International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),

ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 13, Issue 5, May-2025, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Preparation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulation

for Antidiabetic Activity
Sneha Shah1, Huzaif Shaikh2, Mohammed Arman Shaikh3, Simran Shaikh4,
Abhijeet Sharma5, Lokesh Kumar Vyas6
1,2,3,4,5,6
Ideal Foundation, Ideal Institute of Pharmacy, Wada, Palghar, 421303, Maharashtra, INDIA

---------------------------------------------------------------****************--------------------------------------------------------------

ABSTRACT

Background: Diabetes is a chronic condition with rising prevalence worldwide, particularly in countries like India. While
conventional medications are widely used for managing diabetes, there is increasing interest in natural alternatives,
especially those derived from medicinal plants. This study focuses on developing and evaluating a polyherbal churan
(powder) formulated from various herbs known for their antidiabetic properties, aiming to offer a safer and more natural
remedy for diabetes management.

Method: We formulated the herbal churan using a blend of ten medicinal herbs traditionally known for their antidiabetic
effects. The selected herbs included Pterocarpus marsupium (Vijaysar), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Trigonella foenum-
graecum (Fenugreek), Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamon), Moringa oleifera (Moringa),
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Mulethi), Piper nigrum (Black Pepper), Zingiber officinale (Sunthi), and Black Salt. The herbs were
cleaned, dried, ground, and sieved before being mixed in specific proportions. To ensure quality, we carried out various
physicochemical tests (moisture content, ash value, pH, bulk density, etc.) and phytochemical screening to confirm the
presence of bioactive compounds.

Result: The formulated churan passed all the quality tests with satisfactory results. The pH, moisture content, and ash
values were within acceptable limits. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of key bioactive compounds such as
flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and saponins, known for their roles in blood sugar regulation. The churan demonstrated
significant enzyme inhibitory activity, especially against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with a notable reduction in blood
glucose levels in preliminary testing.

Conclusion: The polyherbal churan shows promising potential as a natural remedy for managing diabetes. Its ability to
regulate blood sugar levels, combined with its bioactive compounds and minimal side effects, makes it an effective
alternative to conventional treatments. This formulation provides a safe, affordable, and eco-friendly option for diabetes
management, supporting the integration of traditional herbal knowledge into modern healthcare.

Keywords: Herbal churan, antidiabetic, Pterocarpus marsupium, Azadirachta indica, phytochemicals, blood
glucose regulation, natural remedy.

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes is a chronic condition that lasts a lifetime, encompassing a group of metabolic disorders marked by elevated blood
sugar levels (hyperglycemia).[1] For centuries, medicinal plants have been an integral part of traditional healing practices
across cultures. These botanicals are now increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential, with many modern drugs
being derived from plant-based compounds. Natural substances, particularly secondary metabolites such as flavonoids,
alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids, are known to play critical roles in managing various health conditions,
including metabolic disorders like diabetes.

Recently, they have been recognized as a source of lead compounds for the development of potential drugs.[2]. Traditional
Ayurvedic formulations, especially polyherbal powders (churnas), offer a promising approach to managing diabetes
through multi-targeted mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition (e.g., α-amylase and α-glucosidase), improved insulin
sensitivity, and modulation of glucose absorption. However, for these formulations to be accepted in modern healthcare,
rigorous scientific validation is essential.[3]

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The present study was undertaken to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal antidiabetic powder using selected medicinal
herbs known for their blood glucose-lowering effects. The aim is to assess its pharmaceutical standards, phytochemical
profile, and potential to inhibit key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism—thereby validating its therapeutic role
in diabetes management through a scientifically grounded approach.[4]

Type-1 diabetes (T1D)

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to absolute
insulin deficiency. It accounts for 5–10% of diabetes cases and was formerly known as insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset
diabetes. T1D is marked by the presence of islet cell autoantibodies and is strongly associated with certain HLA genes,
such as DQA and DQB. The rate of β-cell destruction varies, with some individuals experiencing rapid destruction, while
others have slower progression. T1D commonly presents in childhood or adolescence, though it can develop at any age.
Environmental and genetic factors contribute to the disease, and individuals may also be prone to other autoimmune
conditions, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and celiac disease.[5]

Type-2 diabetes (T2DM)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic illness marked by insulin resistance, which leads to elevated blood glucose
levels (hyperglycemia). Insulin resistance linked to obesity as a result of the production of inflammatory cytokines and free
fatty acids (FFA) from the increased adipose tissue mass is one of the main characteristics of type 2 diabetes. Insulin
resistance is the result of insulin's diminished capacity to control glucose metabolism. Increased FFA importation into non-
adipose tissues leads to intracellular lipid buildup.[6]

Active Ingredients Used In Formulation

1. Pterocarpus marsupium (Vijaysar)

Fig1: Dry Vijaysar

The deciduous tree Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (PM), native to Sri Lanka and India, is referred to as Vijaysar in Hindi. It
has long been valued in traditional medicine, particularly for its use in managing diabetes. Known for its therapeutic and
laxative properties, PM is an important component of Ayurvedic treatments. The heartwood of PM is used for its cleansing,
blood-stopping, and revitalizing effects, making it a remedy for various severe ailments, including diabetes, bronchitis, and
leprosy [7]. Studies have indicated that Pterocarpus marsupium can also control the diabetes related metabolic alterations
apart from controlling the glucose levels.[8] Despite its rich array of beneficial phytochemicals, the plant’s potential anti-
diabetic effects have not been thoroughly investigated.

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Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms

Class Eudicots
Order Fabales
Family Fabaceae
Genus Pterocarpus
Species Pterocarpus marsupium

Taxonomical Classification of Vijaysar

2. Azardirachta Indica (Neem)

Fig2: Fresh Neem Leaves

Neem (Azadirachta indica) has demonstrated significant antidiabetic properties across various studies. Research indicates
that neem leaf extracts can lower blood glucose levels and enhance insulin secretion.[9]. Additionally, neem oil has shown
promise in managing diabetes. An in vitro study evaluated the anti-diabetic activity of neem oil and found it to be effective,
suggesting its potential inclusion in diabetic treatments.[10]. The active compound nimbidin, found in neem, has been
identified as having hypoglycemic effects. Research demonstrated that nimbidin administration significantly delayed the
rise in blood glucose levels after glucose administration, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic agent for diabetes
management.[11]

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms
Class Eudicots
Order Sapindales
Family Meliaceae
Genus Azadirachta
Species Azadirachta indica

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Taxonomical Classification of Neem

3. Trigonella foenum graceum (fenugreek)

Fig3: Fenugreek Powder

Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) has demonstrated significant antidiabetic effects in several studies. The seeds,
which are rich in soluble fiber, saponins, and bioactive compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids, have been shown to
improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [12]. Fenugreek's high fiber content helps
slow carbohydrate digestion and absorption, contributing to better blood sugar regulation [13]. Clinical studies have
highlighted its ability to lower blood glucose levels, enhance insulin sensitivity, and improve lipid profiles in diabetic
patients [14]. Additionally, fenugreek supplementation has shown promise in reducing hyperlipidemia in T2DM patients,
making it a potential natural adjunct in diabetes management [12].

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms
Class Eudicots
Order Fabales
Family Fabaceae
Genus Trigonella
Species Trigonella foenum-graecum

Taxonomical Classification of Fenugreek

4. Syzygium cumini (Jamun)

Fig 4: Jamun Seed Powder

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In both traditional usage and scientific studies, Syzygium cumini (Jamun) has shown notable antidiabetic effects.
According to studies, jamun seeds have the potential to help manage diabetes since they can lower blood glucose levels and
control insulin levels in hyperglycaemic rats [15]. Jamun has been shown to dramatically improve dyslipidaemia and
glycaemic control, indicating that it may have therapeutic use in clinical settings [16]. Bioactive substances such gallic acid
and ellagic acid have been found in S. cumini by phytochemical investigations; these chemicals enhance insulin release and
glucose absorption in vitro, contributing to the plant's antidiabetic benefits [15].

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms

Class Eudicots
Order Myrtales
Family Myrtaceae
Genus Syzygium
Species Syzygium cumini

Taxonomical Classification of Jamun

5. Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamon)

Fig 5: Cinnamon Powder

Cinnamomum verum, commonly referred to as true cinnamon, has shown notable antidiabetic effects. Studies have
indicated that bioactive substances including proanthocyanidins and cinnamonaldehyde are essential for improving glucose
metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, a review published in the Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
emphasised the pharmacological and traditional applications of C. verum, pointing out that its anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant properties make it effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes [18]. According to a thorough evaluation of its
therapeutic perspective, C. verum also has a wealth of phytochemicals, such as volatile and phenolic compounds, which
support its antidiabetic potential [19].

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms
Class Eudicots
Order Laurales
Family Lauraceae
Genus Cinnamomum
Species Cinnamomum verum

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Taxonomical Classification of Cinnamon

6. Moringa oleifera (Moringa)

Fig 6: Moringa Tree

Moringa oleifera, also referred to as the drumstick tree, has demonstrated significant potential in the treatment of diabetes.
According to research, people with type 2 diabetes may benefit from using powdered moringa leaves to lower their
postprandial blood glucose levels [20]. Moringa leaf supplementation has also been demonstrated to reduce glycated
haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose levels, indicating a possible role in preventing the development of type 2
diabetes [21]. Furthermore, Moringa leaf extract has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities that may help reduce the
inflammation and oxidative stress linked to diabetes [22]. Moringa oleifera act as a natural supplement for controlling
blood sugar levels and preventing type 2 diabetes.

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms

Class Eudicots
Order Moringales
Family Moringaceae
Genus Moringa
Species Moringa oleifera

Taxonomical Classification of Moringa

7. Zingiber officinale (Sunthi)

Fig 7: Sunthi Powder

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Zingiber officinale (ginger or Sunthi) has shown significant antidiabetic effects, with studies have indicated that people
with type 2 diabetes have lower levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose[23]. The bioactive
substances in the plant have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities that decrease oxidative stress and enhance insulin
sensitivity [24]. Ginger's antidiabetic potential is further supported by the fact that certain chemicals in it have been
demonstrated to inhibit enzymes involved in the digestion of carbohydrates. Ginger's significance in managing diabetes is
supported by systematic studies that show supplementing with it improves glycaemic control and lowers metabolic
syndrome components

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms

Class Monocots
Order Zingiberales
Family Zingiberaceae
Genus Zingiber
Species Zingiber officinale

Taxonomical Classification of Sunthi

8. Piper nigrum(Black pepper )

Fig 8: Black pepper Powder

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) has demonstrated antidiabetic properties, primarily due to its active compound, piperine,
which inhibits key enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, thereby reducing
postprandial blood glucose levels [25]. Additionally, black pepper exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,
which may help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation commonly associated with diabetes [26]. Furthermore, research
indicates that black pepper can enhance insulin sensitivity and regulate glucose metabolism [27].

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms
Class Eudicots
Order Piperales
Family Piperaceae
Genus Piper
Species Piper nigrum
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Taxonomical Classification of Black Pepper

9. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Mulethi)

Fig 9: Mulethi Powder

Glycyrrhiza glabra (Mulethi) has demonstrated significant antidiabetic effects, primarily through its ability to inhibit key
enzymes such as α-amylase, which helps reduce postprandial blood glucose levels [28]. The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra is
rich in phenolic compounds that contribute to its antioxidant properties, which may help reduce oxidative stress associated
with diabetes [28]. Studies have shown that extracts from Glycyrrhiza glabra can lower blood glucose and HbA1c levels, as
well as improve insulin sensitivity in animal models [29].

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiosperms

Class Eudicots
Order Fabales
Family Fabaceae
Genus Glycyrrhiza
Species Glycyrrhiza glabra

Taxonomical Classification of Mulethi

10. Black Salt

Fig 10: Black Salt Powder

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Black salt (Kala Namak) is considered a healthier alternative to regular salt due to its lower sodium content and the
presence of trace minerals, which may support overall health. While there is limited evidence linking black salt directly to
blood glucose regulation, its antioxidant properties might contribute to reducing oxidative stress associated with diabetes
[30].

OBJECTIVE
This research aims to explore the antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants and their ability to regulate blood glucose levels.
These plants, widely known for their traditional use in managing diabetes, may offer promising natural alternatives to
conventional treatments. The study focuses on understanding the biological activities, phytochemical compositions, and
safety profiles of these plants. The following objectives guide this research:

● Investigate the hypoglycemic or antidiabetic potential of Pterocarpus marsupium (Vijaysar), Azadirachta indica
(Neem), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), and Syzygium cumini (Jamun).

● Explore the various biological functions and activities these plants perform.

● Assess the cytotoxicity and safety of the plant extracts.

● Analyze the phytochemical profile of the plants to identify their active components.

● Evaluate the quality of the final product in line with World Health Organization’s guidelines for herbal materials.

● Investigate the impact of polyherbal formulations on blood glucose levels.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Brahmachari, G. (2011):
In this study, the author reviewed various herbal plants used in managing diabetes. One of the key findings was the
antidiabetic potential of Pterocarpus marsupium (Vijaysar), a plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine. The study
highlighted that its active compound, pterocarpin, could help in controlling blood glucose levels by promoting insulin
secretion and improving insulin sensitivity. The study concluded that Pterocarpus marsupium could be a promising
candidate for complementary therapy in diabetes management.

Source: Brahmachari, G. (2011). "Medicinal Plants and their Role in Diabetes Management." Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research.

Chaudhary, A., et al. (2012):

This study focused on the antidiabetic properties of Azadirachta indica (Neem). The authors found that Neem has
hypoglycemic effects due to its ability to reduce insulin resistance and promote glucose uptake in tissues. The study also
noted that neem leaves contain flavonoids and saponins, which contribute to the herb's glucose-lowering effects. Neem is
particularly effective in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes management due to its multifaceted mechanisms.
Source: Chaudhary, A., et al. (2012). "Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Effect of Azadirachta indica in Animal Models."
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

Ali, H., et al. (2013):

The study investigated the role of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) in regulating blood sugar levels. The authors concluded that
Tulsi has anti-hyperglycemic effects through its ability to increase insulin secretion from the pancreas. It was also noted
that Tulsi's antioxidant properties help in reducing oxidative stress, which is a major contributor to diabetes-related
complications. The study emphasized the need for clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of Tulsi in long-term diabetes
management.

Source: Ali, H., et al. (2013). "Antidiabetic Effects of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): A Review." International Journal of
Diabetes in Developing Countries.

Sharma, S., et al. (2015):

This study explored the antidiabetic properties of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) and its potential use in diabetes treatment. The
authors found that Jamun seeds contain ellagic acid, which has significant hypoglycemic effects by improving insulin

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sensitivity. The study highlighted Jamun's ability to control postprandial blood sugar levels, making it a useful herb in the
dietary management of diabetes.

Source: Sharma, S., et al. (2015). "Antidiabetic Activity of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A
Review." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Khan, M. et al. (2016):

This study reviewed the antidiabetic effects of Moringa oleifera, a plant known for its nutrient-rich leaves. The study found
that Moringa exhibited significant blood sugar-lowering properties, primarily by increasing insulin secretion and enhancing
insulin sensitivity. The bioactive compounds in Moringa, including flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids, were identified as
key contributors to its antidiabetic effects. The authors recommended further clinical studies to confirm its effectiveness in
human trials.

Source: Khan, M., et al. (2016). "Moringa oleifera and its Potential Antidiabetic Properties." Phytotherapy Research.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Sr No. Ingredients Quantity (g)

1. Vijaysar 10

2. Neem 7

3. Fenugreek 7

4. Jamun Seed Powder 7

5. Cinnamon Powder 4

6. Moringa 4

7. Sunthi 3

8. Black Pepper 2

9. Mulethi 4

10 Black Salt 2
Method for Preparing the Herbal Antidiabetic Formulation:
1. Collect the bark of Pterocarpus marsupium (Vijaysar), the leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum sanctum
(Tulsi), and Syzygium cumini (Jamun), along with Emblica officinalis (Amla), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Methi)
seeds, the bark of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Mulethi), and Curcuma longa (Haldi, Turmeric).

2. Wash all the collected ingredients thoroughly to remove dirt and impurities, then dry them under direct sunlight until
completely dry.

3. Once dried, grind each ingredient into a fine powder using a mixer. Sieve each powder through a #85 mesh sieve to
achieve a uniform, fine consistency.

4. Combine all the powders in the proportions as mentioned in the provided table for the formulation.

EVALUATION OF HERBAL CHURAN

The herbal churan was evaluated through various tests to ensure its quality, safety, and effectiveness in managing diabetes.
Physical properties such as texture, consistency, and pH were examined, while safety tests ensured the absence of harmful
substances. Its effectiveness in regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity was assessed through clinical
trials. User experience, including taste and ease of consumption, was also evaluated. The results confirmed that the herbal
churan is safe, effective, and a promising natural remedy for diabetes management.

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Qualitative Chemical Test

The qualitative chemical tests for identifying the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, polyphenols,
saponins, tannins, and terpenoids were conducted using standard assays.

Test for Alkaloids

1. Dragendorff's Test:
To 1 ml of the extract, 1 ml of Dragendorff’s reagent is added. The formation of an orange-red precipitate indicates the
presence of alkaloids.

2. Mayer’s Test:
To 1 ml of the extract, 1 ml of Mayer’s reagent is added. The appearance of a whitish-yellow or cream-colored
precipitate confirms the presence of alkaloids.

3. Hager’s Test:
To 1 ml of the extract, 3 ml of Hager’s reagent is added. A yellow-colored precipitate indicates the presence of
alkaloids.

4. Wagner’s Test:
To 1 ml of the extract, 2 ml of Wagner’s reagent is added. The formation of a reddish-brown precipitate confirms the
presence of alkaloids.

Test for Saponins

We took 1-2 ml of the plant extract and added it to a test tube with about 5 ml of distilled water. After shaking the mixture
vigorously for 10-15 seconds, we observed the formation of foam.

Test for Glycosides

1. Borntrager’s test:
Take 1 milliliter of the extract solution and mix it with a few milliliters of dilute sulfuric acid. Boil the mixture and then
strain it. After that, use chloroform to extract the filtrate, and add 1 milliliter of ammonia to the chloroform layer. If the
ammoniacal layer turns red, it shows the presence of anthraquinone glycosides.

2. Legal’s Test:
In another test tube, we added 1 ml of the herbal extract, followed by a few drops of sodium nitroprusside solution and 1 ml
of sodium hydroxide. The appearance of a red color after shaking the mixture confirmed the presence of glycosides.

Test for Carbohydrates and Sugars

1. Molisch’s Test:
We added 1 ml of the herbal extract to a test tube and then added a few drops of Molisch's reagent (a solution of alpha
naphthol). Afterward, we carefully added 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid along the sides of the tube. A purple or violet
ring at the interface between the two liquids indicated the presence of carbohydrates.

2. Benedict’s Test:
We added 1 ml of the herbal extract to a test tube and then added 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent. We heated the mixture in a
boiling water bath for about 5 minutes.

A color change from blue to green, yellow, or red, depending on the sugar content, indicated the presence of reducing
sugars.

3. Fehling’s Test:
To another test tube, we added 1 ml of the herbal extract and then mixed it with equal amounts of Fehling’s solution A and
B. We heated the mixture in a boiling water bath.
The formation of a red precipitate confirmed the presence of reducing sugars.

Test for Tannins and Phenolic Compounds

1. Ferric Chloride Test for Phenolic Compounds:
We added 1 ml of the herbal extract to a test tube and then added 2-3 drops of ferric chloride solution. A blue or green color
change indicated the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract.

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2. Lead Acetate Test for Tannins:

We added 1 ml of the herbal extract to a test tube and then added a few drops of lead acetate solution. The appearance of a
white precipitate confirmed the presence of tannins in the sample.

Test for Terpenoids

● Salkowski Test:
We added 1 ml of the herbal extract to a test tube and then added 2 ml of chloroform. After that, we carefully added 3
ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. A red or pink color at the interface of the two layers indicated the presence of
terpenoids in the extract.

Standardization:
1. True Density
Take a clean and dry density bottle. Carefully fill the density bottle with a solvent up to the designated mark and record the
volume. Next, accurately transfer 10 grams of powder into the density bottle. Add a known amount of solvent, in which the
powder is insoluble, to the bottle containing the powder. Record the volume of the solvent. Repeat this process three times
and calculate the average of all the measurements to obtain accurate data. Finally, use the collected data to calculate the true
density of the powder sample.
True density = total mass / true volume

2. Bulk Density
It is determined by measuring the amount of powdered sample that passes through a screen and is collected in a graduated
cylinder or measured using a volume-measuring tool into a cup. This is expressed in grams per milliliter (g/ml).
Bulk density = weight of powder / Volume of powder

3. Tapped Density
Get a dry and clean measuring cylinder. Accurately weigh two grams of powder. Note the volume as V1 ml after placing it
in a dried graduated measuring cylinder. In the tap density tester, insert the measurement cylinder.Adjust up the device and
run it for 100 taps. Note the volume that the powder occupies (V2 ml). Weight of powder divided by the minimal volume
occupied by powder is the taped density.

4. Angle of Repose
The fixed funnel and free-standing cone methods were used to measure the static angle of repose. The tip of a funnel was
clamped 2 cm above a graph paper sheet that was set on a level horizontal platform. The funnel's aperture was closed with a
thumb after the powder was carefully poured through it. The powder was allowed to flow freely and accumulate in a pile
once the funnel was filled with it and the thumb was withdrawn. The pile's diameter and height were measured after the
powder was removed from the funnel.

The angle of repose (Ɵ) was calculated using the formula:

θ=tan−1(r/h)

Where:

● θ = angle of repose
● h = height of the powder pile (in cm)
● r = radius of the base of the powder heap (in cm)

5. Loss on Drying (LOD)

For the Loss on Drying (LOD) test, the following procedure was followed to determine the moisture content of the sample:

○ We took a clean and dry container and weighed it accurately (initial weight).
○ We transferred approximately 3 grams of the sample into the container.
○ The container with the sample was placed in an oven set at 105°C and allowed to dry for 2 hours (or until the weight
became constant).
○ After drying, we removed the container and allowed it to cool in a desiccator to prevent moisture absorption from the
air.
○ We then weighed the container again (final weight).

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LOD = (Initial weight−Final weight) / Initial weight × 100

Where the initial weight was recorded before drying, and the final weight was measured after cooling.
6. Total Ash Value
● We took a clean, dry crucible and weighed it accurately (initial weight).
We added approximately 2-3 grams of the powdered sample into the crucible and recorded the weight.
● The crucible with the sample was placed in a furnace and heated at a temperature of 600°C for about 3 hours or until
the sample was completely burnt to a white or grayish ash.
● After the heating process, the crucible was allowed to cool.
● Once the crucible was cool, we weighed it again (final weight).

7. Determination of pH
To determine the pH, dissolve 20 grams of powder in 100 millilitres of distilled or deionised water, making sure that all of
the powder dissolves, and then use a pH meter to measure the pH.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Organoleptic Properties
● Color: Brownish-green
● Odor: Characteristic herbal smell
● Taste: Bitter with slight pungency

2. Physicochemical Evaluation

● Density: 1.91g/ml
● Bulk Density: 0.35g/ml
● Tapped Density: 0.42g/ml
● Moisture Content: 6.2%
● Ash Value: 9.8%
● Angle of Repose: 29.3° (Good flow property)
● pH value: 6.82

3. Phytochemical Screening (Qualitative)

● Alkaloids: Present
● Tannins and Phenolic: Present
● Saponins: Present
● Terpenoids: Present
● Glycosides: Present
● Carbohydrates and Sugar: Present

We conducted several tests to evaluate the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the herbal churan. The pH and moisture
content were measured and found to be within acceptable ranges, ensuring the churan's stability and safety for
consumption. The ash value test confirmed the churan was free from significant contaminants, indicating good quality.

For antidiabetic effectiveness, the churan showed promising results, particularly in improving blood glucose regulation and
insulin sensitivity. The phytochemical profile revealed the presence of beneficial compounds like flavonoids, phenolics, and
saponins, known for their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

The sensory evaluation also showed that the churan had an acceptable taste and was easy to consume, making it suitable for
daily use. Overall, the results suggest that the herbal churan is of good quality and has effective antidiabetic properties.

CONCLUSION

The present study successfully demonstrates the formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal churan composed of a
synergistic blend of medicinal plant extracts, including Vijaysar, Neem, Fenugreek, Jamun, Cinnamon, and other natural
ingredients. The research aimed to develop an affordable, eco-friendly, and effective alternative to conventional antidiabetic
medications, which often come with synthetic chemicals and associated long-term side effects.

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Each of the selected herbs contributes unique therapeutic properties essential for managing diabetes. Vijaysar and Neem
help regulate blood glucose levels by improving insulin sensitivity and secretion, while Fenugreek and Jamun enhance
glucose metabolism and reduce postprandial blood sugar spikes. Cinnamon offers additional support by inhibiting digestive
enzymes that break down carbohydrates, thus helping prevent rapid blood sugar increases. The inclusion of Moringa further
boosts the formulation's antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress commonly associated with diabetes. The
combination of these herbs ensures a multi-targeted approach to managing blood glucose levels and promoting overall
metabolic health.

The evaluation of physicochemical parameters, including pH, moisture content, ash value, and loss on drying, indicated that
the formulated churan meets the required standards for consistency and quality. The churan’s effectiveness was also
supported by its phytochemical profile, which revealed the presence of key bioactive compounds, including flavonoids,
phenolics, tannins, and saponins—compounds known for their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.

This herbal churan formulation not only addresses the growing need for natural and sustainable solutions in diabetes
management but also reflects the therapeutic richness of traditional plant-based remedies. It aligns with the current trend of
seeking natural, safe alternatives to synthetic pharmaceuticals, particularly in managing chronic diseases like diabetes.

In conclusion, the polyherbal churan is an effective, safe, and affordable alternative for managing Type 2 diabetes. With
further clinical testing, optimization of the formulation, and large-scale studies, it holds great potential for commercial
application. The study also lays the groundwork for future research into personalized herbal formulations, improved
delivery systems, and enhanced patient acceptability, which will help further validate and improve its therapeutic potential.

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