Sensory Images
Visual
Auditory
Olfactory
Gustatory
Tactile
Text Aids
non-textual elements that can help readers understand the content of the text.
Elements that stand out from the main text such as titles, bold, italicized and underlined texts.
Example: illustrations, maps, tables, graphs, and charts
Main Functions:
Direct the readers to some important ideas in the text.
Provide more information as a supplement to what is already written.
Titles and subtitles – provide initial idea on what the idea is all about, thus activating what the readers
already know about the topic.
Titles – represents the key concepts, bigger than the rest of the text, written in colored fonts.
Subtitles – represents supporting ideas/details;
Illustration – visual representation of a subject to make it more pleasing and easier to understand and
to facilitate better retention of the information presented.
Guide questions:
1. What do you notice with these textual aids? How do they look like?
2. Between title 1 and title 2, which do you think is the overall title of the article? Why do you say
so?
3. Did the illustration/Photos help you understand how these times of weathering occur?
4. Did each illustration/ phot help to visualize help you to visualized? Are these illustrations textual
aids?
Tables shows information (facts and figures) that are organized and arranged in columns and rows. It is
used t show patterns and relationships that still appeals to the readers’ verbal system, meaning tables
are supposed to be read like a text (Nussbaumer, 2011)
Parts of tables:
Column heading – found on the top of the columns and are used to identify the contents of a specific
column
Row heading – Use to define or identify the contents of a specific row.
Graphs – a chart that shows the relationship between changing things (Mind Tools Content Team, 2020)
- Particularly useful when there is a point to be made in the shape of the data
Examples of graphs
a. Bar graph – shows data that are independent from each other but are somehow still related. It
uses either vertical or horizontal bars to show the data it represents but emphasized that these
bars do not touch each other. The higher the bar, the higher the value it represents, the shorter
the bar the lower the value it represents.
b. Line graph – shows numeral data have changed overtime and it is best to show trends.
c. Pie graph – show how the whole is divided into different parts.
d. Pictograph- similar to bar chart but use pictures to symbolize a countable unit of items.
Maps – are visual representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface.
Two kinds of Maps:
Physical Maps – usually includes labels for features such mountain ranges and bodies of water.
Political Maps – usually includes labels for features such as cities and major town, units such as states or
provinces, and bodies of water. It clearly shows boundaries between among the provinces of the region.
Activity
Instruction: With your group, share and discuss your analysis and come up with a particular conclusion
of what graph implies. Provide specific points such as mentioning the column and row heading, numeric
details, the flow of a graph, and your generalization of the overall implication of the given graph. Write
your answer in a one whole sheet of paper.
