
 “From this can be seen that I have acted for my own
interests, after I decided not to interfere with her
happiness. There was a lofty side to my action; but the
motive power towards it was the inclination of my own
nature to better myself alone. Therefore I had strength
to act, and, I may say, I acted well. Not to drift this way
and that, not to make unnecessary confusion and
disturbance for others, not to be false to my duty—
this was easy, when the duty is the inclination of your
own nature.
“I left for Riazan. After some time she called me back,
saying that my presence would not interfere with her. But
I saw that it would still interfere. So far as I can
understand, there were two reasons for it. It was hard
for her to see a man to whom she was exceedingly
indebted, according to her idea. She was mistaken in this
respect; she was not in the least indebted to me,
because I acted much more for my own interests than
hers. But it appeared to her different, and she felt a very
deep gratefulness to me. This feeling was hard. There is
a pleasant side to it; but it predominates only when the
feeling is not too strong. When it is strong it is valid. The
second cause—this, again, is a rather embarrassing thing
to explain, but I must say what I think—I find the second
cause in the fact that her relations to society were
abnormal and unpleasant; it was hard for her to endure
the fact that society would not acknowledge formally her
right to occupy such a position. And so I saw that my
existence near her would be trying for her. I shall not
hide that, in this new discovery, there was a side that
was incomparably harder for me to endure than all
feeling which I had experienced in the former stages of
the case. I had preserved towards her a very strong
inclination. I wanted to remain a very close and intimate
friend of hers; I hoped that this would be so. And after I
saw that this could not be, I was greatly grieved; and
here there was no compensation for this grief in personal
calculations of any sort whatever. I may say that here my
final decision was adopted exclusively, because of my
attachment to her, only for the desire of making her
better, exclusively from unselfish motives. Consequently,
never before, even in our happiest time, did my relations
toward her afford me such deep inward satisfaction as
this decision. Here I acted under the action of what I
frankly call nobility, or, to use a more suitable term, noble
calculation—a calculation in which the general law of
humanity acts exclusively by itself, without borrowing
support from individual peculiarities. And here I learned
what a great pleasure it is to feel yourself acting like a
noble man; that is, as every man ought to act, not Ivan
or Peter, but every man, everyone, without distinction of
names. What a lofty delight it is to feel yourself simply a
man—not Ivan, not Peter, but a man—simply and purely
a man! This feeling is too strong. Ordinary natures like
mine cannot endure too often an elevation to the height
of this feeling; but happy is the one who has had the
chance to experience it.
“There is no need of explaining that side of my mode
of action which would have been most unreasonable in
transactions with other people, but which here is very
obviously justified by the character of the person to
whom I yield. At the time when I left for Riazan, there
had not a word passed between her and Aleksandr
Matvéitch; at the time which I made my final decision
there had not a word passed between him and me, or
between her and me, on this subject. But I knew him
very well; I had no need of studying his thoughts for the
sake of learning them.”
I am giving you Dmitri Sergéitch’s words, with liberal
exactness, as I have already said.
I am an entire stranger to you; but the correspondence
into which I enter with you, fulfilling the desire of the late
Dmitri Sergéitch, bears such an intimate character that,
in all probability, it will be interesting for you to learn who
this strange correspondent is, who is so initiated into the
inner life of the late Dmitri Sergéitch. I used to be a
medical student, and I have nothing more to tell you
about myself. During the last few years I have lived in
Petersburg. Several days ago I decided to travel, and to
create for myself a new career abroad. I left Petersburg
on the second day after you learned about Dmitri
Sergéitch’s catastrophe. On a certain occasion I had no
documents in my possession, and I had to take the
papers belonging to a stranger, with which I was
furnished by one of our common friends. He gave them
to me on the condition that I should fulfil certain of his
commissions on the way. If you happen to see
Mr. Rakhmétof, be kind enough to tell him that all his
commissions have been fulfilled as he desired. Now I
suppose I shall have to set out on my travels through
Germany, observing the customs. I have several hundred
rubles, and I want to have a good time. When I shall get
tired of idleness, I shall look out for something, no matter
what. When? wherever chance may lead. I am as free as
a bird, and I can be as unconcerned as a bird; such a
situation delights me.
It is very probable that you may like to honor me with
an answer, but I do not know where I shall be in a week
from now: maybe in England, and maybe in Prague. I
can go wherever fancy may lead me, and where it will
lead me I know not; and therefore send your letters to
the following address: Berlin, Friedrich Strasse 20,
Agentur von H. Schmeidler. Your envelope should contain
another envelope on which, in place of any address, you
will write the cipher 12,345; that will show Schmeidler’s
agency that it should be forwarded to me.
Accept, honored lady, the assurance of deep respect
from a man who is an entire stranger to you, who is
 endlessly devoted to you, and who signs himself,

A Former Medical Student.

Honored Sir, Aleksandr Matvéitch—

According to the desire of the late Dmitri Sergéitch, I
must send you the assurance that for him the best
circumstance seemed the fact that he was compelled to
leave his place to you. With those relations which
brought about this change, relations which gradually
formed, in the course of three years, from the time when
you almost ceased coming to his house, and therefore
were formed without your aid, exclusively from the lack
of correspondence between the characters of the two
people whom you afterwards tried in vain to reconcile;
with such relations, the final scene which came was
unavoidable. Evidently Dmitri Sergéitch could not feel
right in blaming you; of course this explanation is
unnecessary; however, merely for form’s sake, he
authorized me to make it. Thus it had to be either one
way or the other: either you or he had to take the place
which he could not fill, and which another could take only
because Dmitri Sergéitch could not fill it; and the fact
that you took this place, according to the opinion of the
late Dmitri Sergéitch makes the best result that could be
devised. I press your hand.

A Former Medical Student.

“Ah! I know.”
What is that? A familiar voice. I turn around; there he is! He,
himself, the sapient reader, who was not long ago banished in
disgrace for not knowing A from B,84 in regard to the artistic, but
here he is again and again with his former shrewdness. Again he
knows something!
“Ah! I know who wrote it—”
But I hastily seize the first thing that comes most convenient for
my purpose. I seize a napkin, because after I copied the former
student’s letter, I sat down to breakfast, and so I seize the napkin,
and stuff it in his mouth, “Well, keep what you know to yourself;
why do you shout it all over town?”
 II

Petersburg, Aug. 25, 1856.

Dear Sir—
You will understand what a degree of happiness your
letter gave me. With all my soul I thank you for it. Your
intimacy with the late Dmitri Sergéitch gives me the right
to regard you as my friend. Allow me to use this
appellation. In every word which you quoted can be seen
Dmitri Sergéitch’s character. He was constantly seeking
for the most secret causes of his actions, and he took
pleasure in ascribing them to his theory of egotism. By
the way, this is the common custom of all our society. My
Aleksandr is also fond of analyzing his motives in exactly
the same spirit. If you had only heard how he explained
his behavior towards me and Dmitri Sergéitch in the
course of three years, you would learn, if his words were
to be taken literally, that he did everything through
egotistical calculation for his own pleasure. And I long
ago learned this custom; it interests Aleksandr and me a
trifle less than it interested Dmitri Sergéitch. We agree
with him entirely; but he has a stronger drawing towards
it. Yes, if one were to hear us, all three of us would be
taken to be such egotists as the world has never seen.
And maybe this is true; maybe there never were such
egotists. What think you? Yes; it seems likely.
But besides this characteristic, common to us three, in
Dmitri Sergéitch’s words there is another, which belongs
exclusively to his situation. Apparently the aim of his
explanations was to give me peace. Not that his words
lack sincerity—no, he would never say what he does not
think—but he brings out too strongly only that element of
the truth which can calm me. My friend, I am very
grateful for it; but I, too, am an egoistka. I shall tell you
that he vainly worried over my peace of mind. We justify
ourselves much easier than we are justified by others;
and I, to tell the truth, do not consider myself in any way
blameworthy before him. I will say further, I do not even
feel that I owe him any gratefulness. I prize his nobility,
oh, how deeply! but I know that he was noble, not for
my sake, but his own. For I, when I was not false to him,
was not false, not for his sake, but for myself; not
because falsity would be injurious to him, but to myself.
I said that I did not blame myself, just as he did. But,
just as he did, I feel an inclination to justify myself.
According to his words, which were very just, this means:
I have a presentiment that others will not be as lenient
as I am towards myself, in exempting me from the blame
of certain parts of my behavior. I do not feel any desire
whatsoever to justify myself for that part of the affair in
which he justified himself; and, on the contrary, I want to
justify myself for that part in which he had no need for
giving justification. In all that happened until I had my
dream there was nothing for which anybody will blame
me, I am convinced. But afterwards, was not I the cause
of the affair taking such a melodramatic course, and
brought about such a terrible catastrophe? Ought I not to
have looked much more rationally on that change of
relations which was unavoidable, after my dream had for
the first time revealed to me and Dmitri Sergéitch his
situation and mine? The very evening of the day on
which Dmitri Sergéitch committed suicide, I had a long
talk with the formidable Rakhmétof—and what a kind,
tenderhearted man he is! He told me God-knows-what
horrible things about Dmitri Sergéitch. But if I repeated
them in a friendly tone to Dmitri Sergéitch, instead of in
the harsh, as it were, unfriendly, tone which Rakhmétof
used—well, they may be true. I suspect that Dmitri
Sergéitch understood well what Rakhmétof was going to
say to me, and that this formed a part of his calculation.
Yes, at that time it was necessary for me to listen to it; it
calmed me greatly; and whoever might have arranged for
that talk, I acknowledge my gratitude for it to you, my
friend. But even the formidable Rakhmétof had to
acknowledge that, in the last part of the affair, Dmitri
Sergéitch acted finely. Rakhmétof blamed him only for
the first half, and for this he was justifying himself. I am
going to justify myself, though nobody has told me that I
was to blame for it. But for every one of us—I am
speaking about you and our friends, about all our circle—
there is a severer than even Rakhmétof, and this is our
own conscience.
Yes, I comprehend, my friend, that it would have been
far easier for all concerned if I had looked at the matter
more simply, and had not given to it a too tragical
importance. According to Dmitri Sergéitch’s view, it
should have been put this way more strongly; although
there would have been no need of having recourse to a
conclusion so theatrical and trying for all of us, yet he
was led to it only by the superfluous vehemence of my
anxiety. I understand how it must have seemed so to
him, although he did not charge you to put that view of it
before me. So much the more I appreciate his kind
disposition towards me, that it was not diminished even
though he held such an opinion. But just listen a
moment, my friend. It is not entirely just; it is not by any
means unjust; it was not from my fault; it was not from
my superfluous anxiety that the absolute necessity came
upon Dmitri Sergéitch of examining into what he himself
frequently called a trying situation. True, if I had not
attributed an excessive importance to the change in our
relations, it might have been possible to escape the
difficulty without the journey to Riazan; but he said that
it was not trying for him, and so there would not have
been still greater misfortunes arising from my exalted
views. Only the necessity of making way with himself was
trying for Dmitri Sergéitch. He explained the
unavoidableness of this decision of his by two reasons: I
was suffering from an excessive feeling of gratitude
towards him; I was suffering because I could not enter
into those relations with Aleksandr which are demanded
by the conditions of society. In reality, I was not
thoroughly at ease; I was oppressed by the situation,
until he made way with himself; but he did not suspect
the essential reason. The thought that his appearance
oppressed me with an excessive burden of gratitude was
not absolutely true. A person is very much inclined to
seek for reasons which may lighten a trying situation,
and at the time when Dmitri Sergéitch saw the necessity
of making way with himself, this reason for it was no
longer in existence. My gratitude to him had long before
been modified to such a degree that it became a pleasant
feeling; and only this reason was connected with my
previous exalted view of the matter. The other reason
which Dmitri Sergéitch adduced—the desire to give to my
relations with Aleksandr a character such as is
recognized—that reason had nothing to do with my view
of the matter; it resulted from the ideas of society. I was
powerless over it. But Dmitri Sergéitch was entirely
mistaken in thinking that his presence would have been
hard for me on account of that reason. No; it might have
been arranged otherwise even without the necessity of
his committing suicide, if it had been necessary and had
been satisfactory to me. Our position had that rare
peculiarity that all the three persons who were concerned
in it were of equal strength. If Dmitri Sergéitch had felt
that Aleksandr were his superior in intellect, culture, or
character; if, while yielding his place to Aleksandr, he
would through a superiority of mental strength; if his
refusal had not been from good will, instead of the
yielding of a stronger to a weaker—then, of course, I
should have had no cause to be burdened. Likewise, if I
had been in intellect or character much stronger than
Dmitri Sergéitch; if until my relations with Aleksandr had
received their full development he had been what has
been well characterized by a story over which you will
remember we were at one time all greatly amused—the
story of how two gentlemen met in the foyer of the
opera, engaged in conversation with each other, took a
fancy to each other, and wanted to get better acquainted.
“I am Lieutenant So-and-so,” says the one, introducing
himself; “And I am the husband of Madame Tedesco,”
said the other, introducing himself. If Dmitri Sergéitch
had been the husband of Madame Tedesco, then, of
course, there would have been no necessity of his
committing suicide. He would have been under such
subjection and humiliation; and if he had been a noble
man, he would see in the fact of his humiliation nothing
offensive to himself, and all would be well. But Dmitri’s
relation towards me and Aleksandr was in no respect
analogous. He was not a hair’s breadth lower or weaker
than either of us, and we knew it and he knew it. His
concession was not the result of weakness. Oh, not at all.
It was merely the result of his good will. Wasn’t that so,
my friend? You cannot deny it. Therefore, in what
situation did I find myself placed! And this, my friend,
contains the whole essence of the matter. I saw myself in
a situation of dependence on his good will, and so my
situation was trying to me, and therefore he saw himself
compelled to the heroic decision of putting himself out of
the way. Yes, my friend, the cause of my feeling, which
compelled him to it, lay much deeper than his
explanation given in your letter. The overwhelming
weight of gratefulness was no longer in existence. To
satisfy the claims of society would have been easy in the
way that Dmitri Sergéitch suggested. Yes; the claims of
society would never affect me living in my own little
circle, which is entirely free from such claims; but I was
still dependent upon Dmitri Sergéitch. My situation had
as its foundation only his good will, and that was not self-
existent, and that was the reason why it was hard for
me. Now, judge you: could this cause be removed by this
view of a change in our relations, or by the other. The
importance lay not in my views of it, but in the fact that
Dmitri Sergéitch was a man of independence, who acted
according to his own will, though it was a good will. Yes,
my friend, you know and you approve of my feeling. I do
not want to be dependent upon the good will of anyone,
no matter who it may be, though it were a man most
devoted to me, though I respected him, though I might
trust him as I do myself, though I absolutely knew that
he would always rejoice to do whatever I needed, that
my happiness was as dear to him as to myself. Yes, my
friend, I do not need your assurance; I know that you
approve of it.
But after all, why all this talk, this self-analysis, which
reveals the most hidden motives of feelings which could
not be penetrated by anyone? Yet, with me as with
Dmitri Sergéitch, this self-confession is made for my own
benefit, so that I might say, “I am not to blame here; the
matter depended on something that was beyond my
control.” I make this remark because Dmitri Sergéitch
was fond of such remarks. I want to praise myself before
you, my friend.
But enough of this.85 You felt so much sympathy for
me that you did not grudge spending several hours’ time
in writing your long letter—and oh, how precious it was
to me! I see from this letter how diplomatically I have
learned to write—in a style like Dmitri Sergéitch’s or
yours; yes, from this, and only from this, I see how
interesting it will be for you to know what happened to
me after Dmitri Sergéitch took leave from me, on his way
to Moscow, with the intention of returning and
disappearing. After his return from Riazan he saw that I
was disturbed. This disturbance was manifested only on
his return. While he was staying in Riazan, I, to tell you
the truth, did not think about him much; no, not as much
as you might suppose, judging by what he saw after his
return. But when he left for Moscow, I saw that he had
something particular in view. It was noticeable that he
wound up his business in Petersburg; it was evident that
for a week he was waiting for their final issue in order to
go, and then—how could it happen otherwise? During the
last days I noticed the melancholy in his face—that face
which was so clever at hiding mysteries; I anticipated
that something decisive was in prospect, and when he
took his place in the car, I felt so sad, so sad! On the
next day I was melancholy; on the third day I got up still
more oppressed, and suddenly Masha brought me
a letter. What a tormenting moment it was, what
a tormenting hour, what a tormenting day, you
can imagine!
And so, my friend, now more than before, I know my
attachment to Dmitri Sergéitch. I myself did not realize
that it was so powerful. Yes, my friend, I now know its
strength. You, too, know, because you must certainly
know that on that very day I decided to give up
Aleksandr. All day I felt that my life was ruined—poisoned
forever. Can you imagine my childish exultation when I
saw my kind friend’s note, which entirely changed the
current of my thoughts (you see how careful my
expressions are; I want you to be satisfied with me, my
friend). You know all this, because Rakhmétof went to
escort me to the train. Dmitri Sergéitch and he were right
in saying that it was necessary for me to leave
Petersburg for the accomplishment of the effect, for the
sake of which Dmitri Sergéitch did not scruple to leave
me all day a prey to the most terrible tortures: how
thankful I am to him for this unmercifulness! He and
Rakhmétof were also right in advising Aleksandr not to
come to me, nor to escort me. But I had no necessity of
going to Moscow; it was only necessary for me to go as
far as Moscow, so I stopped at Novgorod. A few days
later Aleksandr came there, and brought the documents
in regard to Dmitri Sergéitch’s suicide. We were married a
week after the suicide, and we lived a month on the
railroad in Tchudof, so that Aleksandr might be enabled
to go three or four times a week to the hospital.
Yesterday we returned to Petersburg, and here is the
reason that I have been so long answering your letter: it
lay in Masha’s drawer, and she had entirely forgotten
about it. And you must have thought—God knows what—
at not having received an answer during all this time.

I salute you, dear friend, yours,

Viéra Kirsánova.

I press your hand, my dear. But please don’t write any

compliments to me, else I shall pour out before you my
whole soul, and a perfect flood of encomiums on your
nobleness, which would be the worst thing imaginable,
and do you know what I think? Does it not prove the
presence of a pretty good amount of stupidity, both in
you and in me, by writing each other only a few lines. It
seems as though it proved that both of us felt ourselves
embarrassed. However, on my part, it is excusable;
but what excuse have you? But the next time we shall
be able to argue freely, and I shall write you a heap
of news.
 Yours,
Aleksandr Kirsánof.
 III

These letters, absolutely sincere, were really somewhat warped, as

Viéra Pavlovna herself noticed. Both correspondents of course were
trying to diminish for each other the strength of the heavy shocks
which they experienced. Oh, these people are shrewd! I have often
heard from them—that is, from them and people of their stamp—
such things as made me laugh in spite of their pathetical assurances
that, such and such a thing was easy to endure. Of course I laughed
when the assurances were made before me who was a stranger to
them and talking with them in tête-à-tête. And when the very same
thing was said to a man who had to listen to it, then I used to admit
that such and such things were really trifles. An honorable man is a
most amusing creature. I always used to laugh at all the honorable
men with whom I was acquainted. A most amusing creature, even to
the point of absurdity! Here, let us take these letters. I am partially
used to tricks of this sort, even while entertaining friendship with
such gentlemen and ladies. Well (nu), but what effect can they have
on a man who is inexperienced and as yet unspoiled, as, for
instance, the sapient reader?
The sapient reader already is clearing his mouth of the napkin,
and, while shaking his head, says:—
“Immorality!”
“You are a fine fellow! You have hit it!” I reply in praise of him.
“Well [nu], make me happy with another little word!”
“Yes, the author himself is an immoral man,” declares the sapient
reader. “Just see what things he approves of!”
“No, my precious,86 you are mistaken. There are many things that
I do not approve of here. Possibly I do not approve of any of it, if
you desire to hear the truth. All this is too much idealized, too
ecstatic! Life is much simpler.”
“Then you must be still more immoral, must you not?” demands
the sapient reader, opening wide eyes of astonishment at the
incomprehensible degree of immorality to which humanity has fallen
in my personage!
“Much more immoral,” I say, uncertain whether the sapient reader
will accept it as truth or will ridicule it.
This correspondence lasted for three or four months—actively on
the part of Kirsánof, but carelessly and briefly on the part of their
correspondent. Afterwards he entirely ceased to answer their letters,
and it could be seen by all that his sole idea was to impart to Viéra
Pavlovna and her husband thoughts of Lopukhóf, which made up the
long letter which he wrote first, and after fulfilling this obligation he
considered the further correspondence unnecessary. After two or
three of Kirsánof’s letters remained unanswered, he understood it so
and ceased to write.
 IV

Viéra Pavlovna is resting on her soft lounge, expecting her husband

home to dinner from the hospital. Today she has been busying
herself very little in the kitchen over the sweet additions to dinner.
She wanted to lie down even sooner, so as to rest, because she
worked very hard this morning; and it had been so for a long time,
and it will be so for a long time to come: she has had much to do in
the mornings. Here she is trying to establish another union shop in
another part of the town. Viéra Pavlovna Lopukhóva lived on the
Vasilyevsky Island; Viéra Pavlovna Kirsánova lives on Syérgievskaïa
Street, because her husband had to have an apartment near the
Vuiborgsky Side. Mrs. Mertsálova proved to be very capable in her
management of the shop on the Vasilyevsky Island; and that was
not to be wondered at, for she and the members of the union had
been very good friends. After Viéra Pavlovna returned to Petersburg,
she saw that, though she had to be at the shop, it was only for short
visits; that if she continued to go there every day, it was simply
because she was drawn there by her attachment, and that her
friends liked to have her come. Perhaps for some time her calls did
not prove to be useless, since Mertsálova at times found it necessary
to consult with her. But it took so little time and becomes continually
more and more rare, and soon Mertsálova will gain so much
experience that she will cease to need Viéra Pavlovna. Yes, even the
first time after her return to Petersburg that she was at the shop on
the Vasilyevsky Island, she was more like a loving friend than an
important factor. What had she to do? It is evident what. It was
necessary for her to start another shop in the new neighborhood
where she lived, at the other end of the city.
 And so the new shop is established in one of the short streets
which runs between Basséinaïa and Syérgievskaïa streets. There was
much less bother with it than with the former. The five girls who
formed the fundamental staff came over from the old shop, while
new girls took their places. The balance of the force was selected
from among the good acquaintances of those seamstresses who
worked in the other shop, and that shows that everything was more
than half prepared. The aim and order of the shop were well known
to all the members of the union, and new girls entered the shop with
the desire that the arrangement so slowly developed in the other
shop should be immediately begun. Oh, yes, now the arrangement
progresses tenfold quicker than before, and there is three times less
worriment. But still there is a great deal of work, and Viéra Pavlovna
is just as tired today as she was yesterday and the day before, as
she was two months ago, only two months, though half a year has
passed since her marriage. Well, it was necessary for her to enjoy a
wedding festival, and she enjoyed it long, but afterwards she gave
herself up to work.
Yes, she has been working hard today, and now she is resting, and
she is thinking about many things, and, above all, about the present;
it is full of all good! It is so full of life that she has scarcely time to
have recollections. Recollections will come later, oh, much later; and
not even in ten years, nor, perhaps, in a score of years, but later.
Now it is not time for them, and it will not be for many years to
come. But still she has a few even now; seldom, to be sure. Here,
for example, she recollects something which seldom comes to her
mind. Here is what she recollects:—
 V

“Mílenki, I am going with thee.”

“But you have not your things ready.”
“Mílenki mine, then I will go with you tomorrow, if you do not
want to take me today.”
“Think it over; consider it. Wait for my letter; it will reach
you tomorrow.”
Here she returns home. How did she feel when she went home
with Masha? How did she feel and think all the long way from the
Moscow railway station to the Middle Prospekt? She herself does not
know, so shocked was she by the abrupt turn in the affair. Twenty-
four hours have not passed—no, in two hours it will be a full day—
since he found her letter in his room, and now he is already gone.
How quick! how sudden! At two o’clock she had not anticipated
anything of the sort. He waited until she, wearied by the excitement
of the morning, could not longer resist the power of sleep, came in,
said a few words, and in these few words there was an almost
incomprehensible preface to what he meant; and in what brief words
he said what he meant! He said: “I have not seen my old folks for a
long time. I am going to see them, and they will be glad to have me
come.” That was all, and he left immediately; and she hastened after
him, though, when he came in, he asked her to promise not to do it.
She hastened after him; but where was he? “Masha, where is he?
where is he?”
Masha, who was still putting away the things after the departure
of the guests, says, “Dmitri Sergéitch has gone out. He said, after he
came out from your room, ‘I am going to take a walk.’ ” And she had
to go to bed; and how could she go to sleep? But she did not know
that this was going to take place on the very morning which was
now beginning to dawn. He said that they would have abundant
time to talk everything over. And she had barely time to open her
eyes before it was time to go to the railway station. Yes, all this had
flashed by her eyes, as though nothing of the sort had happened to
her, as though someone had told her of something that happened to
someone else. Only now, while returning home from the railway
station, she came to herself, and began to think, “What is the matter
with me, and what is going to happen to me?”
Yes, she is going to Riazan. She is going; it is impossible not to go.
But this letter; what will be in that letter? No; why wait for the letter
before deciding? She knows what it will contain: still she must
postpone her decision till the letter comes. Why postpone it? She will
go; yes, she will go! She thinks about it one hour; she thinks two;
she thinks three, four hours. But Masha was getting hungry, and for
the third time has summoned her to dinner; and this time she
commands her, rather than summons her. Well, this is another
recollection. “Poor Masha! how I compelled her to get hungry!”
“Why did you wait for me, Masha! Why did not you have your
dinner long ago, without waiting for me?”
“How could I, Viéra Pavlovna?”
And she thinks again for one hour, two hours. “I am going; yes, I
am going tomorrow. I shall only wait for the letter because he asked
me to. But whatever may be written in it—and I know what will be in
it—it does not make any difference what it says, I shall go.”
On this she thinks an hour, two hours. Yes, she deliberates over it
an hour; but does she deliberate over it two hours? No, though she
thinks about it; but she thinks five little words more, “He does not
wish it.” And more and more she deliberates over these five little
words. And here the sun is already setting; but she still thinks the
same thoughts, and, above all, the five little words; and suddenly,
just at the very instant that the indefatigable Masha was demanding
that Viéra Pavlovna should come out to tea, at that very moment,
out from those five little words arise six little words, “I do not wish it
either.” How well the indefatigable Masha acted in coming in! She
drove away these six new little words. But even the beneficent
Masha did not long succeed in driving away these six little words. At
first they did not dare to appear by themselves; they sent in their
place a refutation of themselves, “But I must go.” And they sent
them for the sake of returning themselves, under the cover of this
refutation. At one instant appeared with them their carrier, “He does
not wish it”; and at that very instant these five little words changed
into the six little words, “I do not wish it either.”
And she goes over these thoughts for half an hour; and in half an
hour these five little words, the six little words, begin to work over,
according to their own will, even the former words, the most
important words of all. And from the three words, most important of
all, “I shall go,” grow four words, not the same as before, though
they are the same, “But shall I go?” Thus it is that words grow, and
transform themselves. But here comes Masha again. “I gave him a
silver ruble, Viéra Pavlovna; here it is written, ‘If he brings it at nine
o’clock, give him a silver ruble; but if later, give him half a ruble.’
The conductor brought it, Viéra Pavlovna. He came down on the
evening train. He said, ‘I did as I promised; to make it quicker, I took
an izvoshchik.’ ”
The letter is from him! Yes, she knows what is in the letter; “Don’t
go.” But still she means to go. She does not want to listen to this
letter—to him; she intends to go; she is going. No, there is
something different in the letter; here is something to which it is
impossible not to listen: “I am going to Riazan, but not directly to
Riazan. I have a great deal to do for the factory on the way. Besides
Moscow, where I shall have to stay a week, I shall have to stop at
two towns this side of Moscow, and three on the other side before I
reach Riazan. How long I shall stay at my various halting-points I
cannot tell you, for the very reason, that among other things, I shall
have to receive money from our mercantile correspondents, and you
know, my dear friend”—yes; it was in the letter. “My dear friend was
used several times in the letter that I might see that he felt towards
me as before; that he had no ill towards me,” thinks Viéra Pavlovna.
“At that time I kissed those words my dear friend; yes, it was so: ‘My
dear friend, you know that, when it is necessary to receive money,
you are often compelled to stay several days, when you intended to
stay only a few hours; and so I really do not know when I shall be
able to reach Riazan; by all probability, not very soon.’ ”
She remembers this letter almost word for word. What does it
mean? Yes, he has entirely deprived her of the possibility of clinging
to him, so as to preserve her relations to him. What is left for her to
do? And her former words, “I must go to him,” change into the
words, “No, I must not see him,” and this him, does not refer to the
one of whom she was just thinking. These words change all her
former words, and she thinks one hour; she thinks two, “I must not
see him”; and how and when did they succeed in changing? but they
have already changed into the words: “Shall I really ever want to see
him again? No!” and when she falls asleep these words have
changed into other words, “Shall I really ever see him?” and where
is the answer? Where is he gone? And these again change, yes, they
grew into the words, “Shall I never see him again?” And when she
falls asleep at daybreak she falls asleep with these same words,
“Shall I really never see him again?”
And when she wakes late in the morning already, instead of all
other words, only five words are wrestling with two, “I shall not see
him; I shall see him”;87 and thus passes the whole morning.
Everything is forgotten; everything is forgotten in this struggle, and
the more powerful word no tries to conquer the little word yes; it
tackles it; it clutches it. “I shall not see him”; and the little word
glances aside and vanishes, glances aside and vanishes. “Yes, I shall
see him.” Everything is forgotten; everything is forgotten in the
effort of the stronger word no to conquer the smaller one yes. Yes,
and it does conquer, and it calls to its aid other little words, so that
the former little word may have no refuge. “No, I shall not see him;
no, I shall not see him!” Yes, now the stronger words hold firmly in
their grasp the little word yes, which has no refuge from them; they
press it between them: “No, I shall not see—no, I shall see him—no,
I shall not see him!” But what is she doing now? Her bonnet was
already on her head; instinctively she looked at the mirror to see if
her hair is in order; yes, in the mirror she saw that her bonnet is on
straight, and from these words, which have grown together so
firmly, one remained, and to this a new one was added, “No return!
no return!”
“Masha, don’t expect me back to dinner! I shall not dine at
home today.”

“Aleksandr Matvéitch has not returned yet from the hospital,” calmly
replied Stepan; and how could he help speaking calmly with a
phlegmatic lady? In her appearance there is nothing out of the
ordinary; not very long ago she used to be here.
“I did not think he was; it’s all right; I will wait; you need not tell
him that I am here.”
She unfolds some newspaper or other—yes, she can read; she
sees that she can read; yes, as long as there is “no return”; as long
as the decision is made, she feels herself quite calm. Of course she
can read little; she scarcely read at all; she looked at the room; she
began to put it in order, as though she were its khozyáïka. Of course
she did not arrange it much, scarcely at all: but how calm she feels,
and she can read, and she can occupy herself with something. She
noticed that the ashes had not been emptied from the ashtray, and
that the tablecloth needed adjustment, and that the chair was out of
its place. She is sitting and thinking: “There is no return—no choice!
A new life is beginning.” She thinks an hour, two hours: “A new life is
beginning. How surprised he will be! how happy he will be! A new
life is beginning! how happy we are!”
A tinkling bell! she flushed a little, and smiled; steps—the
door opens!
“Viéra Pavlovna!”
“My love [drūg moï], I could not live without thee. How long thou
didst love me, and said not a word. How noble thou art! How noble
he is, Sasha!”
“Tell me, Viérotchka, how it happened.”
“I told him that I could not live without thee: on the very next
evening he had already gone; I wanted to follow him; I talked all
day yesterday about following him, but now thou seest that I have
been here a long time.”
“But how thin thou hast grown these past two weeks, Viérotchka!
How pale thy hands are!”
He kisses her hands.
“Yes, my dear, this has been a hard struggle. Now I can appreciate
how much you suffered, so as not to disturb my peace. How could
you be so self-possessed as to hide it from me? How thou must
have suffered!”
“No, Viérotchka; it was not an easy task.”
He still kisses her hands, looking at them, and suddenly she burst
into laughter.
“Akh! how inattentive I am to you. You are tired, Sasha; you must
be hungry.”
She frees herself from him, and runs away.
“Where are you going, Viérotchka?”
But she answers never a word, but goes to the kitchen, and
hurriedly, gayly, says to Stepan: “Hurry up; let us have dinner for
two! hurry up—where are the plates and things! Let me have them;
I will set the table myself, and you bring the victuals. Aleksandr is so
tired from his hospital that we must give him something to eat.”
She comes back with the plates, and the knives, forks, and spoons
rattle on the plates.
Stepan puts the soup on the table. At dinner she relates how it all
happened. Stepan comes in with the last dish.
“Stepan, seems to me that we shall not leave you any dinner.”
“Yes, Viéra Pavlovna; I shall have to buy something for myself in
the little grocery store.”
“That’s all right, Stepan; henceforth you must know that you must
prepare for two besides yourself.”
And after she remembers all this, Viéra Pavlovna smiles and “now
how prosaic our story is!”
Tea was not over when we heard a terrible ringing of the bell, and
in came a couple of students, and in their excitement they did not
even notice her.
 “Aleksandr Matvéitch, there is an interesting subject,” say they, all
out of breath; “it was brought just now—a very rare complication;
it’s very interesting, Aleksandr Matvéitch, and immediate help is
wanted. Every moment is precious; we even took an izvoshchik to
come here.”
“Make haste, my dear,” she says; and here for the first time the
students notice her. They bow to her, and at that very moment they
hurry away their professor with them. His preparations did not
take very long; he was still in his army coat, and she hurried him
away. “Will you come right to me afterwards?” she asked, as she
said goodbye.
“Yes.”
Long she waits for him through the evening; here it is ten o’clock,
and he hasn’t come yet; now it is eleven; now there is no use
waiting; still what can be the reason? She, of course, did not worry
at all. Nothing could have happened to him; but it shows how long
he was detained by the interesting subject, and is the poor
interesting subject alive now, and does Sasha succeed in saving
him? Yes, Sasha was detained very long. He came in the next
morning at ten o’clock. He stayed till four at the hospital.
“It was a very hard and interesting case, Viérotchka.”
“Did you save him?”
“Yes.”
“How did you get up so early?”
“I didn’t go to bed at all.”
“You didn’t go to bed? So as not to be late coming to see me? You
didn’t sleep all night? You impious fellow! Please go right home and
sleep clear till dinnertime without fail; so that I shall find you
sleeping when I come.”
In two minutes he was already sent off.
Those were our two first interviews. But this second dinner goes
with proper dignity. They tell each other their stories sensibly; they
laugh, they think, and they pity each other. To each of them it seems
that the other has suffered the more. In a week and a half a little
dacha on the Kamennoï Ostrof is rented, and they move there.
 VI

Viéra Pavlovna does not very often recollect the past days of their
present love. Yes, in the present there is so much life that there is
little recollection; but whenever she recalls the past—as sometimes,
at first, of course, only sometimes, but afterwards more frequently—
at every recollection she feels a dissatisfaction, at first, weak and like
a flash, indefinite. At whom? at what? and then it appears to her. At
whom? She is dissatisfied with herself. For what? And now she sees
from what part of her character arises her dissatisfaction. Yes; she is
very proud. But is it only in her past that she is dissatisfied with
herself? At first, yes; but then she begins to observe that the
dissatisfaction with herself is connected with the present also. And
what a strange peculiarity could be noticed in this feeling, after it
became clear to her, as though she, Viéra Pavlovna Kirsánova, did
not feel a personal dissatisfaction, but as though the dissatisfaction
of thousands and millions were not reflected in her; and as though
she were not dissatisfied with herself personally, but as though these
thousands and millions were dissatisfied with her. But who are these
thousands and millions? Why are they dissatisfied with themselves?
If I had lived alone by myself as before, she thought to herself, that
then, by all probability, this feeling would not have been made
manifest so quickly to her. But now she is constantly with her
husband. They both think together all the time, and the thought
about him interferes with every other thought. This assisted greatly
in the evolution of this feeling. He could not directly explain this
puzzle to her; as long as this feeling was obscure in her own mind, it
was still darker for him. For him it was hard to think how it is
possible to feel dissatisfaction which should not interfere with your
personal satisfaction, which does not in the least bear upon
personality. This was strange to him, a hundredfold darker than for
her; but still it helped her a great deal that she was constantly
thinking about her husband and constantly thinking with him. She
began to notice that whenever this dissatisfaction came to her, it
was always accompanied by comparisons. It consisted in the fact
that she compares herself with her husband, and here flashed
before her a real word expressing her thought, “a difference, an
insulting difference.” Now she understands.
 VII

“Sasha, how lovely this N. N. is (Viéra Pavlovna named the officer

with whom she wanted to become acquainted with Tambulik and
Bosio in her dream); he brought me a new poem, which is not soon
going to be published,” said Viéra Pavlovna at dinner. “Shall we set
ourselves to reading it right after dinner? Yes? I have been waiting
for you, and I am going to read it all with you, Sasha. And I have
been longing to read it.”
“What poem is it?”
“Now you shall hear. Let us see if he succeeded in this thing. N. N.
says that he—I mean the author—is pretty well satisfied with it.”
And so they settle themselves comfortably in her room, and she
begins to read:—

“Oi! full, full the little basket is

With brocades and calicoes!
Sweetheart, pity! what a task it is
For the young lad as he goes!”88

“Now I see,” said Kirsánof, after listening to a score or so of

stanzas; “this is a new style with him; but it is evidently his.
Nekrásof’s?89 Yes? I am very grateful to you for waiting for me.”
“You ought to be,” replied Viéra Pavlovna. Twice they read the
little poem over, which, owing to their acquaintance with one of the
author’s acquaintances, came into their hands three years before it
was published.
“Do you know what verses affected me the most?” asked Viéra
Pavlovna, after she had read several times with her husband certain
parts of the poem. “These verses are not from the main part of
the poem, but oh! my thoughts are greatly drawn to them. When
Kátya was waiting for the return of her bridegroom, she was
very melancholy:—

‘Had I only time for worrying

I should die, thou heartless one!
Harvest time, and time is hurrying;
Scores of things must now be done!

‘Though it often to the maiden comes

That she suffers and must sigh,
Still the hay-cart heavy laden comes,
Still the sickle burns the rye.

‘She must thresh with all her might alas!—

Thresh the grain the morning through;
Spread the flax at gloomy night, alas!
On the meadows wet with dew.’90

These verses are not the principal ones in that episode: they are
only a preface to the fact how this lovely Kátya is dreaming about
her life with Vanja; but my thoughts are greatly drawn to them.”
“Yes, that is a perfect picture—one of the very best in the poem.
But they do not hold the best place in it, so they must have
corresponded very closely to the thoughts which occupied you. What
are these thoughts?”
“They are these, Sasha. You and I have often said that the
organization of woman is almost higher than that of man, and that
therefore woman may force man to take second rank in intellectual
life, when the rough force which predominates at the present time
shall pass. We both have come to this conclusion by observation of
life; you meet more women in life than men who are intellectual by
nature. So it seems to us both. You confirmed this by various facts
drawn from anatomy and physiology.”
“What offensive things you are speaking about man, and you say
a great deal more than I do about it, Viérotchka. It is insulting to
me! It is good that the time which you predict is very far off, else I
should entirely change my opinion, so as not to go into the second
rank. However, Viérotchka, this is only a probability; science has not
collected enough data to settle this question positively.”
“Of course, my dear. We said that until this time the facts of
history point to a different conclusion, though it is very probable, as
we observe private life and the arrangement of the organism,
woman has until lately played such a trifling part in intellectual life,
because the predominating force deprived her of the means of
culture and the motives for reaching development. This explanation
is sufficient. But here is another similar case. If woman is measured
by her physical strength, her organism is much weaker; but her
organism is stronger. Isn’t that so?”
“This is much less dubious than the question as to the natural
endowment of intellectual strength. Yes, a woman’s organism offers
a much stronger resistance to material forces of destruction—
climate, weather, and unhealthy food. Medicine and physiology have
occupied themselves very little with the detailed investigation of this;
but statistics have given an indisputable general answer that the
average length of woman’s life is more than man’s. From this it can
be seen that woman’s organism is stronger.”
“So much the more strikingly can it be seen that the style of
woman’s life is generally far less healthful than man’s!”
“There is another important consideration by which the clearness
of the result is made more manifest, and that is offered by
physiology. Full maturity is reached rather sooner by woman than by
man. Let us suppose that a woman’s growth ends at twenty and a
man’s at twenty-five—approximately in our climate and in our race.
Let us suppose also, approximately, that the same proportion of
women reach the age of seventy as of men who reach the age of
sixty-five. If we consider the difference in the periods of growth, the
preponderance of strength in woman’s organism will appear much
more strikingly even than statistics grant, which do not take into
consideration the difference in the periods of maturity. Seventy years
means three and a half times twenty years. Sixty-five should be
divided by twenty-five: how much will it be? Yes, it will go two and a
half times, with a remainder—that is, two and three-fifths. Therefore
a woman lives three and a half periods of her full development as
easily as a man lives only two and a half periods of his. And by this
proportion is measured the strength of her organism.”
“Indeed, there is a greater difference than I had believed.”
“Yes, but I mentioned this only for example; I took round
numbers, and depended on my memory. However, the conclusion is
exactly as I said. Statistics show that woman’s organism is stronger.
You got your conclusions only from the tables of life averages. But if
the physiological facts are added to the statistical, the difference will
be still greater.”
“That is so, Sasha; just consider what I was thinking, and now it
comes over me more strongly still. I was thinking, if a woman’s
organism resists more powerfully the destructive impressions of
matter, then it is altogether likely that woman should have greater
strength in bearing mental shocks. But in reality we see that she
is different.”
“Yes, this is likely. Of course, so far this is only a supposition; this
has not been studied; no special facts have been gathered. But
really, your conclusion results so closely from the fact which is
already undisputed that it is hard to distrust it. The strength of the
organism is too closely connected with the strength of the nerves. In
all likelihood woman’s nerves are more elastic, have a stronger
structure; and if that is so, then they must more easily and firmly
endure shocks and painful feelings. But in reality we see many
examples of the contrary. A woman very often suffers torments over
what a man bears easily. The analysis of the cause by which we see
in real life such phenomena, contradicting what we ought to expect
from the structure itself of her organism, has not yet been made
with sufficient accuracy. But one of these causes is evident; it
pervades all historical phenomena, and all the sides of our actual
existence. This is a strength of prejudice, a bad habit, a false
expectation, a false fear. If a man thinks, ‘I can’t,’ then he really
can’t. It is constantly drummed into women’s ears, ‘You are weak,’
and so they feel that they are weak, and they really become weak.
We have seen examples where people, absolutely healthy, have
drooped till they really died, from the one idea that they were bound
to grow weak and die. But there are examples which affect whole
masses, nations, humanity in general. One of the most remarkable
of these is the history of war. In the Middle Ages, the infantry
imagined that it could not stand against cavalry—and really it could
not. Whole armies of infantry were driven about, like flocks of sheep,
by a few hundred men on horseback. Till that time, when the
continent first beheld the English infantry, consisting of proud,
independent gentry, without fear, who were not accustomed to yield
to anyone without a fight, such an idea was not known. As soon as
these people, who had no tradition that it was necessary to yield to
cavalry, entered France, the cavalry, which even excelled them in
numbers, was beaten by them at every engagement. You remember
the remarkable victories gained by the small army of English infantry
over the French cavalry at Cressy, at Poitiers, and at Agincourt. The
very same history was repeated when the Swedish infantry took it
into their heads that they had no reason to look upon themselves as
weaker than the feudal cavalry. The Austrian, and afterwards the
Burgundian, cavalry, superior in numbers, began to suffer defeats at
every engagement; then all the other cavalry tried to battle with
them, and all of them were defeated. Then all said, ‘Yes, the infantry
seems to be stronger than cavalry.’ Of course it was stronger. But
whole centuries have passed considering that the infantry was weak
compared with cavalry, simply because they looked upon themselves
as weak.”
“Yes, Sasha, this is true. We are weak because we regard
ourselves as weak; but it seems to me that there is still another
cause. I want to speak about myself and you. Tell me, my dear, did I
change much in those two weeks that you did not see me? You were
too much worried then. It may have seemed to you more than it
really was, or, in fact, the change was great. How does it seem to
you now?”
“Yes, you really were very thin and pale then.”
“Now, you see, my dear, I have learned that this is the very thing
that touches my pride. You see, you love me very dearly. Why didn’t
the struggle show itself in you in such evident signs as it did in me?
For nobody saw you become pale or thin in those months when you
were separated from me. How did you bear it so easily?”
“This is why the verses interested you so much, where Kátya
overcomes her melancholy by work. You want to know whether I
have experienced the truth of this remark, in regard to myself. Yes:
it is absolutely true. I kept up the struggle easily, because I had no
time to spend over it. Always, when I paid attention to it, I suffered
keenly; but everyday necessities compelled me, for the large part of
the time, to forget about it. I had to attend to my patients; to get
ready for my lectures. At that time, not by my own will either, I freed
myself from my thoughts. Those days when I had a good many
leisure hours I felt that my strength was failing me. It seems to me
that if I had remained a week a prey to my thoughts, I should have
lost my mind.”
“It is so, my dear; and I at last came to understand that in this lay
the whole secret of the difference between me and you. You must
have such activity that you can postpone it, that you cannot refuse
it; then a person is incomparably firmer.”
“But you had a great deal of activity then, and the same thing is
true now.”
“Akh, Sasha, are they things of such imperative importance? I
devote myself to them as much as I please, and when I please.
Whenever it seems good to me, I can devote less time to them, or
put them off entirely. At a time when my mind is disturbed, it takes a
special effort of the will, and only in that way can I compel myself to
attend to them. There is no support in the necessity of them. For
example, I busy myself with my household duties,91 and I spend a
great deal of time in them; but nine-tenths of this time I spend in
this way only because I want to. With a good servant, shouldn’t I
spend just as much time, even though there was less necessity to
work? And who feels the necessity of wasting double time for the
sake of the slight improvement over what he, with a less
expenditure of time which might be my own? The only necessity
upon me is my own will. When the mind is at ease, you give yourself
up to these things; but when your mind is disturbed, you neglect
them, because you can manage without them. You are apt to give
up the less important for more important things. As soon as your
feelings get greatly stirred up, they drive away the thoughts about
other things. I give lessons, which are things of somewhat more
importance; I cannot give them up at the dictate of my will. But this
is not the point. I give them closer attention at one time than at
another; if during the lesson my mind wanders somewhat, the
lesson may go only a little worse than before, because teaching is
very easy, and does not absorb the mind. And, after all, do I really
make my living by my lessons? does my position depend on them?
do they afford me the principal means for living as I do? No; these
means were afforded me by Dmitri’s work, now by yours. Giving
lessons flatters my feeling of independence; and really they are not
unprofitable. Still, there is no vital necessity upon me for keeping
them up. At that time I tried to drive away my tormenting thoughts
by giving myself up to the shop more than usual; but again I did it
more from the impulse of my will. You see, I understood that my
presence at the shop was needed only for an hour or an hour and a
half; that if I stayed there longer, I adopt an artificial occupation,
that may be useful, but is not indispensable for the business. And
then, again, this very thing, can it serve as a support for such
ordinary mortals as we? Rakhmétof belongs to a different species.
They take hold of common affairs in such a way that the necessity of
it fills their existence; for them it even forms a substitute for
personal existence. But for us, Sasha, this is unattainable. We are
not eagles, like him; we can live only in our personal lives. Is the
shop my personal life? This affair is not my affair, but others’. I
occupy myself with it, not for my own sake, but for theirs. Let us
admit that it is for my own satisfaction; but can those such as we—
not eagles—bother themselves about others when they are
themselves in trouble? Can they give themselves up to their
convictions when they are tormented by their feelings? No; a
personal interest, an unavoidable necessity on which your life
depends, is required; a necessity which for my own self, for my style
of life, my means of life, for my whole situation in life, for my entire
fate, would be more powerful than all my drawings towards passion.
Only such a stimulus can serve as a support in battle with passion;
only such a thing cannot be conquered by passion, but by itself
overwhelms passions; only such a thing gives strength and rest. I
want such a stimulus.”
“You are right, my dear, you are right,” said Kirsánof, kissing his
wife, whose eyes were flashing with enthusiasm. “You are right; and
I never thought of it before, though it is so evident; I had not
noticed it. Yes, Viérotchka, no one else can think for another.
Whoever wants to enjoy life must think for himself, look out for
himself; no one else is going to do it for him. But what necessity do
you feel upon you now? Are you going to fall in love with someone
else, Viérotchka?”
Viéra Pavlovna laughed heartily, and for some time neither of
them could say a word from laughing.
“Yes, now we both can appreciate that,” she said finally. “Now I
can be perfectly sure, and so can you, that nothing of the sort can
possibly happen. But seriously, do you know how it seems to me, my
dear? If my love for Dmitri was not the love of a fully developed
woman, neither did he love me in the sense of the word as we
understand it. His feeling for me was a combination of a very warm
attachment to me as a friend, with occasional outbursts of passion
towards me as a woman. He felt a personal friendship for me, for
me particularly; but these outbursts were only the attraction towards
woman; they had no personal relation to me. No, that was not love.
Was he much concerned with thoughts about me? No; they did
not interest him. No, on his side, as well as on mine, there was no
real love.”
“You are unjust to him, Viérotchka.”
“No, Sasha; this is so. In talk between you and me there is no use
in flattering him. Both of us know how highly we prize him. We also
know that, no matter how he protested that it was easy for him, in
reality it was not easy. You may also declare that it was an easy
matter to struggle with your passion. All this is well, and it is not put
on; but such keen assurances must not be taken in the literal sense
of the word.”
 VIII

“Sasha, let us finish talking about what we left yesterday. It is

necessary; for I have made up my mind to go with you: and you
must know why,” said Viéra Pavlovna, the next morning.
“With me? You are going with me?”
“Certainly. You asked me, Sasha, why I wanted to do something
on which my life could depend, in real earnest, which I could hold as
dear as you hold your profession; which would be just as imperative
upon me, which would demand all my attention, just as yours does
you! My dear, I must have such a thing, for I am proud. It has been
a burden and a shame upon me for a long time, when I remembered
that my struggle with my feeling reflected itself upon me so plainly,
that it was so unendurable for me. You know that I do not mean the
difficulty of it—for your struggle was just as hard for you; that
depends on the strength of the feeling, and I must not be sorry now
that it was very hard, for that would be equivalent to saying that I
was sorry that the feeling was strong. No! but why didn’t I have as
firm a support against its strength as you had? I want to have such
a support. But this only brought me to think; but the real necessity
is, of course, at the present time; and it is this: I want to be your
equal in all things; that is the main thing. I have found something.
After we parted yesterday, I thought for a long time about it; I
thought about it all yesterday morning, while you were away; and
yesterday I wanted to consult you like a good fellow, but you
disappointed my hope by your resistance. Now it is too late for your
advice; I have already made up my mind. Yes, Sasha, you will have
a great deal of trouble on account of me. My dear, how happy I shall
be if I find I have the ability for it.”
 Yes; now Viéra Pavlovna has found a sphere of activity in which
she could not have succeeded before. Her Aleksandr’s hand was
always in hers, and so it was easy for her to go ahead. Lopukhóf
placed no restriction upon her, nor did she upon him; and that was
all. No, of course there was more; far more. She was sure, always
sure, that in whatever case necessity compelled her to take his
hand, his hand and his life were at her service. And just as his life
was always at her service, so he would not grudge stretching out his
hand to help her; that is, in important circumstances; in critical
moments his hand was as ready and as reliable as Kirsánof’s, and he
proved it very satisfactorily by his marriage, when he sacrificed for
her sake, all his expectations for a scientific career, which at that
time was so attractive to him; and he was not afraid even to run the
risk of starvation. Yes; when there was an important matter, his
hand was ready. But, as a general thing, his hand held aloof from
her. Viéra Pavlovna was starting her sewing union; if his aid had
been needed for anything, he would have given it ungrudgingly. But
why was it that he did almost nothing at all? He did not interfere; he
approved; he was glad, and that was all. She lived her life; he lived
his. But now it is different. Kirsánof did not even wait to be asked to
take part in anything that she was doing. He was as much interested
as she was in all her everyday life, just as she was in his. It was
quite a different relation from that with her first husband, and so she
felt drawn to new activity, and therefore thoughts arose in her, and
began to assume practical shape, which before were known to her
only theoretically, and did not, in reality, touch her inner life; what it
is impossible to do, you do not think of seriously.
Here follow the thoughts which now stirred in Viéra Pavlovna’s
mind, and served as motives to activity.
 IX

“Almost all the channels of civilized life are closed to us by law.”92 A

good many are closed to us practically—almost all paths of public
activity—even those which are not closed to us by legal hindrances.
Out of all the spheres of life we are compelled to content ourselves
with only one—the sphere of domestic life—to be members of a
family; and that is all. Besides this, what occupations are open for
us? Scarcely more than to become governesses; and besides,
perhaps to give private lessons which men do not care to deprive us
of. There is scarcely room enough for us in this narrow path; we
interfere with each other, because too many of us crowd into it; it
scarcely affords us any independence, because there are too many
of us who offer our services; not one is needed, for the very reason
that we are too many. Who has any regard for a governess? If you
merely hint that you want a governess, they flock to you by the tens
and hundreds, each trying to get the place away from the others.
“No; as long as women do not strive to branch out in different
ways, women cannot expect to have any independence in life. Of
course it is hard to break out a new path. But my position in this
respect is very advantageous, and I should be ashamed if I did not
avail myself of it. We are not ready for serious occupations. I do not
know how far a leader may be needed to prepare for this change.
But I know that to whatever degree I may need his help every day,
he is here at my side. And this will be no burden to him; it will be as
pleasant to him as to me.
“Custom has shut us out of these paths of independent activity
which are not closed to us by law. But out of all these paths from
which we are shut by custom, I can select the one that I want, if I
can only make up my mind to meet the first resistance of custom.
One of them is far more convenient to me than the others. My
husband is a doctor. He devotes all his leisure time to me. With such
a husband, it is an easy matter for me to try to be a doctor.
“It would be a very striking thing if there should spring up at last a
class of women doctors. They would be very useful for all women. It
is much easier for a woman to talk with a woman than with a man.
How much suffering, death, and misfortune would be removed. I
must try it.”93
 X

Viéra Pavlovna finished her conversation with her husband by

putting on her bonnet, and going with him to the hospital to put her
nerves to the test, to find if she could bear the sight of blood, or be
able to study anatomy. With Kirsánof’s position in the hospital, of
course there could be no obstacle to her experiment.

I, without the least sense of shame, have seriously compromised

Viéra Pavlovna on the side of sentiment. For example, I have not
concealed the fact that she dined every day, and for the most part
with good appetite, and, moreover, twice a day drank tea. But I have
reached such an occurrence that, in spite of all the shameless
degradation of my conceptions, I am overtaken by fear; and I
wonder, would it not be better to hide this thing? What will be
thought of a woman who gave herself up to medicine? What coarse
nerves she must have! What an unfeeling heart! She is not a
woman, but a butcher. But, considering that I do not represent the
characters of my story as ideals of perfection, I become calmer. Let
folks judge as they please about the heartlessness of Viéra
Pavlovna’s nature. What business is it of mine? If she is coarse, let
her be coarse.
And so I say in cold blood that she found a great difference
between idle observation of things and active work in them for her
own benefit and the benefit of others.
I remember that when I was a boy, twelve years old, I who had
never seen fire was frightened by being wakened by the loud noise
of a fire alarm. The whole sky became red and fiery; over all the city,
which was a large provincial town, flew great burning cinders. Over
all the city there was a great tumult, running to and fro, shrieks. I
breathed as though I had been in a fever. Fortunately I succeeded in
getting to the fire, availing myself of the chance that all the
domestics were in a great state of excitement. The fire was along
the shore; that is, simply the bank, because what kind of a shore
could there be? The bank was filled with wood and with wooden
posts. Such boys as I were taking hold and carrying off things from
the burning houses. I joined them. What became of my fear? I
worked very energetically till we were told, “That’ll do; the danger is
over”; and from that time I understood that if you have any fear of a
great fire, you must run to it and work, and you will not fear at all.
Whoever works has no time to fear, or to feel disgust or
squeamishness. And so Viéra Pavlovna gave herself up to medicine;
and she was one of the first women whom I knew to enter this new
field of activity. After this she really began to feel herself a different
person. Her thought was, “In a few years I shall actually stand on
my feet.” This is a great thought. There can be no full happiness
without full independence. Poor women, how few among you have
this happiness!
 XI

And thus a year passes; and another year will pass, and still another
since her marriage to Kirsánof; and thus all of Viéra Pavlovna’s days
will pass as they pass now, a year after the wedding, as they have
passed since the wedding: and a good many years will pass; and
they will all pass in this way unless something extraordinary
happens. Who knows what the future will bring forth? But till the
time that I am writing these lines nothing extraordinary has
happened; and Viéra Pavlovna’s days are passing just as they passed
a year or two years after her marriage to Kirsánof.
After this terrible compromising circumstance that Viéra Pavlovna
made up her mind to study medicine, and found herself capable of
doing so, I can speak without fear of everything else; all that
remains cannot injure her so much in the estimation of the public.
And I must say that now, on Syérgievskaïa Street as before on
Vasilyevsky Island, Viéra Pavlovna’s meals were constituted as
follows: tea in the morning, dinner, and tea in the evening. Yes; she
has preserved the unpoetical peculiarities of dining every day, and
taking tea twice a day, and finds it agreeable; and, generally
speaking, she preserves all her unpoetical and ungraceful and far
from high-toned peculiarities.
And many other details remain in this new time of contentment
just as they were in the former time of contentment; they kept the
rule for the division of the rooms into neutral and private; the rule
also remained in force that they should not enter each other’s
private rooms without permission; and another, that a question
should not be repeated if the first time it was met by the words, “Do
not ask me.” It was agreed between them, that such an answer best
allows no thinking about the question propounded, and that thus it
is more speedily forgotten; this agreement was made because they
were sure that if it deserved an answer, there would be need of
repeating; everything would be explained without the need of
asking, and what one keeps silent is surely nothing interesting. All
this was left during this new peaceful time, as it used to be in the
old peaceful time, only at this peaceful time everything has changed
to a certain degree, or rather it has not changed, but yet it is not as
it used to be in the former time; and their life is different.
For example, there is a strict distinction made between the neutral
and the private rooms, but the permission for admittance into the
private rooms has been decided for good and all once at a certain
hour in the day. This was arranged because two out of three of their
meals were taken each day in the private rooms. A custom has been
made of drinking morning tea in her room, and evening tea in his
room. The evening tea is conducted without any ceremony; the old
servant, Stepan, brings into Aleksandr’s room the samovar and the
tea service, and that is all. But at morning tea they arrange it
differently. Stepan puts the samovar and the tea service on the table
in that neutral room, which is nearest Viéra Pavlovna’s room, and
tells Aleksandr Matvéitch that the samovar is ready; that is, he tells
Aleksandr Matvéitch in his room. But supposing he does not find
him? Then Stepan takes no trouble about finding him; they must
know for themselves that it is teatime. And, in accordance with this
custom they made a rule, that in the morning Viéra Pavlovna expects
her husband without asking permission.
After she wakes up she lies comfortably in her warm little bed; she
is too lazy to rise. She thinks and she does not think, and she half
dreams and she does not dream at all; to think means for her to
plan something about the day or the days to come, something about
the household,94 about the shop, about her acquaintances, about
her plans for spending the day; this, of course, is not dreaming; but
besides all this, there are two other objects, and three years after
their marriage still a third appears, which she holds in her arms; that
is Mítya; the name Mítya is of course in honor of their friend Dmitri;
but the two other objects—one was a sweet thought about her
occupation, which is going to give her full independence of life, and
the second thought is Sasha! This thought it is impossible to call a
special thought, because it forms the basis of all that she thinks,
because he takes part in all her life, and this thought which is not a
special thought but a constant thought remains alone in her heart.
Now you yourselves see that often the moments pass without Viéra
Pavlovna having time to take a bath. (This was very conveniently
arranged; it cost them a great deal of trouble; it was necessary to
introduce a faucet into her room, with water from the kitchen boiler,
and to take a great deal of wood for this luxury; but, however, they
could afford it, and so they allowed it.) Yes, very often Viéra
Pavlovna has time to take a bath and to lie down again comfortably
until Sasha should come and take upon himself the duty of attending
to the morning tea.
Yes, it could not be otherwise; Sasha is perfectly right when he
declared that this must be arranged so because to drink morning
tea, that is, tea mostly made of cream warmed with a very small
dose of very strong tea, and to drink it in her bed, is wonderfully
agreeable. Sasha goes for the tea service: yes, this happens oftener
than his coming in directly with the tea service, and he makes
himself busy, and she still takes her ease, and after she drinks the
tea she still reclines, not in her little bed, but on her little sofa. She
reclines till ten or eleven o’clock, till Sasha has to leave for the
hospital or the clinic or to his medical lecture, and with his last cup
Sasha takes a cigar, and either one of them reminds the other, “Now
let us go to work”; or, “That’s enough; now let us go to work.” What
work? Whatever happens—lessons or reviews, in Viéra Pavlovna’s
course of study. Sasha is her instructor in the study of medicine, but
his aid is still more essential for the preparation of those subjects in
the gymnasium course in which it was necessary for her to pass the
examination, the study of which would be too tedious by herself; the
most terrible thing of all was mathematics; yes, the Latin was if
anything more tedious; but it can’t be helped, she must endure the
tediousness of it; not very long, however. In the examination which
serves in place of the gymnasium certificate95 there is very little
required in the medical school; for instance, I cannot guarantee that
Viéra Pavlovna will ever reach such a perfection in the Latin
language as to translate two lines of Cornelius Nepos, but she is
already able to explain such phrases as she finds in medical books,
because this knowledge is indispensable, though it is not very deep.
No—but we have said enough about this. I see already that I am
irreconcilably compromising Viéra Pavlovna; probably, the sapi—.
 XII
A Digression Concerning Blue Stockings

“A blue stocking! an extreme case of blue stocking! I can’t endure a

blue stocking. A blue stocking is dull and tedious!” cries the sapient
reader, losing his temper, and not without reason.
After all, what warm friends the sapient reader and I have
become! He insulted me once; twice I took him by the throat and
put him out, and yet we cannot help exchanging our inmost
thoughts; it comes from a secret drawing of heart to heart. What
can you do about it?
“O sapient reader!” I say to him, “you are right; the blue stocking
is really dull and tedious, and it is beyond endurance to put up with
him. You have fathomed it! But you have not guessed who the blue
stocking is! Now you shall soon see as plain as in a mirror. The blue
stocking, with an unreasonable affectation, talks with great self-
satisfaction about literary and scientific matters of which he does not
know beans, and speaks not because he is interested, but because
he wants to show off wits (which nature never endowed him with),
lofty aspirations (of which he has as much as the chair on which he
is sitting), and education (of which he has as much as a parrot). Do
you see whose rough physiognomy or chastened figure is in the
mirror? ’Tis your own, my friend! Yes, no matter how long a beard
you may grow, or how closely shaven you may be, still you are,
undoubtedly, indisputably, the original blue stocking, and that was
the reason I twice took you by the throat and put you out—simply
for the reason that I cannot bear blue stockings, who among our
brethren, the men, are ten times as numerous as among women.
“And those with a live purpose who occupy themselves with
anything, no matter what, no matter how they may be dressed,
whether they wear a woman’s dress or a man’s, these are simply
people who attend to their own affairs, and that’s all there is of it.”
 XIII

The talk about Blue Stockings, so useful for the sapient reader, who
was shown to be one, took me away from my description of Viéra
Pavlovna’s manner of spending her days. Now that when—when—
whenever you please; from the time that she moved from
Syérgievskaïa Street till this moment. But however, what is the use
of spinning out this description? To give a general idea, that change
which began to take place in the way Viéra Pavlovna spent her
evenings, after her renewal of Kirsánof’s acquaintance while she still
lived with Vasilyevsky Ostrof, is entirely developed now that the
Kirsánofs, from the centre of a rather extensive number of young
families, living just as harmoniously and happily as they themselves
do, and agreeing with them also in their sentiments, and that music
and singing, the opera and poetry, and all sorts of amusements and
dances, fill all the free evenings of this circle of families; because
every evening there is some gathering at one house or another, or
some other arrangement for spending the evening for people of
various tastes. As a general thing, at these gatherings, or whenever
any other way of spending the time is devised, at least half the circle
is present, and the Kirsánofs, as well as their friends, spend half
their evenings in this social way. But there is no need of going into
details here; it is understood, of course. But there is one thing about
which, unfortunately, it is necessary to be very explicit for the sake
of a very large number who would not otherwise understand. All of
us, even if we have not ourselves experienced such a thing, but
have only read about it, know how different for a boy or girl is an
evening which is simply a party and an evening on which his dear or
her dear comes to see her or him; between an opera which we
merely see and an opera which we see sitting next him or her with
whom we are in love. There is a very great difference. This is well
known; but what is experienced by very few is that the charm which
love gives to everything is not necessarily, as is common according
to the present state of things, a transitory phenomenon in a person’s
life; that this bright light of life does not necessarily illumine alone
the epoch of searching and attaining, or, let us name the epoch
thus: the epoch of attention, of wooing. No, this epoch, according to
the present state of things, is only the morning star, gentle,
beautiful, but the harbinger of a day which has incomparably more
light and warmth than its harbinger; a light and warmth, and
particularly a warmth, which grow more and more even beyond the
noon, and still keeps growing. It used to be different. After the
loving pair were united, quickly the poetry of love vanished. Now,
among those whom we call the people of the present, it is quite
different. They, after being united by love, become brightened and
warmed more and more by the poetry of it the longer they live
together, until late evening, when the care of growing children may
partially divert their thoughts from themselves. Then care is more
sweet than personal enjoyment; it becomes more absorbing,
but till that time it keeps on growing. What people used to know
as honeymoons, the people of the present generation keep for
long years.
Why is this so? This is a secret; I may tell you though. It is a
grand secret; it is good to avail oneself of it, and it does not take
great skill to do so. All that is required is a pure heart and an honest
soul, and the present idea of the rights of a human being with
regard to the freedom of the one with whom you live. That is all.
There is no further secret about it. Look upon your wife as you
looked upon your bride; know that she has the right to tell you any
moment, “I am dissatisfied with you; leave me.” Look upon her so,
and nine years after your marriage she will inspire in you the same
poetical feeling as she did when she was a bride—no, more poetical,
more ideal, in the proper sense of the word. Acknowledge her liberty
as openly and formally and without any circumlocutions, just as you
acknowledge the freedom of your friends, to feel or not to feel
friendship towards you, and then in ten years, in twenty years, after
your wedding, you will be as much in love with her as when you
were a bridegroom. So live husbands and wives of the new
dispensation. It is much to be desired. And for that very reason, that
they are honest towards each other, they love each other ten years
after marriage more warmly and poetically than on the wedding-day,
and just for the very reason that during these ten years neither he
nor she gave each other a dissembling kiss or said one hypocritical
word. “A lie has never passed his lips,” was said about somebody in
a certain book; “There is no hypocrisy in his heart” was said about
somebody, maybe in the very same book. They read the book and
think, “What a wonderful moral height is ascribed to him!” When
they wrote the book they thought, “Here we are describing a man
who will fill everyone with surprise.” They know not who wrote the
book, do not realize who is going to read it; but the people of the
new dispensation do not receive among the number of their
acquaintances anybody who does not possess such a soul, and they
have no lack of such a soul, and they have no lack of such
acquaintance, and they look upon their acquaintances as
nothing more than people of the new dispensation, good, but
ordinary people.
One thing calls for pity: at the present time, to every one man of
the new dispensation there are a dozen or more antediluvians. This,
however, is natural. In an antediluvian world you expect an
antediluvian population.
 XIV

“And so here we have been living together three years” (before, it

used to be said a year, two years, and later it will be said four years,
and so on), “and yet we are still like lovers, who see each other
rarely and secretly. Where did people get the idea that love grows
weak, when there is nothing to hinder people from belonging wholly
to each other? These people did not know true love. They felt only
an erotic selfishness, or an erotic fancy. Real love begins only when
people begin to live together.”
“Do you notice that in me?”
“I notice in you something that is much more interesting. In three
years you will forget that you have studied medicine, and in three
years you will forget to read, and from all your senses, which are
needful for intellectual life, you will use only one—that of sight; and
sight, too, will forget to see anything else but me.”
Such conversations do not last long, and are not frequent; but
still, occasionally, they have such conversations.
“Yes, it grows stronger every year.”
“In the nature of man does attachment grow weaker? does it fail
to be developed by time? When does friendship become stronger
and firmer? in a week, or a year, or twenty years after it began? It is
only necessary that people should choose the right friends; that they
should be suited to each other.”
These conversations take place, but they are not frequent. They
are brief, and not frequent. In fact, what reason have they to talk
about this subject very often?
But this kind come oftener and last longer:—
“Sasha, how greatly your love supports me! Through it I am
becoming independent; I am getting rid of all dependence upon
anybody, even upon you. But what has my love brought to you?”
“For me? not less than for you! It is a constant, powerful, healthy
stimulus of the nerves; it essentially develops the nervous system!”
(“Coarse materialism!” declare the sapient reader and I together.)
“And therefore the intellectual and moral strength grow in me from
my love.”
“Yes, Sasha, I hear from everybody—I myself am a bad witness
in the case; my eyes are blinded—but everybody sees the same
thing; your eyes are growing brighter, your views become clearer
and keener.”
“Viérotchka, why should I praise or not praise myself before you?
We are one. But this must really be reflected in the eyes. My mind
has become far stronger; when I make conclusions from
observations, or a general examination of the facts, I finish now in
an hour what used to take me several hours. And I can grasp with
my mind many more facts than before, and the conclusions drawn
from them are broader and fuller. Viérotchka, if I had the slightest
germ of genius with this feeling, I should become a great genius. If I
had been endowed by nature with the power of creating something
new in science, with this feeling I should have the power of
reorganizing science. But I was born merely to be a rough laborer, a
swarthy little toiler, who works over little special questions. Such I
was before I knew you; now you know I am different. More is
expected of me; it is supposed that I am going to reorganize the
most important branch of science, the whole teaching about the
functions of the nervous system; and I feel that I am going to fulfil
this expectation. At the age of twenty-four a man’s views are wider
and bolder and more original, than when he reaches the age of
twenty-nine, and the same is true at the age of thirty and thirty-two,
and so on; but then it was not true of me as it is now, and I feel that
I am still progressing, while without you I should long ago have
ceased to grow. Yes, and I did cease to grow the last two or three
years before we began to live together. You brought back to me the
freshness of my early youth, the power of going vastly further than
where I should have stopped, if it had not been for you. And the
energy of work, Viérotchka, does that signify little! An immense
stimulus of strength is brought into labor when your whole life is so
inclined. You know how the energy of intellectual labor is simulated
by a glass of coffee; what they afford others for an hour after, which
follows a reaction proportionate to these outward and transitory
stimuli, this I find constantly; my nerves are constantly attuned
to finer, more vital energies.” (“Again coarse materialism!” we
remark, etc.)

These conversations are more frequent and longer.

“He who has not experienced how love stimulates all the powers
of a man knows not what real love is.”
“Love consists in elevating others, and in being elevated.”
“He who has no stimulus to activity without it finds such stimulus
in love; and if a man has a stimulus, love gives him strength to use it
to advantage.”
“Only he loves who helps a lovely woman to rise
to independence.”
“Only he loves whose mind grows brighter and hands grow
stronger from love.”

And the following conversations are very frequent:—

“My dear, I am reading Boccaccio now” (“What immorality!” we
remark with the sapient reader—“a woman reading Boccaccio; only
he and I have a right to read it.” But I, apart from him, also make
this remark, “A woman will hear more veiled nastiness from the
sapient reader in five minutes than she will find in all Boccaccio, and
she will not hear from him a single fresh, bright, pure thought, while
Boccaccio has hosts of them!”); “you are right, my dear; he has
great talent. Some of his stories I think can be put in the same rank
with the best of Shakespeare’s dramas, from their depth and
keenness of psychological analysis.”
“But how do you like the comical stories, in which he is
so unceremonious?”
“Some of them are amusing, but for the most part they are dull,
like any other coarse farce.”
“But that may be forgiven him, for he lived five hundred years
before us; what seems to us too vile, too cheap, was not then
considered out of the way.”
“Just as all our habits and all our style will seem dirty to those
who will live much less than five hundred years after us—but this is
not interesting. I was speaking about those splendid stories of his in
which he seriously pictures a passionate, lofty love. In those more
than in others his talent lies; but this is what I wanted to say, Sasha:
he draws very admirable and powerful pictures of love, but I should
judge that he did not understand that tenderness of love which we
see nowadays. Love was not felt at that time so keenly, though they
say that was the period when love was most fully enjoyed. No, how
could it be? They did not enjoy it half so deeply as we do. Their
feelings were too superficial; their raptures were too feeble and
too transitory.”
“The strength of sensation is proportionate to the depth of the
organism from which it takes its rise. If it is stirred exclusively by an
outward object, by an outward motive, then it is transitory, and
develops only one special side of its life. He who drinks only because
he is given a glass understands only very little the taste of wine; it
affords him very little pleasure. Enjoyment is vastly stronger when its
root is in the imagination; but this is still very weak in comparison to
when the root of the relations which are connected with the
enjoyment finds its soil in the very depth of the moral life.”
“I am very glad that I gave up before it was too late, that
unprofitable way of living. It is true; it is important for the circulation
of the blood not to be checked by any hindrances. But why after all
should we care if the complexion of the skin does become more
tender? It must be so. And how delighted we are at trifles! Trifles,
but how you feel them in your feet! The stocking must be put on
smooth, and should not be too light; the seam gets in the proper
place, and the hurt vanishes.
“It does not pass so quick! I wore corsets only three years; I gave
them up before we were married. But it is a fact they still confine
the waist too much even without corsets. Isn’t it likely that this
deformity will also pass like the pain in the foot? It is likely: even
now it is going out of fashion somewhat; it will pass. How glad I am!
What a horrible cut of dresses. It is full time that the Russian women
had better sense. The dress ought to be wide from the very
shoulders, just as the Greeks used to be dressed! How the cut of our
dresses ruins our figures! But this line is beginning to be normal in
me, and how glad I am!”

“How lovely you are, Viérotchka!”

“How happy I am, Sasha!”

And sweet discourses,

Like rivers of bliss
Spreading and flowing;
His smile and his kiss!96
 XV
Viéra Pavlovna’s Fourth Dream

And Viéra Pavlovna dreams a dream as though:—

A voice familiar to her—oh, how familiar to her!—from afar, then
nearer, nearer.

Wie herrlich leuchtet

Mir die Natur
Wie glänzet die Sonne
Wie lacht die Flur.

And Viéra Pavlovna sees that it is so, absolutely so.… The

cornfield shines with golden hues. The meadow is decked with
flowers; hundreds, thousands of blossoms are waving on the copse
encircling the meadow, and the forest which rises behind the copse
grows green, and whispers and gleams with flowers; fragrance is
wafted from the cornfield, from the meadow, from the copse, from
the flowers that fill the forest. Little birds are flying from twig to
twig, and thousands of voices come forth from the branches with the
fragrance; and beyond the cornfield, the meadow, the copse, the
forest, are other cornfields shining in gold, other meadows decked
with flowers, other copses thick with blossoms, stretching away to
the distant mountains covered with forests, gleaming in the sun, and
on their summits, here and there, bright, silvery, golden, purple,
translucent clouds, changing and casting on the horizon their brilliant
blue shadows; the sun mounts on high; it rejoices, and nature
rejoices; it pours forth light and warmth, fragrance and song, love
and tenderness, into the heart; a song of joy and tenderness
poureth forth; of love and goodness from the heart: “Oh, earth! oh,
sun! oh, happiness! oh, joy! oh, love! oh, love so golden-beautiful,
like morning clouds on yonder heights!”
 “O Erd’! O Sonne!
O Glück! O Lust!
O Lieb! O Liebe,
So golden Schön
Wie Morgenwolken
Auf jenen Höhn!”

“Now dost thou know me? Dost thou know that I am beautiful?
But thou dost not know yet; none of you yet know me in all my
beauty. Look at the past, the present, and the future! Listen
and look:—

Wohl perlet in Glase der purpurne Wein

Wohl glänzen die Augen der Gäste.”

At the foot of the mountain, at the edge of the forest, amid the
blooming copse, surrounded by lofty trees, a palace is built.
“Let us go there.”
They go, they fly.
A magnificent festival. The wine is foaming in the glasses; the
eyes of the guests gleam bright. A noise and a whispering
undertone, laughter, and a secret, silent pressing of hands, and now
and then a stealthy, inaudible kiss.—“A song! a song! without song
joy is not complete!” And the poet rises. His face and mind are
lighted by inspiration; nature whispers to her secrets; history reveals
her significance; and the life of thousands of years passes by in his
song like a series of pictures.

The poet’s words resound, and a picture appears.

The tents of nomads. Around the tents are grazing sheep, horses,
camels. Afar lies the forest, olives, and fig-trees. Still further, further,
at the edge of the horizon, towards the northwest, is a double chain
of lofty mountains. The summits of the mountains are covered with
snow; their slopes are covered with cedars. But the shepherds are
straighter than the cedars; their wives are straighter than the palm-
trees, and their days are free from care in this soft, idle existence.
They have one concern—love; all their lives pass, day by day, in
caresses and songs of love.
“No,” says the shining one; “this is not about me; I did not exist
then. Yonder woman was a slave. Where there is no equality I am
not found. That tsaritsa was Astarte. Lo, there she is!”
A beautiful woman. On her hands and feet are heavy golden
bracelets; a heavy necklace of pearls and corals with golden
links upon her neck. Her hair is moistened with myrrh. Her face
betrays sensuality and servility. Her eyes are fall of voluptuousness
and insipidity.
“Be obedient to thy lord; sweeten his idleness during the intervals
of his forays; thou must love him because he bought thee; and if
thou dost not love him, he will kill thee,” says she to a woman who
lies before her in the dust.
“Thou seest that it is not I,” says the beauty.

II

Again resound the inspired words of the poet. A new

picture arises:—
A city. At the distance, towards the north and east, are the
mountains; towards the east and south, and further to the west, the
sea. A wonderful city. The houses there are small, mean in their
outward show. But how many wonderful temples are there!
especially on the hill, where the steps, with gates of wondrous
grandeur, lead. The whole height is filled with temples and public
edifices, any one of which alone would now be sufficient to increase
the glory and fame of the finest of our capitals. Thousands of
statues decorate these temples and the city everywhere—statues,
one of which alone would be sufficient to make the museum where
it was placed the first museum of the world. And how beautiful the
people are, as they come crowding into the squares, into the streets!
Each of these young youths, each of these young girls, could serve
as a model for a statue. Indeed, it is an active, lively, joyous people,
a people whose life is bright and beautiful. These houses, which are
not luxurious to look upon, what riches of beauty and lofty power of
enjoyment they show within! With everything of furnishing or
household ware one might fall in love. And all these people are so
beautiful; they have such solid understanding of beauty; they live for
love; they serve the beautiful. Here comes an exile back to the city
whose power he destroyed; he returns to rule, and all know it. Why
is not one hand raised against him? On the chariot with him goes a
woman of marvellous beauty, even in a city of beautiful women,
pointing him to the people, begging the people to accept him,
assuring the people that she supports him. And bowing low before
her beauty, the people entrust their fate to Peisistratos, their
favorite. Here is a court; the judges are stern old men—the people
may be drawn away, but they yield not to impulses. The Areopagos
is famous for its merciless severity, by its implacable honesty. Gods
and goddesses came before it to ask decision in their cases. And
here a woman must appear before them, whom all consider guilty of
horrible crimes; she must die, the destroyer of Athens; each of the
judges has already decided in his soul; Aspasia appears before them,
she who is doomed, and they all kneel down before her on the
earth, and they say, “Thou shalt not be judged. Thou art too
beautiful. Isn’t this the kingdom of beauty? isn’t this the kingdom
of love?”
“No,” says the radiant one; “at that time I was not in existence.
They bowed to a woman, but they did not consider her their equal.
They subjected themselves to her only as to a source of enjoyment;
human dignity they did not acknowledge in her. Where respect to a
woman is not the same as to man, I am not to be found. That
tsaritsa was called Aphrodite. Here she is.”
 That tsaritsa has no adornments whatsoever. She is so beautiful
that her admirers did not wish her to wear any dress. Her wonderful
lines must not be hidden from delighted eyes.
What does she say to a woman who is almost as beautiful as she
is, who throws frankincense upon her altars?
“Be a source of enjoyment for mankind. He is thy master. Thou
livest not for thyself, but for him.”
And in her eyes there is only the tenderness of physical
enjoyment. Her bearing is haughty; in her face there is pride, but
pride only in its physical beauty. And to what a life a woman was
doomed during her reign! Man locked his wife in the gynecium, so
that no one but him, her master, might enjoy her beauty, which
belonged to him alone. She had no liberty. There were other women
who called themselves free, but they sold the enjoyment of their
beauty, they sold their liberty. No, they had no liberty. This tsaritsa
was half a slave. Where there is no liberty there is no happiness,
there I am not found.

III

Again resound the poet’s words. A new picture appears:—

Before the castle, an arena. Around is an amphitheatre, with a
shining host of spectators. On the arena are knights. Over the arena,
on the balcony of the castle, sits a maiden. She has her scarf in her
hands. Whosoever conquers shall get the scarf and the kiss of her
hand. The knights fight to the death. Toggenburg is victorious.
“Knight, I love thee like a sister. Ask no other sort of love. My heart
does not beat faster when you come; it beats not faster when you
depart. My fate is decided,” says he, and departs for Palestine. And
throughout all Christendom the glory of his doughty deeds is spread.
But he cannot live without seeing the tsaritsa of his soul. He returns;
he has not found forgetfulness in battles. “Do not rap at the door, O
knight; she is now in the nunnery.” He builds for himself a little hut,
from the window of which, unseen by her, he can see her when she
opens the window of her cell. And all his life is one longing for her to
appear at the window, beautiful as the sun. He has no other life than
to see the tsaritsa of his soul. There was no other life in life, for life
was dead in him; and as life was ebbing away, he sat still at the
window of his hut and thought one thought alone, “Shall I ever see
her again?”
“This is not all about me,” says the radiant one. “He loved her as
long as he did not touch her. If she had become his wife, she would
have become his slave; she would have been obliged to tremble
before him; he would have locked her up; he would have ceased to
love her. He would have gone out hunting; he would have gone to
the war; he would have caroused with his comrades; he would have
seduced the daughters of his vassals; his wife would have been cast
aside, locked up, despised. When once a man had enjoyed a
woman, then he ceased to love her from that time forth. No, I was
not there, then. That tsaritsa was called ‘Chastity.’ Here she is.”
Modest, humble, tender, beautiful—more beautiful than Astarte;
more beautiful than Aphrodite herself, but melancholy, gloomy,
sorrowful. Before her they bowed their knees; they bring her
bouquets of roses. She says: “My soul is sad with deathly sorrow. A
dagger is plunged into my heart. Be ye also sorrowful. Ye are
unfortunate. The earth is a vale of sorrow.”
“No, no! I was not in existence then,” says the radiant one.

IV

“No, those tsaritsas did not resemble me. They are all still reigning,
but the kingdoms are crumbling. With the birth of each of them the
reign of her predecessor began to crumble. I was born only when
the kingdom of the last began to crumble. And since I was born,
their kingdom began to crumble more rapidly; and soon they will
vanish entirely; the successor of each could not take the place left
by the others, since the others still existed. I shall take the place of
all of them; they shall vanish; I shall remain the mistress of the
world. But they had to reign before me; without their reign, mine
could not come.
“People used to be like beasts. They ceased to be like beasts
when man began to value the beauty of woman. But woman’s
physical strength is less than man’s; and man then was rude.
Everything then was decided by strength. Man took unto himself
that wife, whose beauty he began to value. She became his
property, his chattel. That was Astarte’s reign.
“When he became further developed, he began to value her
beauty more than before, and he began to worship her beauty. But
her conscience was not yet developed. He valued in her only beauty.
She could get her ideas from him alone. He said he only was a man,
while she was not. She saw in herself only a beautiful, beautiful
object, belonging to him; she did not look upon her as belonging to
humanity. That was the reign of Aphrodite.
“But here the consciousness that she, too, was a human being,
began to awake in her. What grief must have seized her at the very
faintest appearance of this thought, that she was an independent
human being! For she was not recognized as such. A man did not
want her in any other relation than that of slave. And she said, ‘I do
not want to be your friend on this condition.’ Then his passion
compelled him to implore her and to humiliate himself, and he forgot
that he did not look upon her as a human being, and he loved her,
the resistant, the unapproachable, the virtuous maiden. But as soon
as she put trust in his prayers, as soon as he touched her—woe to
her! She was in his clutches; his hands were stronger than her
hands, and he made her his slave, and despised her. Woe to her!
This was the sorrowful reign of the virgin.
“But ages past: my sister—dost thou know her? The one that
before I appeared, did her work for thee. She always existed, she
was before all, she was in existence as soon as man came upon
earth, and she always worked untiringly. Hard was her task, slow her
success, but she worked, worked, and her success increased. Man
became more rational, woman more and more firmly recognized her
equality with man, and the time came when I was born.
“This was not long ago; Oh, far from long ago. Do you know who
first recognized that I was born, and told it to others? It was
Rousseau, in his Nouvelle Eloïse. From it, from him, people for the
first time heard of me.
“Since then my kingdom has been spreading. But I am not yet
tsaritsa over many. But it spreads rapidly, and you can foresee the
time when I shall reign over all the earth. Only then people will
perfectly appreciate how beautiful I am. Now, those who
acknowledge my power, are not yet able to obey my will. They are
girt about by a throng opposed to all my will. The throng would tear
them in pieces, would poison their lives, if they confessed and
fulfilled my will. And I must have happiness; I desire that there
should be no suffering, and I tell them, ‘Don’t do that which will
bring torment upon you; fulfil my will only so far as it will not cause
yourselves harm.’ ”
“But can I know thee perfectly?”
“Yes, thou canst. Thy position is very fortunate. Thou hast naught
to fear. Thou canst do whatsoe’er thou pleasest; and if thou wishest
to know all my will, from my will no harm will come to thee: thou
must not desire, and thou wilt not desire, anything on account of
which ignorant people may torment thee. Thou art now perfectly
content with what thou hast. Thou dost not desire, and thou wilt
not desire, anything or anybody else. I can declare myself to
thee entirely.”
“Reveal to me thy name; thou hast told me the names of the
former tsaritsas, but thy own name thou hast never declared to me.”
“Dost thou want me to tell thee my name? Look at me, hearken
to me.”
 V

“Look at me, hearken to me! Dost thou recognize my voice? Dost

thou know my face? Hast thou ever seen my face?”
No; she had never seen her face, had ne’er seen it in her life. Yet
how did it seem to her as though she had seen it? It is a year since
she was speaking with him, since he looked upon her, kissed her,
and now she sees her so often, this radiant beauty; and the radiant
one does not hide from her, neither does she hide from him; she
appears to her in all her radiant beauty.
“No, I have never seen thee; I have never seen thy face: thou
didst appear to me; I saw thee; but thou wert girt with brightness. I
could not see thee; I only saw that thou wert more beautiful than
all. Thy voice, I hear it, but I hear only that thy voice is more
beautiful than all.”
“Look; for thy sake at this moment, I shall diminish the brightness
of my aureole, and my voice shall sound for thee at this moment
without the enchanting power which I always lend to it; for one
moment I cease to be a tsaritsa. Hast thou seen? hast thou heard?
hast thou learned? That will suffice; again am I tsaritsa, and tsaritsa
I shall be for all time to come.”
She was again girt about with the ineffable brightness of her halo,
and again her voice is inexpressibly intoxicating. But for that
moment when she ceased to be the tsaritsa, so as to declare herself
unto thee, was it really so? Did Viéra Pavlovna really see this
countenance? really hear this voice?
“Yes,” says the tsarita, “thou hast wanted to know who I am; now
thou knowest. Thou hast wanted to hear my name; I have no name
different from the one to whom I appear; my name is her name.
Thou hast seen who I am. No, there is nothing loftier than man;
there is nothing loftier than woman. I am the one to whom I appear,
who loves and is loved.”
Yes, Viéra Pavlovna saw. It was herself; it was herself, but a
goddess. The goddess’ countenance is her own countenance, her
living countenance, the features of which are so far from perfection;
every day she sees more than one face more beautiful than hers.
This was her own face, kindled with the brightness of love; more
beautiful than all ideals left to us by sculptors of the ancient time,
and by the great artists of the great age of art. Yes, it is she herself,
but kindled by the brightness of life; it is she, more beautiful than
whom are hundreds of faces in Petersburg, which is so poor in
beauty. She is more beautiful than the Aphrodite of the Louvre, more
beautiful than all the beauties of the past.
“Thou seest thyself in the mirror just as thou art without me. In
me thou seest thyself just as the one who loves thee, sees thee. For
his sake thou and I art one; for him there is no one more beautiful
than thou; for him all ideals grow obscure in thy presence. Is it
not so?”
“Yes! oh, yes!”

VI

“Now, thou knowest who I am; know what I am. I have all the
enjoyment of sense which Astarte had; she is the original mother97
of all of the rest of us tsaritsas who succeeded her. I have the
rapture at the sight of beauty no less than Aphrodite had; I have the
reverence for purity which ‘Chastity’ possessed.
“But in me it is not as it was in them, but fuller, loftier, keener. The
virtue possessed by ‘Chastity’ is combined in me with the quality
which distinguished Astarte and that which distinguished Aphrodite.
And while I combine in me these other powers, each of them
becomes greater and better from the union. But more, far more
power is given to each of these qualities by that new power which I
have, and which none of the former tsaritsas had. This new power in
me serves to distinguish me from them—the equal rights of those
who love, equality in the relations between them as men—and from
this new power it comes that there is far more beauty in me than
in them.
“When a man recognizes the equal rights of a woman with
himself, he ceases to regard her as his personal property. Then she
loves him as he loves her, only because she wants to love; but if she
does not want to love, he has no right over her, as she has none
over him. Therefore in me is freedom.
“Aside from equal rights and freedom, all that in me, which was
also possessed by the former tsaritsas, gets a new character, a
loftier charm, a charm which had not been known until I appeared,
and in comparison with which all else which was known till I came
is nothing.
“Till I appeared, people had no idea of perfect enjoyment of
freedom, because, without free inclinations on both sides, no one
who loves can have a keen rapture. Till I appeared, people had no
idea of the full enjoyment in the contemplation of beauty, because if
beauty is revealed not by a free inclination, there can be no keen
rapture in its contemplation. Without free inclination, both
enjoyment and rapture are dull, in comparison with what they are in
me. My chastity is purer than that ‘Chastity’ which spoke only of the
purity of the body; I possess purity of heart. I am free, because
there is no deceit in me, no hypocrisy. I shall say not a word which
does not express what I feel; I shall give no kiss which is not from
the heart. But all that which is new in me, which gives a loftier
charm to all that was in the former tsaritsas, that in itself constitutes
in me a charm which is loftier than all else. A master is embarrassed
before his servant; a servant before his master. Only in the presence
of his equals is a man entirely at his ease. With a lower nature one
feels dull; only with an equal is there happiness. Therefore, till I
appeared, man did not know full happiness or love. All that he felt
before I came is not worthy of being called happiness; it was only a
momentary excitement. And woman! how pitiful woman was before
I appeared! She was then an abject, servile person. She was in fear;
until I came, she knew too little what love is. Where there is fear
there can be no love.
 “Therefore, if you want to express in one word what I am, this
word is ‘Equal Rights.’98 Without it enjoyment of the body, delight in
beauty, are tedious, gloomy, wretched; without it there is no purity
of heart; there is fallacious purity of body. From it, as from equality,
originates my freedom, without which I were not.
“I have told all things to thee, and thou canst tell them to others,
all things that I am now. But my kingdom now is small. I must guard
those who are under my allegiance from the slander of those who do
not know me; I cannot yet express all my will to all people, to all
men. I shall express it to all, when my kingdom shall embrace all
men, when all men shall be beautiful in body and pure in heart.
Then I shall show them all my beauty. But thou! thy fate is specially
fortunate. I shall not disturb thee, I shall not harm thee, by telling
thee what I shall be when not a few, as now, but all, shall be worthy
of recognizing me as their tsaritsa. To thee alone I shall tell the
secrets of my fortune. Swear that thou will be silent, and listen.”

VII99

VIII

“Oh, my love! now I know all thy will. I know that it will come to
pass, but how will it come to pass? How will people live then?
“I by myself cannot tell thee that. For this I must have the aid of
my older sister, the one who appeared to thee long ago. She is my
mistress and my servant. I can only be what she makes me; but she
is working for me. Sister, come to my aid.”
 The sister of her sisters, the bride of her bridegrooms. “Good
morning, sister,” she says to the tsaritsa. “Thou, too, art here,
sister?” she says to Viéra Pavlovna. “Thou wishest to see how men
are going to live when this adopted tsaritsa of mine shall reign over
all. Behold!”
An edifice; an enormous, enormous edifice, such as can be seen
only in the largest capitals—or, no, at the present time there is none
such in the world. It stands amid fields of grain, meadows, gardens,
and groves. The fields of grain—this is our grain—they are not such
as we have now, but rich, rich, abundant, abundant. Is it wheat?
Who ever saw such heads? Who ever saw such grain? Only in
forcing-houses is it possible to make such heads of wheat, such
royal grain! The meadows are our meadows; but such flowers as
these are now found only in flower-gardens. Orchards are full of
lemon-trees, oranges, peaches, and apricots. How can they grow in
the open air? O yes, there are columns around them; they are
opened in summer; yes, these orangeries are opened for the
summer. Groves; these are our groves—oak and linden, maple and
elm; yes, just the same groves as now. Very great care is taken of
them. There are sickly trees among them, but the groves are the
same: they are the same trees as now. But this edifice! what is it?
what style of architecture? There is nothing like it now; no, but there
is one that points toward it—the palace which stands on Sydenham
Hill, built of cast-iron and glass—cast-iron and glass, and that is all.
No, not all; that is only the integument of an edifice—the outside
walls. But inside of this palace is a real house, a tremendous house!
This integument of cast-iron and glass only covers it as by a sheath;
it forms around it wide galleries on all the floors. How simple is the
architecture of the inward house! What narrow spaces between the
windows! and the windows are huge and lofty, the whole height
from floor to floor; its stone walls, like rows of pilasters, forming the
frame for the windows which open out into the galleries. But what
floors and ceilings these are! What are these doors and window-
frames made of? What is it? Silver? Platinum? And the furniture is
almost all of the same metal; wooden furniture is little more than a
caprice here—only for the sake of variety. But what are all the rest of
the furniture, the ceilings and floors, made of? “Try to move this
chair,” says the elder sister. “This metallic furniture is lighter than
ours made of walnut. But what is this metal? Akh! I know now.
Sasha showed me a little board like this; it was light, like glass; and
now earrings and brooches are made out of it. Yes, Sasha said that
sooner or later aluminum would take the place of wood, or maybe
even of stone. But how rich everything is! Everywhere is aluminum
and aluminum, and all the spaces between the windows are adorned
by large mirrors. And what carpets on the floors! Here in this parlor
half of the floor is bare, and so you can see that it is made of
aluminum. Here you see that it is unpolished, lest it should be too
slippery. Here children are playing, and together with them their
elders; and here in this other hall the floor is also bare, for the
dancers. And everywhere are tropical trees and flowers; the whole
house is a large winter garden.”
But who lives in this house which is more magnificent than
palaces? “Here live many, very many. Come, we will see.” They go to
the balcony which corresponds with the upper floor of the gallery.
How is it that Viéra Pavlovna did not notice it before? On these fields
groups of people are scattered; men and women everywhere, young
folks and old together; but the majority are young; a few old men,
still less old women; there are more children than old men, but still
few. More than half the children are indoors, attending to the
housework. They do almost everything in the house; they like it very
much. There are a few old women with them; but there are few old
men and old women here, because here they grow old very late.
“Here is a healthful and peaceful life; it preserves the freshness.”
The groups which are working in the fields are almost all singing.
What work are they doing? Akh, it is harvest-time. They are getting
in the grain. How quick the work goes on! But how can it help going
on quickly, and how can they help singing? Almost all the work is
done by machines, which are reaping and binding the sheaves, and
carrying them away. The men have scarcely more to do than look
on, drive and manage the machines, and how well everything is
arranged for themselves! It is a hot day, but they of course don’t
mind it. Over that part of the field where they are working is
stretched a huge awning; as the work advances, this also moves.
What a fine shadow they have manufactured! How can they help
working quickly and gayly? How can they help singing? In such a
way I too would become a harvest hand. And all songs, all songs—
unfamiliar ones, new ones; and here they have remembered ours
also: I know it:—

“We shall live with thee like nobles;

All these people are our friends;
Whatsoe’er thy soul desireth,
We shall all attain our ends.”100

But here the work is done, and all go to the edifice. “Let us again
go into the hall; let us see how they will dine,” says the elder sister.
They enter the very largest of the mighty halls. Half of it is occupied
with tables; the tables are already laid—how many of them there
are! How many people are going to dine here! Yes, a thousand or
more: not all are, for those who please dine privately. The old
women, the old men, and the children who did not go out into the
field got all this ready. “To cook the meals, to keep the house in
order, to clean the rooms, this is very easy work for other hands,”
says the other sister. “Those who are not able to do anything else
must do this.”
What magnificent dishes! All of aluminum and glass. On the
middle aisle are vases of flowers. The dishes are already on the
table; the workingmen have come; all sit down at the table, both
they and those who got ready the dinner. But who will be the
waiters? “When? At dinnertime? Why? There are only five courses:
those which must be kept hot are placed where they will not get
cold. Do you see these recesses? These are pans filled with boiling
water,” says the elder sister. “You live comfortably, you like a good
table; do you often have such a dinner as this?” “Several times a
year. This is an everyday dinner with these people; whoever pleases
has a better one, with whatever he may prefer. But then a different
account is kept, and whoever does not ask for anything beyond what
the rest have, no special account is kept, and all is arranged this
way: all which the whole company can afford to enjoy is given
without special accounts, but for every special thing or luxury a
special account is kept.”
“Are these really our people? Is this really our country? I heard
their song; they speak Russian.”
“Yes, you see not far from here is a river—it is the Oka; these
people belong to us; for when I am with you I am a Russian!”
“Did you bring about all this?”
“All this was done for my sake, and I gave the inspiration for the
accomplishment of it; I inspired the completion of it, but she, my
older sister, is doing this. She is a worker, but I only enjoy the fruits
of her work.”
“And will all people live this way?”
“Yes,” replied the elder sister. “For all an everlasting spring and
summer, an everlasting joy! But we have shown you only the end of
my half-day—the work and the beginning of their indoor life; now we
see them in the evening, a little later.”

IX

“The flowers have wilted, and the leaves begin to fall from the trees;
the picture grows gloomy; it would be too melancholy to look upon;
here it would be gloomy to live,” says the elder sister. “I do not like
it. The halls are deserted; there is no one in the fields,” says the
elder sister. “I have arranged this according to my sister, the
tsaritsa’s desire.”
“Is the palace really deserted?”
“Yes, it is cold and damp here. Here, out of two thousand people,
only ten or twenty of those originals for whom it seemed a pleasant
variety to remain here for the present, in this solitude, in seclusion,
to look at the northern autumn. After some time during the winter
there will be constant change: small parties will come—lovers of
winter sports—to spend several days here in winter fashion.”
 “But where are they now?”
“Everywhere that is warm and comfortable,” says the elder sister.
“In summer when there is much work here and it is pleasant, many
different guests come here from the south; we were in the house
when the whole company consisted of guests like you; but a good
many houses are built for the guests in other places; and the guests
belonging to different nations and the housekeepers live together,
each one selecting the company which best pleases him. But while
taking a good many guests in summer as helpers in the work, you,
yourself, during seven or eight bad months of your year, leave for
the south wherever you please. But you have in the south a special
portion where the main portion of you live. That part is called
New Russia.”
“Is that Odessa and Kherson?”
“That is in your time; but behold where the New Russia is.”
Mountains clad in gardens; amid the mountains narrow ravines,
wide valleys. “These mountains used to be naked crags,” says the
elder sister. “Now they are covered with a thick layer of earth, and
often amid the garden grow copses of lofty trees, beneath which, on
the damp hollows, are plantations of coffee-trees; higher up, date-
palms, fig-trees, vineyards mingled with plantations of sugarcane; in
the fields grow wheat, but there is more of rice.”
“What land is this?”
“Let us for a moment rise a little higher, and you shall see that it is
boundless.” Far to the northwest are wide rivers, which unite and
flow towards those eastern and southern places from which Viéra
Pavlovna is looking. Farther, in that same southeasterly direction, she
sees long, wide bays; on the south the land stretches far away
between these bays, and the long, narrow sea which forms its
western boundary. Between the narrow bays and the sea, which
opens out towards the west is a narrow isthmus. “But we are in the
centre of the desert,” says the astonished Viéra Pavlovna.
“Yes, the centre of what used to be a desert, but now, as you see,
everything has been changed, all the space from the Green River on
the northeast has been turned into a fertile land, just as it was
in olden times; and again it has become that zone, extending to
the north, which in olden times was said to ‘overflow with milk
and honey.’
“We are not very far, as you see, from the southern boundary of
the cultivated land; the mountainous part of the peninsula remains,
as yet, a sandy, fruitless steppe, such as, in your day, the whole
peninsula used to be. Every year the people, you Russians, are
pushing away the boundary of the desert to the south; others are
working in other lands; all have sufficient room, and enough to do to
live comfortably and abundantly; yes, from the great northeastern
rivers. All the region towards the south, till you come to the great
peninsula, is green, and full of flowers; over the whole region stand
built grand palaces, as in the north, three versts apart, like
numberless, great chessmen on a mighty chessboard. Let us
descend to one of them,” says the elder sister.
The same kind of grand crystal house, but its columns are white.
“They are made of aluminum,” says the elder sister; “because it is
hot here, and white becomes less heated in the sun; it is somewhat
dearer than cast-iron, but it is better suited to the climate.”
But besides, they have devised this plan: at a long distance,
around the crystal palace, are placed rows of lofty, thin pillars, and
upon them, high over the palace, over the whole dvor, and for half a
verst around it is stretched a white awning.
“It is kept ever moistened with water.” says the elder sister; “you
see from every column a little fountain rises higher than the awning,
and scatters its drops around, and therefore it is comfortable to live
here for the varying temperature to suit themselves.”
“But who likes heat and the bright southern sun?”
“You see at a distance there are tents and pavilions; everyone can
live as he pleases: I lead the world, and I work with no other end
in view.”
“So these cities remain for those who like cities?”
“Such people are few. There are less towns than before—almost
only those which on the best harbors are needed as centres of
communication, and the interchange of commodities with other
centres of exchange. But these cities are larger and more beautiful
than the former; people go there sometimes for recreation; the
greater part of the inhabitants are all the time changing, and they
remain there for work but a short time.”
“But who wants to live there constantly?”
“They live just as you do in your Petersburgs, Parises, Londons.
Whose affair is that? Who is to interfere? Let everybody live as he
pleases; but the greatest majority, ninety-nine out of every hundred,
live just as I and my sister have showed you, because it is more
pleasant, and more profitable to them. But go into the palace; it is
quite late; it is time to see them.”
“But no, first I want to know how this happened.”
“What?”
“That a fruitless desert became a most fruitful land, where almost
all of us spend two-thirds of our year.”
“How this happened? Is there anything miraculous in it? This
happened not in the course of one year, not in ten; they have been
bringing it about gradually. They brought clay from northeast, from
the shores of the great river; from the northwest, from the shores of
the great sea. They possess a great number of such powerful
machines: the clay solidified the sand; they constructed canals; they
arranged for irrigation; verdure made its appearance; the
atmosphere became more moist; the work went forward step by
step, for many versts, but sometimes only a verst a year, just as they
are going towards the south; is there anything miraculous in this?
They only became intelligent; they used for their own advancement
a great many powers and expedients which had been expended
before without utility or directly for their injury. It is not in vain that I
am laboring and teaching. It was only hard for people to learn what
was useful; they were in your time such savages, such ruffians, such
barbarians, such idiots, but I kept on teaching them, teaching them;
and as soon as they began to comprehend, then it was not hard to
fulfil my teachings. I demand nothing difficult; you know it. You are
doing some for my sake in my method, even now; is it difficult?”
“No.”
“Of course not. Remember your shop, your sewing union. Did you
have great means? Did you have more than others?”
“No; what means did we have?”
 “And yet your seamstresses have tenfold more conveniences,
twenty-fold more happiness in life, and they experience a
hundredfold less unpleasantness than others with such small means
as you had. You yourself have proved that even in your time people
can live very comfortably. It is only necessary to be reasonable,
to make a good start, to know how to use your means to the
best advantage.”
“Yes, yes, I know it.”
“Now go and see a little more carefully how these people are
living some time after they began to understand what you
understood long ago.”

They enter a house; again the same sort of enormous, magnificent

parlors. A party is in progress, full of gayety and joy. It is three hours
since sunset; it is the very tide of joy. How bright the parlor is
lighted! With what? no candelabra are to be seen anywhere, nor
gas-jets. Akh! it is from here—in the rotunda of the hall is a great
pane through which the light falls; of course it must be such—just
like sunlight, white, bright, and soft; this is the electric light.101
There are a thousand people in the hall, but there is room enough
for thrice as many. “And there are thrice as many when they have
company,” says the radiant one, “and sometimes even more.”
“What is it? Is it not a ball? Is it a mere everyday gathering?”
“Certainly.”
At the present day this would have been a court ball, so bright, so
magnificent are the costumes of the women. Yes, it is other times,
as you can see by the cut of the dresses. There are some ladies in
the dress of our time; but it is evident that they wear them for
variety’s sake, as a joke; yes, they are masquerading, making sport
of this kind of dress. Others wear most varied costumes of different
eastern and southern cuts, but all of them are more graceful than
ours. But the predominating costume seems like the one worn by
the Grecian women during the artistic age of Athens, very easy and
comfortable; and the men also wear wide and flowing garments
without waists—something like mantles or cloaks—evidently their
everyday house-dress. But how tasteful and beautiful this dress!
How soft and exquisitely it outlines the form! how it adds to the
grace of the motions! And what an orchestra! There are more than
a hundred musicians, both men and women; but above all what
a choir!
“No, in all Europe in your day there were not ten such voices as
you find here by the hundred, and in every other house it is the
same. But the style of life is very different from that of old; it is very
healthy, and at the same time very elegant, and therefore the chest
becomes broader and the voice better,” says the radiant tsaritsa. But
the people in the orchestra and in the choir are constantly changing;
some leave, and others take their place. Some go to dance, and
some from among the dancers release them.
This evening is an everyday, ordinary evening; they dance and
enjoy themselves every evening in this way. But did I ever see such
energetic joy? And how can their joy help having an energy
unknown to ours? They work well in the morning. Whoever has not
worked enough does not give his nervous system the zest, and so
cannot feel the fullness of the enjoyment. And even now the
happiness of the common people, if by chance they succeed in living
happy, is more intense, keen, and fresh than ours; but the chances
for our common people to be happy are very poor. But here the
means of happiness are richer than for us; and the happiness of our
common people is disturbed by the remembrance of the
inconveniences and deprivations, misfortunes and sufferings in the
past, and by the anticipation of similar things to come. Their
happiness is a transitory forgetfulness of want and woe. But can
want and woe be absolutely forgotten? Do not the sands of the
desert spread? Do not the miasmas of the swamp bring contagion
upon the small plan of the good land which may have good air
between the desert and the swamp?
 But here there are no remembrances, no dangers of want and
woe; there are only remembrances of free labor with full
satisfaction, of abundance, of good, and of enjoyment. Here the
expectations of the time to come are the same. What a comparison!
And again, the nerves only of our working people are strong, and
therefore they are able to endure a great deal of enjoyment; but
they are coarse, obtuse; but here the nerves are strong as those of
our laborers, and developed, susceptible, just as with us. The
preparation for enjoyment, a healthy, keen thirst for it, such as none
of our day have, such as is given only by perfect and physical labor,
are combined in people here with all the delicacy of sense such as
we have. They have all our mental culture together with the physical
development of our strong working people. It is comprehensible that
their enjoyment, that their pleasure, that their passion, are more
lively, keener, wider, and sweeter than with us. Happy people!
No; people now do not know what enjoyment means, because as
yet there is no sort of life adapted to it, and there are no such
people. Only such people can be fully happy and know all the glory
of enjoyment. How they flourish in health and strength! how slender
and graceful they are! how full of energy and expression are their
features! All of them are joyous and beautiful men and women,
living free lives of labor and enjoyment. Happy are they! happy
are they!
With a joyous noise half of them meet together in the mighty
hall—but where are the other half?
“Where are the others?” asks the radiant tsaritsa; “they are
everywhere: some of them are in the theatre, some are actors,
some are musicians, others are spectators, just as it may please
them; some of them are scattered in the lecture-halls, museums, or
in the libraries; some of them are in the alleys of the garden; some
in their rooms, or are taking rest in seclusion, or are with their
children; but more, more than all, and this is my secret.…
“This is my kingdom. Here everything is for me! Labor—the
readiness for enjoyment of feelings and strength for me—enjoyment
is the readiness for me and rest after me. Here I am the aim of life;
here I am the whole of life.”
 XI

“In my sister, the tsaritsa, lies the loftiest enjoyment of life,” says the
oldest sister; “but you shall see that every happiness here is suited
to everyone’s special faculty. All live here in the way that it is best for
each to live; there is a full volition, a free volition for everyone here.
“What you have been shown here will not soon reach its full
development as you have just seen it. A good many generations will
pass before your presentiment of it will be realized. No, not many
generations: my work is now advancing rapidly, more rapidly with
every year; but still you will never see the full sway of my sister, at
least you have seen it; you know the future. It is bright, it is
beautiful. Tell everybody. Here is what is to be! The future is bright
and beautiful. Love it! seek to reach it! work for it! bring it nearer to
men! transfer from it into the present whatever you may be able to
transfer. Your life will be bright, beautiful, rich with happiness and
enjoyment, in proportion as you are able to transfer into it the things
of the future. Strive to reach it! work for it! bring it nearer to man.
Transfer from it into the present all that you are able to transfer.”102
 XVI

A year later the new union was in perfect running order. Both shops
were closely connected; one shop would give the other orders when
there was slack work and the other had time to fill them. A running
account was kept between them. Their means proved sufficient to
enable them to open a sale-shop on the Nevsky, when once they
had knit the bonds between them closer still. The arrangement of
this cost Viéra Pavlovna and Mertsálova a great deal of trouble.
Although the two unions were friendly, although one often gave
receptions to the other, although they often united for picnics out of
town, still the idea of the union of accounts of two different shops
was a new idea, of which it was necessary to give long and careful
explanations. However, the benefit of having their own sale-shop on
the Nevsky was evident, and in a few months of labor in joining the
two accounts, Viéra Pavlovna succeeded in accomplishing it: on the
Nevsky appeared a new sign. “Au Bon Travail: Magasin des
Nouveautés.” After this sale-shop was opened, the business began
to increase more rapidly than before, and the profits were much
larger. Mertsálova and Viéra Pavlovna already began to dream that in
two years, instead of two shops, there would be four, five, and then
soon ten and twenty.
Three months after the sale-shop was opened, one of Kirsánof’s
friends, or rather one of his acquaintances at the medical school,
came to him, told him a great deal about his various medical
experiences, and still more about his wonderfully successful cures,
which were performed by laying across the chest and abdomen two
small bags filled with crushed ice, each of which was wrapped up in
four napkins; and, at the conclusion of all, he said that one of his
acquaintances wanted to make Kirsánof’s acquaintance.
 Kirsánof granted his request; it was pleasant acquaintance; they
talked about a good many subjects, among others about the shop.
He explained that the shop was opened exclusively for mercantile
purposes. They talked about the sign of the shop, whether it was a
good thing to put upon the sign the word travail. Kirsánof said that
travail meant work, and Au Bon Travail meant a shop that did good
work. They discussed the question whether it would not be better to
put a proper name on instead of such a device. Kirsánof said that his
wife’s Russian name would cause a mercantile failure. Finally he
devised the following expedient: His wife’s name was Viéra; in
French Viéra means foi. If on the sign could be put the words A la
Bonne Foi, instead of Au Bon Travail, would not that be sufficient?
There would be nothing suspicious about “a shop of good faith,” and
the khozyáïka’s name would still be on the sign. After arguing the
matter over, they decided that it could be done. Kirsánof, with
special eagerness, turned the conversation to questions like this, and
he generally succeeded in obtaining his purpose. So that, when he
returned home, he was very well content with himself.
But, at all events, Mertsálova and Viéra Pavlovna considerably
clipped the wings of their imaginations, and they began to work hard
to go ahead with their present enterprise.
Thus, after their superfluous enthusiasm about opening a good
many shops had cooled down, the sewing union and the sale-shop
still lived, not developing with too great rapidity, but rejoicing in the
very fact of existence. Kirsánof’s new acquaintance continued to
afford him much pleasure. Thus passed two years or more, without
any events of special importance.
 XVII
A Letter from Ekaterina Vasílyevna Pólozova

St. Petersburg, Aug. 29, 1860.

My Dear Paulina—
I have been so delighted with an absolute novelty which I have
lately discovered, and to which I am now devoting all my energies,
that I want to describe it to you. I am sure that you too will become
interested in it. But the main thing is, you yourself may find it
possible to undertake something of the same sort. It is so delightful,
my dear.
The thing which I am going to describe to you is a sewing shop,
or rather two shops, both arranged on one plan by a woman with
whom I became acquainted only two weeks ago, and who is already
a real friend. I am now helping her, on condition that she should
help me by and by to arrange a similar shop. This Madame Viéra
Pavlovna Kirsánova is still young, gay, kind, and—entirely to my
taste; that is, she is more like you, Paulina, than your Kátya, who is
such a queer soul—is an openhearted, lively lady. After I heard
accidentally about her sewing shop, I was told only about one of
them. I went directly to her without any introduction or subterfuges,
and simply said that I had become interested in her shop. We were
drawn to each other from the very first; all the more, because
Kirsánof, her husband, I found the very same Doctor Kirsánof who,
five years ago, did me, you remember, such magnificent service.
After we talked half an hour, and she saw that I really
sympathized with such things, Viéra Pavlovna took me over her
shop, the one in which she has an active part (the first one which
she established was taken in charge by one of her acquaintances, a
very nice young married lady), and I am going to tell you the
impressions of my first visit. They were so new and striking, that I
took them down at that time in my diary, though I had long before
ceased to keep it, but which I have begun again for a special reason,
which maybe I will tell you about at some other time. I am very,
very glad that I put these impressions on paper, for by this time I
should have forgotten a good many impressions which surprised me
then; and today, only two weeks after, it seems to me the most
ordinary thing in the world—indeed, as though it could not be
otherwise. But the more commonplace this thing becomes to me,
the more I get attached to it, because it is a very good thing. And
so, Paulina, I shall begin the quotation from my diary, adding such
particulars as I have since learned.
A sewing shop—what do you think that I saw there? We stopped
at the main entrance. Viéra Pavlovna led me up a very nice flight of
stairs, such stairs as you often find decorated with Switzers. We
went in on the third floor; Viéra Pavlovna rang the bell, and I found
myself in a great parlor with a grand piano and handsome
furniture—in a word, the parlor seemed like that of a private family
spending for their living four or five thousand rubles a year. Is that
the shop? Is this one of the rooms occupied by the seamstresses?
“Yes. This is the reception room and parlor for evening gatherings;
let us go to those rooms where the seamstresses live. They are now
in the working rooms, and we shall disturb no one.” Here is what
I saw as I went from room to room, and Viéra Pavlovna explained
to me.
The whole establishment of the shop is composed of three
apartments, which open upon one landing and which was made into
one apartment after the doors which led between them were taken
away. These apartments used to be rented for seven hundred, five
hundred and fifty, and four hundred and twenty-five rubles a year, a
total of one thousand six hundred and seventy-five rubles. But when
they were rented all together on a five years’ lease, the landlord
agreed to let them have it for twelve hundred and fifty. All in all,
there are twenty-one rooms in the shop, two of which are very large,
having four windows; one is the reception room, the other the
dining-room; in two others, also large ones, the work is carried on.
They use the rest for living-rooms. We went through six or seven
rooms, in which the girls were living. (I am still referring to my first
visit.) These rooms are nicely furnished in mahogany or walnut.
Some of them have tall mirrors; in others there are very handsome
pier glasses; a good many well-made chairs and sofas. The furniture
in each room varies, nearly all of it at bargains for low prices. These
rooms in which they live are like the apartments such as middle-
class tchinovniks occupy, the families of old natcholniks of
departments or young office natcholniks who are on the road to
becoming natcholniks of departments. The larger rooms are
occupied by three girls; in one, live as many as four, but in the other,
only two.
We went into the working rooms, and the girls busy there seemed
to be dressed like the daughters, sisters, or young wives of
tchinovniks; some wore silk dresses of simple stuffs; some barège,
some of muslin. The faces had that softness and freshness which are
developed only by comfort. You can imagine how all this surprised
me. We stayed quite a while in the working rooms, and I got
acquainted here with some of the girls. Viéra Pavlovna told them
why I called. The degree of their accomplishments was unequal.
Some of them spoke with the language of cultured society, were
acquainted with literature like our baruishnas, had a good idea of
history and about foreign lands, and about all sorts of things which
go to make up the ordinary run of ideas among the young ladies of
our society. Two of them were really well read. Some of them who
entered the shop recently were less developed, but still you could
speak with each of them as with a girl of some culture. As a general
thing the degree of development was proportionate to the time the
girl had been in the shop.
Viéra Pavlovna attended to various things; occasionally she came
back to me, and I talked with the girls, and thus we spent the time
till dinner. Dinner every day is composed of three courses. On that
day they had rice soup, boiled fish, and veal. After dinner, tea and
coffee were brought on. The dinner was so good that I ate with real
appetite, and I should consider it no deprivation if I had to eat such
dinners always.
But you know that my father even now has a good cook. This was
the general impression of my first visit. I was told and I knew that I
was going to a shop occupied by sewing girls, that I should see
sewing girls, that I should be shown the room of sewing girls, that I
should eat dinner with sewing girls; instead of that I saw the
apartments of people of moderate means, living together in one
establishment; I saw girls of the middle class of tchinovniks, or of
the low ranks of the nobility; I ate dinner, not a very grand one, to
be sure, but satisfying to me—what about it? How is it possible?
After we got back to Viéra Pavlovna’s house, she and her husband
explained to me that there was nothing wonderful at all about it. By
the way, Kirsánof wrote me as an example a little account of
the experiment which has remained between the leaves of my
diary. I am going to copy it for you; but first I want to say a few
words more.
Instead of poverty, comfort; instead of filth, not only cleanliness,
but even some luxury; instead of rudeness, is considerable culture.
All this is the result of two causes. On the one hand, the number
of the sewing girls is increasing; on the other, a great economy
in expenditure.
You see why they get more income; they are working on their own
account; they are their own mistresses; and therefore they receive
that part which would be kept as profit by the head of the shop. But
this is not all; while working for their own benefit and on their own
account, they are much more careful in using what they are working
upon, and of their time; the work is done more rapidly, and there are
less expenses in it.
Naturally there is also a great deal of economy in regard to their
living expenses. They buy all things in large quantities; they pay
ready cash for everything, and so they get things cheaper than if
they bought on credit and at retail. The things are carefully selected
because they understand their business; and so everything is bought
not only cheaper but also better than poor people generally have a
chance to buy.
 Besides this, many of their expenses are greatly diminished, or
become entirely unnecessary. Think, for instance, to go every day
two or three visits to the shop, how much wear and tear comes on
the shoes and clothes! I shall give you one little example which can
be applied in everything of this sort. Not to have an umbrella means
to spoil a dress from the rain. Now listen to what Viéra Pavlovna told
me. A simple linen umbrella costs, let us suppose, two rubles. There
are twenty-five sewing girls who live in the shop. An umbrella for
each would cost fifty rubles; and whoever had no umbrella would
lose more than two rubles by the destruction of clothes. But they live
together; no one of them leaves the house unless she pleases, and
so it happens that in stormy weather only a few go out. So they
found that five umbrellas were enough. These umbrellas are nice silk
ones; they cost five rubles apiece. All the cost of umbrellas is
twenty-five rubles, or a ruble apiece for each girl. You see that each
one of them is using a good one instead of a bad one, and at the
same time has only a half of the expense. And so it is with a good
many trifles which amount to a good deal in the long run. Just as it
is with their rent, so it is with the table. For instance, this dinner
which I told you about cost five rubles and fifty kopeks, or five
rubles and seventy-five kopeks, with bread, but without tea and
coffee. At the table were thirty-seven people besides me and Viéra
Pavlovna. Of course several children were included in that number.
Five rubles and seventy-five kopeks for thirty-seven people makes
less than sixteen kopeks103 apiece, less than five rubles a month.
And Viéra Pavlovna says that if a person dines by himself, he can
have scarcely anything for this money except bread and such
wretched stuff as you find at small stores. At a restaurant, a dinner
like this, only not so nicely served, would cost forty kopeks,
according to Viéra Pavlovna. For thirty kopeks it would be much
worse. This difference can be appreciated; a restaurant keeper, while
preparing a dinner for twenty people or less, must support himself
on this money, must have a house, and have a servant. But here
these extra expenses are entirely done away with, or are greatly
diminished. The wages of two old women, who are relations of two
of the sewing girls, and that is the whole expense of the kitchen
stuff. Now you render the calculation which Kirsánof made for me by
way of example, when I called upon them for the first time. After he
wrote it, he said:—
“Of course I can’t give exact figures, as it would be hard to get at
them, because you know each mercantile enterprise, each selling
shop, each sewing shop, has its own income and expense account,
just as each family has its own degree of economy in incurring
expenses with special proportions between their various
expenditures. I am giving you the figures only by way of example;
but to make the account more impressive, I shall make the figures
less than the real profits of our concern, in comparison with the real
expenses of almost every commercial enterprise and almost every
poor family.
“The receipts of a commercial enterprise from the sale of goods,”
continued Kirsánof, “is divided into three main portions: one goes for
the salary of the employees; the second for the other expenses of
the concern, say the rent of the building, lights, materials for works;
the third makes the khozyáïn’s income. Let us suppose that the
receipts are divided in this proportion: for the wages of the
employees, half of the receipts; for the other expenses, one-fourth;
the last quarter is profit. This means that if the employees receive
one hundred rubles, then the other expenses rate fifty rubles; the
khozyáïn has also fifty rubles. Now let us see what the employees
receive according to our system.” Kirsánof began to read his scale
of figures:—

They receive their salary… 100 rubles

They are themselves employers, and thus
they receive the income of the khozyáïn… 50 rubles
Their working rooms are joined to their own 16 rubles, 67 kopeks
private rooms, and so they get them at a
cheaper rate; they are careful about
materials; in this way the saving is greatly
166 rubles, 67 kopeks
 increased, I think a full half, but let us say
a third part: from the 60 rubles which
would go towards this expense they save
for their income…
166 rubles, 67 kopeks

“Here we have already,” continued Kirsánof, “brought it about that

our working people receive one hundred and sixty-six rubles and
sixty-seven kopeks, when, according to the other order of things,
they would have only a hundred rubles. But they gain still more:
working for their own benefit, they work more industriously, and
therefore more successfully, quicker. Let us suppose that in an
ordinary, uninspired work they would succeed in making five
things—in our trade, five dresses; now they succeed in making six.
This proportion is too small; but let us adopt it. Then, at a time
when an ordinary enterprise is earning five rubles, ours earns six:—

From the rapidity of energetic work the

receipts and the income are increased
one-fifth part of 166 rubles, 67
kopeks, thus… 33 rubles, 33 kopeks
Plus the former… 166 rubles, 67 kopeks
200 rubles

“Therefore ours have larger profits than others,” continued

Kirsánof. “Now, as to the use of this profit. Having double as much
means, we can use them to much better advantage. Here is a
double profit, as you know. In the first place, from the fact that
everything is bought wholesale, let us suppose that from this a third
part is gained. Things which at retail and on credit would cost three
rubles now cost two. In reality the profit is greater. Let us take, for
example, the house: if these rooms were rented singly,104 there
would live in these seventeen rooms—each with its two windows,
three and four persons—a total (say) of fifty-five; in two rooms with
three windows, six persons each; and in the two with four windows,
nine persons each. Twelve and eighteen make thirty, and fifty-five in
the little rooms; thus the whole apartment would contain eighty-five
people. Each of them would pay three and a half rubles a month,
which makes forty-two rubles a year. And so these petty landlords,
who make a business of renting out ‘corners,’ take for such an
establishment forty-two multiplied by eighty-five—3,570 rubles. Our
members have this same establishment for 1,250 rubles, almost
three times as cheap. So it is in a good many things, almost all,
everything. Probably I should not reach the true proportion, if I
estimated the saving at one-half; but I shall place it also at a third.
And this is not all. With such a mode of life they are freed from the
necessity of incurring many expenses, or, rather, they need many
less things.”
Viérotchka here offered, as an example, shoes and dresses. Let us
suppose that from this the quantity of things bought is diminished by
one-fourth; instead of four pairs of shoes, three are sufficient, or
three dresses are worn as long as four used to be. This proportion is
also too small; but see what results these proportions give:—

The cheapness of the things purchased is reckoned as

causing a saving of one-third part; that is, suppose
that for three things two rubles are spent instead of
three; but, according to our system, these three
things satisfy as many necessities as in the old system
would have been satisfied by not less than four: that
is equivalent to saying that for our 200 rubles our
seamstresses have as many things as, according to
the old system, they got for 300 rubles; and that
these things, according to our system, afford them as
many comforts as in the old system would have been
afforded by a sum of… 400 rubles

“Compare the life of a family spending 1,000 rubles a year with

the life of a family spending 4,000 rubles a year. Isn’t it true that you
would find a great difference?” continued Kirsánof. “According to our
system, there is just this proportion, if not even larger. With this
system there are double receipts, and the profits are used to twice
as great advantage. Is it surprising that you found the life of our
sewing girls quite different from what seamstresses had according to
the old system?”
Here is the marvel which I saw, my dear Paulina, and this is its
simple explanation. I am so used to it now that it seems strange to
me how it ever did seem strange to me that I did never expect to
find such a state of things as I found. Write me, if ever you have
the chance of devoting yourself to what I am getting ready to do;
that is, the establishment of a sewing shop, or another shop on the
same system.
It is so delightful, Paulina!

Yours, K. Pólozova.

P.S. I forgot entirely to speak about the other shop; but no matter;
let it go till next time. Now I will only say that the older shop has
branched out more, and therefore in all respects higher, than the
one which I described to you. In the details of the arrangements
there is a great difference between them, because everything is
made to suit circumstances.
 Part V
New People, and the Finale
 I

Miss Pólozova, in her letter to her friend, referred to her gratitude to

Viéra Pavlovna’s husband. To explain this it is necessary to explain
what kind of a man her father was.
Pólozof was a retired cavalry captain, or second captain of
horse,105 who, while in service, according to the custom of the olden
time, had squandered and gambled away quite a large patrimonial
estate. But after he had squandered it all, he resigned, and settled
down to the creation of a new fortune. Having gathered the last
crumbs which were left, he found that he had ten thousand rubles in
assignats. He went into the retail grain business; he began to
undertake all sorts of small contracts; he made the most of every
profitable enterprise which was within his means, and at the end of
ten years he had a good property. With the reputation of being such
a substantial and enterprising man, with his rank and famous name
in his neighborhood, he was able to choose from among the
merchants’ daughters of the two districts where his business
transactions were carried on; and he selected very discreetly one
with a dowry of half a million, all in assignats. He was then fifty
years old, and this was twenty years before we see his daughter
entering into friendly relations with Viéra Pavlovna. Adding such a
pile to his former wealth, he extended his business on a wider scale,
and ten years later he became a millionaire in silver rubles, as at this
time silver began to replace paper. His wife died. As she was used to
provincial life, she had kept him from moving to Petersburg. Now he
moved to Petersburg, “pushed up the hill” more rapidly still, and in
ten years was regarded as the possessor of three or four million
rubles. Girls and widows, young and old, set their caps106 at him;
but he had no wish to marry the second time, partly because he
preserved a genuine feeling for his wife’s memory, and, moreover,
because he did not want to give Kátja, whom he loved very warmly,
a stepmother.
Pólozof pushed and pushed up the mountain; he would have had
not three, not four millions, but ten, if he had given himself to
monopolies; but he despised them, and he considered contracts and
supplies the only honest business. His confreres in the millionocracy
laughed at such a slight and delicate distinction, and they were not
wrong; but he, though he was not in the right, kept repeating his
pet phrase, “I am a commercial man, and I do not want to get rich
by robbery.” But a year or a year and a half before his daughter
made Viéra Pavlovna’s acquaintance there appeared too clear proof
that there was very little difference between his trade and monopoly,
as far as the facts of the matter were concerned, though there was a
great difference according to his ideas. He undertook a great
contract; whether it was linen, or provisions, or boot-leather, I am
not sure; but as he had been becoming every year more stubborn
and supercilious on account of his age and his constant success, and
the increasing respect with which he was regarded, he quarrelled
with an important personage, got rather angry, berated him, and the
job proved to be a bad one. At the end of a week they bade him eat
humble pie: he said, “I won’t”; “You will collapse”; “All right, but I
won’t give in.” In a month he was told the same thing; he made the
same reply; and really, as far as eating humble pie was concerned,
he ate no humble pie; but as far as collapsing went—he collapsed!
His goods were rejected; moreover, whether there were actual
faults, or whether it came from ill will, at all events, his three or four
millions vanished. And Pólozof, at the age of seventy, found himself
a beggar; that is, a beggar compared to what he had been; but still,
without any comparison with what he had been, he lived well; he
had some shares in a stearine factory, and without hanging down his
nose, accepted the position of manager of this factory, at a good
salary. Besides that, there remained, by some chance, a few tens of
thousands of rubles. If such remnants of his fortune had been in his
hands fifteen or ten years before, they would have been enough to
help him push himself up a respectable mountain. But being over
sixty, it was hard for him to push himself, and Pólozof argued that it
was too late for him to try such a thing, and not within his strength.
Now he thought only about arranging as quickly as possible the sale
of the factory, the shares of which gave him scarcely any income, or
any credit, and the affairs of which it was difficult to bring into a
better order. He argued the case cleverly, and he succeeded in
explaining to the other chief shareholders that a quick sale was the
only way of saving the money buried in the shares. Another thing
which occupied his mind was a suitable marriage for his daughter.
But the main thing was to sell the factory, turn all the money into
five percent governmental bonds, which were at that time in vogue,
and to live the remainder of his days peacefully, remembering his
past grandeur, the loss of which he bore bravely, preserving all his
gayety and firmness.
 II

The father loved his Kátya; he did not allow ultra-high-society’s

governesses to train the girl too severely. “That is nonsense,” he
used to say at all straightenings of the figure, straightening of the
manners, and everything of this sort; and when Kátya was fifteen
years old, he agreed with her that she could do without English and
French governesses. Thus Kátja was entirely at her ease; she felt full
freedom in the house. And freedom for her at that time was not to
be disturbed in her reading and dreaming. She had few friends
among girls, though two or three were very intimate; but suitors for
her hand she had without number. She is Pólozof’s only daughter;
it’s terrible to speak of: four millions!
But Kátya read and dreamed, and the suitors remained in despair.
And Kátya reached the age of seventeen. Thus she read and
dreamed, and did not fall in love; but she suddenly began to grow
thin, and pale, and languid.
 III

Kirsánof did not care to practise, but he did not consider it right for
him to refuse consultations. But at this time—it was a year after he
became professor, and a year before he married Viéra Pavlovna—the
Big Wigs of the Petersburg medical world began to invite him very
often to consultations. There were two reasons for it. The first was
that there happened to be in the courts a certain Claude Bernard
who had lived in Paris. One of the Big Wigs, who went to Paris for
some reason, scientific or other, saw with his own eyes Claude
Bernard—the real living Claude Bernard. He introduced himself with
his rank, his name, his decorations, and his famous patient; and
Claude Bernard, after listening to him for half an hour, said, “It was
idle for you to come to Paris to learn the successes of medicine; you
had no need of leaving Petersburg for that purpose.” The Big Wig
took this as an attestation of his own fame, and after he came back
to Petersburg mentioned Claude Bernard’s name no less than ten
times in the course of twenty-four hours, adding to it no less than
five times, “my learned friend” or “my famous comrade in science.”
How could he help calling Kirsánof to consultations after that? It was
impossible not to! And the second reason was still more important:
all the Big Wigs saw that Kirsánof was not trying to get away their
practice. He not only did not take cases, but even when eagerly
requested did not take them. It is known that many of the Big Wigs
who practise have this custom: if death, according to the opinion of
the Big Wig, is inevitably approaching the patient, and if, by
unfortunate change, they cannot get rid of the patient by sending
him to any mineral springs or to any place abroad, then it is
necessary to place him in the hands of some other medical man;
and in these circumstances the Big Wig is willing to offer money
from his own pocket for his colleague to take the case. Kirsánof, in
these cases where the Big Wig, with the intention of running away,
asked him to take a patient, was rarely willing; he generally
recommended such of his friends as were in active practice, and he
took for himself only a few cases which were interesting from a
scientific point of view. But how could they help inviting to their
consultations this confrère who was recognized by Claude Bernard,
and who did not take away their practice?
Pólozof the millionaire had a doctor who was the very ace of
trumps among the Big Wigs, and when Katerina Vasílyevna became
dangerously ill, the consultations for a long time were held by the
Big Wigs exclusively. Finally the case became so serious that the Big
Wigs decided to invite Kirsánof; and really the task was very tough
for the Big Wigs. The sick girl had no evident disease, but her
strength was rapidly failing. It is necessary to get at the root of the
trouble. The attending doctor called it atrophia nervorum—
innutrition of the nerves. Whether there is any such disease as that
in the world I do not know; but if there is, then even I can
understand that it must be incurable. But if, notwithstanding its
incurableness, she still must be cured, then let Kirsánof do it, or
some of his friends—those impudent little boys!
And so a new consultation with Kirsánof was arranged. They
examined the patient; they asked her questions. The patient
answered readily, without excitement. But Kirsánof, after the first
words, stopped questioning her and merely watched the Big Wigs
making the investigation. And after they had exhausted their
ingenuity and tormented the girl as much as propriety requires
in such cases, they turned to Kirsánof, “What do you think,
Aleksandr Matvéitch?”
He replied, “I have not sufficiently examined the patient. I shall
stay here. This is an interesting case. If a new consultation should
be needed, I shall tell Karl Feodorvitch.” (That was the name of the
attendant physician, who shone with glory because he was saved
from his atrophia nervorum.)
After they left, Kirsánof sat down by the patient’s bedside. The
sick girl smiled satirically.
 “I am sorry that we are not better acquainted,” he began. “A
doctor must win confidence, and maybe I shall succeed in winning
yours. They do not understand your troubles here; some sagacity is
needed. To sound your lungs, to give you medicines, is absolutely
useless. Only one thing is necessary: to know your general
condition, and to think with you whether it is possible to do
anything. You will help me in regard to this?”
The sick girl said not a word.
“You do not want to talk with me?”
The sick girl said not a word.
“You probably even want me to leave. I ask of you only ten
minutes. If in ten minutes you find, as you think now, that my
presence is useless, I shall go. Don’t you know well that you have no
other disease than sorrow? Don’t you know that if this state of mind
lasts, it will be impossible in three weeks or a fortnight, or even
sooner, to save you? and that maybe you will not live two weeks? As
yet you are not in consumption at all, but it is very, very near, and at
your age under such conditions it develops with unusual rapidity; it
may end in a few days.”
The sick girl said not a word.
“You do not reply. But you do not care at all. Therefore my words
were not new to you. By the very fact of your silence you say ‘yes.’
Do you know what almost any other man would know in my place?
He would go and speak with your bátiushka. Maybe my talk with him
would save you; but if you do not want me to, I shall not do it. Why?
I make it a rule, nothing should ever be done for a person against
his will; liberty is above everything, even life. Therefore if you don’t
want me to know the cause of your very dangerous condition, I shall
not know it. If you tell me that you want to die, I would only ask you
to explain to me the causes of this wish. If they should appear to me
groundless, I still have no right to interfere with you; if they appear
to me reasonable, I am bound to help you, and I am ready. I am
ready to give you poison. Under this condition I ask you to tell me
the cause of your illness.”
The sick girl said not a word.
 “You do not want to answer me; I have no right to continue these
questions. But may I ask you to allow me to tell you something
about myself which may serve to increase the confidence between
us. Yes? Thank you. Whatever the reason may be, you are suffering.
I am too. I passionately love a woman who must never know that I
love her. Do you pity me?”
The sick girl said not a word, but she smiled sorrowfully.
“You are silent, but still you could not hide that you noticed these
words of mine more than those that I spoke before. That is sufficient
of itself. I see that you and I have one cause of suffering. Do you
want to die? I understand it very well. But to die of consumption is
long, is hard; I am ready to help you to die, if I cannot help you to
something better. I say that I am ready to give you poison—a
delightful something that kills quick, without causing pain. Will you
please let me know on this condition whether your position is so
intolerable as it seems to you?”
“Won’t you deceive me?” demanded the sick girl.
“Look me straight in the eye; you see that I will not deceive you.”
The sick girl hesitated for some time. “No; I know you very little.”
“Anyone else in my place might have said that the feeling from
which you are suffering is good. I shall not say so. Does your
bátiushka know about it? I beg you to remember that I am not
going to speak with him without your permission.”
“He does not know.”
“Does he love you?”
“Yes.”
“What do you think that I am going to tell you now? You say that
he loves you; I have heard that he was a stupid. What makes you
think that it will be useless for you to reveal to him your feeling, that
he will not consent? If the obstacle had lain simply in the poverty of
the man whom you love, this would not have kept you from trying to
persuade your father to give his consent; that is what I think about
it. Therefore I must think that you entertain an exceedingly poor
opinion of him; there could be no other reason for you to hide the
matter from your father. Isn’t it so?”
The sick girl said not a word.
 “It is evident that I am not mistaken. What shall I think now? Your
bátiushka is a man of experience in life, who knows human nature;
you are inexperienced; if any person seems bad to him, and good to
you, then according to all probabilities it is you who are mistaken,
and not he. You see that I must think so? Do you want to know why
I tell you such a disagreeable thing? I will tell you. You may get
angry at my words, you may hate me because of them, but still you
will say to yourself, ‘He is saying what he thinks; he is not
hypocritical, he does not want to deceive me.’ You are gaining
confidence in me. Isn’t it true that I am speaking sincerely
with you?”
The sick girl was hesitating whether to answer or not. “You are a
strange man, doctor,” she said, at last.
“No, not strange; but I am not like one who deceives. I have told
you straightforwardly what I think. But this is only my supposition.
Maybe I am mistaken. Let me know whether I am. Tell me the
name of the man towards whom you feel this inclination. Then—
but again, only with your permission—I will speak about him to
your bátiushka.”
“What will you tell him?”
“Does he know him intimately?”
“Yes.”
“In that case, I shall tell him that he must consent to your
marriage, but only on one condition, that the time of the wedding be
appointed not immediately, but in two or three months, so that you
may have time to think coolly, whether you may not be right.”
“He will not consent.”
“He will consent in all probability. But if not, I will help you, as
I said.”
Kirsánof spoke long in this style. Finally he succeeded in getting
the sick girl to tell him the man’s name, and to let him talk with her
father. But to bring the old man to terms was a harder matter than
to manage her. Pólozof was greatly surprised to hear that his
daughter’s strength had been failing on account of hopeless love;
and still more surprised to hear the name of the man with whom she
was in love, and he firmly declared: “Let her die sooner than marry
him. Her death would be a lesser grief for both her and me.” It was
a very hard case, all the more because Kirsánof hearing Pólozof’s
reasons saw that the truth was really on the side of the old man,
and not his daughter.
 IV

Bridegrooms had swarmed by the hundred around the heiress of the

great fortune; but the society which flocked to Pólozof’s dinners and
suppers was a society of that excessively dubious type, of that
excessively dubious refinement, which is generally found crowding
the parlors of all such rich people as Pólozof, lifted above the more
or less polite but still not fashionable circle in which they are born,
without having any relationship or connection in the more or less
genuinely polite society of the fashionable world. They become the
benefactors of cunning adventurers and dandies who are absolutely
indecent in their outward appearance, without speaking of their
inward qualities. Therefore, Katerina Vasílyevna became interested
when among the number of admirers came a genuine society man
of absolutely good breeding; he behaved with so much more
refinement; he spoke so much more sensibly and wittily than the
others. Her father soon noticed that she was going to prefer him
above the others; and, as an active, decided, substantial man, he
immediately had a talk with his daughter:—
“My dear Kátya—Sólovtsof, look out for him; he is a very bad man,
a perfectly heartless man; you would be so unhappy with him, that I
would rather see you dead than his wife. It would be easier for both
me and you.”
Katerina Vasílyevna loved her father; she was accustomed to
respect his opinion; he never put restrictions upon her; she knew
that he was speaking thus because he loved her; and above all, her
character was inclined more to regard the wishes of those who loved
her than of her caprices; she was one of those who liked to say to
her friends, “I will do as you think best.”
 She answered her father: “I like Sólovtsof; but if you think it is
better for me to keep at a distance from him, I shall do so.”
Of course she would not have done so; and as her nature was
opposed to falsehood, she would not have said so if she had loved
him. Her attachment to Sólovtsof was as yet very weak. At that time
it had hardly taken root; he was merely more interesting to her than
others. She began to grow cool towards him; and maybe everything
would have ended satisfactorily; but the father in his zeal put in too
much salt; and, though in reality he did not put on much, yet it was
enough to salt off the polite Sólovtsof. He saw that he must play the
part of a victim, but how to find a pretext for becoming a victim.
Pólozof somehow stepped on his toes; Sólovtsof, with a sense of
self-respect and pain on his face, took leave of them, and ceased his
calls. A week later, Katerina Vasílyevna received from him a
passionate and exceedingly humble letter, to the effect that he never
expected that his love would be returned, that for his happiness it
would be sufficient for him to see her occasionally, even though he
did not speak with her but only saw her; that he was willing to
sacrifice even this happiness, and yet he would be happy or
unhappy, and so on, without a single request or wish. He did not
even ask for a reply. Such letters kept coming; and finally they had
their effect.
But it took a long time before they had their effect. Katerina
Vasílyevna, at first after Sólovtsof left, was neither melancholy nor
sorrowfully inclined, and even before that she had been cool to him;
and she accepted so calmly her father’s advice to look out for him,
that consequently when, after two months, she began to grow
despondent, what could make her father think that Sólovtsof was at
the bottom of it, when he had forgotten all about him?
“It seems to me you’re under the weather, Kátya.”
“No; it’s nothing—nothing; it’ll pass.”
In a week or two the old man was already asking, “Are you
ill, Kátya?”
“No, not at all.”
Two weeks later the old man said, “You must see the
doctor, Kátya.”
 Kátya begins to consult the doctor; and the old man is entirely at
ease because the doctor finds no cause of alarm. “It is only a
weakness, some exhaustion”; and he very sensibly ascribed it to
weariness, arising from Katerina’s style of life the past winter. Every
night she had been up at parties till two or three, or even five
o’clock, in the morning. “This exhaustion will pass.” But it did not
pass; it rather increased.
Why did not Katerina Vasílyevna tell her father? She was
convinced that this would have been in vain. Her father had told her
before very firmly, and he does not speak unmeaning words. He
does not like to express opinions about people without being sure of
what he says; and he will never consent to her marrying a man
whom he considers to be bad.
And so Katerina Vasílyevna kept on dreaming and dreaming while
reading Sólovtsof’s humble and hopeless letters; and after half a
year’s such reading, she was within half a step of consumption. And
not by a single word could her father perceive that her disease
originated from a matter in which he was partly to blame; his
daughter had been as tender towards him as before.
“Is there anything that isn’t to your mind?”
“Nothing, papa.”
And it is evident that there is nothing; she is only out of spirits,
but this is from her weakness, from illness. And the doctor declares
that it is the result of her illness. But what is the cause of the illness?
As soon as the doctor regarded the illness as trifling, he contented
himself with laying the blame on dances and corsets; but when he
saw that it was getting dangerous, then appeared his “innutrition of
the nerves—atrophia nervorum.”
 V

But if the practising Big Wigs agreed that Mademoiselle Pólozova’s

atrophia nervorum, which had been developed by a weakening
mode of life, with the natural inclination towards dreaminess and
melancholy, then not much was left for Kirsánof to study in the sick
girl in order to see that her decline in strength originated from some
mental causes. Before the consultation, the attending physician
explained to him all the relations which she had had; family sorrows
there were none; father and daughter are very dear to each other;
at the same time the father does not know the reason of the illness,
because the attending physician does not know it. But it is evident
that the girl must have a strong character, if she has been able to
conceal so long the illness itself, and has not given her father a
single chance to conjecture the cause. A strong character was also
evident by the quiet tone of her answers during the consultation.
She shows no sign of irritability; she firmly endures her lot. Kirsánof
saw that such a girl deserved attention. Can’t something be done for
her? Interference seemed to him essential; of course the thing will
be revealed some time, but won’t it be too late? Consumption is very
near at hand, and then no care can help it. And so he wrestled with
the patient for two hours; and he succeeded in conquering her
suspicion; he learned the secret; and he obtained her permission to
speak about it with her father.
The old man was startled when he heard from Kirsánof that the
cause of his daughter’s illness was love for Sólovtsof. How is this?
Kátya accepted so coolly at that time his advice to beware of him;
she remained so indifferent after he ceased to call upon them: how
then is she dying of love for him? Yes, and is it even possible for
people to die of love? Such exaltations could not appear likely to a
person who was accustomed to lead an exclusively practical life, and
to look upon everything with cool reason. Kirsánof had a tough
subject in him; he kept repeating, “It’s a child’s fancy tormenting her,
but soon forgotten.” Kirsánof explained and explained; finally he told
him plainly, “It is just because she is a child that she does not forget
it, and is dying.” Pólozof was persuaded and convinced, but instead
of concession, he pounded the table with his fist, and said in a tone
of concentrated decision, “If she is to die, let her die; it is better
than for her to be unhappy: it would be easier for both her and me!”
The very same words he had said to his daughter six months before.
Katerina Vasílyevna was not mistaken in thinking that it was idle to
talk with him.
“But what makes you so stubborn? I am perfectly convinced that
he is a bad man; but is he really so bad that death is better than to
live with him?”
“He is; he has no heart. She is delicate, gentle, but he is a beastly
wretch!” And Pólozof went on to describe Sólovtsof, and in such a
way that Kirsánof had nothing to say. And really how could he help
agreeing with Pólozof?
Sólovtsof was the very same Jean who, at the time before
Storeshnikof’s courtship, ate supper with Serge and Julia after the
opera. It is absolutely true that it is better for a respectable girl to
die than to become the wife of such a man. He will pollute, he will
chill, he will consume with his wretchedness a respectable woman; it
is far better for her to die.
Kirsánof was lost in thought for some minutes. “No,” he said at
length. “Well, am I really carried away by your earnestness? This
case is without danger just because he is so bad. She cannot help
seeing it; only give her time to look at it calmly.”
He began persistently to assure Pólozof what he had expressed to
his daughter only as a suggestion, as possible—nay, even probable—
that she would refuse this man whom she loved if he was really bad;
and now he was absolutely sure of it, because the man she loved
was very bad.
“I shall not tell you that marriage does not present such an
importance if we look upon it coolly. If a woman is unhappy, then
why should she not leave her husband? You consider this improper:
your daughter has been brought up with the very same ideas; for
you and her it seems really an irremediable loss, and before she
would ever adopt new ideas, she would suffer with such a man till
she died a death worse than consumption. But it is necessary to
view the matter from another standpoint. Why should you not
depend upon your daughter’s reason? She is not a fool, is she?
Always count on reason; only allow it to act freely, and it will never
prove fallacious when any cause is right. You yourself are to blame
for your daughter’s attachment to him. Let him have free course,
and he will bring your daughter round on your side, if the right is on
your side. Passion blinds, especially if obstacles are put in the way of
it; remove them, and your daughter will become reasonable. Give
her liberty to love or not to love, and she will see whether this man
is worthy of her love. Let him be her ‘bridegroom,’ and after some
time she herself will dismiss him.”
Such a way of looking upon things was entirely new to Pólozof. He
answered sharply that he did not believe any such nonsense; that he
knows life too well; that he has seen too many examples of foolish
people, to depend upon their reason; and so much the more absurd
was it to trust the reason of a seventeen-year-old girl. Kirsánof tried
in vain to prove to him that follies were committed only on two
occasions—either under the momentary influence of excitement, or
from restraint, in which case he is irritated by resistance. Such ideas
seemed entirely ridiculous to Pólozof. “She has no sense; it would be
foolish to trust such a child with this fate; sooner let her die.” From
such reasoning it was impossible to stir him.
It is a fact, that no matter how set may be the ideas of a man who
is in the wrong, when a man who is better developed, who knows
more, who understands things more wisely, works constantly with
the purpose of removing his errors, the errors must give way. It is
so; but how long does a logical battle with him last? Of course all
the conversation here recorded will fail of its result, though so far its
influence upon Pólozof is not appreciable yet. The old man is
beginning to think over Kirsánof’s words. This is unavoidable, and if
such conversation should be kept up with him, he will come to
himself. But he is proud of his experience; he looks upon himself as
infallible; he is set and stubborn; it is possible to bring him to terms,
without doubt, but it takes time, and all delay is dangerous. A
long delay is surely fatal; and a long delay is inevitable when
a methodical manner of conducting the logical battle with him
is employed.
It was necessary to employ radical means. It is risky without
doubt; but if it is employed, it is only a risk; without, it is sure death.
And the risk in it is, in reality, not nearly so great as it may seem to
a person who is less solid in his comprehension of the laws of life
than this Kirsánof. The risk is not great at all, but it is serious. From
the whole lottery only one ticket is a blank. And there is no
probability of its being drawn—but supposing it were drawn?
Whoever runs a risk must be ready not to wink if he draws the
blank. Kirsánof saw the girl’s calm, quiet firmness, and he was sure
of her. But had he the right to subject her to the risk? Of course he
had. Now, out of a hundred chances, there is only one that she will
not lose her health in this case. More than half of them are that she
will lose it rapidly. But here, out of a thousand chances, one would
be against her. Let her risk the lottery, though it is apparently more
terrible because it is more rapid, but in reality it is incomparably
less dangerous.
“All right,” said Kirsánof. “You do not want to cure her by those
means which are in your power; I shall cure her with mine.
Tomorrow I shall have another consultation.”
After he returned to the sick girl, he told her that her father was
stubborn, more stubborn than he expected, and that it would be
necessary to act towards him with severe measures.
“No; it is of no use,” said the sick girl, despondently.
“Are you sure of it?”
“Yes.”
“Are you ready to die?”
“Yes.”
“Now supposing that I decide to subject you to the risk of death. I
told you briefly, in order to gain your confidence, to show you that I
am ready for everything that may be for your good; now I speak
positively. Supposing that it be necessary to administer poison?”
“I have seen this long time that my death is inevitable; that I have
only a few days longer to live.”
“Supposing it were tomorrow morning?”
“So much the better.” She spoke with perfect calmness.
“When there is only one salvation left, and that is your readiness
to die, this support will almost always save you. If you say to
anyone, ‘Give in, or I shall die,’ you almost always gain what you
wish. But you know that one should not play with such a lofty
principle; and besides, it is impossible for you to lower your self-
respect if they don’t yield. And therefore it is necessary to die.” He
explained to her the plan, which was perfectly comprehensible from
this conversation.
 VI

Of course in other cases of this sort Kirsánof would not have thought
of running such a risk; it would be more simple to take the girl from
home, and let her marry whomsoever she pleased. But here the
affair was complicated by the girl’s ideas, and the peculiarities of the
man whom she loved. With her ideas of the inseparability of
husband and wife, she would have clung to the wretched man even
if she had found that to live with him was a torment. To unite them
would be worse than to kill. Therefore there remained one choice,
either to kill, or to give her the possibility of coming to reason.
On the next day the consultation was held, composed of some of
the practitioners in the high world. There are five doctors, the most
renowned; it is impossible not to have the best; how otherwise could
they bend Pólozof? It was necessary that the sentence should be
without appeal in his eyes. Kirsánof spoke; they listened with great
condescension to what he said, and they all confirmed it with an air
of great importance. It could not be otherwise, because, you
remember, there is in existence a certain Claude Bernard, and he
lives in Paris; and besides that, Kirsánof says such things which—but
the plague take these boys! You can’t understand them! Then how
can you help agreeing with them?
Kirsánof said that he had examined the invalid very carefully, and
he entirely agreed with Karl Feodorvitch that the illness is incurable,
and the agony of this disease is torture; and, generally speaking,
every additional hour that the sick girl shall live is an additional hour
of suffering. Therefore he considers that it is the duty of the
consulting physicians to decide according to the dictates of humanity
to shorten the sick girl’s sufferings by a dose of morphine, from
which she would not awaken. The consulting physicians investigated
the case, blinking their eyes under the hailstones of
incomprehensible explanations on the part of Kirsánof; they came
back from the sick girl’s room to the one where they had been
sitting; and they decided to shorten the sick girl’s sufferings by a
fatal dose of morphine.
After the decision was made, Kirsánof rang for the servant, and
asked him to call Pólozof into the parlor, where the consultation was
held. Pólozof came in. The most important of the sages, in
appropriately gloomily solemn language and in a majestically
funereal voice, announced the decision of the consulting physicians.
Pólozof started back as though struck on the forehead by a
hammer. To be waiting for death, when death is at hand, but
uncertain how soon it may come, or whether it may come at all, and
to hear that in half an hour she will not be among the living, are two
absolutely different things. Kirsánof looked at Pólozof with an
intense gaze; he was absolutely sure of the effect, but still the thing
was a strain on his nerves. Two minutes the old man stood silent,
horror-stricken.
“No; it must not be! She is dying from my stubbornness. I am
ready for anything. Can she get well?”
“Of course,” said Kirsánof.
The famous practitioners would have been greatly stirred to wrath,
if they had had time for it; that is, to exchange glances, and to see
that “my colleagues also like me understand that I have been a doll
in the hands of this young boy.” But Kirsánof allowed them no time
to turn their attention to the thought, “how others looked on me.”
Kirsánof told the servant to conduct the frightened Pólozof from the
room; thanked them for their shrewdness, which they had displayed
in fathoming his intentions, for their understanding that the cause of
the illness was mental suffering; that it was necessary to frighten
the stubborn old man, who would otherwise have lost his daughter.
The famous practitioners went each his way, satisfied that his
scientific knowledge and shrewdness was recognized by all
the others.
But having given them this brief testimony of their skill, Kirsánof
went to tell the sick girl that the plan had succeeded. At the first
words she seized his hand, and he had hardly time to take it away
from her before she would have kissed it. “But I shall not let your
father come quite yet, to tell you the same thing,” he said. “I shall
first give him a lecture as to the way that he should behave himself
towards you.” He told her that he was going to give her father some
good advice, and that he should not leave him until he had firmly
implanted it.
Shocked by the result of the consultation, the old man became
very pliable; and he regarded Kirsánof, not with the same eyes as
the day before, but with such as Marya Alekséyevna looked upon
Lopukhóf, after dreaming of Lopukhóf as a monopolist.
Yesterday a natural thought was always in Pólozof’s mind, “I am
older than you, and more experienced. Yes, there is no one in the
world smarter than I am; and as for you, milk-sucker and bubby, so
much the less reason have I to listen to you, since I, with my own
reason, have made four millions” (although in reality they were only
two, and not four). “You try to make two millions, and then talk.” But
now he thought, “What a bear he is! how he routed me! He knows
how to break one in.” And the more he spoke with Kirsánof, the
more lively arose before him, in addition to the quality of “bear,”
another picture—an old and forgotten recollection of his life as a
hussar: his riding-master,107 Zakhártchenko, was sitting on his horse,
“Gromoboï” (at that time Zhukóvsky’s108 ballads were fashionable
among young ladies, and therefore to a certain extent among young
cavaliers, both in the army and civil life), and “Gromoboï” was
prancing under Zakhártchenko, only “Gromoboï’s” lips were covered
with blood. Pólozof was somewhat horrified, as he heard Kirsánof’s
answer to his first question.
“Would you really have given her a fatal dose?”
“Certainly I should,” replied Kirsánof, with absolute sangfroid.
“What a murderer! He talks like a cook about a dead chicken! And
you would have courage for it?”
“Of course I should. What a clout I should be if I hadn’t!”
“You are a terrible man!” said Pólozof again.
 “It shows that you have never seen any terrible men,” said
Kirsánof, with an indulgent smile, thinking to himself, “I should like
to show you Rakhmétof.”
“But how did you manage all those doctors?”
“As though it were hard to manage such men!” said Kirsánof, with
a slight grimace.
Pólozof recollected Zakhártchenko, who said to the second-
captain, Volutnof: “Did you bring me this lop-eared beast for me to
ride on, your eminence? I am ashamed to mount him.”
After settling all of Pólozof’s endlessly repeated questions, Kirsánof
began to suggest to him how he should comport himself.
“Remember that a person is able to reason only when he is
entirely undisturbed; that he is not excited only when he is not
stirred up; that he does not value his fancies except when they are
taken from him, when he is allowed to find out for himself whether
they are good or not. If Sólovtsof is as bad as you describe him—
and I fully believe it—your daughter will see it herself. But only if you
don’t interfere; if you don’t excite the thought in her mind that you
are in any way intriguing against him, that you are trying to block
them. One word on your part, one hostile word, will injure the case
for two weeks; a few words may ruin it forever. You must keep
yourself entirely apart.”
This course of conduct was inculcated with words like these: “It
isn’t easy to compel you to do what you don’t like, is it? and yet I
have brought you to it. This shows that I understand how to take
charge of a case. Then believe that whatever I say must be done.
Whatever I say; you only take it secondhand.”
With such people as Pólozof it was impossible at that time,
otherwise than by force, and by stepping on his throat. Pólozof
became more amenable to reason, and he promised to comport
himself as he was told. But even after he became convinced that
Kirsánof was saying the right thing, and that it was necessary to
listen to him, Pólozof could not yet comprehend what kind of a man
he was. He at one and the same time took both his side and his
daughter’s. He compels him to yield to his daughter, and he wants
his daughter to change; how to reconcile this?
 “Very simply. I want you not to hinder her return to reason, and
that is all.”
Pólozof wrote Sólovtsof a note, in which he asked him to come to
see him about a very important matter. That same evening Sólovtsof
came; he made the old man a gentle explanation, full of self-
respect; he was acknowledged as “bridegroom,” on condition that
the wedding should be in three months.
 VII

Kirsánof could not give up the case; it was necessary to help

Katerina Vasílyevna emerge from her blindness, and it was still more
necessary to manage her father, to keep him up to his promise of
not interfering. But he made it inconvenient to call upon the
Pólozofs, during the first few days after the crisis. Katerina
Vasílyevna was still feeling exalted; if he saw, as was to be infallibly
expected, that the “bridegroom” was a scoundrel, then, even his
silent dissatisfaction with the “bridegroom,” and not alone his upright
and downright opinion, would be prejudicial; would still further
kindle her excitement. Kirsánof called there one morning, after a
week and a half, so as not directly to seek a meeting with the
“bridegroom,” but to secure Katerina Vasílyevna’s permission.
Katerina Vasílyevna was already beginning to look better; she was as
yet very thin and pale, but was entirely well, though the former
famous practitioner still prescribed for her; for, when Kirsánof again
put her in his hands, he said, “Ask his advice; now none of his
medicines will do you any harm, even if you should take them.”
Katerina Vasílyevna met Kirsánof enthusiastically, and looked at
him with wondering eyes, when he told her what he had come for.
“You saved my life, and yet you want to ask my permission to call
on us!”
“But my calling upon you, without your consent, while he is here,
might seem to you as an attempt, on my part, to interfere in your
relations, if I came. You know my rule: not to do anything against
the will of a person for whose benefit I would like to work.”
Kirsánof came on the second or third evening, and found the
“bridegroom” to be exactly what Pólozof described him, and Pólozof
himself, in a proper state of mind; the well-trained old man did not
interfere. Kirsánof spent the evening, giving no sign of what he
thought of the “bridegroom,” and as he said good night to Katerina
Vasílyevna, he did not hint at all how the bridegroom pleased him.
This was quite enough to wake her curiosity and doubt. On the
next day she kept thinking: “Kirsánof did not say a word about him.
If he had made a good impression on him, Kirsánof would have told
me so. Is it possible that he didn’t please him? What can there be
that Kirsánof disliked in him?” When the “bridegroom” came in the
evening, she scrutinized his behavior, she pondered over his words.
She said to herself, “What is he doing this for,” in order to convince
herself that Kirsánof had no right or reason in finding any blemish in
him. And she did convince herself; but the necessity of proving to
yourself that there are no blemishes in the being you love leads to
the quick discovery of such blemishes.
After a few days Kirsánof called again, and again he said not a
word about his impression of the “bridegroom”; but this time she
could not restrain herself, and at the end of the evening, she said:—
“Your opinion? Why are you so silent?”
“I am afraid that you won’t enjoy hearing my opinion; I am afraid
that you will think that I am partial.”
“Don’t you like him?”
Kirsánof did not reply.
“You don’t like him, do you?”
“I did not say so.”
“It is evident. Why don’t you like him?”
“I am going to wait till it is also evident to you why I don’t
like him.”
On the following evening Katerina Vasílyevna began to scrutinize
Sólovtsof still more particularly. “Everything about him is lovely.
Kirsánof is not fair; but why can’t I see what there is in him that
Kirsánof does not like?” She was vexed at her inability to observe.
She asked herself, “Am I really so simple?” Her self-respect was
aroused in her in a direction most dangerous for her bridegroom.
When Kirsánof came again a few days later, he perceived the
possibility of acting more energetically. Till now he had avoided talk
with Sólovtsof, in order to avoid stirring up Katerina Vasílyevna by a
premature interference; now he joined the group surrounding her
and Sólovtsof, and led the conversations to topics in which
Sólovtsof’s character would be shown forth as soon as he was drawn
into the current. The conversation turned on riches, and it appeared
to Katerina Vasílyevna that Sólovtsof was greatly interested in riches.
The conversation turned upon “bridegrooms,” and it seemed to her
that Sólovtsof spoke rather slightingly about them. The conversation
turned upon family life, and she tried in vain to banish from her
mind the impression that possibly it might be cold and hard for a
wife to live with such a husband.
A crisis occurred. Katerina Vasílyevna could not go to sleep for a
long while; her face was bathed in tears from being vexed at herself
for insulting Sólovtsof with such thoughts about him. “No, he is not a
cold man; he does not despise women; he loves me and not my
money.” If these objections had been given as an answer to the
words of somebody else, they would have firmly clung to her
memory. But she objected to her own self, and it is impossible long
to resist the truth which you yourself have discovered. It is your
own; you cannot suspect any trickery. The next evening she
examined Sólovtsof just as Kirsánof had done the evening before.
She said to herself that she only wanted to be convinced that she
insulted him without reason; but she herself felt that a distrust of
him had sprung up in her. And again she could not sleep, but she
was vexed at him. Why didn’t he speak so as to allay her doubts
instead of corroborating them? She was vexed at herself, but in her
vexation clearly appeared the motive. “How could I be so blind!”
Naturally, in a day or two, she began to be exclusively absorbed
by the fear arising from the thought, “I shall soon lose the possibility
of correcting my mistake, if I have been mistaken in him.”
When Kirsánof came the next time, he saw that he could speak
with her.
“You asked my opinion about him,” said he; “it is not so important
as your own. What do you think of him?”
Now she had nothing to reply.
“I have no right to be inquisitive,” said he; talked about something
else, and soon left her to herself.
 But in half an hour she herself came to him.
“Give me some counsel; you see my thoughts are disturbed.”
“Why do you want the advice of a stranger when you yourself
know what ought to be done when your thoughts are disturbed.”
“Wait till they cease to be disturbed at all?”
“Do according to your best knowledge.”
“I shall postpone the wedding.”
“Why shouldn’t you postpone it if it seems to you better?”
“But how will he take it?”
“When you see how he takes it, then you can decide what is best
to be done.”
“But it is hard for me to tell him.”
“If that is the case, then let your bátiushka tell him.”
“I don’t want to get behind anybody’s back; I shall tell
him myself.”
“If you feel strong enough to tell him yourself, then it would be
much better.”
Of course, with others, Viéra Pavlovna for example, it would not
have done to drag out the affair so tediously; but every
temperament has its own demands. If a hot-tempered man
is irritated by slow methods, then a slow man is vexed by an
abrupt measure.
Katerina Vasílyevna’s success in dealing with her “bridegroom”
exceeded Kirsánof’s expectations. He thought that Sólovtsof would
be able to guard his interests, that he would prolong the matter by
humiliation and gentle entreaties. No, with all his tact, Sólovtsof
could not control himself when he saw that great wealth was
slipping out of his hands, and he himself let go of the slight chances
which he still had. He poured out sharp reproaches on Pólozof, who
he declared was intriguing against him, and he said to Katerina
Vasílyevna that she gave her father too great power over her, that
she was afraid of him, and was acting now at his command. But
Pólozof did not know as yet about his daughter’s decision to delay
the wedding; the daughter constantly felt that he gave her perfect
freedom. The reproaches heaped upon her father grieved her by
their unfairness, and they insulted her because by them Sólovtsof
expressed his views in regard to her as a being deprived of will
and character.
“It seems to me that you take me to be a plaything in the hands
of others.”
“Yes,” said he in his irritation.
“I was ready to die, not regarding my father’s will, and you don’t
appreciate it. From this moment everything is ended between us,”
said she, and quickly left the room.
 VIII

After these occurrences, Katerina Vasílyevna was long melancholy;

but her melancholy, though developed by this state of things, was
not at all attributable to this special state of things. There are
characters to whom a special fact in itself has very little interest, and
serves only to engender general ideas which act upon them with
much greater power. If such people possess remarkably strong
minds, they become reformers nowadays just as in ancient times
they became great philosophers. Kant, Fichte, Hegel, never worked
out private questions; it was too tedious for them. This, of course, is
true only of men; women, according to the prevailing idea, have
very little understanding. Nature did not give it them, just as she did
not give a clean face to blacksmiths, straight backs to tailors, a
delicate sense of smell to shoemakers; all this is nature. It is for this
reason that there are no women of great intellect. People of weak
minds and with tendency of character become phlegmatic even to
apathy. People of ordinary brains are inclined to melancholy, to a
quiet life, and are generally imaginative. This does not signify that
they are chimerical. In a good many cases the imagination is weak
and they are very positive people. They simply love a quiet revery.
Katerina Vasílyevna had been in love with Jean Sólovtsof on
account of his letters. She was dying with love founded only on her
imagination. It may readily be seen that she was inclined to be very
romantic, and frivolous life led by the trivial people who frequented
Pólozof’s house did not at all dispose her to an exalted idealism. This
shows that this feature of her character arose from her own nature.
She had long been burdened by the frivolity of that kind of life; she
loved to read and dream. And now she was troubled not only by its
frivolity, but by the wealth with which she was surrounded. It must
not be thought that because she had this feeling, she had an
extraordinary nature; it is common among all wealthy women of a
humble and retiring character. In her it developed earlier than
ordinary, simply because she had early received a powerful lesson.
“Whom shall I believe? What shall I believe?” she asked herself
after the episode with Sólovtsof, and it seemed to her that nobody
and nothing were worthy of her faith. Her father’s riches attracted
the envious, cunning, deceitful, from the whole city. She was
surrounded by avaricious men, by liars, by flatterers; every
word that was said to her was calculated with a view to her
father’s millions.
Her thoughts kept growing more serious. She began to get
interested in the general questions arising from the wealth that
troubled her so much, as well as in those arising from the poverty
which troubled others. Her father gave her plenty of pin money, but
like any other good woman she used it in helping the poor. But she
read and thought and began to notice that such help as she could
give did less good than she had reason to expect. She began to see
that she was constantly deceived by feigned or knavish poverty; that
people worthy of aid, able to make good use of such money,
scarcely ever got any solid good from it; it lifts them temporarily out
of their poverty, but in half a year or a year those people are in the
same situation again. She began to think: “Why should money ruin
people? Why does this importunate poverty never leave the poor?
And why are there so many poor who are as unreasonable and bad
as the rich?”
She was a person of imagination, but her imaginations were
gentle, like her character, and there was just as little brilliancy about
them as there was in herself. Her favorite author was George Sand,
but she never imagined herself to be Lélia or Indiana or Cavalcanti
or Consuélo; she more often imagined herself to be Jeannette or
Geneviève. Geneviève was her favorite heroine. Here she is going
through the field and is gathering flowers which will serve as models
of her handiwork; here she meets André—such quiet meetings! Here
they discover that they love each other; such were her imaginations,
and she knew that they were only imaginations. And she loved to
dream how enviable was the lot of Miss Nightingale, that quiet,
unostentatious little woman, of whom scarcely anything was known
except that she was loved by all England. Was she young? Was she
rich or poor? Was she happy or unhappy? About this nothing is said,
about this nothing is thought; everyone blesses the little woman,
who was a ministering angel in the English hospitals of the Crimea
and Skutari, and who at the end of the war, while returning to her
native land with hundreds saved by her, still continued to take care
of the sick. Such were the dreams whose fulfilment Katerina
Vasílyevna would have liked to see. Her fancy did not carry her
beyond the thoughts of Geneviève and Miss Nightingale. Can one
say that she was fanciful? Can one call her imaginative?
Geneviève in a frivolous, contemptible society of fops and empty-
headed dandies, Miss Nightingale in idle grandeur, would not they be
lonesome? wouldn’t they be melancholy? And therefore Katerina
Vasílyevna was rather more glad than sorry when her father failed.
She was sorry to see him who had been so strong growing
prematurely old; she was sorry also that her ability to help others
was curtailed. At first it was offensive to see the scorn of the crowd
which had crawled and cringed before her and her father. But she
was also glad that this mean, pitiable, wretched crowd had deserted
them, had ceased to burden her life, to arouse her indignation by
their falsehood and degradation; she felt so free now! Hopes of
happiness arose in her heart. “Now if anyone shows me any
devotion, it will be for myself alone, and not for my father’s millions.”
 IX

Pólozof was anxious to arrange for the sale of the stearine factory of
which he was part owner and had been the manager. After more
than half a year of energetic effort, he found a purchaser. On the
purchaser’s visiting-cards was engraved the name Charles
Beaumont, not pronounced Sharl Bomon, as the ignorant might
suppose, but in the true English fashion, Beemont; and it was
entirely natural that it was pronounced so, for the purchaser was the
agent of the London house of Hodgson, Lotter and Company, for the
purchase of tallow and stearine. The factory could not exist under
the wretched financial and administrative conduct of its
shareholders; but in the hands of a solid firm it would be sure to
bring great profits. After spending on it five or six hundred thousand
rubles, the firm could count on having one hundred thousand rubles
of profits. The agent was a conscientious man; he looked over the
factory with great care, and examined the books in detail before he
advised the firm to buy the property. Then followed negotiations
with the stockholders in regard to the selling of the factory. They
were excessively long and according to the nature of Russian
business transactions; even the patient Greeks who spent ten years
in the siege of Troy would have found them tedious. And Pólozof all
this time was with the agent, according to the old custom of being
hospitable to people who are of use, and he invited him to dinner
every day. The agent tried to get out of his way, and persistently
refused to stay to dinner. But one day, after he had been having an
unusually long session with the directors of the company and was
tired and hungry, he consented to go to dinner with Pólozof, who
lived in a flat in the factory.
 X

Charles Beaumont, like the average Charles, John, James, and

William, did not care to indulge in intimacies or personal
confidences; but on being asked, he related his story briefly, but
very plainly. His family, he said, was from Canada; and in Canada
almost half the population consisted of the descendants of French
colonists; his family was one of these, and therefore his name was
of French origin, and his face was more like a Frenchman’s than an
Englishman’s or Yankee’s. But, he continued, his grandfather
emigrated from the vicinity of Quebec to New York; it often
happened so. At the time of this emigration his father was a child.
Afterwards, of course, he grew up and became a grown-up man;
and at this time a certain rich man, with advanced ideas of
agriculture, determined to establish on the southern shores of the
Crimea instead of vineyards a cotton plantation; he commissioned
someone to find him a manager in North America. James Beaumont
was recommended to him—a Canadian by birth, a resident of New
York, and a man who had all his life been as many versts from a
cotton plantation as you or I, reader, who live at Petersburg or
Kursk, have been from Mount Ararat. This is the usual experience of
such progressionists. It is true that it was not the fault of the
American manager’s absolute ignorance of cotton plantations that
his plan was ruined, because to plant cotton in the Crimea is as
absurd as it would be to establish vineyards in Petersburg. And when
this was found out, the American manager was discharged from the
cotton plantation, and found a position as distiller in a factory in the
government of Tambof. Here he lived all his life; here his son Charles
was born, and soon after that he buried his wife. When he was
about sixty-five years old, having accumulated a little money for his
declining years, he determined to return to America, and he left.
Charles was then twenty years old. When his father died, Charles
made up his mind to come back to Russia, because, since he had
been born and had lived twenty years in a village of the government
of Tambof, he felt that he was a Russian. He had lived with his father
in New York and had been a clerk in a merchant’s office. When his
father died, he went to the New York office of the London firm of
Hodgson, Lotter and Company, because he knew that this house had
business with Petersburg, and after he had succeeded in making
himself useful, he expressed a desire to get a place in Russia,
explaining that he knew Russia, it being his native land. To have
such an agent in Russia was of course advantageous for the firm; he
was transferred to the London office for a trial, and some six months
before his dinner with Pólozof, he came to Petersburg as an agent
for the firm for the purchase of stearine and tallow, with a salary of
five hundred pounds. In perfect agreement with this tale, Beaumont,
who was born and had lived in the government of Tambof till he was
twenty years old, with only one American or Englishman in a circle of
twenty or fifty or one hundred versts around, with his father, who
had been all day long in the factory; in conformity with this tale,
Charles Beaumont spoke Russian like a native Russian, and English
fairly well, very well, but not distinctly, as is likely to be the case with
a man who has lived in the land of the English tongue only a few
years after reaching maturity.
 XI

Beaumont found himself at the dinner-table, sitting with only two

others, the old man and a very genteel, but somewhat melancholy
blondinka, his daughter.
“Did I ever think,” said Pólozof at dinner, “that the shares in this
factory would ever have such importance for me? It is hard for a
man of my years to have such a shock come upon him, but it is
good that Kátya cares so little that I have lost her fortune; for, even
while I live, it is more her property than mine: her mother had
property, and I had little. Of course I made every ruble grow into
twenty; it shows that, on the other hand, it grew more from my
labor than by inheritance; and how hard I worked! and how much
one has to know!” The old man talked long in this self-flattering
tone. “And everything was gained by my sweat and blood, but most
of all by my brains,” he said in conclusion, and he repeated what he
said at first: that such a shock was very hard to bear, and that
if Kátya too were worried by it, it seemed to him that he would
lose his senses; but Kátya not only does not worry, but even
consoles him.
Either according to the American custom of not seeing anything
extraordinary in a rapid accumulation of wealth, or in a failure, or
because it was his natural character, Beaumont had no desire either
to be overpowered by the greatness of the mind that could make
three or four millions, or to feel great concern for the failure which
left sufficient means to allow the maintenance of a good cook; but
nevertheless it was necessary to offer some consolation after this
long speech, and therefore he said, “Yes, it is a great solace when a
family faces its troubles courageously.”
 “Yes? you speak rather doubtfully, Karl Yakovlitch. You think that
Kátya is melancholy on account of her lost riches? No, Karl
Yakovlitch, no; you judge her unfairly; she and I have a different
trouble; she and I have lost our confidence in men,” said Pólozof
in that half-jesting, half-serious tone in which old and experienced
people speak of the good and inexperienced thoughts of
their children.
Katerina Vasílyevna blushed; it was disagreeable to her that her
father turned the conversation to her feelings: but besides her
father’s love there was another certain circumstance, for which her
father was not to blame; if there is nothing to talk about, and there
happens to be in the room a cat or a dog, the conversation
will seize upon the animal; and if there is no cat or dog, then it
goes to the children. The weather is the third and the extremity
of resourcelessness.
“No, papa, it is hardly necessary to explain my melancholy by
any motive so high; you know that I have a reserved nature, and I
am lonesome.”
“One need not be melancholy unless he pleases,” said Beaumont;
“but to be bored is in my opinion unpardonable. Loneliness is a
fashion among our brethren, the English, but we Americans know
nothing about it; we have no time to be melancholy. We have too
much to do to allow of it, I think; I mean, it seems to me” (he
corrected his Americanism) “that the Russian people ought to see
themselves in the same situation: according to my way of looking at
it, they too have too much to do; but, in reality, I see exactly the
opposite in the Russians; they are very much disposed to reserve.
Even the English cannot equal them in this respect. Englishmen are
known all over Europe, including Russia, to be the most gloomy
people in the world, but they are as much more sociable, lively, and
gay than the Russians, as they themselves are behind the French
in this respect, and your tourists tell you how reserved English
society is. I don’t understand where their eyes are when they look
at themselves.”
“And the Russians are right in being gloomy,” said Katerina
Vasílyevna; “what chance do they have for activity? They
have nothing to do! They have to sit and fold their hands.
Give me something to do, and the chances are that I shall not
be melancholy.”
“You want to find something to do? Oh, there ought not to be any
obstacle to that; you see all around you such ignorance; excuse me
for speaking so about your country, about your fatherland” (again he
corrected his Anglicism); “but I was born here myself, and grew up
here; I look upon it as my own, and therefore I don’t stand upon
ceremony; you see in it genuine Turkish ignorance, Chinese
helplessness. ‘I detest your fatherland because I love it as my own,’ I
will say, imitating your poet; but there are great opportunities.”
“Yes, but what can a man, much less, what can a woman, do?”
“But you are doing something, Kátya,” said Pólozof.—“I am going
to expose her secret, Karl Yakovlitch. She teaches little girls because
she hasn’t anything else to do. Every day she has her pupils, and
she is busy with them from ten o’clock till one, and sometimes
even longer.”
Beaumont looked up at Katerina Vasílyevna with respect. “This is
our style in America; of course by America I mean only the Northern
free States. The Southern States are worse than Mexico, almost as
bad as Brazil.” Beaumont was an ardent abolitionist. “This is in our
style,” he repeated; “and if this is so, why be lonesome?”
“Is this a serious undertaking, Mr. Beaumont? It seems to me
merely a recreation; perhaps I may be mistaken; maybe you will call
me a materialist.”
“Do you expect such a reproach from a man belonging to a nation
whose sole aim and thought, as everyone asserts, is dollars?”
“Those are idle words, but I really fear to express my opinion; it
may seem analogous to what the obskurants are agitating about the
uselessness of education.”
“Now I see,”109 thought Beaumont; “has she really come to that?
This is getting interesting.—I myself am an obskurant,” said he; “I
am in favor of the illiterate colored people against their civilized
owners in the Southern States. Excuse me; I am drawn away by my
American prejudices; but I am very curious to know your opinion.”
 “It is very prosaic, Mr. Beaumont, but life brought me to it. It
seems to me that the thing that I am doing is too one-sided; and
that side to which it is directed is not the most important side, if
those who want to do good to the people want really to do the best
for them; this is what I think: give men bread, and they themselves
will get education. It is necessary to begin with bread; otherwise, we
are simply wasting our time.”
“Then why don’t you begin where you ought to begin?” asked
Beaumont, in a somewhat excited manner. “It is possible that I know
instances at home in America,” he added.
“I told you that I was alone, and what can I do? I don’t know how
to begin; and if I did know, what chance have I? A girl is tied in
every way. I am not independent even in my own room. What can I
do in my room? Lay a book down on the table, and teach children
how to read. Where can I go alone by myself? Whom can I see
alone? What action can I take by myself?”
“It seems to me that you represent me as a despot, Kátya,” said
her father. “I am not to blame in this case, and have not been since
you taught me my lesson.”
“Papa, I am still blushing for that; I was only a child then.
No, papa, you are kind; you don’t restrain me; it is society that
restrains. Is it true, Mr. Beaumont, that a girl in America is freer in
her actions?”
“Yes; we have that to be proud of. To be sure, we are far from
being what we ought to be; but still, what a comparison between us
and you Europeans! All that you have been told about the
emancipation of women there, is true.”
“Papa, let us go to America, as soon as Mr. Beaumont has bought
your factory,” said Katerina Vasílyevna, gayly. “There I should
accomplish something. Akh! how happy I should be!”
“One can find something to do in Petersburg,” said Beaumont.
“I should like to see it.”
Beaumont hesitated two or three seconds. “Why did I come
here?” he asked himself; “who would be better to find out for me?—
Haven’t you heard? An experiment has been tried of putting into
practice the principles of political economy, which have recently been
established; do you know them?”
“Yes, I have read about them. It must be very interesting and
profitable; and I can take a part in them. Where can I find them?”
“It was established by a Mrs. Kirsánova.”
“Who is she? Is her husband a doctor?”
“Do you know him? And didn’t he tell you about this experiment?”
“I knew him long before he was married. I was very ill; he called
on us several times, and saved me. Akh! what a fine man he is! Is
she like him?”
But how could she get acquainted with Mrs. Kirsánova? Will
Beaumont give Katerina Vasílyevna a letter to Mrs. Kirsánova? No;
the Kirsánofs had never even heard his name, but no introduction
is necessary. Mrs. Kirsánova will certainly be glad to meet such
sympathy. Her address can easily be found where Kirsánof
is employed.
 XII

It thus came about that Miss Pólozova became acquainted with Viéra
Pavlovna. She went to see her the very next morning; and
Beaumont was so much interested, that he came back in the
evening to find out how Katerina Vasílyevna liked her new
acquaintance and the new enterprise.
Katerina Vasílyevna was greatly inspired. Her melancholy had
entirely disappeared; her dreaminess had given way to enthusiasm.
She eagerly related to Beaumont—and she had already told her
father, but once telling of it was not enough—what she had seen
that morning, and there seemed to be no end to her story; yes, now
her heart was full. She had found a lively enterprise. Beaumont
listened to her attentively; but can one be satisfied with listening
only? And she said, almost with vexation, “Mr. Beaumont, I am
disappointed in you. Does it have so little effect on you, that it only
interests you, and nothing more?”
“Katerina Vasílyevna, you forget that I have seen all this at home
in America; some of the details may be interesting to me; but the
enterprise itself is too familiar to me. Only the people who carry
it on with such success are of interest to me, while to you the
thing is a novelty. For instance, what can you tell me about
Madame Kirsánova?”
“Akh! Bozhe moï! Of course I liked her very much indeed. She was
so lovely in describing everything to me.”
“You told me that before.”
“What else do you want? What more can I tell you? What
attention could I give to her when I had such a novel thing before
my eyes?”
 “That is so,” said Beaumont; “I understand we entirely forget
about persons when we are interested in things; however, can’t you
tell me something else about Madame Kirsánova?”
Katerina Vasílyevna tried to gather all her recollections about Viéra
Pavlovna, but she could only bring back the first impression which
Viéra Pavlovna made upon her; she gave a very lively picture of her
personal appearance, her way of speaking, all, in fact, that the eye
takes in when meeting a stranger for the first time; but further, there
was absolutely nothing in her recollections of Viéra Pavlovna that
was of special interest: it was her workshop, workshop, workshop,
and Viéra Pavlovna’s explanations about the workshop. She
understood the explanations perfectly, but Viéra Pavlovna herself,
from the time that followed their first meeting, made no impression
upon her.
“And so this time I am disappointed in my expectations in learning
about Madame Kirsánova; but I am not going to give you up; in a
few days I shall ask you again about her.”
“But why don’t you yourself make her acquaintance, if she
interests you so?”
“I should like to do so; maybe I will do so some time. But before, I
must learn more about her.”—Beaumont was silent for a
moment.—“I was wondering whether to ask you or not; but it seems
better to ask you, if you should happen to mention my name in
your conversation with her, please don’t tell her that I have made
any inquiries about her, or that I want to make her acquaintance
some time.”
“That’s very mysterious, Mr. Beaumont,” said Katerina Vasílyevna
in a serious tone. “You want to find out about them, and yet you
yourself want to be concealed.”
“Yes, Katerina Vasílyevna; how can I explain that to you? I am
afraid to make their acquaintance.”
“This is very strange, Mr. Beaumont.”
“It is true. I will speak plainer; I am afraid that it would be
disagreeable to her. They have never heard my name. But I might
have had some intercourse with some of the people that are friends
of theirs, or even with themselves; it is all the same. In a word, I
must know first whether it would be agreeable to them to make
my acquaintance.”
“All this is strange, Mr. Beaumont.”
“I am an honest man, Katerina Vasílyevna; let me assure you that
I would never think of putting you into a false position; this is only
the second time that I have ever seen you, but I have a great
respect for you.”
“I also see, Mr. Beaumont, that you are a man worthy of
respect, but—”
“If you think that I am a man worthy of respect, you will allow me
to call upon you, so that when you know me well enough, I can ask
you again about the Kirsánofs. Or, rather, you will speak about
them yourself when it will seem to you that you can fulfil my
request which I shall make now, and which I shall not repeat. Do
you agree?”
“All right, Mr. Beaumont,” said Katerina Vasílyevna, slightly
shrugging her shoulders. “But you must confess that—”
Again she did not want to finish her sentence.
“That my action seems rather suspicious? True; but I will wait till
you get over your suspicions.”
 XIII

Beaumont got into the way of making frequent calls at the Pólozofs’.
“Why not?” thought the old man. “He is an excellent match. Of
course in other days Kátya could have had a better husband. But
even then she did not care for money or for flattery. And now
nothing better could be desired.”
Indeed, Beaumont was an excellent match. He said that he
intended to live the rest of his life in Russia because he looked upon
it as his native land. He was a man of character; he was thirty years
old, a self-made man; and he had a good situation. If he had been a
Russian, Pólozof would have liked him to belong to the nobility.110
But as he was a foreigner, this was of no consequence, especially as
he was of French origin, and, above all, an American citizen. Among
the Americans, a man who may be today a journeyman shoemaker,
or a plowman, tomorrow will be a general, and the next day
president; and after that he may be a lawyer, or in a countinghouse.
It is a peculiar people altogether; they care only for a man’s money
or his brains. “This is the right way of looking at it,” continued
Pólozof. “I myself am that kind of man. I entered mercantile life; I
married a merchant’s widow. The main thing is money, and brains,
because without brains you can’t get any money. And this man is on
the road to it. He will buy the factory, will become manager; then
the firm will take him as a partner. And their firms are not like ours.
He too will roll in his millions.”
It is very possible that Pólozof’s imagination about his son-in-law
becoming a millionaire in the commercial line will not be realized any
more than Marya Alekséyevna’s imaginations in regard to her chosen
son-in-law becoming a great monopolist were realized. But for all
that, Beaumont was an excellent match for Katerina Vasílyevna.
 But, after all, was not Pólozof mistaken in thinking that Beaumont
was going to be his son-in-law? If the old man had a shadow of a
doubt about this, it vanished when Beaumont, in the course of a
fortnight, said to him, that the purchase of the factory might be
delayed for several days, the delay was unavoidable; even if
Mr. Lotter were not coming, it would take at least a week to bring it
to a conclusion, and Mr. Lotter would not be in Petersburg for a
week. “Before I was personally acquainted with you,” said
Beaumont, “I wanted to finish the business myself. Now it would not
look well, because we are so well acquainted. In order that there
should be no misunderstanding by and by, I have written about it to
the firm to this effect: that during the business transaction I have
made the acquaintance of the manager whose whole property is
invested in the factory, and I asked the firm to send someone to
conclude the bargain in my place, and now, as you see, Mr. Lotter
is coming.”
Shrewd and clever! At the same time it shows plainly Beaumont’s
intention of marrying Kátya; a mere acquaintance would not be
sufficient reason to take such a careful step.
 XIV

For the next two or three visits Beaumont was met very coolly by
Katerina Vasílyevna. In truth, she began to feel a certain distrust in
this person with whom her acquaintance was so slight, and who
expressed a puzzling desire to learn about a family where he was
not acquainted, and at the same time, according to his own words,
he feared to become acquainted because he feared that his
acquaintance might not be agreeable there. But although Katerina
Vasílyevna met him suspiciously during these first calls, yet she was
soon drawn into a lively conversation with him. In her former life,
before she had ever known Kirsánof, she had never met such a man;
he was so sympathetic in regard to all that interested her; he
understood her so well, even among her dearest friends—by the
way, there was only one who was a real friend, Paulina, who had
long ago moved to Moscow, and there married a Muscovite
manufacturer, and even with Paulina she could not speak with as
much ease as with him.
And he, at first he came not so much on her account as for the
purpose of learning through her about the Kirsánofs; but from the
very beginning of their acquaintance, from the very moment when
they spoke about melancholy and the means of curing it, it could be
seen that he respected her, that he sympathized with her. At his
second call he was still more attracted to her by her enthusiasm at
finding a new field of activity. Now, with every new meeting, his
inclination to her was more and more evident to her. Very soon there
arose between them most simple and friendly relations. At the end
of a week Katerina Vasílyevna told him about the Kirsánofs; she was
sure that this man could have no unworthy thoughts.
 It is true that when she began to speak about the Kirsánofs, he
stopped her: “Why so soon? You know me too slightly.”
“No; sufficiently, Mr. Beaumont; I see that if you did not want to
explain to me what seemed strange in your desire, you must have
had good reason; and there are so many mysteries in this world.”
And he replied, “You see that I have no longer that great
impatience to know what I wanted to know about them.”
 XV

Katerina Vasílyevna’s enthusiasm continued without diminution, but

changed into a constant, habitual mood, earnest, eager, and bright.
And, as it seemed to her, this enthusiasm drew Beaumont closer to
her. And he thought a great deal about her; this was sufficiently
apparent. Having heard two or three times what she had to tell
about the Kirsánofs, on the fourth time he said: “I now know
everything that I wanted to know about them. Thank you.”
“But what do you know? I only told you that they love each other,
and are perfectly happy in their married life.”
“More than that I did not care to know. However, all that I
knew already.”
The conversation turned on something else.
Of course Katerina Vasílyevna’s first thought was when he asked
about Mrs. Kirsánova, that he was in love with Viéra Pavlovna. But
no; it was perfectly evident that such was not the case. So far as
Katerina Vasílyevna was able to judge him now, she thought that
Beaumont was not even able to fall in love. Truly, to love was in his
power; that is true. “But if he loves anyone now, it is I,” thought
Katerina Vasílyevna.
 XVI

But the main thing was, did they love each other? Let us begin with
her. There was one case when she showed some solicitude about
Beaumont; but how did this case end? Quite otherwise from what
might have been expected at the beginning. Beaumont got into the
habit of calling at the Pólozofs’ literally every day, sometimes making
longer calls than at others, but every day just the same. And this
caused Pólozof to think that he was going to offer himself to
Katerina Vasílyevna; he had no other foundations for such a belief.
But one evening it happened that Beaumont did not come. “You
don’t know what is the matter with him, do you, papa?”
“I have not heard; I guess there is nothing the matter. He
probably did not have time.”
A second evening passed, and still there was no Beaumont. On
the following morning, Katerina Vasílyevna was evidently going
somewhere. “Where are you going. Kátya?”
“Somewhere, papa, on my own business.” She went to find about
Beaumont. He was sitting in his wide-sleeved overcoat, and was
reading; he lifted his eyes from the book when the door opened.
“Katerina Vasílyevna, is this you? I am very glad and very grateful
to you,” he said in the same tone as he would have addressed her
father; possibly the tone was a little more cordial.
“What is the matter, Mr. Beaumont, that you have not been to see
us for so long? You made me worry about you, and besides, you
made me feel my lonesomeness.”
“It was nothing particular, Katerina Vasílyevna; as you see, I
am well. Won’t you take some tea with me? You see I am just
having mine.”
“Of course I will; but why have you stayed away from us so long?”
 “Piotr, bring a glass. You see I am well; a mere trifle; this is the
reason: I was at the factory with Mr. Lotter, and while I was
explaining something to him, I was rather careless; and putting my
arm on a screw, it turned around and scratched my arm through the
sleeve, and so I have not been able to put on my coat for the last
three days.”
“Let me see it; else I shall be worried lest it is not a scratch, but a
serious wound.”
“Yes, it must be a big one” (here Piotr comes in with a glass for
Katerina Vasílyevna)—“when I make use of both my hands. However,
I will show it to you.” He rolled up his sleeve to the elbow. “Piotr,
throw the ashes out of the tray, and give me my cigar-holder; it’s on
the library table. See, it is a mere trifle; nothing but an English
plaster was necessary.”
“Yes; but there is still some swelling, and it is inflamed.”
“Yesterday there was considerably more, and by tomorrow there
will be none at all.”
Piotr, after cleaning out the ashtray and bringing the cigar-holder,
leaves the room.
“I did not want to appear before you as a wounded hero.”
“Why didn’t you write me, then?”
“Da! I thought that I should be able to put on my coat right away;
that is, day before yesterday; and day before yesterday, I expected
to put it on yesterday; and yesterday, today. I thought it was not
worth while to worry you.”
“Yes, and you have worried me all the more. It was not nice
of you, Mr. Beaumont. And when shall you finish this business
of yours?”
“Da! probably in a day or two; the delay is not our fault. Mr. Lotter
and I are all ready, but it is the stockholders.”
“And what have you been reading?”
“A new novel by Thackeray. How can a man write himself out
so when he has such a talent! It is because his fund of ideas is
getting low.”
“I have read it; it is quite true.” And she went on to speak of
Thackeray’s failing powers. Then they so spoke about half an hour
on various other topics in the very same manner.
“Well, it is almost time for me to go to Viéra Pavlovna. When do
you want to make her acquaintance? They are lovely people.”
“I will try to arrange to do it soon; I will ask you to introduce me.
I am very grateful to you for your visit. Is that your horse?”
“Yes, it is mine.”
“That’s the reason why your bátiushka never rides him. It is a very
good horse.”
“I think he is; I don’t know much about them.”
“It’s a beautiful horse, sir; cost three hundred and fifty rubles,”
said the coachman.
“How old is he?”
“Six years, sir.”
“Let us start, Zakhár; I am all ready. Goodbye, Mr. Beaumont; will
you come today?”
“Hardly likely, no; tomorrow, sure.”
 XVII

Does it ever happen that people do such things? Do young girls who
are in love ever make such visits? Not to speak of the fact that no
well-trained young lady would allow herself to do such a thing; but if
she did, the conversation would be quite different. If the action
performed by Katerina Vasílyevna was contrary to morality, then still
more contrary to the generally accepted ideas as to the relations
between men and young women, would be the character, so to
speak, of this immoral action. Isn’t it clear that Katerina Vasílyevna
and Beaumont were not human beings, but fish? and if they were
human beings, that they had the blood of fishes in their veins? The
way that she usually behaved towards him in her own house, also
absolutely corresponded with this theory.
“I am too tired to talk, Mr. Beaumont,” she used to say when he
stayed late. “You stay with papa, but I am going to bed”; and she
used to leave him.
Sometimes he used to reply, “Stay quarter of an hour more,
Katerina Vasílyevna.”
“All right,” she would say in such cases; but more often he replied,
“Then goodbye,111 Katerina Vasílyevna.”
What kind of people are these, I should like to know; and I should
like to know if they are not simply excellent people, whose meetings
are disturbed by nobody, who are free to see each other when and
as much as they please, whose marriage no one will hinder as soon
as they make up their minds, and who, therefore, have no reason to
be possessed of devils. But still I am vexed at their cool treatment of
each other, and I am not as much ashamed for them as for myself.
Is it really my fate as a novelist, to compromise in the eyes of all
well-bred readers, all my heroes and heroines? Some of them eat
and drink; others are not possessed of devils without cause; what
uninteresting people!
 XVIII

Meantime, so far as the old man Pólozof could judge, the affair was
coming to a marriage. When the probable bride and probable
bridegroom were getting to be so intimate, it was evident that there
would be a marriage. Has he not heard their talk? To be sure, his
daughter and the probable bridegroom were not always under his
eyes. More often than not they would sit by themselves or walk
together by themselves; but this did not change in the least the
tenor of their conversations. Even the shrewdest student of the
human heart would have never suspected, had he heard them talk,
that Beaumont would marry Katerina Vasílyevna. Not that they never
spoke about their feelings. They spoke about them as they spoke
about everything else in the world; but they said excessively little
about them; and even this little counted as nothing from the tone in
which they spoke. The tone was vexatious from its very calmness,
and what they said would have seemed terribly absurd to anyone in
society. Now, for example, it happened that in about a week after
the visit for which Beaumont was so grateful to Katerina Vasílyevna,
and in about two months after their acquaintance had begun, the
sale of the factory was accomplished. Mr. Lotter was intending to
leave on the following day. (And he left; don’t imagine that he is
going to bring a catastrophe. He, as is common with business men
in transacting commercial operations, told Beaumont that the firm
would make him the manager of the factory, at the salary of a
thousand pounds, as might have been expected, and nothing more.
What need had he, as a business man, to interfere with Beaumont’s
love affairs?) The shareholders, including Pólozof, were to receive,
on the following day (and they did receive all that they expected.
Here, again, you must not expect a catastrophe; for the firm of
Hodgson, Lotter and Company is a very reliable one) half in ready
cash, and half in notes payable in three months. Pólozof, full of
satisfaction at this turn of affairs, was sitting at his table in the
reception-room, and was counting over the banknotes. He overheard
in part the conversation that was going on between his daughter
and Beaumont, as they passed through the reception-room. They
were walking through the four rooms of the flat that faced on
the street.
“If a woman, a girl, is embarrassed with prejudices,” said
Beaumont (not committing any Americanisms or Anglicisms), “then a
man—I speak of respectable men—is subject to great
inconveniences on that account. Tell me, how can one marry a girl
who has not been trained in the simple duties of life, who does not
realize what relations may arise after she has accepted an offer? She
may not be able to judge whether she will enjoy her life with the
man who is to be her husband.”
“But, Mr. Beaumont, if her relations to this man are of a sincere
character, such as they had been before he proposed to her, then I
think that this would be some guarantee that they would be
contented with each other.”
“Some guarantee, certainly; but it would be much surer if the trial
were longer and more thorough. She cannot know in any way the
character of the relation into which she is going to enter; and so
marriage is for her a terrible risk. So much for her; and the
honorable man who is to marry her has to run the same risk. He can
generally judge whether he will be satisfied. He knows intimately
women of various natures; he has made trial of what nature suits
him the best. She has not that chance.”
“But she can observe the lives and characters of those in her own
family and in the families of her friends; she can think a great deal.”
“All that is good, so far as it goes, but it is not sufficient. Nothing
can take the place of a personal trial.”
“Would you have only widows get married?” asked Katerina
Vasílyevna, laughing.
“You have expressed yourself quite to the point. Only widows;
girls should be prohibited from marrying.”
 “That is true,” said Katerina Vasílyevna, seriously.
Such talk as this seemed very wild to Pólozof at first, as he caught
fragments of it. But gradually he got accustomed to the thought,
and he said to himself, “Well, I myself am a man without
prejudices. I started in business, and I, too, married a widow, a
merchant’s widow.”
What he heard was only a little episode in their conversation,
which was also devoted to other affairs; but on the following day
this subject of their yesterday’s conversation was continued in
this way:—
“You have told me the story of your love for Sólovtsof. But what
was it? It was—”
“Let us sit down, if it is just the same to you; I am tired
of walking.”
“Very well. It was a childish feeling, such as gives no guarantee.
You remember it only as a subject to laugh over, or, rather, to feel
gloomy about; for it certainly has its melancholy side. You were
saved only by a strange and rare piece of good fortune, because
your case fell into the hands of a man like Aleksandr.”
“Who?”
“Aleksandr Matvéitch Kirsánof,” he added, as though not to say
merely his first name. “If it had not been for Kirsánof, you would
have died, either by consumption or by that wretch. One can draw
very sensible conclusions about the unhappy position that you held
in society. You yourself have drawn such conclusions. All this is good
enough, and it has only in the end made you a far more sensible and
excellent girl; but it did not in the slightest degree give you any
further experience for making up your mind what sort of a man
would satisfy you as a husband.”
“Not a miserable but an honorable man; that is all that you can
decide. So far so good; but would it be enough for any honorable
woman to know that the character of the man that she had chosen
for her husband was honorable, if she did not know him any more
than that? It is necessary to have a more exact knowledge of a
man’s character; that is, you must have a very different experience
from what you have already had. We decided yesterday that
according to your expression it is only widows who should be
allowed to marry. But what sort of a widow are you?”
All this was said by Beaumont in a tone expressing dissatisfaction,
and his last words were spoken actually in a grieved tone.
“That is true,” said Katerina Vasílyevna rather gloomily, “for all
that, I could not be easily deceived.”
“And you could not if you tried, because it is impossible to affect
experience if you have it not.”
“You are always speaking about the lack of ways that we girls
have for making a satisfactory choice. As a general thing it is
absolutely true; but there are exceptional cases when so much
experience is not necessary for making a satisfactory choice. If a girl
is not so very young, she may understand her own character very
well. For instance, I know my character, and it is evident to me that
it is not going to change. I am twenty-two years old. I know what is
necessary for my happiness: to live quietly so as not to be stirred up,
that is all.”
“That is true. That is evident.”
“And is it so very hard to see whether this man or that has the
marks of character sufficient to satisfy this want? This can be seen in
a few conversations.”
“That is true; but you said that this is an exceptional case. The
general rule is different.”
“Of course the rule is different. But, Mr. Beaumont, in the
conditions of our lives, according to our understandings and habits,
it is impossible to wish that a girl should have the knowledge of
those everyday relations about which we were speaking, while
without it, in most cases, a girl runs the risk of making an
unsatisfactory choice. Her position is inextricable under present
conditions. As things are now, let her enter into whatever relations
she pleases; it will in no case give her experience: she might not get
any advantage, and her dangers would be vastly multiplied. A girl
can easily lower herself, can learn wickedness and deceit. She would
be obliged to deceive her friends and society, to hide from their
eyes, and from this there is an easy transition to falsehood, which is
sure to ruin her character. It is even very possible that she may learn
to look superficially upon life. And if this should not result, yet if she
is going to be a good woman, then her heart may be broken. In the
meantime, she will gain nothing in the experience of every day’s life,
because these relations which are so dangerous to her character or
so tormenting to her heart are theatrical, idle, and out of the
ordinary. You see that it is impossible to advise in the conditions of
our life.”
“Of course, Katerina Vasílyevna; but for that very reason our life
is bad.”
“Yes, indeed, we are agreed on that point.”
“What does this mean? Leaving out the fact that the deuce knows
what it means, what has it to do with their personal relations? The
man says, ‘I doubt whether you will make me a good wife’; and the
girl replies, ‘Just make me an offer and see!’
“What extraordinary impertinence! Or is it not so, perhaps? Maybe
the man says: ‘I have no need of questioning whether I am going to
be happy with you; but be careful even though you choose me. You
have chosen me, but I beg of you, think, think carefully. This is a
very serious matter. Don’t put your confidence even in me, who
love you so dearly, without a serious and attentive making up of
your mind.’
“And maybe the girl answers: ‘My friend, I see that you think not
about yourself, but about me. It is your truthfulness; we are to be
pitied, we are deceived, we are led blindfolded, so as to be more
easily deceived. But don’t fear on my account; you cannot deceive
me. My happiness is sure. Just as you are tranquil on your part, so
am I on mine.’ ”
“I wonder at one thing,” continued Beaumont on the following
day. Again they were walking through the rooms, and Pólozof was
sitting in one of them. “I wonder at one thing—that there are any
happy marriages under such conditions.”
“You speak in a tone as though you were sorry that there were
such things as happy marriages,” replied Katerina Vasílyevna
laughingly. She now, as may have been observed, laughs frequently
in a tranquil and joyous way.
 “And in fact they generally do inspire gloomy thoughts: if with
such scanty means of judging the necessities and characters of men,
girls very often succeed in making satisfactory choices, what a
brightness and soundness of wit it shows that women possess! What
a true, strong, vigilant mind nature has gifted them withal! And this
mind remains without advantage for society, society dismisses it,
oppresses it, chokes it, and the history of mankind would have
advanced tenfold quicker if this intellect had not been dismissed,
oppressed, and killed.”
“You are the panegyrist of women, Mr. Beaumont! Is there no way
of explaining it in a simpler way, by opportunity?”
“By opportunity? Explain it by opportunity if you want to; but
when the opportunities are numerous, you know that besides chance
which originates one part of them, there must be another cause
originating the other part. It is impossible to suppose any other
general cause, beyond my explanation—soundness of choice arising
from the strength and vigilance of mind.”
“You are quite like Mrs. Beecher Stowe, on the woman question,
Mr. Beaumont. She proves that the negroes are the most talented of
all the races, that they stand above the white race by their intellect.”
“You are joking, but I am serious.”
“It seems that you are provoked at me because I don’t bow before
a woman. But accept as my excuse at least the difficulty of getting
on my knees before myself.”
“Joke! but I am seriously provoked.”
“But not at me, I hope? I am not in the least to blame for the fact
that women and girls cannot accomplish what is necessary according
to your opinion. However, if you want, I will tell you seriously what I
think—only not on the woman question: I don’t want to be a judge
in my own case, but exclusively about you, Mr. Beaumont. You are a
man of reserved nature, but you get excited when you speak on this
subject. What should follow from this? The fact that you must have
some personal interest in this question. Evidently you must have
suffered from some mistake in the choice made by a girl who was,
as you say, inexperienced.”
 “Maybe I, maybe somebody else who was nearer me. However,
consider, Katerina Vasílyevna. I shall tell you when I hear your
answer. I shall ask your answer in three days.”
“To a question which has not been asked? Do I know you so little
as to be compelled to think three days?” Katerina Vasílyevna
stopped, put her arm around Beaumont’s neck, drew his head
towards her, and kissed his forehead.
According to all the examples of the past, and according to the
demands of propriety itself, Beaumont would have to take her in his
arms and kiss her lips; but he did no such thing, but only pressed
her hand, which had dropped down from his head. “Yes, Katerina
Vasílyevna, still think the matter over.” And they began to
walk again.
“But who told you, Charlie, that I have been thinking about it for
more than three days?” she replied, not letting go his hand.
“Yes, of course, I saw it; but still I will tell you now—I have
a secret; let us go to that room, and sit down there, so that he
can’t hear.”
The end of this began to take place when they passed the old
man. The old man saw that they were walking hand in hand, which
had never happened to them before, and he thought: “He has asked
her hand, and she has promised. Good!”
“Tell me your secret, Charlie; papa will not hear from there.”
“It seems absurd, Katerina Vasílyevna that I appear to be afraid of
you; of course there is nothing to be afraid of. But you will
understand why I caution you when I tell you that I have an
example in mind. Of course you see that we shall be able to live
together; but I pitied her. How much she suffered, and how long she
was deprived of life which was necessary to her! It was pitiful; I saw
with my own eyes. Where it was makes no difference—New York,
Boston, Philadelphia—you know—it’s no matter; but she was a very
excellent woman, and she looked upon her husband as an excellent
man. They were exceedingly attached to each other; yet, still she
had to suffer a great deal. He was ready to give his life for the least
increase of her happiness, but, for all that, she could not live happily
with him. It was well that it ended as it did, but it was hard for her.
You have not experienced any such thing, and so I shall not accept
your answer.”
“Could I hear this story from anybody?”
“Perhaps so.”
“From the woman herself?”
“Perhaps so.”
“And I have not given you any answer yet?”
“No.”
“Do you know what it will be?”
“I do,” said Beaumont, and then began an ordinary scene, proper
between “bridegroom” and “bride,” with kisses.
 XIX

On the next day at three o’clock Katerina Vasílyevna went to

Viéra Pavlovna.
“I am to be married day after tomorrow, Viéra Pavlovna,” she said
as she entered; “and this evening I am going to bring my
bridegroom to see you.”
“Beaumont, of course, whom you have been crazy over this
long time.”
“I, crazy? When everything passed off so quietly and reasonably!”
“I thoroughly believe that you talked with him very quietly and
sensibly; but with me, quite otherwise.”
“Really, this is interesting! But here is something more interesting:
he loves you very much—both of you; but you, Viéra Pavlovna, much
more than Aleksandr Matvéitch.”
“Is there anything interesting in that? If you have spoken to him
about me with a thousandth part of the enthusiasm with which you
have spoken about him to me then, of course—”
“Do you think that he knows you through me? Here’s where the
fun comes in, that he knows you personally, not through me, but far
better than I do.”
“That’s news! How is that?”
“How? I am going to tell you right away. The very first day that he
came to Petersburg he was very anxious to see you, but it seemed
to him that it would be better to postpone the acquaintance till he
should come to you, not by himself, but with a ‘bride’ or a wife. It
seemed to him that it would be pleasanter for you to see him with a
wife than single. You see that our engagement came about through
his desire to make your acquaintance.”
“He marries you so as to get acquainted with me!”
 “The idea! who says that he marries me for your sake? Oh, no! we
get married, of course, not from love to you. But did we know of
each other’s existence until he came to Petersburg, and if he had not
come, how should we have got acquainted? But he came to
Petersburg for your sake! How absurd you are!”
“Does he speak Russian better than English?” asked Viéra
Pavlovna, in excitement.
“He speaks Russian just as I do, and English just as I do.”
“My dear Kátenka, how glad I am!” Viéra Pavlovna threw her arms
around her guest.—“Sasha, come here! hurry, hurry!”
“What is it, Viérotchka? How d’ye do, Katerina Vas—”
He had no chance to speak her whole name before the young lady
was kissing him.
“Today is Easter, Sasha. Say to Kátenka, ‘Indeed, he is risen.’ ”112
“But what is this all about?”
“Sit down, and she will tell you everything. And I myself have not
heard all I want about it. That’ll do; you have had enough kisses!
and before me too! Now tell us, Kátenka!”
 XX

There was still more riotous conduct during the evening; but when
order was restored, Beaumont, by the request of his new
acquaintance, began to tell the story of his life after he came to the
United States.
“As soon as I got there,” said he, “I took pains to become
naturalized. For that purpose, I had to make friends with some party.
What do you suppose it was? Naturally, the Abolitionists. I wrote
several articles for the Tribune about the influence of slavery upon
the whole state of society in Russia. This, a new argument, was not
a bad one, for the Abolitionists to use against slavery in the
Southern States, and I became a citizen of Massachusetts. Soon
after my arrival, I found a position in the office of one of the few
large firms belonging to that party in New York.” Further, he told
them the same story which we already know. At least, this part of
Beaumont’s biography cannot be doubted.
 XXI

That very evening they made an agreement that the two families
should look for apartments which should be adjoining. In the
expectation of finding and arranging suitable apartments, the
Beaumonts lived in the factory, where, according to the orders given
by the firm, rooms for the manager were prepared. This temporary
departure from the city might be regarded as akin to the beautiful
English custom of a wedding journey, which is now common all
over Europe.
When, in six weeks, two convenient adjoining flats were found,
the Kirsánofs suited in the one, the Beaumonts in the other, the old
Pólozof preferred to remain in his factory apartment, the rooms of
which reminded him, though to a limited degree, of his former
grandeur. It was also pleasant for him to stay there because he was
popular within a distance of three or four versts around. There was
no limit to the signs of respect offered him by his own clerks and
those of the neighborhood, by the porters, and all the other
suburban brethren of higher or lower dignity in this society which
gathered around the factory, and there was no measure to the
pleasure with which the patriarch accepted these signs of the
general respect in which he was held as the most important person
of the district. His son-in-law came to the factory every day; and
almost every day his daughter came with her husband. In summer
they moved down there entirely, and lived in the factory, which took
the place of a dacha. The rest of the year, the old man, besides
receiving his daughter and son-in-law, who still was known as the
North American, often—every week, and oftener—had the pleasure
of receiving guests, who came to spend an evening with Katerina
Vasílyevna and her husband. Sometimes only the Kirsánofs and
some young folks, sometimes the party was larger. The factory
served the general purpose of frequent out-of-town picnics for the
circle in which the Kirsánofs and Beaumonts lived. Pólozof was
greatly delighted at such invasion of guests, and how could he help
it? The part of host belonged to him, and it was not deprived of its
patriarchal worshipfulness.
 XXII

The two families each lived according to the style that best pleased
them. On ordinary days there was much noise in one apartment,
much quiet in the other. They met like kinsfolks; some days they met
as often as ten times, and each time for only a minute or two;
sometimes for a whole day one of the apartments would be empty,
and its inhabitants would be found in the other part. All this was
according to circumstances. And when there were gatherings of
guests, it was again as it happened; sometimes the doors between
the apartments would be locked, because the doors which opened
from the parlor of one apartment into the reception-room of the
other were generally locked; but the doors between the rooms
occupied by Viéra Pavlovna and Katerina Vasílyevna were constantly
open. And so, sometimes the doors connecting the reception-rooms
were locked; that was when the company was small. But if the party
was large, these doors were opened, and the guests would not know
whether they were at Viéra Pavlovna’s or Katerina Vasílyevna’s; and
the khozyáïkas themselves could hardly distinguish. The young
people, when they wanted to take a rest, generally found
themselves in Katerina Vasílyevna’s rooms; but when they did not
come to rest, they would be with Viéra Pavlovna. But the young
people could not be considered as guests, they are so intimate, and
Viéra Pavlovna, without any ceremony, would drive them off to see
Katerina Vasílyevna.
“I am tired of you boys! Go to Kátenka; she never gets tired of
you. Why are you always quieter with her than with me? here I am
older than she is.”
“Don’t you trouble yourself; we like her better than we do you.”
“Kátenka, why do they like you better than they do me?”
 “Because I scold them less than you do.”
“Da! Katerina Vasílyevna treats us like men, and so we behave like
men when we are with her.”
Not bad was the effect of the game which was repeated very
often last winter in the home circle, when the young folks and their
intimate friends alone used to gather; the pianos from the two
apartments were brought together; the young folks would cast lots,
and divide into two choirs, making their benefactresses sit one at the
one, the other at the other, grand piano, facing each other; each
choir would stand near its prima donna, and at one and the same
time they would sing: Viéra Pavlovna with her choir, “La Donna é
Mobile”; and Katerina Vasílyevna with her choir would sing “Long
cast off by Thee”; or Viéra Pavlovna with her choir would sing
Lizette’s Song from Béranger; and Katerina Vasílyevna, “Eramushkás’
Song.” This winter something became popular: the former prima
donnas, with the aid of all, adapted to their own liking “the
discussion of two Grecian philosophers about the beautiful.” It began
this way: Katerina Vasílyevna would lift her eyes to heaven, and
sighing languishingly, would say, “Divine Schiller, the rapture of my
soul!” Viéra Pavlovna would answer with dignity. “But the prunella
shoes from Koralof’s shop are just beautiful!” and she would thrust
out her foot. Whoever of the young folks laugh at such a discussion
would be put into the corner; at the end of the discussion there
would remain two or three people out of ten or twelve, who were
not in the corner. But an immeasurable excitement would be aroused
if they managed to inveigle Beaumont into this game, and get him
into the corner.
What else? The sewing shops, continuing to agree, continued to
exist. Now there are three of them. Katerina Vasílyevna has arranged
hers long ago. Now she very often takes Viéra Pavlovna’s place in
the shop, and soon she will have to take her place entirely. This
year—forgive her—she will pass her examinations as a doctor; and
then she will have no time at all to occupy herself in the shop.
“It is a pity that there is no chance for these sewing unions to
develop as they might have been developed,” says Viéra Pavlovna
sometimes. Katerina Vasílyevna does not answer a word, only her
eyes flash with indignation.
“What a quick temper you have, Kátya. You are worse than I,”
says Viéra Pavlovna. “It is good that your father has something; it is
very good.”
“Yes, Viérotchka; it is good. I have less anxiety for my son.” (You
see, she has a son.)
“However, Kátya, I don’t know what you make me think of. We will
always live quietly and peacefully, won’t we?”
Katerina Vasílyevna makes no reply.
“Yes, Kátya; say yes for my sake.”
Katerina Vasílyevna laughs.
“It does not depend on my yes or no; and so for your satisfaction,
I will say yes, we will always live peacefully.”
And indeed they all live peacefully. They live harmoniously and
cordially and quietly and happily and gayly and actively. But it does
not follow from this that my story is at end. All four of them are as
yet young, active; and if their lives are arranged harmoniously and
cordially, beautifully and solidly, still it has not ceased to be
interesting: far from it; and I have a good many things yet to tell
about them; and I vouch for it that the continuation of my story
about them will be much more interesting than what I have related
till now.
 XXIII

They live gayly and cordially; they work and they rest; they enjoy
life; and look forward to the future if not without thought, yet with a
firm and substantial assurance that the further they go, the better it
will be. Thus passed with them the time of the third year and last
year; and thus the present year is passing, and the winter of the
present year is almost passed; the snow has begun to melt, and
Viéra Pavlovna inquired, “There will be one more frosty day yet,
won’t there, so that we can have another winter picnic?”
And nobody could answer her; but one day passes after another,
growing warmer and warmer, and every day the probability of a
winter picnic grew less. But lo! at last, when hope was lost, a
snowstorm came such as we have in midwinter, without warmth, but
with a fine gentle frost: the sky became bright. “It will be a splendid
evening—picnic! the picnic—hurry up; don’t stop for the rest—a little
one without formality.”
Two sleighs dashed away that evening. One was filled with talk
and jokes, but the other was really beyond control. As soon as
they left town, they sang with all their voices, and this was what
they sang:—

“From the gate the maiden went,

From the gate of maple bent,
Hurried from the new-made gate,
With its new-made checkered grate.
‘Angry is my bátiushka.
Has no mercy on his daughter;
Will not let me wander late,
With the young lad gayly wait;
 Yet I do not heed my sire,
But will sport to heart’s content.’ ”113

The idea of singing such a song! Is that all? Some of the time they
go slow and drop a quarter of a verst behind, and then suddenly
they catch up with the others, and race; they dash by with shouts
and screams of laughter, and after they have passed them, they fling
snowballs at the gay but not riotous sleigh. The more decorous
sleighful, after two or three such insults, determined to defend
themselves. They let the riotous sleigh get ahead of them, they
collected handfuls of new-fallen snow as secretly as possible, so that
the riotous sleigh might not discover them. When the riotous sleigh
slowed up again and fell behind, the decorous sleigh was creeping
along stealthily, and gave no sign that they had procured weapons;
and when the riotous sleigh bore down upon them again with shouts
and shrieks, the decorous sleigh offered most unexpectedly a brave
defence. But what does this mean? The riotous sleigh turns out to
the right, even across gutters; they don’t care for anything; they
dash by a distance of a few rods.114 “Yes, she must have suspected
something; she has taken the reins herself; she is standing up and
driving,” says the decorous sleigh. “No, no, we’ll catch up with them
and pay them back.” It is a desperate race. Will they overtake them
or not? “We shall,” says the decorous sleigh with enthusiasm. “No,” it
cries in despair; then, with new enthusiasm says, “Yes, we shall.”
“They are gaining on us,” says the riotous sleigh in despair. “They
won’t catch up with us,” it says in enthusiasm. “Will they catch us
or not?”
In the decorous sleigh were seated the Kirsánofs and Beaumonts;
in the riotous sleigh were four young men and one lady, and it was
she who was the ringleader in the riotous sleigh.
“Your health, mesdames and messieurs. We are very glad to see
you again,” she says from the platform of the factory
stairs.—“Gentlemen, help the ladies out of the sleighs,” she adds,
addressing her companions.
 Hurry up! hurry up into the parlors! The cold has reddened all
their cheeks.
“How do you do, you dear old man?”115
“He isn’t an old man at all, Katerina Vasílyevna. What made
you tell me that he was old? He will be flirting with me next
thing. Will you do it, you dear little old man?” asks the lady of the
riotous sleigh.
“I will,” says Pólozof, delighted because she gently caressed his
gray whiskers.
“Children, will you let him flirt with me?”
“Of course we will,” says one of the young men.
“No, no!” say the three others.
But why is the lady of the riotous sleigh dressed all in black? Is it
mourning or caprice?
“O dear me, I am tired!” she said, throwing herself on the Turkish
divan which occupied the whole length of the side of the parlor.
“Children, more cushions! Not for me alone, but I think the other
ladies are tired.”
“Yes; you have tired us all out!” says Katerina Vasílyevna.
“The race with you over the rough road broke me all up!” says
Viéra Pavlovna.
“It was a good thing that there was only one more visit to the
factory,” added Katerina Vasílyevna.
They both settled themselves on the divan among the cushions,
in weariness.
“You weren’t sharp enough! you can’t have had much practice in
racing. You ought to have stood up as I did; then the ups and downs
amount to nothing.”
“Even we are rather tired.” says Beaumont to Kirsánof. They sat
down by their wives. Kirsánof threw his arm around Viéra Pavlovna.
Beaumont took Katerina Vasílyevna’s hand. It was an idyllic picture.
It is pleasant to see happy unions. But a shadow crossed the face of
the lady in mourning for one moment, so that none except one of
her young companions noticed it. He went to the window and began
to study the arabesques made by the frost on the glass.
 “Mesdames, your stories are very interesting, but I can’t hear
what you say; all I know is that they are very pathetic but that they
end happily; I like that! But where is my dear little old man?”
“He is busy about the house; he is getting lunch ready; this always
amuses him,” said Katerina Vasílyevna.
“Well, in that case, God be with him! Tell me your story, please,
but briefly; I like to be told things in few words.”
“I shall relate very briefly.” says Viéra Pavlovna; “let me begin.
When it is the others’ turn, let them tell theirs. But I will tell you
beforehand that there are secrets at the end of my story.”
“Well, then we’ll drive out these gentlemen. Or perhaps it would
be better to drive them out now!”
“No; now they can listen.”
Viéra Pavlovna began her story.

“Ha! ha! ha! This sweet Julie, I love her dearly!” and she throws
herself down on her knees and she carries on and behaves herself
terribly. “She is lovely!”

Bravo, Viéra Pavlovna! “I am going to jump out of the window!

Bravo, gentlemen!” The lady in mourning clapped her hands. At this
command the young people applauded deafeningly, with shouts of
“hurrah!” and “bravo!”

“What’s got into you? What’s got into you?” said Katerina Vasílyevna,
in affright two or three minutes later.
“No, it’s nothing much! it’ll pass. Give me a glass of water! Don’t
bother yourself; Mosolof is bringing me some. Thank you, Mosolof!”
She took the water brought her by her young companion who had
been standing by the window. “Do you see how I have taught him?
He knows everything beforehand. Now I feel all well again. Go
ahead, please; I’m listening!”
“No, but I am tired,” she said, five minutes later, calmly getting up
from the divan. “I must have a nap for an hour or so. You see I am
going without any ceremony. Come, Mosolof, let us find the dear
little old man; he will give me a place.”
“Excuse me, why shouldn’t I do it?” asked Katerina Vasílyevna.
“Is it worth while to trouble you?”
“Are you going to give us up entirely?” asked one of the young
men, taking a tragical pose. “If we had foreseen it, we should
have brought daggers with us. But now we have nothing to stab
ourselves with.”
“When lunch is ready, we will take the forks for daggers!” shouted
another, with the enthusiasm of unexpected salvation.
“Oh, no, I do not want the hope of our fatherland should be
prematurely destroyed,” said the lady in mourning, in the same
excess of enthusiasm. “Be consoled, my children!—Mosolof, put the
small cushion on the table.”
Mosolof put the cushion on the table. The lady in mourning was
standing by the table, in a graceful position, and slowly dropped her
hand to the cushion.
The young folks kissed her hand.
Katerina Vasílyevna went to find a room for the weary guest.
“Poor girl!” said the three young men, who had been with her in
the shop, with one accord, when she left the parlor.
“She is a brave woman!” said the three young men.
“I should say she was,” said Mosolof, with a sense of satisfaction.
“Have you known her long?”
“Three years.”
“Do you know her well?”
“Yes.—Don’t be disturbed,” he added, addressing those who were
in the sleigh; “it’s only because she is tired.”
Viéra Pavlovna exchanged significant glances with her husband
and Beaumont, and shook her head.
“It’s absurd to say she is tired,” said Kirsánof.
 “I assure you she is tired, that’s all. She will fall asleep, and it will
all pass,” repeated Mosolof, in a calm and indifferent tone.
In ten minutes Katerina Vasílyevna came back.
“How is she?” asked six voices. Mosolof did not ask.
“She went to bed and shut her eyes, and now she must
be asleep.”
“I told you so,” said Mosolof; “it’s a mere trifle.”
“Still, I am sorry for her,” said Katerina Vasílyevna. “We will watch
her by turns: you and I, Viérotchka, and Charlie and Sasha.”
“Don’t let this interfere with our fun,” said Mosolof. “We can
dance, and shout, and sing; she sleeps very sound.”

If she sleeps, if it is a mere trifle, then what does it mean? The

disturbing impression caused for quarter of an hour, by the lady in
mourning, vanished and was forgotten—not absolutely, but almost.
The party, even in her absence, little by little took the character of all
the similar parties which had been held during the winter, and it
became gay. Gay, but not without restraint. At least, the ladies half a
dozen times exchanged looks of serious solemnity. Twice Viéra
Pavlovna whispered stealthily, “Sasha, suppose something of this
sort should happen to me?”
Kirsánof, the first time, could not find an answer. But the second
time he succeeded. “No, Viéra, nothing of this sort could happen
to you.”
“Cannot? Are you sure?”
“Yes.”
And Katerina Vasílyevna twice whispered to her husband stealthily,
“Charlie, this could not happen to me, could it?”
The first time Beaumont only smiled, not gayly and not
reassuringly; the second time he also succeeded in saying, “By all
probability, it could not.”
And these were only occasional echoes, and then only at first. But
for the most part the evening was spent gayly; in half an hour it was
quite gay. They talked, played, sang. “She is sound asleep,” says
Mosolof, and he takes the lead. And really, it was impossible to
disturb her. The room where she was lying down was a long way
from the parlor, separated by three rooms, a corridor, and a flight
of stairs, and then another room. It was at the further side of
the apartment.

And so the evening was a great success. The young folks, as usual,
either joined the others, or were by themselves. Beaumont joined
them a couple of times; a couple of times Viéra Pavlovna would draw
him from them and their serious conversation.
They talked a great deal; but there was, after all, very little
serious discussion.

All were sitting together.

“Well, what was the result? Was it good or bad?” asked one of the
young men, who had taken the tragical attitude.
“She is rather worse than better,” said Viéra Pavlovna.
“What do you mean, Viérotchka?” asked Katerina Vasílyevna.
“At all events, it is unavoidable in life,” said Beaumont.
“It is an inevitable fate,” said Kirsánof, in affirmation.
“It is an excellently bad thing; consequently, it is excellent,” said
the one who asked.
The other three young fellows nodded their heads, and said,
“Bravo, Nikítin!”

The young folks were by themselves.

“I did not know him, Nikítin; but you knew him, didn’t you?”
asked Mosolof.
 “I was a little boy then, but I saw him.”
“But how does it seem to you now, as you look back? do they tell
the truth? Would he accept her friendship?”
“No.”
“And haven’t you seen him since?”
“No. However, Beaumont was at that time in America.”
“Really! Karl Yakovlich, come here just a moment. Did you meet in
America that Russian of whom we are speaking?”
“No.”
“It should be time for him to come back.”
“Yes.”
“What an idea came into my head,” said Nikítin; “he would make a
nice match for her.”
“Gentlemen, some of you come and sing with me,” said Viéra
Pavlovna.—“So two of you want to come? So much the better!”
Mosolof and Nikítin stayed behind.
“I can show you an interesting thing, Nikítin,” said
Mosolof.—“What do you think—is she sleeping?”
“No.”
“Only don’t tell! You can tell her after you get better acquainted
with her; but nobody else. She would not like it.”

The windows of the apartment were low.

“This window, you see, is near the fire.” Mosolof looked.
“That’s it; do you see?”
The lady in mourning had moved her chair to the table, and was
sitting down: with her left elbow she leaned on the table, the palm
of her hand supported her drooping head, hiding her cheek and part
of her hair. Her right hand was resting on the table, and her fingers
were drumming mechanically, as though she were playing some
tune. The lady’s face had a fixed expression of melancholy, sorrowful
but still more stern. Her eyebrows were lifting and drooping,
lifting, drooping.
“Is it always so, Mosolof?”
 “You see. However, let us come away, else we’ll catch cold. It’s
already quarter-past ten.”
“What a heartless fellow you are!” said Nikítin, looking keenly into
his comrade’s eyes as they passed by the lamp in the entry.
“You are getting sentimental, little brother. Is this
your experience?”
Lunch was ready.
“What splendid vodka this is,” said Nikítin; “how strong it is! It
takes away your breath.”
“Ekh! little winch! your eyes are already red,” said Mosolof. All
began to make fun of Nikítin in the same way.
“It’s only because it choked me, but I can generally drink,”
said he, in justification. They began to look at their watches. “It’s
only eleven o’clock; we can count on half an hour more; we shall
have time.”
In half an hour Katerina Vasílyevna went to wake the lady in
mourning. She was met by her on the threshold, stretching herself
after her nap.
“Did you sleep well?”
“Splendidly.”
“And how do you feel?”
“Magnificently. I told you it was a mere trifle; I got tired because I
fooled too much. Now I shall be more staid.”
But, no, she could succeed in being staid. In five minutes she was
already charming Pólozof, and ordering round the young men, and
was drumming out a march, or something of the sort, with the
handles of two forks on the table. Then she was in a hurry to leave;
but the others, who had got into a gale from her renewed riot, did
not want to go.
“Are the horses ready?” she asked, getting up from the
lunch table.
“Not yet. We have just sent to have them put in.”
“You good-for-nothings! But if this is so, come, Viéra Pavlovna,
sing us something; I have been told that you have a splendid voice.”
Viéra Pavlovna sang.
“I shall often ask you to sing,” said the lady in mourning.
 “Now it’s your turn! now it’s your turn!” they all cried. But they
had hardly time to urge her before she was seated at the piano.
“Well, all right, only I can’t sing; but that makes no difference. I
don’t care for anything. Now, mesdames and messieurs, I am not
going to sing for your sake, but for my children. Children, don’t you
laugh at your ma!” At the same time she struck the chords which
lead to the accompaniment. “Children, don’t you dare to laugh, for I
shall sing with feeling.” And, trying to bring out the notes as squeaky
as possible, she sang:—

“Moans the dark blue—”

The young people roared with laughter at such an unexpected

method, and the rest of the company also laughed. And the
songstress herself could not refrain from joining; but, suppressing
her merriment, she continued, twice as squeaky as before:—

“Moans the dark blue little pigeon,116

Moans all day and moans all night
For his sweetheart—”

But at this word her voice really trembled and choked. “It doesn’t
go, and it’s just as well that it doesn’t go. But if this doesn’t go,
something else will—something better? Listen, children, to your
mother’s advice: Don’t fall in love, and know that you have no right
to marry.”
Then she sang in a strong, full contralto:—

“In our towns, a host of beauties are;

In each twilight eye there shines a star.
Happy fate regards them all sincerely,
But—

“This but is stupid, children—

But the brave young fellow loves too dearly.

There’s no sense in that—its perfect nonsense—but you, why—

Do not wed her, gallant youth;

Hear my warning words.117

“Still more nonsense, children, and maybe this is also nonsense.

You can fall in love, you can wed, but it must be only through
choice, and without deceiving yourselves, children. I am going to
sing to you how I married. It is an old romance, but I am also old. I
am sitting on the balcony of our castle, Dalton, for I am Scotch; I
am beautiful and pale. Further down is the forest and the river
Bringal. To the balcony slowly, stealthily, comes my lover; he is poor,
and I am rich; I am the daughter of a baron and a lord, but I love
him dearly, and I am singing to him—

How beauteous Bringal’s rugged shore.

Its forests green and tall!
My love and I, we love it more—

Because I know he hides there in the daytime, and every day he

changes his retreat—

Than e’en my father’s hall.

However, the father’s hall is not so lovely in reality. And so I sing to

him, ‘I am going with thee.’ What do you suppose he answers me?”

Woulds’t thou be willing, maiden, tell,

To lose their rank and race?

Because I was high born.

But ere thou yieldest, weigh it well,

What fate thou hast to face!

“ ‘Art thou a huntsman?’ I ask. ‘No.’ ‘A poacher?’ ‘You have almost

guessed,’ said he;
 When we, the sons of night, have met,

—because you know that all of us, children, mesdames and

messieurs, are very wicked people—

We take a solemn vow.

What once we were we must forget,
Forget what we are now.

“He sings, ‘I guessed it long ago.’ I say, ‘Thou art a brigand.’ Well,
it is true; he is a brigand. Yes, he is a brigand. Well, gentlemen, he
says, ‘Don’t you see I am a poor match for you?

O maiden, I was born for strife,

In forests dark I wend.’

“Absolutely true; dark forests; so he says, ‘Don’t go with me.’

How terrible will be my life!

Because in the dark forests are wild beasts.

How pitiful my end!

“That is not true, children; it will not be pitiful. But then, he and I
have thought, and he has thought, and still I answer as before:—

How beauteous Bringal’s rugged shore.

Its forests green and tall!
My love and I, we love it more
Than e’en my father’s hall.

“In reality, it was so. Consequently, I must not be sorry. I was told
what to expect. Thus you can marry and love, children, without
deceit, and know how to make your choice.

The moon climbs the sky

Serenely and brightly.
 The soldier lad knightly
To the battle must hie.
His gun is loaded all with care;
And to him says the maiden fair,
My dearest, with courage
Go forth e’en to die.118

“With such girls as that you can fall in love, and such you
can marry.”
(“Forget what I told you, Sasha; listen to her,” whispers Viéra
Pavlovna, and presses her husband’s hand, “Why didn’t I tell thee
this? now I shall tell thee,” whispers Katerina Vasílyevna.)
“I allow you to love such, and I bless you, my children.

My dearest, with courage

Go forth e’en to die!

“I have had a perfectly lovely time with you; and where there is
enjoyment, you must have something to drink.

Hey! my little alehouse maiden.

Pour me out the mead and wine!

“Mead is simply because you can’t lose a word out of the song. Is
there any champagne left? is there? Capital! open the bottle.

Hey! my little alehouse maiden.

Pour me out the mead and wine!
So that gay and joyous feelings
May fill full this heart of mine.

“Who is the ‘alehouse maiden’? I am the ‘alehouse maiden.’

Black as night the maiden’s brows are,

Bright as steel her heel!”119
 She jumped up, rubbed her forehead with her hand and pounded
with her heels.
“I have found it out already! Mesdames and messieurs, and you
dear little old man, and you, children, help yourselves; your little
heads should be gay and happy.”
“To the shinkárka’s health! to the shinkárka’s health!”
“Thank you; I drink to my health, and again she flew to the piano
and sang:—

May sorrow vanish in dust!

And it will vanish.

And to our hearts reborn,

Come endless joy like morn!

And it will be so! This is sure.

Gloomy fear shall pass away

Like the shades when sun brings day;
Light and warmth and fragrance rare
Drive out darkness and despair.
Faint corruption’s odor grows;
Strong the fragrance of the rose.”
 Part VI
Change of Scenes

“Let us start,” said the lady in mourning; but now she was no longer
in mourning; a bright pink dress, a pink hat, a white mantilla, and a
handsome bouquet. She was not alone, but with Mosolof. Mosolof
and Nikítin were sitting on the front seat of the carriage; on the
coachman’s box was a third youth, and next the lady was a man
of thirty years. How old was the lady? Was she only twenty, as
she said, and not twenty-five? but this is a matter of conscience if
she exaggerates.
“Yes, my dear, I have waited for this day more than two years.
When I first got acquainted with him (she indicated Nikítin with her
eyes), I only anticipated; but I cannot say that I expected it. It was
only a hope; but soon came assurance.”
“Excuse me, excuse me,” says the reader, and not alone the
sapient reader, but every reader, growing more and more astonished
as he thinks it over. “For more than two years since she got
acquainted with Nikítin!”
“Yes,” I say.
“She got acquainted with Nikítin at the same time that she got
acquainted with the Kirsánofs and Beaumonts on that sleighing
picnic which took place at the end of this winter?”
“Absolutely true,” I say.
“What does it all mean? Do you tell about things taking place
in 1865?”
“Yes.”
“Is it possible? have mercy!”
“Why is it impossible, when I know?”
“That is enough! Who will listen to you?”
“Doesn’t it really please you?”
 “Whom do you take me for? Of course it doesn’t!”
“If you don’t care to listen now, of course I must postpone
the rest of my story till you are ready to listen; I hope it will be
very soon.”

April 4 (16), 1863.

 Endnotes

1. It is also sometimes spelt “Cerniscevski,” in the Polish fashion. ↩︎

2. “The disgraceful post,” as it is called, stands upon the scaffold,

provided with rings and chains. The convict’s hands are
thrust through the rings, and he is fastened so that he cannot
move. ↩︎

3. Dyeistvitelnui Statskui Sovyetnik corresponds in the civil rank of

the Tchin with that of general of the army. ↩︎

4. Mezzofanti (Giuseppe Gaspardo), chief keeper of the Vatican

library, was said to have spoken over one hundred languages. ↩︎

5. The Gostinui Dvor is the name of a great collection of shops

under one roof in Saint Petersburg. ↩︎

6. In Russia a married woman has absolutely no legal power; the

husband has all the rights and privileges. Chernyshevsky wants
to develop the idea of allowing married women equal right with
husbands. ↩︎

7. The Russian poet Nekrásof says in his poem, “Ubogaïa i

Naryadnaïa” (The Poor Woman and the Luxurious), of just such
a girl as Julie:—

Sryet tiébya predaiot poraganyu

 I okhotno proshchaïet drugoe;

Society condemns you to destruction,

But the rest of the world willingly forgives.

↩︎

8. Váshe Prevoskhoditelstvo, literally, your eminence. ↩︎

9. Osel pronounced As-yól. ↩︎

10. “Kolos ot kólosa, nyé sluikhat i gólosa,” a Russian proverb,

meaning that the ear of corn is so far from its neighbor that the
sound of the voice cannot reach from the one to the other. ↩︎

11. “Nyé gólodayet i nyé khólodayet,” a play upon words, as though

he had said, “Know neither gold nor cold.” ↩︎

12. Dō svidánya, literally, till we meet again. ↩︎

13. Literally, “Why are you sitting like a buka?” that is, why are you
bent over like the Slavonic letter B? a popular idiom. ↩︎

14. In the original the following slap at the selfishness and rascality
of the average tchinovnik is dealt. The language, not the
thought, is a trifle obscure. Kollezhsky secretar is the eighth
order of the civil tchin, or order of rank corresponding to major
in the army. Kollezhsky sovyestnik is the sixth, corresponding
to colonel.
“When the kollezhsky sekratar Ivanof assures the kollezhsky
sovyestnik Ivan Ivanuitch that he is devoted to him soul and
body, Ivan Ivanuitch knows by his own experience that devotion
of soul and body cannot be expected of anybody, and all the
more he knows that in private life Ivanof cheated his father five
times, and made a very large profit, and in this respect he even
excelled Ivan Ivanuitch, who succeeded in cheating his father
 only three times; but for all that Ivan Ivanuitch believes that
Ivanof is devoted to him; that is, he does not believe him, but
he is grateful to him; and, although he does not believe him, yet
he allows the dust to be thrown in his eyes. Consequently, he
believes, although he does not believe.” Which logic is like the
old fallacy: One Greek says that all Greeks lie. If all Greeks lie,
then he lies; and if he lies, all Greeks tell the truth; therefore he
must tell the truth. Then it is true that they lie. ↩︎

15. Gdyé Makár telyat gonyaet (Where Makár drives his calves) is a
Russian expression, meaning to go to distant places; often used
of people sent to Siberia. ↩︎

16. Drūg moï, mílenki moï. ↩︎

17. Mílenkaïa moya. ↩︎

18. Moï mílenki. ↩︎

19. Dō svidánya, moï milui. ↩︎

20. Moï mílenki. ↩︎

21. Dō svidánya, moï mílenki. ↩︎

22. Moï mílenki. ↩︎

23. Mílenki moï. ↩︎

24. Dō svidánya, moï milui, golubtchik moï. ↩︎

25. Moï mílenki. ↩︎

26. Dō svidánya, moï mílenki. ↩︎

27. Po lyévo. ↩︎
28. Before entering the medical school or any department of the
Russian universities, a student is obliged to deposit with the
authorities the certificate of his birth and baptism, and the
diploma from the gymnasium (attestat zriélosti). That gives him
the authority to teach, and shortens his term of service in the
army. Without a diploma from the medical school a man cannot
practise medicine. ↩︎

29. Nu, razboïnnik, literally, highwayman, murderer. ↩︎

30. Deneg-to stolko tchto kurui nyé kliuiut: a Russian proverb,

literally meaning: they have so much money that the chickens
will not pick it up. ↩︎

31. The Russian tchin, or hierarchy of rank, was established by

Peter the Great. It consists of fourteen grades, with complicated
titles in the civil, military, and marine service, the court, etc. The
lowest title in the civil rank is “Collegiate Register,”
corresponding with cornet in the army. From the fourteenth to
the seventh class in the army, from the ninth to the fourth in the
civil service, personal nobility is attached. Above those grades
nobility is hereditary. Any person who comes under this vast
hierarchy is a tchinovnik. ↩︎

32. Nyekonsekventnosti, moderantizm, burzhuaznost. ↩︎

33. Diminutives of Aleksandr, as Nástenka is of Nastasia. The girl’s

name was Nastasia Borísovna Kriukova. ↩︎

34. One of Gogol’s last acts was to burn up the concluding portion
of his great story, Dead Souls, the first part of which appeared
in 1842. A few chapters of the second part were found after his
death; but a certain Dr. Zakhártchenko, of Kiev, wrote a
conclusion, which was much ridiculed. ↩︎
35. Angiolina Bosio (born in Turin in 1829), a famous mezzo-
soprano, who was immensely popular in Petersburg, where she
died in 1859. ↩︎

36. Enrico Tamberlík, the famous tenore robusto. ↩︎

37. In the original, literally translated, “The hours of pleasure catch,

catch; young years give to love,” the words wrongly accented
are mladuia [young] and lyéta [years]. ↩︎

38. As has been said before, nearly all the characters of this story
are supposed to be drawn from real life. Rakhmétof, whom we
shall meet again further on, is considered by many Russians to
be a true picture of Karakózof, who in 1866 attempted to
assassinate the Emperor Alexander II. ↩︎

39. Druzhōtchek: literally, little friend. The Russian word drūg and
its diminutives have the same force as the French ami and amie,
which cannot he translated into English. ↩︎

40. Divantchik. ↩︎

41. Moï drūg. ↩︎

42. Moï milui. ↩︎

43. Moï drūg. ↩︎

44. Oprostovolositsa: literally, become dishevelled. ↩︎

45. Moï milui. ↩︎

46. Moï milui. ↩︎

47. Moï drūg. ↩︎

48. Moï milui. ↩︎

49. Moï milui. ↩︎

50. Moï milui. ↩︎

51. Moï milui. ↩︎

52. Moï milui. ↩︎

53. Moï milui. ↩︎

54. Moï drūg. ↩︎

55. Moï drūg. ↩︎

56. Moï drūg. ↩︎

57. Dō svidánya. ↩︎

58. Milui moï. ↩︎

59. Drūg moï. ↩︎

60. Dō svidánya, moï drūg. ↩︎

61. Torgovka. ↩︎

62. This title is given in English in the original. ↩︎

63. The ending vitch, contracted into uitch, itch, is equivalent to son
in English, or Mac in Scotch. Kirill Kirilluitch therefore means,
Cyril the son of Cyril. ↩︎

64. Okólnitchi. ↩︎

65. Shuválof was the minister and lover of the Empress Elizabeth,
and founded the University of Moscow. ↩︎
66. The Medvyedítsa River rises in the province of Sarátof, between
the Don and the Volga. ↩︎

67. 18,900 acres. ↩︎

68. Pomyeshchik. ↩︎

69. Uyezdnui predvodítel. ↩︎

70. Sovyetnik. ↩︎

71. Burlak, a rough boatman on the Volga. The name is often

synonymous with boor. ↩︎

72. In the original, fifteen vershoks: a vershok is an inch and three-

fourths. ↩︎

73. Khozyáïka. ↩︎

74. Chernyshevsky’s acumen as a critic is seen by this anticipation

of the world’s judgment of Macaulay and Dickens. ↩︎

75. Tchudak. ↩︎

76. Proshchaïte. ↩︎

77. Half a vershok. ↩︎

78. Pomyeshchik. ↩︎

79. Perhaps better translated, “to leave the stage.” ↩︎

80. Gruizt vas, literally, to chew you up. ↩︎

81. Literally, brought out. ↩︎

82. “Nu.” ↩︎
83. “Nu.” ↩︎

84. Aza for glaza, literally, does not recognize A when he has it in
his eyes. ↩︎

85. Perhaps the sapient reader will heartily agree. ↩︎

86. Moï mílashka. ↩︎

87. In the original, two words wrestle with one: Nyé uvizhus with
uvizhus. ↩︎

88. The original metre. The literal translation is as follows:

Oi! full, full, the little basket;

There is calicoes and brocades.
Have pity, my little chilblain
On the young fellow’s shoulder.

↩︎

89. Nikolaï Alekseyevitch Nekrásof (1821–1878), editor of several

periodicals, known as the “people’s poet” (naród nui poet). ↩︎

90. Literally:

I should be ruined, unconsoling one,

had I time to worry.
Yes, now ’tis harvest, pressing;
it is necessary to finish ten things.

However often it happens beyond

the young woman’s endurance.
Under the scythe the grass falls:
under the reaping-hook the rye burns.

With all her strength and might

 she has threshed in the morning.
The flax, she spreads the flax,
till the dark little night, over the dewy meadows.

↩︎

91. Khozyáïstvo. ↩︎

92. Literally, formally. ↩︎

93. This argument, which is comparatively familiar to the American

public, though even now there is an absurd prejudice in some
quarters against women doctors, was absolutely novel in Russia
at the time that this book was written. It gave an immense
stimulus to the study of medicine by women. As is well known,
all the medical schools of Europe, especially Switzerland, draw
scores of Russian women to their halls. Viéra Pavlovna was the
pioneer. ↩︎

94. Khozyáïstvo. ↩︎

95. Gémnazitcheski attestat. ↩︎

96. Literally:

And sweet talk

Like streams of words
His smile and kiss.

↩︎

97. Rodonatchálnitsa. ↩︎

98. In Russian, ravnapravnost. ↩︎

99. It is probable that Chernyshevsky hesitated about revealing the

secret of the radiant one, not from the fear of shocking the
 public so much as from the danger of the censor’s red pencil.
The sky which so soon was covered with black clouds, from
which flashed the bolt that deprived the world of a genius, was
just at this time comparatively clear, but still there were
ominous mutterings of thunder. The theory which
Chernyshevsky hints at, and which is regarded with such terror,
proves, when regarded fairly in the face, to be like one of the
lions bound, which frightened Bunyan’s Christian. ↩︎

100. Literally: We shall live with thee like panski (Polish lords); these
people are friends to us; whatever to thy soul is pleasant I shall
attain it all with them. ↩︎

101. Here too Chernyshevsky shows himself as a prophet. The

electric light is now a fact. The day of aluminum is yet to
come; when it comes, as come it will, the world will be
revolutionized. ↩︎

102. Comment on this epic vision is hardly necessary. But those who
object to idealized socialism as presented by Chernyshevsky
must be both enchained by selfishness and the slaves of
Antichrist. Only he who is selfish can wish that the best that he
wishes for should not be shared by all the world; and how many
millions and billions of dollars, how many lives of labor and
sadness, are wasted every year because each family and each
man and woman is trying vainly by himself to do what might be
done better, more easily, and more happily by systematic union.
The great corporations which pour useless wealth into the
hoards of the few monopolists who control them, the great
bazaars which are now seen in all our cities, point to what, in
the future, will be the physical salvation of the world. The great
hotels and flats are but the practical realization of the homes of
the men and women of the future. But is Chernyshevsky after
all such a rabid radical? Is not his ideal what all men want when
they pray for the coming of the kingdom of Heaven?—not the
republic of Heaven, by the way. ↩︎
103. Eight cents. ↩︎

104. Uglanai. Literally, by corners, referring to the custom of putting

a number of people into one room. ↩︎

105. Rotmistr, or shtabs-rotmistr, titles taken from the German army;

it gives personal, not hereditary, nobility. ↩︎

106. “Laid hens for him” in the original. ↩︎

107. Beréïtor. ↩︎

108. Zhukóvsky was the tutor of Alexsander the Second, and the
author of many popular poems; among others, the national
hymn, “God save the Tsar.” The Gromoboï was the thunderbolt,
personified as a horse. ↩︎

109. Vot kak. ↩︎

110. Literally, to be a noble (dvoryanin). ↩︎

111. Dō svidánya. ↩︎

112. On Easter Sunday, which comes in Russia twelve days later than
in the West, it is the custom among the people, especially
among the peasantry, when they meet, to say, “Kristos voskres”
(Christ is risen), to which the answer is made, “Voïstinu voskres”
(He is risen indeed). It is also permissible to bestow kisses
promiscuously, and many avail themselves of this privilege
wherever a pretty girl gives them occasion. The Russian peasant
believes that Christ is actually on earth during the six weeks of
Easter. ↩︎

113. Literally:

Forth went the young (girl)

Out the new gate,
 Out the new, the maple,
Out the grated (gate).
“Own father is stern
And unmerciful to me,
Does not let me divert myself
With a bachelor fellow to sport.
I don’t heed (my) father;
I shall amuse the young (fellow).”

↩︎

114. Literally: Five sázhens, or about thirty-five feet. ↩︎

115. Starikashka, affectionate diminutive of starik. ↩︎

116. Golubótchek. ↩︎

117. Literally,

Many beauties are in our aūls.

Stars gleam in the darkness of their eyes.
Dearly loves them, enviable fate.
But the young man’s will is happier.
Don’t marry, young fellow.
Heed me.

↩︎

118. Literally:

The moon rises

Both quiet and calm.
But the soldier lad
Goes to battle.
He loads his gun,
And the girl tells him,
My dear, boldly
 Trust thyself to fate.

↩︎

119. These last six lines are in the Malo-Russian dialect; almost every
noun a diminutive. The last two lines read literally, And the little
shonkárka has black little brows. Hammered little heel-rings
(podkivki). ↩︎
 What Is to Be Done?
was published in 1863 by
Nikolay Chernyshevsky.
It was translated from Russian in 1886 by
Nathan Haskell Dole and Simon S. Skidelsky.

This ebook was produced for

Standard Ebooks
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and is based on a transcription produced in 2017
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Internet Archive.

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Her Mother’s Voice,
a painting completed circa 1901 by
William Quiller Orchardson.
The cover and title pages feature the
League Spartan and Sorts Mill Goudy
typefaces created in 2014 and 2009 by
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 This edition was released on
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