2025-TOP SCHOOLS’ SERIES

CHEMISTRY
(EXPECTED EXAMS 1-10)

A premium collection of expertly curated KCSE 2025 prediction questions Obtained

from Kenya’s top 10 national schools. This comprehensive, well-organized compilation
reflects national standards, offering high-quality practice to boost student readiness,
confidence, and performance in upcoming final KCSE exams.

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 1
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
 Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above.
 Answer ALL the questions.
 Mathematical tables and electronic calculators may be used.
 All working MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

Questions Maximum Score Candidate’s Score

1 – 31 80

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

Answer ALL the questions.

1. State and explain the observation made when excess ammonia gas reacts with chlorine gas.
(2 marks)
2. Hydrogen gas reacts with ethene to form ethane. Calculate the volume of hydrogen required to
convert 14g of ethene to ethane at S.T.P. (3 marks)
C2H2 (g) + H2 (g) C2H6
(C = 12, H = 1, molar gas volume at S.T.P. is 22.4 litres)

3. The table below shows the relative molecular masses and boiling points of propan-l-ol and
Ethanoic acid.
Relative Molecular Mass Boiling point (oC)

Propan –l-ol 60 36

Ethanoic acid 60 118

Explain why the boiling point of Ethanoic acid is higher than that of propan –l-ol and yet
they have same molecular mass. (2 marks)

4. In an experiment an equal amount of iron fillings and sulphur powder was heated in a test tube.
The mixture was left to cool then dilute hydrochloric acid added to it.
a) State the observations that were made;
(i) In the test tube. (1 mark)
(ii) Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to the mixture after cooling. (1 mark)
b) Write an equation for the reaction which occurred in a) (ii) above. (1 mark)

5. a) What is meant by double decomposition? (1 mark)

b) Starting with 1M sodium sulphate solution, describe how you would prepare dry lead II
sulphate. (2 marks)
6. 6.84g of aluminium sulphate were dissolved in 200cm3 of water. Calculate the Molar
concentrations of the sulphate ions in the solution.(Relative formula mass of aluminium
sulphate is 342) (3 marks)

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7. The diagram below shows the set-up that was used to prepare and collect sulphur (iv) oxide
gas.

Hydrochloric acid

Solid P

Heat moist red flower

(a) Identify solid P (1 mark)
(b) (i) Why is it possible to collect sulphur (IV) Oxide as shown? (1 mark)
(ii) What happened to the red flower. (1 mark)
8. The set-up show how small pieces of red phosphorous are heated in Nitrogen (I) Oxide.

Gas jar
Deflagrating spoon

Nitrogen (I) oxide

Burning Phosphorous

a) Write an equation for the reactions which occur in the gas jar. (1 mark)
b) Give one use of Nitrogen (I) oxide. (1 mark)
9. Study the following reactions scheme and answer the questions that follow.

SOLUTION C
Drops of NaOH (aq) Drops of NH3 (aq)

White ppt. D White ppt. E

Excess NaOH (aq) Excess NH3 (aq)

Colourless solution F Colourless solution G

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a) Identify
(i) The cations in solution C. (1 mark)
(ii) The white precipitate E. (1 mark)
b) Why does precipitate E dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide solution. (1 mark)
c) Write the formula of the complex ion formed. (1 mark)
10. Starting with copper metal, describe how a sample of crystals of copper (II) sulphate is
prepared in Laboratory. (3 marks)
11. The Set up below shows an experiment where hydrogen gas was passed over heated copper
(II) Oxide.

Dry hydrogen
Copper (II) oxide
Heat

a) State and explain the observations made in the combustion tube during the
experiment. (3 marks)
b) Explain why heat is necessary in this experiment. (1 mark)
12. a) State Boyle’s law (1 mark)
b) 3 litres of oxygen gas at one atmosphere pressure were compressed to two atmospheres at
constant temperature. Calculate the volume occupied by the oxygen gas . (2 marks)
13. The table below gives some information about elements J,K,L,M which are in the same
group of the periodic table. Use the formation to answer the question that follow.
Element 1st Ionization energy kJmol-1 Atomic radius (nm)

J 520 0.15
K 500 0.19
L 420 0.23
M 400 0.25

a) What is meant by ionization energy. (1 mark)

b) State and explain the relationship between the variations in the first ionization energies and the
atomic radii. (2 marks)

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14. When a hydrocarbon fuel burn, one of the main products is acidic gas R.
(a) Identify gas R. (1 mark)
(b) What effect does gas R have when its concentration in the atmosphere exceeds its acceptable
levels. (1 mark)
15. The graph below shows a curve obtained when water at 22 oC was heated for 10 minutes.
Sodium Chloride crystals were added and strongly heated for 15 minutes.

120oC-

100oC-
C
B

Temperature
o
C A
22oC

| | | | | |
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

a) What happened to water molecules between points A and B? (1 marks)

b) Explain why the temperature rise is not steady between points B and C. (2 marks)
16. Use the table below to answer the questions that follow.
Substance A B C D E
Symbol R-COO-Na+ CH2OH R-COOCH2 R-OSO3-Na+
| --CH2 – CH2 – |
CHOH n R- COOCH
| |
CH2OH R- COOCH2
a) Which substances is:
I ) A soapless detergent. (½ mark)
II) An ester (½ mark)
b) Give name to substance B. (1 mark)

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c) Write an equation for the reaction between the structure of substance D and Sodium
hydroxide solution. (2 marks)
17. When hydrated sample of iron (II) sulphate FeSO4.nH2O was heated until there was no further
change in mass, the following data was recorded
Mass of evaporating dish = 78.94 g
Mass of evaporating dish + hydrated salt = 84.14 g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue = 81.78 g
Determine the empirical formula of the hydrated salt. (Relative Formula Mass of FeSO4 = 152,
H2O = 18) (3 marks)
18. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow;

(a) Write an equation for the reaction between gas X and ammonia. (1 mark)
(b) Write the formulae of the substances present in the mixture Y(aq). (1 mark)
19. When hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into an aqueous solution of iron (III) chloride, a
yellow precipitate was deposited.
(a) State another observation that would be made. (1 mark)
(b) Write an equation of the reaction that took place. (1 mark)
20. The table below shows the atomic numbers of elements P, Q and R.
Element P Q R

Atomic 13 7 12

(a) Explain why P and R would not be expected to form a compound. (1 mark)
(b) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on the carbonate of R. (1 mark)
21. Element T consists of two isotopes 62T and 64T in the ratio 7 : 3 respectively. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of element T. (3 marks)

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22. Name the process which takes place when:

(a) Solid carbon (IV) oxide changes directly into gas. (1 mark)
(b) An alcohol reacts with alkanoic acid in the presence of sulphuric acid to form a sweet
smelling compound. (1 mark)
23. Briefly explain how you would obtain pure sample of lead (II) chloride from a mixture of lead
(II) chloride and silver chloride. (2 marks)
24. Explain the following observations; very little carbon (IV) oxide is evolved when lead
carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. (2 marks)
25. The table below gives some properties of compounds P, Q, R and S
Compound B.P. (oC) M.P. (oC) Conductivity in water
P 77 -23 Does not conduct
Q 74 -19 Does not conduct
R -161 -185 Conducts
S 2407 714 Conducts
(a) Which one of the compounds in the table is ionic? Explain. (1 mark)
(b) Give the compound that is liquid at room temperature. (1 mark)
26. When butan – 1 – ol is oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate, a weak organic acid is
formed.
Draw and name the structural formula of the acid obtained from the above reaction.(2 marks)
27. Air was passed through several reagents as shown in the flow chart below.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the chamber with the magnesium
powder. (1 mark)
(b) Name one gas that escapes from the chamber containing magnesium powder. Give a
reason for your answer. (1 mark)

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28. A sisal farmer found that when pricked by a sisal thorn, application of a little solution of ash
helped to relieve the pain from the affected area. Explain. (2 marks)
29. Explain why aluminium metal is not extracted from aluminium chloride. (2 marks)
30. Distinguish between a strong acid and concentrated acid. (2 marks)
31. In an experiment to determine the solubility of potassium nitrate at 30 oC, a saturated solution
was heated in an evaporating dish until there was no further change in mass. The following data
was obtained.
Mass of dish + solution = 128.9 g
Mass of dish + dry salt = 103.9 g
Mass of empty dish = 94.3 g
Determine the solubility of potassium nitrate at 30o C. (3 marks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 1
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
 Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
 Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided.
 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
 All working must be clearly shown where necessary.
 Mathematical tables and electronic calculators may be used.

For Examiner’s Use Only:

Question Maximum score Candidate’s score
1 12
2 12
3 11
4 11
5 13
6 10
7 11
Total 80

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Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided

1. An element K has atomic number 20 while element M has atomic number 8.
a) Write the electronic configuration for K and M
K…………………………………………………………………………………….. 1/2mark
M……………………………………………………………………………….……. 1/2mark
b) Write the symbol of the most stable ion of K and M
K…………………………………………………………………………………………. 1/2mark
M…………………………………………………………………………………………. 1/2mark
2. Molten Lead (II) bromide is electrolyzed using carbon electrodes. Write the half equations of the
reactions that occur at the anode and the cathode.
a) Anode 1mark
b) Cathode 1mark
3. Nitrogen (I)oxide gas can be prepared in the laboratory using a mixture of ammonium chloride
solution and sodium nitrate solution.
(a) The reaction occurs in two steps. State the two steps in the correct order. (2 marks)
(b) State one use of nitrogen (I) oxide (1 mark)
4. The standard electrode potentials of a metal H and Iron are given below.
Fe2+(aq) + 2e Fe(s) -0.44V
H2+(aq) + 2e H(s) -0.91V
Is the reaction below visible? Show your working (2 marks)
Fe(s) + H2+(aq) H(s) + Fe2+(aq)
5. Some sodium chloride was found to be contaminated with copper (II) oxide. Describe how a
sample of sodium chloride can be separated from the mixture. 2marks
6. Study the equation below and answer the questions that follow:
CH2OOC(CH2)16CH3 CH2OH

CHOOC(CH2)16CH3 + 3 NaOH CHOH + 3 CH3(CH2)16COONa

CH2OOC(CH2)16CH3 CH2OH
X Y Z
a) What type of reaction is this? (1 mark)
b) What class of organic compounds does X belong? (1 mark)
c) Explain the role of sodium chloride in the manufacture of soap. (1 mark)
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7. The set up below represents the apparatus that may be used to separate a mixture of two miscible
liquids C and D whose boiling points are 800C and 1100C.

a) Name B 1mark
b) What is the purpose of the thermometer 1mark
c) Which liquid was collected in the test tube? 1mark
8. Draw a dot (.) and cross (x) diagram to show bonding in carbon (II) oxide. 2marks
9. Ammonium nitrate was gently heated and the products collected as shown in the diagram.

a) Identify:
i. Colourless liquid H 1mark
ii. Gas G 1mark
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b) Describe one physical and one chemical test that can be used to identify gas G. 2marks
10. The diagram below shows the energy changes that occur when sodium chloride dissolves in
water. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

∆H2

∆H1
Energy

Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

∆H3
NaCl (s)

Reaction path
a) What do ∆H1, ∆H2 and ∆H3 represent? (1½ mark)
∆H1 ……………………………………………………………………………………..

∆H2 ……………………………………………………………………………………..

∆H3 ……………………………………………………………………………………..

b)Given that the lattice energy of NaCl (s) is -776 kJmol-1 and hydration energies of Na+(g) and Cl-(g)
are -407 kJmol-1 and -364 kJmol-1 respectively. Calculate the heat of solution (∆Hsol) of 1 mole
NaCl (s). (1½ mark)
11. Name the following substances.
a) CH2 CH CH2 CH3 1mark
b) CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3 1mark
12. The set up below was used to prepare dry hydrogen gas. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.
Dilute
sulphuric acid Cardboard

Zinc granules

Liquid Z

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(i) Identify one mistake in the set-up above. (1/2 mark)

(ii) What is the role of Liquid Z? (1/2 mark)
(iii) Using an equation give one chemical property of hydrogen gas (1 mark)

13. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The letters do
not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Substance Solubility in water Electrical conductivity
Solid Molten
A Insoluble Good Good
B Soluble Poor Good
C Insoluble Poor Poor

i) Which of the substances is highly likely to be sodium chloride? Explain 1mark

ii) What type of bond exists in substance A? 1mark
iii) State a possible structure in substance C? 1mark

14. Laboratory results showed the composition of a compound to be 58.81% barium, 13.72%,
sulphur and 27.47% Oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. Ba=137, S = 32,
O = 16. 2marks
15. Air was passed through reagents as shown below.
Calcium hydroxide Hot Excess hot
Air
solution Copper Magnesium C

A
B

i)State and explain the observations made when air is passed over hot copper. (2 mrks)
ii) Write the equation for the reaction taking place in chamber B (1 mark)
16. 200cm3 of oxygen gas took 60 seconds to diffuse through a porous plug. Determine the time
taken by 300cm3 of sulphur (IV) oxide to diffuse through the same plug under the same conditions.
(O=16, S = 32) 3marks
17. Study the following equilibrium equation.
2A2(g) + B2(g) 2A2B(g) H = -198kJ/mol
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(a) Suggest two ways of increasing the yield of A2B. (1 mark)

(b) Draw the energy level diagram for the reverse reaction. (2 mrks)
18. Explain giving reasons why?
a) Sulphuric(vi) acid is not used with marble in the preparation of carbon (iv) oxide 2marks
b) Water cannot be used to extinguish oil fire. 1mark
19. A gas occupies 4dm3 at -230C and 152 mmHg. At what pressure will its volume be halved, if
the temperature then is 2270C.? 2marks
20. a) Sodium, Magnesium and Aluminium are elements in the periodic table. Explain why
aluminium has a higher melting and boiling point than sodium and magnesium. 2marks
b) The ionization energy of an atom is strongly influenced by three atomic parameters. State two
of these parameters. 2marks
21. 15cm3 of a solution containing 2.88g/dm3 of an alkali XOH completely reacts with 20cm3 of
0.045M sulphuric acid. Calculate the molarity and relative atomic mass of X present in the alkali.
3marks
22. Describe how a solid sample of calcium sulphate can be prepared using the following
reagents; dilute nitric (v)acid, dilute sulphuric (vi) acid and solid calcium carbonate 4marks
23. Crude oil is the main source of organic compounds such as hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons
in the crude oil have to be separated.
a) Name two important hydrocarbons obtained from crude oil. 2marks
b) Give the uses of the two hydrocarbons named in (a) above. 2marks
24. A radioactive isotope M decays by emitting two alpha particles and a beta particle to form
206
Y.
83

a) What was the atomic number M (1 mark)

b) After 224 days 1/16 of mass of M remained. Determine the half-life of M. (2 mrks)
c) State one use of radioactivity in agriculture. (1 mark)
25. Dilute sulphuric acid was added to a compound X, of magnesium. The solid reacted with the
acid to form a colourless solution, Y and a colourless gas Z which formed a white precipitate when
bubbled through lime water.
Name:-
(i) Compound X 1mark
(ii) Solution Y 1mark

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(iii) Colourless gas Z 1mark

26. When dry hydrogen gas passed over heated Lead (II) oxide in combustion tube, a grey solid
was formed.

a) Identify the grey solid. 1mark

b) Write the equation of the reaction taking place in the combustion tube. 1mark
c) Write the equation involving the blue flame. 2marks
27. The diagram below shows an experiment involving chlorine water.
Sunlight

Chlorine water

a) Chlorine water is a mixture of two acids. Explain using a chemical equation. (1 mark)
b) State and explain the observation that was made after 24 hours. (1 marks)
c) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in (b) above. (1 mark)
28.
a) What is meant by the term allotropy? 1mark
b) Explain in terms of structure and bonding why graphite is soft with greasy feeling. 2marks
29. Explain why hard water flowing in lead pipes may be safer for drinking than soft water
flowing in the same pipes. (2 marks)

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 2
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above
 Sign and write the date of the examination in the spaces provided above.
 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided after each question
 Mathematical tables and electronic calculators may be used.
 All working must be clearly shown where necessary.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE

1-29 80

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Answer all the questions

Q1. Distinguish between a thistle funnel and a dropping funnel (1mark)
Q2. a) Define an acid. (1 mark)
b) An ammeter was used to test electrical conductivity of sodium hydroxide and ammonia
solution.State and explain the observation made. (2 mrks)
Q3. a)What name is given to the process by which alcohol is formed from a carbohydrate? (1 mark)
b) Explain why the solubility of ethane in water is lower than that of ethanol. (1 mark)
Q4. An isotope of Uranium 234-U, decays by emission of an alpha particle to thorium Th-92
a) Write the equation for the nuclear reaction undergone bythe isotope. (1 mark)
b) Explain why it is not safe to store radioactive substances in containers made from aluminum
sheets. (1 mark)

Q5. a) Methane reacts with oxygen as shown by the equations I and II below:
I CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
II 2CH4(g) + 302(g) 2CO(g) + 4H2O(l)
Which one of the two reactions represents the complete combustion of methane? Explain.(2marks)
b) 80cm3 of ethane reacted with 150cm3 of oxygen forming carbon (IV) oxide and water. Calculate:
(i) The volume of carbon (IV) oxide formed (1 mark)
(ii) The residual air. (1 mark)
Q6.The table below gives the atomic numbers of elements W, X, Y, and Z. The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element W X Y Z

Atomic Number 9 10 11 12

a) Which one of the elements is least reactive? Explain. (1mark)

b)i) Which two elements would react most vigorously with each other? (1mark)
ii) Give the formula of the compound formed when the elements in b(i) react. (1mark)
Q7. In an experiment to separate a mixture of two organic liquids, liquid M (b.p 56 oC)
And liquid N (b.p. 118oC), a student set up the apparatus shown below.

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a) Identify two mistakes in the set – up. (2mrks)

b) What method would the student use to test the purity of the distillates obtained? (1mark)
Q8. When lead (II) nitrate is heated, one of the products is a brown gas.
a) Write the equation of the reaction that occurs. (1 mark)
b) If 0.290dm3 of the brown gas was produced, calculate the mass of the lead(II)nitrate that was
heated. (R .F.M of lead (II) nitrate = 331; Molar gas volume = 24dm3). (2mrks)
Q9.

a) Give the name of the process that takes place in step 1. (1mark)
b)Give;
i) The name of substance G1 (1mark)
ii) One use of substance F1 (1 mark)
Q10. When extinguishing a fire caused by burning kerosene, carbon (IV) oxide is used in
preference to water .Explain. (2 mrks)

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Q11. Sulphur burns in air to form sulphur (IV) oxide.A simple energy level diagram for the reaction
is given below. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.

a)What doH3andH1 represent? (1 mark)

b) Write an expression, for H3 in terms of H1 and H2. (1mark)
Q12. Describe how a solid sample of zinc carbonate can be prepared starting with zinc oxide.
(3 mrks)
Q13. An element X has a relative atomic mass of 88. When a current of 0.5ampere was passed through a fused
chloride ofX for 32 minutes 10 seconds, 0.44g of X was deposited.
(i) Determine the charge of element X (1 Faraday = 96500C) (2 marks)
(ii) Write the formula of the hydroxide of X. (1 mark)
Q14. A hydrocarbon slowly decolorizes bromine gas in the presence of sunlight but does not
decolorize acidified potassium permanganate(VII).
Name and draw the structural formula of the fourth member of the series to which the hydrocarbon
belongs. (2marks)
Q15. Potassium sulphite solution was prepared and divided into two portions. The first portion gave
a white precipitate when reacted with barium nitrate. On addition of dilute hydrochloric acid the
white precipitate disappeared.
a) Write the formula of the compound which formed as the white precipitate. (1mark)
b)Write the equation for the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and the compound whose
formula is written in (a) above. (1mark)

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c) What observation would be made if one drop of potassium dichromate

solution was added to the second portion followed by dilute sulphuric(VI) acid? (1mark)
Q16. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contains 57.15% carbon, 4.76% hydrogen and
the rest oxygen. If its relative molecular mass is 126, find its molecular formula. (C = 12, H = 1,
O = 16) (3 mks)
Q17.The simplified flow chart shows some of the steps in the manufacture of sodium carbonate by
the Solvay process

Carbon
L dioxide Ammonium chloride

Ammonium Chloride
Brine and sodium hydrogen
Step II
Step 1 carbonate
Sodium hydrogen
carbonate

Step III

Sodium carbonate

a) Identify substance L (1mark)

b) Name the process taking place in step II (1mark)
c) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in step III. (1mark)
Q18.The set – up below was used to study some properties of air.

State and explain two observations that would be made at the end of the experiment. (2 Marks)
Q19.(a) A sample of water in a beaker was found to boil at 1020C at 1 atmospheric pressure.
Assume that the thermometer was not faulty explain this observation (1mk)

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(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Salt Solubility g/100g of water
at 40°C of 60°C
CuSO4 28 38
Pb(NO3)2 79 98

A mixture containing 35g of CuSO4 and 78g of Pb(NO3)2 in 100g of water at 60°C was cooled to
40°C.
i) Which salt crystallised out? Give a reason. (2 mrks)
ii) Calculate the mass of the salt that crystallized out. (1 mark)
Q20.Consider the following reaction at equilibrium.
PCl5 (g)⇌PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
Complete the table below to show the effect of different factors on the position of equilibrium.
(3mks)
Factor Effect on the equilibrium position
(i) Decrease pressure
(ii) Removing chlorine
(iii) Adding Helium gas to mixture

Q21. The set – up below was used to prepare hydrogen gas

a) Complete the diagram to show how a dry sample of hydrogen gas can be collected(3mks)
b) Write an equation for the reaction, which takes place when hydrogen gas burns in air.(1mk)

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22. In a certain reaction, 18.7cm3 of a dibasic acid required 25cm3 of 0.1M NaOH for complete
neutralization.
(a) How many moles of Sodium hydroxide are contained in 25cm3? (1mk)
(b) Calculate the molarity of the dibasic acid. (2mks)
Q23 In an experiment to prepare nitrogen (I) oxide, ammonium nitrate was gently heated in a flask.
a) Write the equation for the reaction that took place in the flask. (1 mark)
b) State and explain how the gas was collected. (1 mark)
c) A sample of the gas was tested with damp blue and red litmus papers. What observations were
made? (1mark)
Q24.Under certain conditions, chlorine gas reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium
hypochlorite.
(a) Name the condition under which sodium hydroxide reacts with chlorine to form
Sodium hypochlorite. (1 mark)
(b) State two uses of sodium hypochlorite. (1 mark)
Q25. (a) Calculate the oxidation state of chromium in the ion Cr2 O2-. (1 mark)
(b) Using oxidation numbers, determine from the equation below the species which undergoes
oxidation and reduction.
2FeCl2(aq) + Cl2(g)--> 2Fe Cl3(aq)
Oxidation - (1 mark)
Reduction - (1 mark)
Q26. The table below gives some properties of three elements in group (VII) of the periodic table.
Study it and andanswer the questions that follow:
Atomic Melting Point Boiling Point
Element No. (0C) (0C)
Chlorine 17 101 -34.7
Bromine 35 -7 58.8
Iodine 53 114 184
a) Which element is in liquid form at room temperature? Give a reason. (2 mrks)
b) Explain why the boiling point of iodine is much higher than that of chlorine. (2 mrks)
Q27. Study the standard reduction potential given and answer the questions that follow.
(The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).
Eø (volts)

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M2+(aq)+ 2e → M(s) -0.76

N2+(aq) + 2e → N(s) -2.37
P+(aq) +e → P(s) +0.80
Q2+(aq) +2e → Q(s): -0.14

a) The standard reduction potential for Fe 2+(aq) is -0.44 volts. Select the element which would best
protect iron from rusting. (1 mark)
b) Calculate the E ø value for the cell represented as M(s) / M2+(aq) // P+(aq) /P(s). (1mark)
Q28.The formula given below represents a portion of a polymer

Give:
a) The name of the polymer. (1mark)
b) Draw the monomer. (1mark)
c) One disadvantage of continued use of this polymer. (1mark)

Q29. A sealed glass tube containing air at s.t.p was immersed in water at 1000c. Assuming that
there was no increase in the volume of the glass tube due to the expansion of the glass, calculate
the pressure of the inside tube. (standard pressure = 760mmHg,) (2mrks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 2
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Write your name and index number in the space provided
2. Sign and write the date of examination in the space provided above
3. Answer all questions in the space provided after each question
4. Mathematical tables and electronic calculators may be used
5. All working must be clearly shown where necessary

FOR EXAMINERS ONLY

QUESTIONS CANDIDATE’S SCORE

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Answer all questions in the space provided

1. The grid below forms part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.

P T V W Y M
Q S U X
R Z

a) Write the general name given to the elements to which Y and Z belong. (1mk)
b) An element N has an atomic number of 15. Write down its electronic arrangement and hence fix
it in its right position on the grid above. (2mks)
Electronic arrangement____________________________
c) Compare the size of the atom of R and that of its ion. Explain your answer. (2mks)
d) Give the formula of the compound formed between
i. P and W ____________________________________ ½ mk
ii. T and Y ____________________________________ ½ mk
e) Compare the melting points of element Q and S. Explain (2mks)
f) State the least reactive element in the grid. Give a reason for your answer (2mks)
Element________________________________________
Reason ______________________________________________________________________
g) Give two advantages that element S has over element Q in making electric cables (2mks)
h) Draw (a) dot (.) and cross (x) diagram to represent the bonding in compound formed between T
and Y (2mks)
2. Study the condensed formulae below and answer the questions that follow
(a) I CH3CH (CH3) CH2CHCH2
II CH3CH2CH (OH) CH2OH
i. Draw the structural formula of each of the compounds I and II (2mks)
ii. Give the systematic name of each of the compounds represented by the formulae above (2mks)
I____________________________________________
II____________________________________________
iii. To which homologous series does the compound represented by I belong (1mk)

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(b) The flow chart below shows some reactions starting with a long chain alkane. Study it and
answer the questions that follows.

i. Name substance (3mks)

A___________________________
B___________________________
C____________________________
ii. What is the name given to the process represented by
Step I_______________________ ½ mk
Step III______________________ ½ mk
Step IV______________________ ½ mk
Step VI______________________ ½ mk
iii. Write down the chemical equation represented by the reaction in step VI (1mk)
3. (a) The following table shows the standard reduction potentials for four half cells. Study it and
answer the questions that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements
E θ volts
𝑊2(𝑔) + 2𝑒− → 2𝑊 −(𝑎𝑞) + 0.54
2+
𝑋(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒− → 𝑋(𝑠) − 0.44
𝑌 2+ + 2𝑒− → 𝑌(𝑠) + 0.34
2Z (aq) + 2e- Z2 (g) Z2(g)0.00

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i. Explain why the Z half- cell has 0.00 voltage (1mk)

ii. Identify the strongest reducing agent (1mk)
iii. Write the equation for the reaction which takes place when solid X is added to the solution
containing Y2+ ions (1mk)
iv. Which two half-cells above would provide the highest voltage if connected? (1mk)
v. Calculate the voltage generated by the half-cell you have mentioned in (IV) above (2mks)
(b) The following diagram shows the electrolysis of water that is slightly acidic study it and answer
the questions that follows.

i. Identify (1mk)
Electrode K …………………………………………………………………………………
ii. Why was it necessary to acidify the water? (1mk)
iii. Explain why the water could not be acidified using hydrochloric acid if the desired products were
oxygen and hydrogen (1mk)
iv. During the electrolysis of aqueous copper (II) sulphate 48,250 coulombs of electricity were used.
Calculate the mass of copper that was deposited at the cathode (2mks)
(IF=96500columbs Cu=63.5)

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4. The diagram below represent two industrial processes; one leading to the manufacture of
ammonia and the second leading to the manufacture of Nitric acid. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.

Nitrogen

Step I Step II Ammonia Nitrogen (II) Oxide

Excess air
Hydrogen

A Step III

Nitric (V) acid Nitrogen (IV) oxide

Purified air

a) Describe one large scale source of

i. Nitrogen (1mk)
ii. Hydrogen (1mk)
b) Name the catalyst required in
i. Step II______________________________
ii. Write the chemical equation for the reaction that takes place between ammonia and oxygen in the
presence of the catalyst you have named in b (i) above (1mk)
c) Ammonia reacts with nitric acid to form substance P.
i. write the chemical equation for the formation of substance P (1mk)
ii. Give one possible use of substance P (1mk)
d) Give the general name given to the process represented by Step I (1mk)
e) Nitrogen and hydrogen reacts according to the following equation at 450°c and 200 atmospheres

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) ⊿𝐻 = −92𝑘𝐽

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i. State and explain how the yield of ammonia would be affected if the pressure is reduced (2mks)
ii. Name one use of nitric acid apart from making substance P named in (c) above (1mk)
f) Name substance A and write an equation to show how it reacts with nitrogen (IV) oxide to form
nitric (V) acid
Substance A______________________________________________
Equation

5. (a) Draw a diagram in the space provided below to show how the heat of combustion of ethanol
can be measured experimentally (3mks)
(b) In an experiment to measure the heat of combustion of ethanol the following data was collected.
Volume of water 450cm³
Initial temperature of water 25°c
Final temperature of water 46.5°c
Mass of ethanol + lamp before heating 125.5g
Mass of ethanol + lamp after heating 124.0g

i. calculate:
I. Heat evolved during the experiment (Density of water =1g/cm³. Specific heat capacity of water
=4.2KJ Kg-1K-1) (2mks)
II. Molar heat of combustion of ethanol (C=12, O=16, H=1) (2mks)
ii. The molar heat of combustion obtained from an experiment like the one above is usually lower
than the theoretical value. Explain (2mks)
(c) The molar heat of combustion of hydrogen is given as -286KJmol-1
i. Write the thermochemical equation for the reaction above (1 ½ mk)
ii. Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction in c(i) above (2mks)

d) (i) What is a fuel? (1mk)

(ii) Name one environmental effect of using carbon and some of its compounds as fuels( ½mk)

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6. (a)
Mixture M

Step I (i) Addition of water

(ii) Filtration

Solid N Solution P Add Ba2+/H+ White precipitate Q

Step II Heat
Add NaOH until in excess Add ammonia solution until in excess

Red brown solid when hot

yellow when cold . Gas that
forms white precipitate with
White precipitate which White precipitate which
calcium hydroxide given off
dissolves in excess dissolves in excess

The diagram above shows some reactions starting with mixture M. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
i. Name the possible identity of
Solid N_____________________________________ (1mk)
Solid P_______________________________________(1mk)
ii. Write the formula of the identity of white precipitate Q
iii. Describe the test that can be carried out to test for the presence of the cation in solid N and give
the possible observations if the test is positive. Fill this information in the table below.
Test Observation
1.

(1mk) (1mk)
2.

(1mk) (1mk)
(b) Starting with Copper (II) Oxide, explain a step by step method that can be used to prepare
crystals of copper (II) sulphate (3mks)
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7. The diagram below shows a blast furnace that is used in the extraction of iron

Q P

a) State the composition of mixture P (2mk)

b) Write down the use of the following in the process above.
i. Limestone (1mk)
ii. Coke (1mk)
c) Name substance Q and write chemical equations to show how it is formed
Name ____________________________________________ (1mk)
Chemical equations (2mks)
d) Write down a chemical equation to show how iron is formed in the above set-up. (1mk)
e) Name one use of iron (1mk)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 3
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

233/1
CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
(THEORY)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDITATES
a) Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above
b) Answer all the questions in the spaces provided in the question paper
c) Mathematical tables and silent electronic calculators may be used
d) All working must be clearly shown where necessary.

QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE

1-28

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided

1. Element A and B with atomic numbers 12 and 17 respectively react together
a) Write the electronic configurations of each
A ……………………………………………………………………………….. ( ½ mk)
B ……………………………………………………………………………… ( ½ mk)
b) Write the formula of a the compound formed between A and B (1mk)
2. The table below shows the PH values of solutions A, B, C and D
SOLUTION PH
A 2.0
B 7.0
C 10.0
D 14.0

a) Which solution is likely to be that of ammonia solution (1mk)

b) Select a solution in which a sample of aluminium oxide is likely to react. Give a reason for your
answer (2mks)
3. A hydrocarbon was found to contain 92.3% carbon, and the remaining is hydrogen. If its
molecular mass is 78, determine its molecular formula ( C =12, H=1) (3mks)
4. In an experiment, sulphur (IV) oxide was bubbled into water followed by chlorine gas. The
resulting solution gave a white precipitate when mixed with Barium chloride. Explain these
observations. (3mks)
5. Below is a set up of apparatus used to react ammonia gas with iron(II) chloride
Ammonia gas

funnel

Dilute solution of iron (II) chloride

a) State the observation made in the beaker (1mk)
b) State the reason for using a funnel to deliver the ammonia into the beaker (1mk)

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c) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that takes place (1mk)
6. a) State Graham’s law of diffusion (1mk)
b ) 200cm3 of methane diffused through a porous pot in 40secs. Calculate the time taken for the
same volume of hydrogen chloride gas to diffuse under the same conditions (H = 1,C=12,Cl =
35.5 ) (2mks)
7. In an experiment, soap solution was added to three separate samples of water The table below
shows volumes of soap solution required to form lather with 100cm3 of which sample of water
before and after boiling.
SAMPLE I SAMPLE II SAMPLE III
Volume of soap before 25.0 5.0 10.0
water is boiled (cm3)
Volume of soap after 25.0 5.0 5.0
water is boiled

i. Which water sample is likely to be soft? Explain (1mk)

ii. Explain the change in the volume of soap solution used in sample III (2mks)
8. Study the flow chart below and use it to answer the questions that follow
HCl (aq) AgNO3(aq)
Solution Solid P
Sodium carbonate
T

gas X Solid
Ca(OH)2 (aq) Excess Ca(OH)2 (aq) SOLUTIO
Q
N
L
a) Identify using chemical formula substances L,P,Q and X
P ……………………………………………………………………………………………( ½ mk)
Q ……………………………………………………………………………………………( ½ mk)
X…………………………………………………………………………………………….( ½ mk)
b) write an ionic equation for the reaction between T and silver nitrate solution (1mk)

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9. The following thermo-chemical equations show the combustion of carbon and hydrogen. The
heat of formation of ethane is also given.
C + O2 CO2 HC = -394KJ mol-1
(s) (g) (g)

H2 + ½ O2 H2 O HC = -286KJ mol-1
(g) (g) (g)

2C + 2H2 C 2 H4 Hf = + 52.3 KJ mol-1

(s) (g) (g)
Using the above information calculate the heat of combustion of ethane (3mks)
10. Starting with nitric (v) acid, distilled water, lead (II) carbonate and sodium sulphate crystals.
Describe how you can prepare solid lead (II) Sulphate (3mks)
11. a) State the observation made when chlorine gas is bubbled through aqueous potassium iodide
(1mk)
b) When chlorine water is left under sunlight its bleaching property is lost. Explain (1mk)
c) Workout the oxidation state of chromium in Cr2O72- (1mk)
12. A solution of hydrogen chloride in methyl benzene goes not react with carbonates. However a
solution of hydrogen chloride in water produces a vigorous effervescence with carbonates
Explain the above observation (2mks)
13. Chlorine has two isotopes with atomic mass 35 and x occurring in the ratio 3:1 respectively.
The relative atomic (R.M.A) of chlorine is 35.5. Determine the value of x. (3mks)
14. Hydrogen sulphide was passed through aqueous lead nitrate
a) State and explain the observation that was made (2mks)
b) Write an ionic equation for the above reaction (1mk)
15. Ammonia gas in solution dissociates according to the equation below
NH3 + H2 O NH4+ + OH-
(g) (l) (aq) (aq)
a) Identify the acidic species in the above equation (1mk)
b) What is the effect on equilibrium if sodium hydroxide is added to the mixture (1mk)

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16. Solubility of Potassium chloride at 100°C is 39.8g/100g of water and at 80°C is 35.9/100g of
water. If a saturated solution of Potassium chloride dissolved in 70g of water at 100°C is cooled
to 80°C, Calculate the mass of potassium chloride which will be deposited (3mks)
17. When excess carbon (II) oxide gas was passed over heated lead (II) oxide in a combustion tube,
lead(II) oxide was reduced.
a) Write an equation for the reaction which took place (1mk)
b) What observation was made in the combustion tube when the reaction was complete (1mk)
c) Name another gas which could be used to reduce lead (II) Oxide (1mk)

18. 8 g of methanol require 178 KJ to vaporize completely. Calculate the heat required to vaporize
one mole of methanol completely (C = 12.0, H =1.0, O =16.0 ) (2mks)
19. Given a sample of concentrated sulphuric acid was left in an open beaker in a room for two
days, the volume was found to have increased slightly.
a) What property of concentrate sulphuric acid is shown by the above reaction (1mk)
b) State one use of concentrated sulphuric acid that depends on the above property (1mk)
c) State another use of sulphuric acid. (1mk)

20. Study the information given in the table below and answer the questions below the table.
BOND BOND ENERGY KJ mol-1
C-H 414
Cl-Cl 244
C-Cl 326
H-Cl 431

Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction (3mks)

CH4 + Cl2 C H3 Cl + HCl
(g) (g) (g) (g)

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21. The set up below shows a reaction between magnesium ribbon and steam.

a) Identify gas X (1mk)

b) Write an equation for the reaction between the magnesium ribbon and steam (1mk)
c) Name two other metals that react with steam. (1mk)
22. The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C6H14. The hydrocarbon can be converted into two
other hydrocarbons as shown below
heat
C6H114 + Cl2 X + C3 H8
a) What name is given to the above process (1mk)
b) Draw the possible structure of X (1mk)
c) State the observations made if a few drops of bromine water are added to a sample of X (1mk)
23. The table below shows some properties of some elements in period 3 of the periodic table
ELEMENT SODIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM
Melting point 97.8 650 660
Atomic radii (nm) 0.152 0.136 0.125

Explain the trend of

a) Melting points from sodium to aluminium (1 ½ mks)
b) Atomic size of atoms from sodium to aluminium (1 ½ mks)
24. Red hot carbon was found to remove oxygen from the oxides of metals A, B, C but not from
the oxide of D. metal C removes oxygen from the oxide of metal A but not from the oxide of
metal A but not from the oxide of metal B. Arrange the metals A, B,C, D in increasing order of
their reactivity (2mks)
25. Study the flow chart below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
colourless
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solution K
NaoH(aq) STEP I Excess NaOH (aq)
white precipitate

Excess Ammonia solution STEP II Dilute HCl (aq)

white colourless
precipitate L solution

a) Write the formula of the metal ion in solution K (1mk)

b) Name the white precipitate L (1mk)
c) What property of the white precipitate is illustrated in steps I and II (1mk)
26. 25cm3 of 0.12m Potassium hydroxide was neutralized by 30.0cm3 of a solution of a dibasic
acid( H2x) containing 3.15 g per 500cm3 . Calculate
a) The morality of the acid solution (2mks)
b) The relative formula mass of the acid (1mk)
27. Oxygen can be prepared in the laboratory using the set up below

a) Name liquid Q and solid R

Q .................................................................................................................................. .( 1 mk)
R ...................................................................................................................................... ( 1 mk)
b) Complete the set up to show how the oxygen gas produced is collected (1mk)
c) Write an equation to show how oxygen is obtained from liquid Q and solid R (1mk)
28. The atomic numbers of element W and X are 14 and 17 respectively. W and X are not the
actual symbols of the elements ) illustrate the type of bonding present in the compound formed
when the two react using dots (.) and crosses (x) (3mks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 3
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name, admission number, date and school in the spaces provided.
 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
 All working must be clearly shown where necessary.
 Scientific calculators may be used.

FOR EXAMINERS’ USE ONLY

Question Maximum Score Student’s Score
1 12
2 10
3 10
4 11
5 10
6 9
7 7
8 11
TOTAL 80

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Element Atomic number Relative atomic mass Melting point (0C)
Aluminium 13 37.0
Calcium 20 40.0 850
Carbon 12.0 3730
Hydrogen 1.0 -259
Magnesium 12 24.3 650
Neon 10 -249
Phosphorus 15 31.0 44.2 (white)
Phosphorus 15 31 590 (red)
Sodium 23
(a) Complete the table by filling in the missing atomic numbers and atomic mass. (2 marks)
(b) Write the electron arrangement for the following ions. (2 marks)
Ca+
P3
(c) What is the melting point of hydrogen in Kelvin? (1 mark)
(d) Which of the allotropes of phosphorous has a higher density? Explain. (2 marks)
(e) The mass numbers of three isotopes of magnesium are 24, 25 and 26. What is the mass number
of the abundant isotope of magnesium? Explain. (2 marks)
(f) Give the formula of the compound formed between calcium and carbon. (1 mark)
(g) Explain the difference in the melting points of magnesium and sodium. (2 marks)
2. Hydrogen gas can be obtained by reacting carbon (II) oxide and steam as shown below.
𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔) 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐻2(𝑔) ∆𝐻 = +𝑉𝑒
The curve below was obtained during the process.

Concentration
moles/litre
II

X Time (seconds)
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(a) Which curve represents the change in the concentration of hydrogen, give a reason.(2 mks)
(b) Give a reason for the shapes of curve at point X. (1 mk)
(c) State and explain the effect on equilibrium when concentrated potassium hydroxide solution is
added on equilibrium above. (2 marks)
(d) Explain the effects of increasing temperature of the system above on the yields of hydrogen.
(2 marks)
(e) The table below shows the volume of oxygen produced with increase in time during a reaction
of 2g Manganese (IV) oxide and 50cm3 hydrogen peroxide at 250C.
Time sec. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Volume (O2 ) cm3 0 60 90 105 112 116 120 120 120
(i) Calculate the rate of reaction between 20th and 40th second. (1 mark)
(ii) Explain why volume of O2 produced does not exceed 120cm3. (1 mark)
(iii)Explain the effect of using 4g of manganese (IV) oxide on total volume of oxygen produced.
(1 mark)
3. Use the table below to answer the questions that follow.
Substance Formula
A 𝐶𝐻3 (𝐶𝐻2 )2 𝑂𝐻
B 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
C 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2
D 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻3
E 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐶𝐻
(a)Explain how one would differentiate between substance D and E in the laboratory. (2 marks)
(b)Write an equation to show the reaction that will take place when substance A is heated in
presence of concentrated sulphuric VI acid at temperature of 1700C. (1 mark)
(c)What is the name of the process involved when substance D reacts with chlorine? Give the
condition required for the process.
Process - ……………………………………………………………………….. (1 mark)
Condition -……………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)
(d)Select two substances from the table that could be reacted to form a pleasant smelling
substance.
(i) Substances - ………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)
(ii) Conditions – (1 mark)
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(e)Substance C is subjected to high temperatures and pressure to form a solid substance.

(i) Name the solid substance formed. (1 mark)
(ii) Explain the effect of using the substance formed above for a long time. (2 marks)
4. The standard electrode potentials of metals J, K, L and M are as shown below. Use it to answer
the questions. (The letters are not the actual chemical symbols).
𝐽2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 𝐽(𝑠) − 0.13𝑉

𝐾 2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 𝐾(𝑠) − 0.77𝑉

𝐿3+ (𝑎𝑞) + 3𝑒 𝐿 − 1.66𝑉
𝑀2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 𝑀 − 2.37𝑉
(i) Select two metals whose half cells will yield the highest e.m.f. when connected. (1 mark)
(ii) Write the cell diagram for the cell formed in (i) above. (1 mark)
(iii) Calculate the initial e.m.f of the cell formed. (1 mark)
(iv) State one use of salt bridge in electrochemical cells. (1 mark)
(v) The set-up below shows electrolysis of dilute solution of magnesium sulphate.

Gas X
Gas Y

Dilute magnesium
sulphate

Dry cells
(i) Identify the gases X and Y. (1 mark)
(ii) On the diagram, label the electrode that is the anode. ( ½ mark)
(iii) A current of 1.5A was passed through the solution for 50 minutes. Calculate the volume of
the gas produced at the cathode.
(M.G.V. r.t.p. = 24000cm3, IF = 96500c). (3 marks)
(iv)State the effect of electrolysis of magnesium sulphate on the concentration of the electrolyte.
(½ mark)
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(v) Give any one application of electrolysis. (1 mark)

5. (a) The following set-up was used by a Form 3 student to prepare and collect dry
hydrogen sulphide gas. (3 marks)

Dilute
HCl

Gas jar

Conc. H2SO4
ZnS(s)

(i) At the end of the experiment, the student realized that no gas was collected. Give a reason.
(1 mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction when excess hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through
sodium hydroxide solution. (1 mark)
(b) Study the flow chart below to answer the questions that follow.
Excess Air
Fe

Heat
Black solid E B + Gas C
Step I Heat
Solid A
Air
Solid D
Step III H2SO4(l)

Gas C + Water H2SO4(l) Step II SO3(g)

(i) Name; (3 marks)

I. Solid A ………………………………………………………………
II.Solid D ………………………………………………………………
III. Substance B ………………………………………………………………
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(ii) Write equations for the two consecutive reactions that must take place in step II before
sulphuric (VI) acid is formed. (2 marks)
(iii) State the property of solid A that enables it to react with H2SO4 in step III. (1 mark)
(iv) State any two uses of sulphuric (VI) acid. (2 marks)

6. I. Study the flow chart below and answer questions that follow.
Ore T

Step I
Add excess hot NaOH(aq)

Solution Residue

Step II

Aluminium hydroxide

Solid Aluminium
oxide

Solid Na2AlF6 Step III

Step (IV) Molten

Molten mixture Electrolysis Aluminium

(a) Name ore T. (1 mark)

(b) Explain why the ore is dissolved in excess NaOH(aq). (1 mark)
(c) Name compound present in:- (1 mark)
(i) Solution ……………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Residue ……………………………………………………………………………….
(d) Name the process that takes place in step II. (½ mark)
(e) Why are sodium and fluoride ions not discharged in step IV? (½ mark)
(f) Write the equation for reaction in step IV. (1 mark)
(g) Why should the anode be replaced from time to time? (1 mark)

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(h) State any two uses of aluminium. (1 mark)

II.The figure below shows the behavior of emissions by radioactive isotope X. Use it to answer
questions that follow.

+ Ve
P

X
Q

R
−𝑣𝑒

(a) Explain why isotope X emits radiation. (½ mark)

(b) Name radiations P, Q and R. (1 ½ marks)
7. (a) State Hess’s law. (1 mark)
(b)Calculate the enthalpy of formation of ethane given that the molar enthalpies of combustion of
carbon, hydrogen and ethane are -394kJ, -286kJ and -1560kJ respectively. (3 marks)
(c) Calculate the enthalpy change for the relation.
𝐶2 𝐻4(𝑔) + 𝐻2(𝑔) 𝐶2 𝐻6(𝑔) , 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛; (3 marks)
𝐶−𝐶 = 347 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐶=𝐶 = 612 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐶−𝐻 = 413 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐻−𝐻 = 436 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

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8. The experiment below was used to investigate the effect of dry hydrogen gas on hot Lead (II)
oxide. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
Dry hydrogen
gas

Excess
Heat hydrogen
burning

(a) (i)What was observed in the combustion tube at the end of the experiment? (1 mark)
(ii) Why should the tube be slanting? (1 mark)
(iii) State any two precautions to be observed when doing this experiment. (2 marks)
(b) (i)If 2.07g of lead (II) oxide was reduced by certain amount of hydrogen gas during experiment.
Calculate the mass of hydrogen gas that reduced 2.07g of lead (II) oxide. (Pb = 207, O = 32, H =
1) (3 marks)
(ii) Calculate the mass of the residue in the combustion tube. (2 marks)
(iii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas used at r.t.p. (MGV = 24L) (2 marks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 4
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
 Write yourname and index number in the spaces provided above.
 Sign and write the DATE of examination in the spaces provided above.
 Answer Allthe questions in the spaces provided below each question.
 Mathematical tables and electronic calculators may be used
 All working MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE

1-30 80

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1.(a) Aluminium is used in making cooking vessels and overhead cables. State the property of
aluminium that makes it suitable for the two uses separately.
Cooking vessels………………………………………………… ( ½mk)
Overhead cables ………………………………………………. ( ½mk)
(b) Explain why it is not advisable to clean surfaces of cooking vessels made of aluminium using
wood –ash solution (2mks)
2. The set-up below was used to prepare and collect gas L, produced by the reaction between water
and calcium metal

Gas K

Water

Piece of calcium

(a) Name gas K (1mk)

(b) At the end of the experiments, the solution in the beaker was found to have a PH of about 11,
explain (2mks)
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs (1mk)
3.The following set-up shows the heating of a mixture of equal amounts of sodium chloride and
ammonium chloride

Glass funnel
Substance K

Solid mixture of sodium

chloride and ammonium
Heat chloride

(a) What is substance K? (1mk)

(b) What is the process by which substance K is formed? (1mk)

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4. Differentiate between the terms atomic number and mass number (2mks)
5. Study the equilibrium between gases
E(g) F(g)
(i)Sketch a graph of the variation of the concentration of substance F with time, on the grid below

Concentration

Time

(ii) Explain the shape of the curve (2mks)

6. Explain why very little carbon (IV) Oxide gas is evolved when dilute Sulphuric (VI) acid is
added to Lead (II) carbonate (2mks)
7. A crystal of Copper (II) Sulphate was placed in a beaker of water. The beaker was left standing
for two days without shaking. State and explain the observations that were made
(2mks)
8. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follows
Ions Electron arrangement Ionic radius

A+ 2.8 0.95
B+ 2.8.8 0.1333
C2+ 2.8 0.065
Explain why the ionic radius of
(a) B+ is greater than A+ (1mk)
(b) C2+ is smaller than of A+ (2mks)
9. (a) State Graham’s law of diffusion (1mk)
(b) Gas D takes 110 seconds to diffuse through a porous partition. Gas D has a relative molecular
mass of 34. How long will it take for the same amount of ammonia gas to diffuse under identical
conditions? (H=1, N=14) (2mks)
10. When reacting sulphur (VI) Oxide and Hydrogen Sulphides some traces of water vapour is
required for the reaction to occur.

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(a) State the role of water vapour (1mk)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs (1mk)
(c) Identify the reducing agent in the reaction in (b) above (1mk)
11. State and explain observation made when Conc. Sulphuric (VI) acid was added to sugar
crystals (2mks)
12. Name the class to which the following cleansing agents belongs
(i) R-COO-Na+ A ( ½mk)
(ii) R O O-SO-3 Na+ B ( ½mk)
(iii) Which cleansing agent is suitable for use in hard water? ( ½mk)
(iv) Which cleansing agent above is not environmentally friendly? ( ½mk)
13. (i) Nitrogen (I) Oxide supports combustion of burning charcoal. Write an equation to show
this reaction (1mk)
(ii) Ammonium nitrate can be heated to give off Nitrogen (I) oxide. However a mixture of
NH4Cl and NaNO3 is preferred. Explain (1mk)
(iii) State the physical test of Nitrogen (I) Oxide (1mk)

14. The set-up below was used to prepare dry sample of hydrogen Sulphide gas

Dil. Hydrochloric acid

Solid J
Solid H

(a)(i) Complete the diagram to show how the gas was collected (2mks)
(ii) Identify the following
I: Solid H (1mk)
II.Solid J (1mk)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that occurred in the flask between solid H and dilute
hydrochloric acid (1mk)

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15. (a) Distinguish between nuclear fusion and fission (2mks)

(b) Complete the nuclear equation below
230 230
Th Pa + ____________
90 91
(c) Give one application of radioactivity in agriculture (1mk)
16. The formula given below represents a portion of a polymer
H H H H

‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬

C - C - C - C
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
O H H
O

(a) Give the name of the Polymer (1mk)

(b) Draw the structure of the monomer used to manufacture the Polymer (1mk)
17. Hydrogen chloride gas can be used to carry out fountain experiment. State the property of
hydrogen chloride that make it suitable for this experiment (1mk)
18.0.92g of ethanol were found to burn in excess air producing a temperature rise of 32.5 oC in
200cm3 of water(C=12.0,H=1.0, O=16.0) Density of water is 1g/cm3, specific heat capacity of
water is 42KjKg-1K-1
(a) Write the equation for the combustion of ethanol (1mk)
(b) Determine the molar heat of combustion of ethanol (2mks)
19. Iron is extracted from its ore by blast furnace form its ore by blast furnace process.
(a) Name one ore from which iron is extracted (1mk)
(b) One of the impurities in iron is removed in the form of Calcium silicate. Write equations for
the reaction in which calcium silicate is produced (2mks)
20. Calculate the amount of Zinc in grams that would remain if 1.96g of the metal were reacted
with 100cm3of 0.2M hydrochloric acid. (Zn=65.0, H=1.0, Cl=35.5) (3mks)
21. (a) Starting with solid Magnesium Oxide, describe how a solid sample of Magnesium
hydroxide an be prepared (2mks)
(b) Give one use of Magnesium hydroxide (1mk)
22. An oxide of element F has the following F2O5. Determine the oxidation state of F in the
compound (1mk)

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23. A dynamie equilibrium is established when hydrogen and chlorine reacts as shown below
Cl2(g) + H2 2HCl(g)
(a) What is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium? (1mk)
(b) State and explain the effect of increasing pressure on the position of the equilibrium shown in
(a) above (2mks)
24. An element X has a relative atomic mass of 44. When a current of 0.5 A was passed through
the molten chloride of X for 32 minutes and 10 seconds, 0.22g of X were deposited at the
cathode
Determine the charge on an ion of X (1F=96,500c) (3mks)
25. (a) Differentiate between catalytic and thermal cracking of long chain organic compounds
(2mks)
(b) State the disadvantage of C.F.C based compounds (1mk)
26. The figure below shows a simple extraction process of Sulphur

Super heated hot

water

(a) Give the name of the process shown in the diagram above (1mk)
(b) What is the use of the superheated hot water? (1mk)
(c) State two physical properties of Sulphur that make it possible to be extracted using water
(2mks)
27. (a) Define molar latent heat of vaporization of a substance (1mk)
(b) The Molar latent heat of vaporization of water at 100 oC is 41.1kJ/mol. Calculate the heat
change when 1.0g of water at 100oC is converted into vapour at 100oC (H=1, O=16) (2mks)

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28. Metals Q and T had their half-cells connected to a Zinc half-cell and the following reduction
potentials were obtained fro each metal
Metal half-cell Reduction potential (volts)
Q2+(aq) Q (s) -1.37v
T+(aq)/T(s) -0.83v

(a) What name is given to the Zinc half-cell in these circumstances, and state its reduction
Potential (1mk)
(b) Metals Q and T were connected to form an electrochemical full cell
(i) Write the equations for the half-cell reactions that occur at the Q and T electrodes
(1mk)
I. At electrode Q:
II. At electrode T:
(ii) Calculate the e.m.f of the electrochemical full cell in b(i) above (1mk)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 4
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name and Index number in spaces provided above.
 Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above
 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided above.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

Question Maximum score Candidates score
1 12
2 11
3 09
4 12
5 11
6 12
7 13
Total score 80

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

1. The table below shows elements with their atomic numbers, mass numbers and their melting
points. Study it and answer the questions that follow. Letters do not represent the actual symbols
of the elements
Element B C D E F G H I J K
Atomic number 7 8 19 15 2 9 6 16 12 11
Atomic mass 14 16 39 31 4 19 12 32 24 23
Melting point - - 637 44 -272 -223 vary 113 669 980
(a) Select two elements with oxidation state -2 (1mk)
(b) Which element represents
(i) the most powerful oxidizing agent? (1mk)
(ii) the most powerful reducing agent? (1mk)
(c) Which element has the highest ionization energy? Explain (1mk)
(d) Select two elements, when reacted form a compound that conducts electricity in molten and
acqueous state (1mk)
(e) Select two elements when reacted form a compound that dissolves in water to form acidic
solution (1mk)
(f) Using dot (•) and cross (x), draw the diagram that shows the bond between B and J (2mks)
(g) Explain why the melting point of K is higher than that of D (2mks)
2. Pure Calcium Carbonate weighing 7.50g was placed in a flask with 50cm3 of dilute hydrochloric
acid. The flask was kept at constant temperature and the carbon (IV) oxide evolved was collected
in a graduated vessel. The volume of carbon (IV) Oxide was recorded every 20 minutes intervals
(some of calcium carbonate remained undissolved at the end of the experiment. The results of the
experiment are given in the table; study it and answer the questions that follows
Time form at the start of reaction/min Volume of Carbon (IV) Oxide formed at stp
/cm3
20 655
40 910
60 1065
80 1100
100 1120
120 1120

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(i) On the grid provided, plot the graph of the volume of Carbon (IV) Oxide against time(4mks)
(ii) From the graph determine the volume of the gas collected after 43 seconds (1mk)
(iii) Determine the rate of reaction at the 25th minute (2mks)
(iv) What mass of calcium carbonate will react with the acid after 100 seconds (3mks)
(II) When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a yellow solution of Pottassium Chromate (VI)
an orange solution of Pottassium dichromate (VI) is produced as in the equation below
2K2CrO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq) K2Cr2O7(aq)+ H2O(l)
Yellow Orange
(i) What would you observe, if dilute Sodium hydroxide solution was added to the
Orange solution? Explain (2mks)

3. (a)(i) An evacuated flask has a mass of 90.050g. When filled with gas X at s.t.p the flask weighs
90.121g. If the volume of the flasks was 22.2cm3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of X.
(Molar gas volume at s.t.p=22.4dm3) (2mks)
(ii) Write the equation of the reaction taking place when propane is burnt in excess Oxygen
(1mk)
(b)(i) A fixed mass of a gas occupies 4dm3 at 227oC and 152mmHg pressure. At what pressure
will the volume of the same mass of gas be 2dm3 if the temperature is lowered to -23oC
(3mks)
(c) (i) Study the scheme diagram below and answer the questions that follow

Solid R Solid S

Acidified Water No precipitate

Ba(NO3)2(aq)
Colourless Dil. HCl
solution Q
Excess NaOH (aq)
Excess NH 3(aq)
White precipitate
White precipitate
soluble in excess
insoluble in excess
Identify
Solution Q…………………………………….
Solid R………………………………………… (2mks)

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(d) The following is a nuclear equation (X and Y are not actual symbols)
4
X a 230 Y + 2 He + 2 e 0
m 90 2 -1

(a) Determine the value of a and m

(b) Compare the atomic size of R and L 2mks)
4. (I) When hydrogen gas was passed over heated Iron (III) oxide was heated. However, when Iron
(III) oxide was heated with carbon, a reaction occurred resulting in the formation of solid product
Z. When solid Z was dissolved in dilute Sulpuric (VI) acid, gas Y was evolved.
(a) Explain why carbon reacted with Iron (III) Oxide while hydrogen did not? (1mk)
(b) Identify gas Y (1mk)
(c) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between Iron (III) Oxide and Carbon (1mk)
(ii) Calculate amount of solid Z formed in grams, if 1.5g of Iron (III) oxide was used
(Fe=55.8,O=16) (3mks)
(II) The calcium below was used to soften hard water
Hard water

Permutit ( contains Na+)

Soft water

(i) Explain how the hard water was softened as it passed through the column (2mks)
(ii) After some time the material in the column is not able to soften hard water. How can the
material be activated (2mks
(iii) Give one advantage of using hard water for domestic purposes (1mk)
(iv) Some Copper turnings were added to dilute Nitric (V) acid at 40 oC
(a) State one observation made (1mk)
(b) State and explanation observation you will make if the reaction temperature is increased to 55oC
(2mks)

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5. The diagram below shows the blast furnace for the extraction of iron. Study it and answer the
questions that follow
Iron ore

R
Hot air blast
Hot air blast

Iron
(i) Identify the ore from which Iron is extracted from (1mk)
(ii) Which roles does the following material perform in extraction of iron
(a) Coke (1mk)
(b) Carbon (II) Oxide (1mk)
(iii) Write down the equation for the two chemical changes that takes place in zone P (2mks)
(iv) What is the temperature range in zone R? and what the importance of the temperature for
extraction of Iron metal (1mk)
(v) What is the composition of slag? (2mks)
(vi) List any two physical properties of iron metal (2mks)
(II) A student was provided with 50cm3 of HCl in a 250cm3 volumetric flask (acid in excess).
When the reaction stopped he filled the volumetric flask to the 250cm3 mark up with distilled
water.25cm3 of this solution requires 2cm3 of 0.1M NaOH for complete neutralization
(a) Write the equation for the reaction taking place between XCO3 and HCl (1mk)
(b)(i) Calculate the number of moles of the acid in 250cm3 of solution (2mks)
(ii) How many moles of the acid reacted with XCO3? (2mks)
(iii) Calculate the molecular mass of the XCO3 (3mks)
(d) What is the percentage of X by mass is XCO3? (1mk)

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6. The set-up below was used to study some properties of air

Moist iron wool

Test tube

Moist iron wool

Water

(i) State and explain two observation that would be made at the end of the experiment (3mks)
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the chemical change that will take place (1mk)
(II) The diagram below represents a paper chromatogram from three brands of juices suspected to
contain burned food colour

K L M

The results showed the presence of burned formed colorings’ in L and M only. On the same
diagram
(a) Circle the spots which show the burned food colorings’ (1mk)
(b) Show solvent front (1mk)
(III) (i) Name another gas which is used together with Oxygen in welding (1mk)
(ii) Oxygen and Sulphur belong to group (VI) of the periodic table. Explain why there is big
difference in their melting point (melting points of Oxygen is -216oC while that of sulphur is
44oC (2mks)
(iv) Explain how a solid mixture of sodium sulphate can be separated from lead (I) sulphate if the
two are mixed together (3mks)

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7. The table below shows some properties of some organic compounds. Use it to answer the
questions that follows;

Compound Molecular Mptoc BptoC

(i)
P C2H4O2 16.6 118
Q C3H6 185 -47.7
R C3H8O -127 97.2
S C5H12 -130 36
T C5H8 -90 39.3

Which of the compounds above is a gas at 25oC? Explain (2mks)

(ii) Describe chemical test that would distinguish between T and S (2mks)
(iii) Compounds R and P reacted to form compound K. Give the name of K and state the group of
compounds to which it belongs (2mks)
(II) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow;
Test tube

Distilled water
A B

Switch
Bulb

(a) State, which electrode is the cathode and which one is anode (1mk)
(b) Explain why no observation was made when the switch was closed (1mk)
(c) Small amount of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid was added to the distilled water and the
Switch closed.(i) State and explain observation made (2mks)
(ii) Using equations show the reactions that took place at each electrode given that A and B are inert
electrodes (2mks)
(iii) Write down overall cell equation for the reaction (2mks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 5
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided
2. Mathematical tables and electronic calculators may be used.
3. All working MUST be shown clearly where necessary.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE

80

For Marking Schemes Contact 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided

1. Study the information given below and use it to answer the questions that follow;
Red dye is more soluble than green dye, green is more soluble than yellow whereas blue dye is
the least soluble.
i) Represent the three dyes on a round paper chromatography. (2marks)
ii) Name one industrial application of chromatography. (1mark)
2. a) What is a fuel? (1mark)

b) Calculate the heat value of ethanol if its molar enthalpy of combustion is-1360kjmol-1
(C=12.0, O=16.0, H=1.0) (2marks)
3. Study the set up below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) What physical property of calcium metal is demonstrated in the diagram above?(1mark)

b)What would be observed if water was replaced with dilute Sulphuric (VI) acid?(2marks)
4. A hydrocarbon decolorizes chlorine gas in presence of ultra violet light but does not decolorize
acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution.
i) Name the homologous series to which the hydrocarbon belongs. (1mark)
ii) Draw the structural formula and name the fourth member of the homologous series to which
the hydrocarbon belongs? (2marks)
5. Explain why a solution of hydrogen chloride in water turns blue litmus paper red but a solution
of hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene has no effect on litmus papers. (2marks)
6. The diagram below represents a cross section of the apparatus used to extract sulphur from its
deposits. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

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a) State the role of the substance that is passed through;

i)A.(1mark)
ii)C (1mark)
b)Give one reason why the method shown in the diagram is suitable for extraction of sulphur.
(1mark)
7. Explain how you would obtain magnesium carbonate from a mixture of magnesium carbonate
and sodium carbonate. (2mark

8. 20g of potassium carbonate were dissolved in 50cm3 of water in a conical flask. Lemon juice
was then added drop wise while shaking until there was no further observable change.
a) Explain the observation that was made in the conical flask when the reaction was in
progress. (1mark)
b) What observation would be made if lemon juice had been added to copper turnings in a
conical flask?Give a reason. (2marks)
9. Explain why a burning magnesium continues to burn in a gas jar full of carbon (IV) oxide while a
burning candle would be extinguished. (2marks)
10.8.4g of carbon (IV) oxide and 3.42g of water are formed when a hydrocarbon is burnt
completely in oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon.(H=1.0; C=12.0;
O=16.0) (3marks)
11. The melting point of nitrogen is -1960C while that of sodium is 980C, in terms of structure and
bonding explain the differences in the melting points of nitrogen and sodium.(2marks)
12.a)What is an amphoteric substance? (1mark)
b) Identify the reagent that acts as a base in the equation below. Give a reason for your answer.
H2O2(aq) + H2O(I) H3+O(aq) + HO2(aq) (2marks)
13. In the industrial manufacture of ammonia gas by Harber process, Nitrogen and hydrogen gases
are reacted together.

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a)State any two conditions necessary for ammonia to be formed in the Harber process. (1mk)
b) Nitrogen and hydrogen must be purified before they are reacted. Give a reason.(1mark)
c)Other than manufacture of fertilizers state one use of ammonia. (1mark)

14. Describe how you would prepare crystals of potassium sulphate starting with 100cm3 of 0.5M
potassium hydroxide. (3marks)
15. Distinguish between atomic mass and relative atomic mass. (2marks)
16. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

a) Name one chemical property of hydrogen being demonstrated in the set-up above.
i) Chemical property. (1mark)
ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction taking place. (1mark)
b) Name any other substance that can be used in place of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid.
(1mark)
c) Give a reason why it is necessary to burn the hydrogen gas as shown in the set-up.(1mark)
17.The diagram below shows a simple distillation to separate water and ethanol.

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a) State one of the conditions for the above process to take place. (1mark)
b) Ethanol collected is 95% pure.Secondary distillation is carried out in which calcium metal is placed
in ethanol to react with water.Give a reason why the following cannot be used. (2marks)
i. Sodium
ii. Copper
18. A solution of potassium chloride was added to a solution containing a lot of lead (II) nitrate. A
precipitate that weighed 5.56g was formed. Find the amount of potassium chloride in the solution
(3marks)
1. 1.9g of Magnesium chloride was dissolved in water.Silver nitrate solution was added till excess.
Calculate the mass of silver nitrate that was added for complete reaction.
(MgCl2= 95, N=14, O=16, Ag = 108) (3marks)
20. In an experiment 40cm3 of 0.5M nitric acid was reacted with excess Sodium Carbonate and the
volume of Carbon (IV) Oxide produced recorded with time. In another experiment, the same
volume and concentration of ethanoic acid was reacted with excess Sodium Carbonate and the
volume of Carbon (IV) Oxide produced recorded with time.
a) Why was Sodium Carbonate used in excess? (1marks)
b) On the graph below sketch and label the curves of the volumes of Carbon (IV) Oxide produced
against time. (2marks)

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21. The figure below is an energy level diagram for the reaction.
2A(g) + 2B(g) 2AB(g)
Energy (kJ)

2A(g) + 2B(g)

2AB(g)

Reaction progress

Explain how the following conditions would affect the yield of AB.
(i) Increase in pressure. (2marks)
(ii) Decrease in temperature. (2marks)
22. A white solid K was heated. It produced a brown gas A and another gas B which relights a
glowing splint. The residue left was yellow even after cooling.
a) Identify gases A and B. (2marks)
b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of solid K. (1mark)
23. The scheme below shows some reaction sequence starting with solid M.

H2SO4(aq)
Solid M Solid N + Gas which burns with a
‘pop’ sound

Few drops of NH3(aq)

Colourless Solution
Q Excess NH3(aq)
White ppt

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a) Name solid M. (1mark)

b) Write the formula of a complex ion present in solution Q. (1mark)
c) Write an ionic equation of the reaction between barium nitrate and solution N. (1mark)
24. (a) What is meant by a saturated solution? (1mark)
(b) In an experiment to determine the solubility of solid Y in water at 30 0C the following results
were obtained.
Mass of evaporating dish = 26.2g
Mass of evaporating + saturated solution = 42.4g
Mass of evaporating dish + dry solid Y = 30.4g
Using the information, determine the solubility of solid Y at 300C. (2marks)
25. Compare the electrical conductivity of dilute Sulphuric (VI) acid and concentrated Sulphuric (VI)
acid. Explain your answer. (2marks)
26. Draw a well labelled diagram of a setup used to prepare and collect dry Sulphur IV oxide.
(3marks)
27. The molar heat of formation of carbon (II) oxide is -105kJmol-1, molar heat of combustion of
carbon is -393kJmol-1.By using an energy cycle diagram, determine the molar heat of combustion
of carbon (II) oxide (3marks)
28. In an experiment, a small amount of charcoal was added into a test tube and 5cm3 of
concentrated
nitric (V) acid added, then warmed.
(i) State the observation that was made. (1mark)
(ii) Explain the observation made in (i) above. (1mark)
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that took place. (1mark)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 5

233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above.
2. Sign and write the date of the examination in space provided.
3. Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided in the question paper.
4. All working MUST be clearly shown where necessary.
5. Mathematical tables and silent electronic calculators may be used.
FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY
QUESTION CANDIDATE’S SCORE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TOTAL SCORE

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided

1. (a) Define the following terms:
i) Strong bases (1mk)
ii) Amphoterism (1mk)
iii) Solubility (1mk)
b) Using the equation below, identify the species that acts as the base in the forward reaction. Give
a reason. (2mks)
NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
c) A solution of ammonia gas in water causes a greater deflection of the ammeter while a solution
of ammonia gas in methylbenzene does not cause deflection. Explain this observation. (1mk)
d) Write a well-balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and
zinc oxide. (1mk)
e) Explain how hard water is softened by ion exchange method. (2mks)
f) The table below gives the solubilities of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate at 0 oC and 40 oC.

When an aqueous mixture containing 60g of sodium chloride and 7g of sodium sulphate in 100g of
water at 80 oC was cooled to 0 oC, some crystals were observed.
i) Identify the crystals and determine the mass of the crystals formed. (2mks)
ii) Name the method used to obtain the crystals. (1mk)
2. a) Define
i) Molar heat of combustion. (1mk)
ii) Heating value of a fuel. (1mk)

b) In an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol. CH3CH2OH, a student set up

apparatus as shown in the diagram below. Study the set up and the data and answer the questions
that follow.

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Volume of water = 100cm3

Final temperature of water = 36.00c
Initial temperature of water = 22.00c
Final mass of lamp an ethanol = 84.75g
Initial mass of lamp and ethanol = 85.10g
Density of water = 1 g/cm3
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2kJKg-1K-1)
i) Calculate:
I) Number of moles of ethanol used in this experiment. (C=12, O=16, H=1) (1 mk)
II) The amount of heat given outin this experiment. (2mks)
III) The heat of combustion per mole of ethanol. (1 mk)
ii) Write a thermochemical equation for the combustion of ethanol. (1 mk)
iii) Explain how the molar heat of combustion for ethanol obtained above differs with the
theoretical value. (2mks)
iv) State one precaution that should be adhered to when carrying out this experiment. (1mk)
v) In this experiment an assumption that links ethanol and water is made. State the assumption.
(1 mk)
vi) Draw an energy level diagram for the combustion of ethanol. (2mks)

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3. The figure below represents a section of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that
follow. Note that the letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.

(a) Consider elements H and I.

(i) Explain why theatomic radius of element H is smaller than its ionic (1mk)
(ii) When element H was dissolved in water and blue litmus papers dipped, the colour of the litmus
paper changed from blue to red to white. Explain. (2mks)
(iii) Explain what is likely to be observed when element H is bubbled through a solution
containing the ions of element I. (2mks)
(b) Compare the atomic radius of elements G and J. Explain the difference. (2mks)
(c) Use dot and cross diagram to show bonding in a compound of B and H. (1mk)
(d) G chloride has an unexpected bond type and structure.State the type of bond and the structure.
Bond type (lmk)
Structure (lmk)
(e) A piece of blue litmus paper is placed in a solution of B chloride and a solution of
G chloride. Explain what would be observed in each case.
(i) B chloride solution (lmk)
(ii) G chloride solution (1mk)

4. In an experiment to study the rate of reaction, 2.5g of copper (II) sulphate crystals were added to
a given mass of zinc granules and 100cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid at 27oC. The volume of
hydrogen released was measured at 10 second intervals. The results obtained are tabulated below.
Time (seconds) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Volume (cm3) 0 60 85 105 114 116 118 122 122 122

a) Why were the following not used in the reaction?

i) Nitric (V) acid (1mk)

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ii) Iron powder (1mk)

b) On the grid below plot a graph of volume of gas against time and label it X (3mks)
i) Use the graph to calculate the rate of reaction at t=25seconds (2mks)
ii) Explain why the volume of gas produced does not exceed 122cm3 (1mk)
iii) Sketch graph Y on the same grid to show the results if the experiment is repeated at 20 oC.
(1mk)
iv) How does the catalyst used (copper (II) sulphate) speed up the reaction? (1mk)
c) i) State Le’Chatelier’s principle. (1mk)
ii) What is the effect on the position of equilibrium when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the
closed system of the reaction below (1mk)
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
5. (a) Give the IUPAC names of the following organic compounds. (2 mks)
(i) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3
|
CH – CH3
|
CH3
(ii) CH3 – C ≡ C – CH3
(b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow:

A
H2SO4(aq)
D
H2/ Pt

C
Soda lime Step I
Propane

B
(i) Identify substances (2mks)

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A
B
C
D
(ii) State how substance A and propanecould be distinguished chemically. (1 mk)
(iii) Give the components of soda lime in step I (2mks)
(iv) What is the industrial application of the process that converts substance A to propane?
(1mk)
(c)In the laboratory propene can be prepared using propanol, broken porcelain and sodium
hydroxide. State the use of broken porcelain and sodium hydroxide solution
Broken porcelain (1mk)
Sodium hydroxide solution (1mk)
6. a) Draw a fully labeled diagram of the apparatus you would use to electrolyse an electrolyte in
the aqueous state. (3mks)
b) Explain why crystals of sodium chloride are non-conductorsof electricity butwhen melted
they conducts electric current more readily. (2mk)
c) Answer the following questions in relation to the electrolysis of molten lead (II) iodide.
i) State what happens to molten lead (II) iodide when an electric current is passed through it.
(1mk)
ii) At what electrode is a metal formed? Write an equation to show how the metal is formed.
(2mks)
iii) Why is it necessary to carry out this experiment in a fume chamber? (1mk)
iv) What is a binary electrolyte? (1mk)
c) Give the application of electrolysis in
i) Chemical manufacturing industry (1mk)
ii) Metal extraction industries (1mk)
iii) Jewellery e.g. necklaces manufacturing industries (1mk)

7. The diagram below represents the industrial manufacture of hydrochloric acid. Study it and
answer the questions that follow.

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a) Name the main source of hydrogen in this process. (1mk)

b) The reaction between chlorine and hydrogen can be very explosive. How can this be avoided?
(1mk)
c) What is the role of glass beads in the absorption chamber? (1mk)
d) Explain why the storage chamber for hydrochloric acid is made up of steel lined with rubber.
(1mk)
e) The acid obtained is 35% pure. Calculate its molarity, given that at 25 oC, the density of the acid
is 1.08g/cm3 (H=1, Cl=35.5) (3mks)
f) Explain why hydrochloric acid is not used to acidify potassium manganate (VII) solution.
(1mk)

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 6
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES

 Write your name and Admission number in the spaces provided.
 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
 Mathematical tables and electronic calculators may be used
 All working MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

For Examiner’s Use Only:

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE

1-25 80 MARKS

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1[a] State Boyle’s law [1mk]
[b] At 4000C, 850cm3 of a gas exert a pressure of 560mmHg. What volume of the same gas would
exert a pressure of 640mmHg at the same temperature? [3mks]
2. When burning magnesium is lowered into a gas jar containing nitrogen (I) oxide, it continues to
burn forming a white solid
[a] Name the white solid [1mk]
[b] Write a chemical equation of the reaction that occurred [1mk]
3. Carbon {IV} oxide is one of the gases used in fire extinguishers
[a] State any other possible use of carbon {IV} oxide [1mk]
[b] Name any two reagents that can be reacted together to generate carbon {IV} oxide [2mks]
4. Rusting is a process that causes massive destruction of iron structures
[a] State one condition that accelerates rusting [1mk]
[b] State one advantage of rusting [1mk]
5.At 600C, 38 grams of lead{II} nitrate saturate 56cm3 of water. Determine the solubility of lead
{II} nitrate at this temperature [2mks]
6.Explain why molten sodium chloride conducts electricity, but solid sodium chloride does not
[2mks]

7.A polymer can be represented as

[a]Name and draw the structure of the monomer [2mks]

[b]What type of polymerization occurs in the above case? [1mk]
[c]Given that the molecular mass of the polymer is 25620, how many units of the monomer make
the polymer [2mks]
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8.A reaction can be represented as;

C2H4[g] +HBr[g] C2H5Br[g]
Given the bond energies of C-H, C=C, C-C, C-Br, and H –Br as 20kJ/mol, 580Kj/mole,
446Kj/mole, 438KJ/mole and 396kJ/mole respectively. Determine the heat of formation of
C2H5Br [3mks]
9[a]Define the term, dynamic equilibrium [1mks]

[b] A reaction at equilibrium can be represented as

2CrO2-4[aq] +2H+[aq] Cr2O7 2[-aq] + H2O{l}
Yellow orange
State and explain the observation made when;
[i] NaOH is added to the equilibrium mixture [2mks]
[ii] HCl is added to the equilibrium mixture [2mks]
10.During the electrolysis of dilute copper {II} chloride using carbon electrodes, a current of 1.5A
was passed through the solution for 2 hours and 30 minutes
[a]Write the ionic equation of the reaction that occurred at the cathode [1mk]
[b] Given R.A.M of copper = 64 and 1F = 96500C, calculate the change in mass of the cathode
[3mks]
11.[a] Define the term half-life [1mk]
[b]Name two particles likely to be emitted when a radioactive nuclide undergoes radioactivity
[2mks]
[c]The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is 3 hours. Given that its initial mass is 288g, determine
the remaining mass after 12 hours. [2mks]
12.The reduction potentials of elements M and N are;
M2+[aq] +2e- M[s],𝐸 𝜃 =+0.44V
N+[aq] e- N[s], 𝐸 𝜃 = -1.64V
Using the above reduction potentials, predict whether a reaction would occur between
N+[aq] and M[[s] [3mks]
13. An hydrocarbon can be represented as: C2 H2
[a] Name the hydrocarbon [1mk]
[b] State two reagents that can be reacted together to generate the hydrocarbon [2mks]

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[c] Identify the group of hydrocarbons into which C2H2 belongs to [1mk]
14.[a] Name two allotropes of sulphur [2mks]
[b] In an experiment to investigate a certain property of sulphur, Maina added few drops of conc
HNO3 to sulphur in a test tube and warmed the mixture
[i] State one observation made [1mk]
[ii]Write a chemical equation of the reaction that occurred [1mk]
15.Chlorine is commonly used in the manufacture of Ca (OCl)2
[i]State one use of the above compound of chlorine [1mk]
[ii]Write a chemical equation leading to the production of Ca (OCl)2 [1mk]
16.A compound can be represented as

[a] What name is given to the above class of compounds [1mk]

[b] Name two reagents that can be reacted together to generate the above compound [2mks]
[c] State two conditions necessary for the reaction leading to formation of the above compound to
occur [2mks]
17. Using dots and crosses, show bonding in carbon{II} oxide [2mks]
18. When 20g of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen was burnt in the air, 29.3g
of carbon{IV} oxide and 11.7g of water were produced. Determine its empirical
formulae.{C=12, H=1 , O=16} [3mks]
19. Few drops of hydrochloric acid were added into a test tube containing lead {II} Nitrate solution
{a} State one observation made [1mk]
{b} Write an ionic equation of the reaction that occurred in the test tube [1mk]
20. In the industrial manufacture of Ammonia one of the raw materials is nitrogen gas
{a} Name one other raw material [1mk]
{b} Name two possible sources of the raw material you have named in {a} above [2mks]
{c} Name two substances that can be used as catalyst in this process [2mks]
{d} State one use of ammonia [1mk]

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21. Gas X and Y can be collected as shown below

[a] Name the method used to collect gas Y [1mk]

[b] How do densities of gas X and gas Y compare? [1mk]
[c] Give an example of a gas that can be collected using the same method as gas Y [1mk]
22. Element W has two isotopes W – 36 and W-40 which occur in the ratio x:4. Given that R.A.M
of W is 37.25, find the value of x [2mks]
23. Describe an experiment that can be used to determine whether a given sample of a liquid is
pure [2mks]
24. A given mass of gas T diffuses through a porous plug in 48 seconds while a similar mass of gas
R diffuse in 70 seconds. Given that the density of gas T is 0.6g/cm3, find the density of gas R
[2mks]
25. The electron configuration of elements A, B, C, D and E are as given below
Element Electron configuration
A 2, 8, 1
B 2, 8
C 2, 7
D 2, 8, 6
E 2, 8, 3
{a} Which element has the highest electrical conductivity [1mk]
{b} Which letter represents the most reactive metal [1mk]
{c} Which letter represents the most reactive non-metal [1mk]

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 6
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES:

 Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above
 Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided.
 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
 All working must be clearly shown where necessary.
 Mathematical tables and electronic calculators can be used.
FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY
Question Maximum score Candidate’s score
1 14
2 12
3 11
4 12
5 9
6 12
7 10
Total 80

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided

1. The grid below shows a section of the periodic table, the letters are not the actual chemical
symbol.

K L M N P

Q R S T V

a) Name the family into which element P belongs to ( 1mk)

b) Which two elements forms the most soluble carbonates (2mks )
c) With a reason, identify elements in period 3 with the largest atomic radius (2mks )
d) Write the formula of the compound formed between Q and M (1mk )
e) State two uses of element R and for each use , state property of element R that makes lts possible
for the use
(i) Use ( 1mk)
Property (1mk)
(ii) Use (1mk)
Property (1mk)
f) Using dots and cross ,show bonding in the compound formed between R and oxygen (2mks )
g) In terms of structure and bonding explain why the oxides of element Thas relatively low boiling
points (2mks)
2.(a) Name the following compounds (3mks)
(i) CH3CH2CH2COOH
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)

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(iii) CH3CH2OOCCH2CH3
b) Two types of detergents P and Q can be represented as
P: R –COONa

(i) Identify each type of the detergent (2mks)

P………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Q………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Which of the two detergents is the best to use with hard water? Give a reason (2mks)
(iii) State one advantage of detergent P (1mk)
(iv) State one disadvantage of detergent Q (1mk)
(c) An hydrocarbon can be represented as follows

(i) Identify the hydrocarbon (1mk)

(ii) Name two reagents that can reacted together to generate the hydrocarbon (2mks)
3. (a) Name two apparatuses that can be used for determining mass in a laboratory (2mks)
(b) One of the flames produced by Bunsen burner is the luminous flame
i) Explain why this flame is very bright (1mk )
ii) State two disadvantages of the luminous flame (2mks)
(c) Air is usually one of the substances that is considered as a mixture
(i) Identify the two most abundant components of air (2mks )
(ii) Give two reasons why the air is considered as a mixture (2mks)
(iii) One of the components of air is carbon (iv) oxide. Describe an experiment that can be used
to prove the presence of carbon (iv) oxide in the air (2mks)

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4.(a) The diagram below shows the process used to obtain Sulphur from underground deposits

i) Name the above process used to obtain sulphur from the underground deposits (1mk)
ii) Name the substance passed through pipe
A (1mk)
B (1mk)
iii) State two properties of Sulphur that makes it possible to extract using the above process (2mks)
b) The diagram below shows the contact process used in the manufacture of concentrated
sulphuric(VI) acid

i)Identify the following:

a)Substance Q formed in the burner (1mk)

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b) Chamber T (1mk)
c) Substance R (1mk)
d) Substance S (1mk)
ii) Write the chemical equation occurring in the dilution chamber (1mk)
iii) Why is it necessary to pass substance Q though a purifier (1mk)
iv) State one use of sulphuric (VI) acid (1mk)

5.(a) Calamine is one of the ores from which zinc can be extracted from
(i) Name any other ore from which zinc can be extracted from (1mk)
(ii) The calamine is usually decomposed by heating to obtain substance M as shown below

ZnCO3 M+ CO2
Identify substance M (1mk)
(iii) Identify two methods that can be used to obtain zinc from substance M (2mks)
(b) During the extraction of zinc, name two gases likely to emitted into the air and that are likely to
cause pollution (2mk)
(c) State one likely pollution effects of each of the gases you have mentioned in (a) above (2mks)
(d) State one possible use of zinc metal (1mk)
6.(a) Define the term electrolysis (1mk)
(b) State two functions of a salt bridge during electrolysis (2mks)
(c) The reduction potential of elements K, L, M, and P are as given below.
K+ (aq) + e_ K(S), E = -1.46v

L2+ + 2e_ L(S) , E = +0.49V

M2+ M(S), E = -2.69V

N+ (aq) + e- N(s), E = +0.52 V

P+ (aq) P(s), E= - 0.86V

(i) Which letter represents the, strongest reducing agent? give a reason (2mks)

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(ii) Which two letters represent elements whose half cells would form an electrochemical cell with
the largest e.m.f? (1mk)
(iii) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell formed in (ii) above (2mks)
(d) During the electrolysis of a molten chloride of metal Q, a current of 0.25A was passed though
the molten chloride for 2 hours and 10minutes. Given that 0.9grams of metal Q were deposited at
the cathode.
(i) Calculate the quantity of electricity passed (1mk)
(ii) Charge carried by the ions of metal Q given that R.A.M of metal Q is 84 3mks)
7 (a) Starting with magnesium oxide, describe how you can obtain a dry sample of magnesium
Carbonate (3mks)
(b) (i) Give one example of an acid salt (1mk)
(ii) When sodium nitrate was heated a solid A and gas B were produced identify solid A and gas B
(2mks)
(iii) State two uses of gas B produced in (ii) above (2mks)
(c) State two factors that should be considered when choosing a fuel (2mks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 7
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1) Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
2) Sign and write date of examination in the spaces provided above.
3) Answer all questions in the spaces provided in the question paper.
4) KNEC Mathematical tables and silent non-programmable electronic calculators may be used.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Grand
Total

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Answer all questions in the spaces provided

1. Silicon and carbon are both group IV elements. Silicon (IV) oxide is a solid at room temperature
which melts at 1973K while carbon (IV) oxide is a gas and melts at 217K. In terms of structure
and bonding, explain the difference. (2 marks)
2. When sodium carbonate is added to a solution containing Al3+(aq) ions, effervescence is observed.
Explain (2 marks)
3. An element Q can be represented as 40
20 Q (Q is not the actual symbol of the element)

(a) Write the electron configuration of Q (1 Mark)

(b) To which group and period does Q belong? (1 Mark)
(c) Write the formula of the ion of Q. (1 Mark)

4. (a) Sketch a graph demonstrating Charles’ law. (2 Marks)

Volume

Temperature/0C

(b) A fixed mass of a gas has a volume of 250cm3 at a temperature of 270C and 750mmHg pressure.
Calculate the volume the gas would occupy at 420C and 750mmHg. (2 Marks)
5. The table below shows the trend in ionization energy for elements M, N and L. Use it to answer
the questions that follows.

Element First Ionization energy (kJ)

M 494

N 519

L 418

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(a) Define ionization energy. (1 Mark)

(b) Which element has the smallest atomic radius? (1 Mark)
(c) Which is the most reactive element? Explain. (2 Mrks)
6. Identify acids and bases in the following reaction using Bronsted-Lowry theory. (2 Marks)
NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq) NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
Acids: ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Bases: ………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. (a) State Graham’s law of diffusion. (1 Mark)

(b) 50cm3 of oxygen gas diffused through a porous plug in 80 seconds. How long will it take 100cm3
of carbon (IV) oxide gas to diffuse through the same plug? (3 Marks)
8. When hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into an aqueous solution of iron (III) chloride, a yellow
precipitate was formed.
(a) State another observation that was made. (1 Mark)
(b) Explain the observation above. (1 Mark)
(c) Write an equation for the reaction that took place. (1 Mark)
9. Using equations, explain the observations made at the electrodes when an electric current is passed
through molten Aluminium oxide. (3 Marks)
10. In a titration experiment, a student was provided with the following:-
 Solution R which was 0.408M HCl
 Solution S containing 6.9g of a metal carbonate M2CO3 in 250cm3 solution
Upon titration, 24.5cm3 of solution R was required to completely neutralize 25cm3 of solution S.
Determine the following.
(a) Molarity of solution S (2 Marks)
(b) Formula mass of M2CO3 (2 Marks)
(c) Relative atomic mass of M (1 Mark)
11. Compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C3H6O2. Compound A liberates carbon
(IV) oxide gas on addition of aqueous sodium carbonate while compound B does not. Compound
B has a pleasant smell. Name and draw the structural formulae of A and B. (4 Marks)

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12. The set up below was used by a form 3 student to study the difference in rates of diffusion
between ammonia (NH3) and carbon (IV) oxide(CO2) gases. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

State and explain the observation made on the level of coloured water in the arms A and B on the U
tube as the experiment progressed. (3 Marks)
13. 2.1g of a compound of carbon and hydrogen burns to form 6.6g of carbon (IV) oxide and 2.7g of
water.
a) Determine the empirical formula of this compound (C=12, H=1, O=16) (2 Marks)
b) Given that the molecular mass of the compound is 42, determine its molecular formula (1 mark)
c. To which group of organic compounds does the compound belong? (1 Mark)
14. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
Gas W which
Solution of a BaCl2(aq) Solid HCl(aq) turns K2Cr2O7
sodium salt V paper from
orange to
(a) Name green
i. Solid V ………………………………………………………....................... (1 Mark)
ii. Gas W ………………………………………………………………………. (1 Mark)
(b) Write an equation for reaction between solid V and dilute hydrochloric acid. (2 Marks)
15. Starting with solid aluminium sulphate, describe how a solid sample of aluminium hydroxide
could be prepared. (3 Marks)
16. (a)A burning magnesium ribbon continues to burn in a jar of nitrogen gas but a burning splint is
extinguished. Explain (1 Marks)
(b) Using equations explain what happens when concentrated nitric (V) acid is reacted with wood
charcoal. (2 Marks)
17. (a)State Gay Lussac’s law. (1 Mark)

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(b) 10cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon were mixed with 33cm3 of oxygen gas which was in excess.
The mixture was exploded and after cooling to room temperature, the residual volume of gas
occupied 28cm3. On adding concentrated potassium hydroxide the volume decreased to 8cm3.
Work out the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon (3 Marks)
18. (a)What are isotopes? (1 Mark)
(b) Lithium has two isotopes 37 Li and 36 Li Determine the number of neutrons in 37 Li . (1 Mark)
(c) If the relative atomic mass of lithium is 6.94. Which of the two isotopes is more abundant. Give
a reason. (2 Marks)
19. The diagram below represents a set of apparatus used to study properties of chlorine water.

(a) Name two components of chlorine water. (1 Mark)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction that produces gas W. (1 Mark)
(c) The following test was carried out on chlorine water contained in a test tube. A piece of blue
flower was dropped in the test tube. Explain why the flower was bleached. (2 Marks)
20. The diagram below shows part of a synthetic polymer. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

(a) Draw the structural formula of the monomer from which the polymer is made. (1 Mark)
(b) A sample of the polymer has a molecular mass of 63600. Calculate the number of monomers in
the sample. (2 Marks)

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(c) Methanol has molecular mass of 32 while ethane has a molecular mass of 30. The boiling point
of methanol is 65oC while that of ethane is -89oC. Explain (2 Marks)
21. Study the reaction scheme below and answer the question that follows:-

Colourless gas that ignites

with a pop sound

Solid N HCl(aq)

White Excess NH3(aq) Colourless

precipitate G solution T

Few drops of Ammonia solution

Solution Y

Few drops of NaOH(aq)

White Colourless
precipitate H Excess NaOH(aq) solution L

(a) Name solid N. (1 Mark)

(b) State the observation that would be made if solution Y is mixed with lead (II) nitrate solution.
(1 Mark)
(c) Write an ionic equation for the formation of the colourless solution T. (1 Mark)
(d) Name the ion present in colourless solution L. (1 Mark)
22. The setup below was used to prepare dry hydrogen gas. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

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(a) Identify one mistake in the setup above. (1 Mark)

(b) What is the role of liquid Z? (1 Mark)
(c) Using an equation give one chemical property of hydrogen gas. (1 Mark)
23. (a)Define solubility. (1 Mark)
(b) In an experiment to determine the solubility of solid W in water at 40 oC, the following results
were obtained.
 Mass of empty evaporating dish = 36.2g
 Mass of evaporating dish + saturated solution = 52.4g
 Mass of evaporating dish + dry solid W = 40.4g

Use this data to calculate the solubility of W at 40oC. (2 Marks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 7
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1.Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above.
2. Sign and write the date of the examination in space provided.
3.Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided in the question paper.
4. All working MUST be clearly shown where necessary.
5. Mathematical tables and silent electronic calculators may be used.

FOR EXAMINERS ONLY

QUESTIONS CANDIDATE’S SCORE

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QUESTION 1
(a) The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that
follow: The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
A
B
C D E
F

(i) What name is given to the group of elements to which C and F belong? (1mk)
(ii) Explain the difference in reactivity between element C and D (2mks)
(iii) Using( .) and cross (x) illustrate the bond between B and E (2mks)
(iv) Write a balanced chemical equation for a reaction between element D and oxygen gas (1mk)
(v) On the grid indicate a tick(√) the position of element G which is in the third period of the
periodic table and forms G3- ions (1mk)

(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow: (The letters do
not represent the actual symbols of the substance)
Substance Melting point 0C Boiling points 0C Solubility in water Density at room temp in
g/cm3
H -117 78.5 Very Soluble 0.8
J -78 -33 Very Soluble 0.77x10-3
K -23 77 Insoluble 1.6
L -219 -183 Slightly Insoluble 1.33x10-3
(i) Which substance would dissolve in water and could be separated from the solution by fractional
distillation in the school laboratory (1mk)
(ii) Which substance is a liquid at room temperature and when mixed with water two layers would
be formed. (1mk)
(iii) Which letter represents substance that is a gas at room temperature and which can be collected
(density of air is 1.225x10-3 g/cm3)
(i) Over water (1mk)
(ii) By downward displacement of air (1mk)

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QUESTION 2
(a) Propane can be changed into methane as shown below:
2CH3CH2 CH3 (g) high temperature CH4 (g) + C2 H4 (g) + CH3CHCH2 (g) +H2 (g)
(i) Name the process undergone by propane (1mk)
(ii) Write the equation of reaction between ethene and chlorine gas and name the product. (2mks)
(b) The diagram below shows an incomplete set-up of the laboratory preparation and collection of
Ethene gas:
Conc H2SO4

Thermometer Ethene gas

Substance Y

Substance x

WOODEN
BOX

HEAT
(i) Complete the diagram to show how Ethene gas is collected. (2mks)
(ii) Name substances X and Y (2mks)
(iii) Apart from being colourless and odourless, state another physical property of ethene.(1mk)
(c). the table below gives information about the major components of crude oil. Study it and
answer the questions that follow.
Components Boiling points0C
Gases Below 40
Petrol 40-175
Kerosene 175-250
Diesel oil 250-350
Lubricating oil 350-400
Bitumen Above 400

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(i) Which of the compounds of crude oil has molecules with the highest number of atoms? Explain.
(2mks)
(ii) Explain the condition that could cause a poisonous gas to be formed when kerosene is burnt?
(2mks)
QUESTION 3
(a) Air is a mixture of gases that can be classified as active and inactive part. The diagram below
represents an experiment that can be carried out to determine the active part of air.

(a) Describe how this set-up can be used to determine the active part of air (4mks)
(b) When magnesium ribbon is heated in air the mass of the product is more than the mass of
magnesium ribbon used. Explain (1mks)
(c) Carbon (IV) oxide and sulphur (IV) oxide are some of the gases that are common pollutant in
the atmosphere. Explain two measures that are taken to reduce atmospheric pollution of the two
gases. (2mks
(d) Oxygen is obtained on large scale by the fractional distillation of air as shown on the flow
chart.

air Filtration and

Compress Expansion
purification
engine

Liquid air
-1960C -1860C -1830C

Fractional
distillation

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(i) Explain how carbon (IV) oxide and water are removed before liquification of air. (2mks)
(ii) Identify the component that is collected at -1860C (1mk)
(iii) State one commercial use of oxygen gas apart from its use in hospital by patient with difficult
breathing (1mk)

QUESTION 4
(a) Rhombic and Monoclinic are allotropes of sulphur. They are interconvertible as shown below:
960c
Rhombic Monoclinic
(i) What does the temperature 960C represent (1mk)
(ii) State the differences in crystalline appearances between rhombic and monoclinic crystals.
(1mk)
(b) The chart below shows some process involved in large scale production of sulphuric (VI) acid.
Use it to answer the question that follows: substance A
sulphur (iv) oxide
Oxygen Reaction SO2 Absorption oleum
chamber chamber oleum

Water
(2)(i) Name substance A (1mk)
(ii).Write an equation that takes place in the absorption chamber (1mk)
(iii) Vanadium (V) oxide is commonly used as an catalyst in the contact process:
(I) Name another catalyst that can be used in this process. (1mk)
(II) Give two reasons why vanadium V oxide is the commonly used catalyst. (2mks)
(III) State and explain the Observation made when concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid is added to
crystals of copper (II) sulphate in a beaker. (2mks)
(v). If 100kg of sulphur( IV) oxide is used in one day by this plant, determine the mass of oleum
produced in one day. (S=32. O=16 H=1) (3mks)

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QUESTION 5
(a) Draw a well labeled diagram of set-up that can be used to prepare dry hydrogen gas in the
laboratory. (3mks)
(b) The experiment below was carried out to investigate the reaction between steam and
magnesium. Use it to answer the questions that follow:

(i) Explain why wet sand is heated. (1mk)

(ii) State and explain what was observed in the combustion tube. (2mks)
(iii) Name the gas Y and state how it is tested in the laboratory. (1mk)
(c) Distinguish between:
Drying and dehydration. (2mks)
(d). A student found two liquids labeled A and B placed on the bench in the laboratory. The liquids
were colourless and did not have a smell. One liquid was water.
Describe a test that you would carry out to determine the beaker that contained water. (3mks)

QUESTION 6
(a) Give the name of the process involved in each of the following:
(i) Crystals of hydrated sodium carbonate(Na2CO3.10H2O) when left in open air change to white
powder. (1 mk)

(ii When anhydrous calcium chloride is used to dry hydrogen gas for a long time, it changes to a
solution. (1mk)

(b) Complete the table below by indicating the observations, type of change (permanent or
temporary) and name of new compound formed. (6 mks)
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Experiment Observations Type of change Name of product

(i)Heating solid zinc
oxide in a test tube.

(ii)Anhydrous cobalt
(II) chloride is left
exposed overnight.
(iii)Iron wool is soaked
in tap water for two
days

(c)The diagram below shows a sample of hard water being passed through a vertical column to
remove its hardness. Hard water containing MgCl2

Na + Na +

Na + Na +
Ion exchanger
Na +
Na +

Na + Na +

Soft water out

(i) Write the formula of the two cations present in the sample of hard water. (2mks)
(ii) What name is given to the above method of softening hard water. (1 mk)
(iii) Write an ionic equation to show how the hard water is softened. (1 mk)
(iv) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Salt Solubility (g/100g of water) at Solubility (g/100g of water) at
200 C 500 C
P 10 20
Q 15 12

A solution 9g of P and 14g of Q in 100g of water at 20 0 C is warmed while stirring up to 5o0C.

State and explain the observations made. (2 mks)

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QUESTION 7
(a) A student set out to prepare iron (III) chloride using the apparatus shown in the diagram below:

(i) Explain why

(a) It’s necessary to pass chlorine gas through the apparatus before heating begins. (2mks)
(b) Calcium oxide is used in the guard tube. (1mk)
(c) The total mass of Iron III chloride formed was found to be 0.5g. Calculate the volume of
chlorine gas that reacted with Iron.
(Fe=56.0 Cl=35.5 and molar gas volume at 298k is 24,000cm3) (3mks)
(d) What property of Iron (III) chloride makes it possible to be collected as shown in the diagram?
(1mk)
(e) In the large scale production of hydrogen chloride gas, hydrogen gas burned in chlorine gas.
State the source of the two gases. (1mk)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 8
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES

 Write your name and Admission number in the spaces provided.
 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
 Mathematical tables and electronic calculators may be used
 All working MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

For Examiner’s Use Only:

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE

1-25 80 MARKS

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 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS-2025 MWALIMU CONSULTANCY

1. Three pure pigments were prepared and their spots placed on a filter paper as shown below.
The
three pigments are A, B and C. A mixture F was also placed on the filter paper at the same
time
with the pure pigments. The filter paper was then dipped in ethanol solvent and left for some
half an hour. The results were obtained as follows.

 

 

(i) Which of the three pure pigments is most sticky? Give a reason for your answer. (1mk)
 pigment
(ii) Which pure  isnot present
 in the mixture F? (1mk)
A diagram
(iii) Show on the B theC baseline.
F (1mk)
2. Describe how a pure sample of lead (II) carbonate can be prepared in the laboratory starting with
lead II oxide.  (3mks)
3. Write ionic equations for the reactions between : (4mks)
(a) Aqueous solution of sodium chloride and lead nitrate
(b) Aqueous solution of barium chloride and magnesium sulphate
(c) Aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and dilute nitric acid
(d) Zinc and an aqueous solution of copper (II) sulphate
4. If it takes 20 seconds for 200cm3 of oxygen gas to diffuse across a porous plug. How long will it
take an equal volume of sulphur (IV) oxide to diffuse across the same plug? (3mks)
5. Explain reaction of lithium, sodium and potassium with water and write down the chemical
equations in each case. (6mks)
6.A mixture contains ammonium chloride, aluminium oxide and sodium chloride. Describe how
each solid substance can be obtained from the mixture. (3mks)
7. State the difference between the following salts;
Deliquescent and hygroscopic salts. (2mks)
8.. Below is a set-up of apparatus used to investigate the effect of electric current on molten lead (II)
bromide.

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(a) Name electrode. (1mk)

K
L
(b) State the observation made at electrode K. (1mk)
(c) Write an equation for the reaction taking place at electrode L. (1mk)
9.A sample of a polyethene polymer has the following structure.
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
 C  C  C C  C  C
| | | | | |
H H H H H H

a) Draw the structural formula of the monomer that makes the above polymer
b)The polymer is found to have a molecular mass of 2268g. Determine the number of
monomers in the polymer. (H = 1, C = 12). (2mks)
10.The isotopes hydrogen are 11 H and 21 H. Determine the molecular masses of the molecules formed
when each of these isotopes react with chlorine. (Cl = 37, H=1) (1mk)
11. The table below gives the atomic numbers of elements W,X,Y and Z. The letters do not
represent the actual symbol of the elements
Element A B C D
Atomic number 9 10 11 12
a) Which one of the elements is unreactive? Explain (1mk)
b)i) Which two elements would react most vigorously with each other? (1mk)
ii) Give the formula of the compound formed when the elements in b (i) above react (1mk)
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12a) Distinguish between a hydrogen bond and covalent bond (2mks)

b) Explain why the boiling point of water is higher than that of hydrogen Sulphide
(Relative molecular mass of water is 18 while that hydrogen sulphide is 34) (2mks)
13. The set-up below was used to investigate the products of burning methane gas. Study it and
answer the questions that follow:

(a) What product will be formed in the test tube Y? (1mk)

(b) State and explain the observations made in tube Z. (2mks)
14. Below are PH values of some solutions.

Solution Z Y X W
PH 6.5 13.5 2.2 7.2
(i) Which solution is likely to be
I Acidic rain. (½mk)
II Potassium hydroxide (½mk)
(ii) A basic substance V reacted with both solutions Y and X. What is the nature of V. (1mk)
15. In cold countries, salt is sprayed on the road to melt ice but in the long run it costs the
motorists.
(a) How does the salt help in melting ice? (1mk)
(b) How does the salt affect the motorists? (1mk)
16. Using dots (. ) and crosses (x) to represent electrons, show bonding in the compounds formed
when the following elements react: (Si=14, Na=11, Cl=17).
(a) Sodium and chlorine. (2 Mks)
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(b) Silicon and chlorine. (2 Mks)

17. (a) State Graham’s law of diffusion. (1mk)
(a) 20cm³ of an unknown gas Q takes 12.6 seconds to pass through a small orifice, 10cm³ of
oxygen gas takes 11.2 seconds to diffuse through the same orifice under the same conditions of
temperatures and pressure. Calculate the molecular mass of unknown gas Q (O = 16).
(3mks)
18. The peaks below show the mass spectrum of element X.

82.8
Intensity
9.1
(% abundance)
8.1

24 25 26
Isotopic mass

Calculate the relative atomic mass of X. (2mks)

19. Name the following compounds using the IUPAC rules.
(a) CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH3

CH2CH3 ______________________________________________ (1mk)
(b) CH3CHCHCH3 ___________________________________________ (1mk)
(c) Draw TWO structural formulae of isomers of compound with the molecular formula
CH3CH2CH2CH3 (2mks)
20.(a) What is meant by allotropy? (1 mk)
b) The diagram below shows the structure of one allotropes of carbon.

i) Identify the allotrope (1 mk)

ii) State one property of the above allotrope and explain how it is related to its structure. (2mk) .

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21. 24cm³ of a solution of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide were exactly neutralized by 30cm³ of a
solution of sulphuric acid. Find the molarity of the acid. (3 mks)
22. (a) Give one use of hygroscopic substances in the laboratory. (1 mk)
(b) What is meant by the terms: (2 mks)
(i) Isotopes
(ii) Mass number
(c) The formulae for a chloride of phosphorus is PCl3. What is the formula of its sulphide?
(1 mk)
23. The diagram below shows the Frasch process used for extraction of sulphur. Use it to answer
the questions that follow.

(i) Identify X. (1mk)

(ii) Why is it necessary to use super heated water in this process? (1mk)
(iii) State two physical properties of sulphur that makes it possible for it to be extracted by this
method. (1mk)
24. A certain carbonate XCO3 , reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the equation given
below:
XCO3(s) +2HCl (aq) XCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
If 4g of the carbonate reacts completely with 40cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid, calculate the relative
atomic mass of X. (C=12.0 ,O=16.0, Cl=35.5). (3 Mks)

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25. The table below gives some properties of three substances I, J and K. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
Substance Mpt (°C) Solubility in water Electrical conductivity

Solid Molten
I 1063 Insoluble Conduct Conduct
J 113 Insoluble Doesn’t Doesn’t
K 402 Sparingly soluble Doesn’t Conduct and
Is decomposed

(a) Suggest the type of structure in

(i) I (1mk)
(ii) K (1mk)
Explain why the molten K is decomposed by electric current but I is not decomposed.(2mks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 8
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
a) Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above.
b) Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided.
c) Answer All Questions In The Spaces Provided.
d) All working must be clearly shown where necessary.
e) Mathematical tables or silent electronic calculators may be used.

QUESTIONS MAX SCORE STUDENT SCORE

1 14
2 14
3 14
4 12
5 13
6 13
TOTAL 80

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Q1(a) The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Letters are not actual symbols of the
elements. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

A B

H
C
J E D G

(i) Name the family to which E and F belong. (1mk)

(ii) Name the least reactive element and give a reason. (1mk)
(iii) What type of structure is formed when E and G react. (1mk)
(iv) Draw the structure of the molecular compound formed between D and G clearly showing
the types of bonds that exist. (2mks)
(v) Write the formula of the compound formed between E and H. (1mk)
(vi) Name the product formed when sodium is burnt in insufficient oxygen and write the equation
for reaction between the product and water. (2mks)
(vii) Indicate using a tick on the grid the position of element M which forms an ion with formula
M2- and electronic arrangement 2.8.8.8 (1mk)
(b) Study the table below and use it to answer the questions that follow. (Letters are not actual
symbols)
Element Atomic number
L 13
M 16
N 19
P 9
Q 17

(i) Compare giving reasons the reactivity of P and Q. (2mks)

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(ii) How does the radius of L and M compare (1mk)

(iii) Select the most reactive metal from the group. (1mk)
(iv)Write an equation for reaction between N and water. (1mk)
Q2 Use the flow chart below to answer the questions that follow.

(a) Name the substances (4mks)

(i) P
(ii) R
(iii) T
(iv) Y
(b) Write equations using actual formula of substances for formation of; (3mks)
(i) Q
(ii) M and N
(III) Gas T

(c) Name the processes

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(i) X
(ii) K
(iii) Z
(3mks)
(d) Draw the structures of
(i) A
(ii) D
(2mks)
(e) Draw and name two isomers of butene. (2mks)
Q3(a) 2.56g of sulphur formed vapour at 546oC and 760mmHg. The vapour occupied a volume of
672cm3.Calculate
(i) the volume of vapour at 760mmHg and OOC. (2mks)
(ii) Mass of 22.4 litres of the vapour at STP conditions. (2mks)
(iii) Formula of a sulphur molecule. (S =32) (2mks)
(b) 25cm3 of 0.154M sodium hydroxide, was completely neutralized by 30cm3 of mineral dibasic
acid (H2X) solution containing 6.3g per litre of the solution.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction. (1mk)
(ii) Calculate the molarity of the acid. (3mks)
(iii) Determine the RFM of the acid. (2mks)
(iv) Identify x (2mks)
(C=12,O=16,S=32,Cl=35.5,H=1,N=14)
Q4 Hydrogen gas is passed through solid Y in a U-tube before being burnt in air.
(i) Explain how to test for presence of hydrogen gas. (1mk)
(ii) What is the purpose of substance Y and suggest its identity. (2mks)
(b) The products of burning hydrogen were passed through a test tube dipped in ice-cold water.
Unburnt gas was then passed over heated CuO.
(i) Write an equation for burning of hydrogen in air. (1mk)
(ii) Name a substance that can be used to test for the substance collected in the test-tube dipped in
ice-cold water. (1mk)
(iii) What is the observation made on the copper(II) oxide after a short while. (1mk)
(iv) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place on the copper(II) oxide solid. (1mk)

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(v) Other than for manufacture of ammonia and hydrochloric acid, , state another use of
hydrogen. (1mks)
(c) The diagram below is a set-up used to show how water reacts with zinc metal.

(i) Why is wet sand used and not water. (1mk)

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in the combustion tube. (1mk)
(iii) What observation is made in the combustion tube as heating went on. (1mk)
(iv) Explain why potassium cannot be used in place of zinc. (1mk)
Q5(a) Carbon(II) Oxide gas can be prepared by dehydrating methanoic acid using concentrated
sulphuric(VI) acid.
(i) Give two physical properties of carbon(II) oxide gas. (2mks)
(ii) Explain how carbon(II) oxide gas causes poisoning if inhaled. (1mk)
(iii) Describe a simple chemical test that can be used to distinguish between carbon(II) oxide and
carbon(IV) oxide. (2mks)
(b) Soot is a form of impure carbon
(i) Name another form of carbon that is amorphous. (1mk)
(ii)State the difference in conductivity between the two crystalline allotropes of carbon. (2mks)
(iii) Give one use for each of the two crystalline allotropes. (2mks)
(c)(i) Write an equation for decomposition of ammonium carbonate on heating. (1mk)
(ii) Explain the observations made when each of the carbonates below is reacted with dilute
sulphure(VI) acid:
Lead carbonate
Copper(II) carbonate (2mks)

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Q6.The flow chart below shows some reactions undergone by some salts. Use it to answer the
questions that follows.

(a) Name (3mks

(i) Gas R
(ii) Solution N
(iii) Solid H
(b) Write equations for the following reactions. (3mks)
(i) Addition of AgNO3 to solution Q
(ii) Heating solid T
(iii) Formation of solution P
(c) Give one use for the substances below (3mks)
(i) Gas R
(ii) Substance W
(iii) Silver bromide
(d)(i) Name the method used to prepare salts H and S (1mk)
(ii) Name another salt that can be prepared using the method in d(i) above. (1mk)
(e) Ammonium ferrous sulphate hexahydrate an example of a double salt. Write its formula.
(1mk)
(f) Give one example of a salt contained in fertilizers. (1mk)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 9
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name and index number in the spaces provided.
 Answer all questions in the spaces provided
 KNEC mathematical tables and silent electronic calculators may be used for calculations.
 All workings must be clearly shown where necessary.
 Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain all the pages are printed as indicated

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

Questions Maximum Score Students Score

1-28 80

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Answer all questions in the spaces provided

1. A certain element Y has atomic number 15 and mass number of 31.
a) How many electrons are in this element? (1mk)
b) Write the electron arrangement of the ion formed by element Y. (1mk)
c) How would the atomic size of the above element compare with another atom X whose atomic
number is 11 and mass number 23? Explain. (2mks)
2. Explain why the pH of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid is 2.0 while that of 1.0M ethanoic acid is 5.0.
(2mks)
3. Ethanedioic acid (COOH)2 is used instead of methanoic acid (HCOOH) to prepare carbon (II)
oxide in the laboratory. It gives equal volume of carbon (II) oxide and carbon (IV) oxide.
a) If water is one of the products write an equation for the dehydration of elthanedioic acid. (1mk)
b) How can pure carbon (II) oxide be obtained from the mixture of the two gases? (2mks)
4. State the Charles’ law. (1mk)
b. A volume of 120cm3 of nitrogen gas diffused through a membrane in 40 seconds, how long will
180cm3 of carbon (IV) oxide take to diffuse through the same membrane? (2mks)
5. A solution of chlorine in tetrachloromethane turns colourless when propene gas is bubbled
through it.
a) What type of reaction takes place? (1mk)
b) Write an equation for the above reaction. (1mk)
c) State one use of ethane gas. (1mk)
6. Study the information in the table below then answer the question that follow.

Bond Bond energy (KJmol-1)

H–H 435
Cl –Cl 243
H – Cl 431
a) Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction. (2mks)
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2 HCl (g)

b) On the axis given below draw an energy level diagram for the reaction above. (1mk)

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Energy
KJ

Reaction path
7. 22.2cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution, containing 4.0 g per litre of sodium hydroxide were
required for complete neutralization of 0.1g of a dibasic acid. Calculate the relative formula mass
of the dibasic acid. (Na = 23.0, O= 16.0, H= 1.0) (3mks)
8. The melting and boiling point of molecular substances increase with increase in relative
molecular mass. Explain why water with a lower relative molecular mass of 18 has a higher
boiling point of 100oC than hydrogen sulphide with relative molecular mass of 34 and a boiling
point of -61oC. (2mks)
9. In an experiment to determine the solubility of solid Y in water at 30OC the following results
were obtained:
Mass of evaporating dish = 26.2.
Mass of evaporating dish + saturated solution = 42.4g
Mass of evaporating dish + dry solid Y = 30.4g
Using the information, determine the solubility of solid Y at 30OC in grams per 100g. (2mks)
10. A, B, C and D are dyes present in a mixture. C is more soluble than B. A is more soluble than C
while D is the least soluble in a given solvent. Draw a round paper chromatogram showing how
they would appear when separated using the solvent. (2mks)
11. The diagram below shows a section of a model of the structure of element T.

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

Key
+
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Charged nucleus

An electron -
_

a. State the bonding type that exists in element T. (1mk)

b. In which group of the periodic table does element T belong? Give a reason. (1mk)
12. Determine the values of the scalars X and Y in the nuclear equation shown below.

235 141 x
U +1 n Ba + Kr + 31 n
92 0 56 y 0

b. State one application of this type of reaction. (1mk)

c. State one danger associated with exposure of human beings to radioactive substances. (1mk)
13. The diagram below shows an incomplete set up of the laboratory preparation of dry carbon (IV)
oxide. Complete it. (2mks)

14. Write down the property of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid shown in the following reaction.
(2mks)
H2SO4(i)
a. CuSO4. 5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) +5H2O(i)
Blue White
b. C(s) + 2H2SO4(I) CO2(g) + 2H2O(I) + 2SO2(g)
15. When excess chlorine gas is bubbled through dilute sodium hydroxide solution, the resulting
solution acts as a bleaching agent.
a) Write an equation for the reaction between chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide solution.
(1mk)
b) Explain how the resulting solution acts as a bleaching agent. (2mks)

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16. An element P has a relative atomic mass of 88. When a current of 0.5 ampheres was passed
through the fused chloride for 32.16 minutes, 0.44g of P were deposited at the cathode.
Determine the charge on an ion of P. (1 F = 96500 coulombs) (3mks)
17. Matter exists in three states which can be related as shown in the diagram below.

P Solid Gas

R Q
Liquid

a) Name processes P and R. (2mks)

b) Explain whether process Q is exothermic or endothermic. (1½ mks)
18. Study the diagram below.

a) Give the most likely identity of metal U. (1mk)

b) State two observations made in the conical flask. (2mks)
c) Write an equation for the reaction which took place between ammonia and oxygen inside the
flask. (1mk)
19. In an experiment, soap solution was added to three separate samples of water. The table below
shows the volumes of soap solution added in order to form lather with 1000cm3 of each samples
before and after boiling.
Sample I Sample II Sample III

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Volume of soap added to unboiled sample 27.0 3.0 10.6

(cm3)
Volume of soap added after boiling the 27.0 3.0 3.0
sample (cm3)

a) Identify the sample that was likely to be soft water. Explain. (1mk)
b) Explain the change in the volume of soap solution in sample III. (1mk)
c) Give one disadvantage of hard water. (1mk)

20. In an experiment to monitor the rate of reaction of magnesium and hydrochloric acid a student
recorded the volume of hydrogen produced at regular time intervals and obtained the graph
shown below.

a) On the same set of axes sketch the curve expected if the experiment is repeated with a few
crystals of copper (II) sulphate added to the reactants. (1mk)
b) Explain the shape of your curve. (1mk)
c) State the factor that can increase the rate of a reaction. (1mk)
21. The grid below is a section of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

A D
B C F
E

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a) State the name given to the family of B and E. (1mk)

b) Identify the most reactive metal. (1mk)
c) Which type of bond exists in the compound formed by A and F. Explain. (1 ½ mks)
22. Write the formula of the chief ore (bauxite) from which aluminum is extracted. (1mk)
b. Explain the role of molten cryolite in aluminum smelting. (1mk)
23. Aluminum does not apparently react with dilute nitric (V) acid to liberate hydrogen gas.
Explain. (1mk)
24. Study the diagram below.

a) State the role of manganese (IV) oxide in the set up shown above. (1mk)
b) State and explain the observation made in tube II. (2mks)
25. Two manila papers were placed at different levels of a non- luminous flame. Paper A was
placed at the lowest part of the flame, while B was placed at the top.
a) Indicate the observations made on each manila paper. (1mk)
b) Explain the observation made on paper A. (1mk)
26. Starting with 50cm3 of 2.8M sodium hydroxide, describe how a sample of pure sodium
sulphate crystals can be prepared. (3mks)
27. In an experiment to determine the percentage of magnesium hydroxide in an anti-acid a
solution containing 0.5g of the anti-acid was neutralized by 23.0cm3 of 0.10M hydrochloric acid.
Given the relative formula mass of magnesium hydroxide is 58. Calculate the:
a) Mass of magnesium hydroxide in the anti-acid. (2mks)
b) Percentage of magnesium hydroxide in the anti-acid. (1mk)

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28. Study the standard electrode potentials in the table below and answer the questions that follow.
EѲvolts
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) + 0.34

Mg2+(aq) + 2e- Mg (s) - 2.38

Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s) +0.80

Ca2+ (aq)+ 2e- Ca(s) - 2.87

a) Which of the metals is the strongest reducing agent? (1mk)
b) What observations will be made if a silver coin is dropped into an aqueous solution of copper (II)
sulphate? Explain. (2mks)
29. A student used the figure below to investigate the action of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid on some
metals. Beaker I and II contained equal volumes of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. To beaker I, a
clean iron rod was dipped and to beaker II, a clean copper rod was dipped.

Iron rod copper rod

Dilute sulphuric
(VI) acid

I II
a) Describe the observations made in each beaker.
Beaker I (1mk)
Beaker II (1mk)
b) Explain observations in (a) above. (1mk)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 9
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES.
o Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
o Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided.
o Mathematical tables and silent electronic calculators may be used.
o All working MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY.

Questions Maximum score Candidates score
1 13
2 11
3 13
4 13
5 12
6 10
7 8
Total score 80

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Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided

1. Sulphuric (VI) acid can be prepared using hydrogen sulphide as shown in flow chart below.
Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Dry Hydrogen Sulphide

BURNERS AIR

LIQUID B
GAS A

SOLID C SULPHUR (VI) OXIDE

CHAMBER D ABSORPTION TOWER

OLEUM

(a) Identify:
(i) Gas A: (1 mark)
(ii) Liquid B: (1 mark)
(b) (i) What function does solid C play in the chamber D? ( 1mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in chamber D. (1 mark)
(c) Explain the observations made if hydrogen sulphide gas is bubbled through copper (II) nitrate
solution? (2 marks)
(d)Write an ionic equation for the confirmatory test for hydrogen sulphide gas. 1 mark)
(e)Write a chemical equation to show the formation of concentrated Sulphuric (VI) acid from the
oleum. (1 mark)
(f)Explain why in contact process SO3 gas is not directly dissolved in water to make concentrated
sulphuric (VI) acid. (2 marks)
(g)Name the main pollutant from the process above and how it is controlled. (2 marks)
(d) State two factors that increases the yield of sulphur (VI) oxide using the equation below.
(1 marks)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) -ve

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2.a) During an experiment a student added soap solution to separate samples of water until
lather was formed. Below is a table showing the volumes of soap solution that was
required to form lather with 100cm3 of each sample of water before and after boiling
the samples.

Volume (cm3) of soap required by water sample

X Y Z
Before boiling 4.5 19.5 22.5
After boiling 4.5 19.5 4.5

i) (a)State the most likely source of water sample X. (1/2 mark)

(b) Identify a salt most likely to be present in water sample Y. (1/2 mark)
ii) Write an equation for the reaction that may have occurred in water sample Z when it was being
boiled. (1 mark)
b) Study the flowchart below and answer the questions that follow.

Propanoic acid
Butanol
Step III

Water
Step II

Hydrogen chloride
Butene T
Step IV

Step I

Butane

i) Name the types of reaction that occurs in steps I and II

Step I : …………………………………….. (1/2 mark)
Step II : …………………………………… (1/2 mark)
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ii) What conditions are necessary for the reaction you have named in (i) above? (11/2 mark)
iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that takes place in step IV (1 mark)
iv) Why is substance R used in some soaps? (1/2 mark)
c) The flow diagram below shows some of the steps followed during the industrial manufacture of a
detergent.

i) What is a detergent? (1 mark)

ii) Identify reagents V and W (2 marks)
I) Reagent V ……………………………………………………………..
II) Reagent W ……………………………………………………………
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that may occur when the detergent is added to water
containing magnesium ions. (1 mark)
iv) State one advantage of using the above detergent. (1 mark)

3. Metals K and N were connected to form a cell as shown in the diagram below. Their reduction
potentials are as shown below:
K+(aq) / K(s)  - 0.17V
N+(aq) / N(s) = + 1.1 6V

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I. Write the equation for the half-cell reaction that occurs at

Metal K electrode (1mark)
Metal N electrode (1mark)
II) Identify P and state two roles in the above setup
(i). Identity of P (1 mark)
(iii) Two Roles of P in the setup. (1 mark)
III. On the diagram, show the flow of :-
I. Electrons (1/2 mark)
II. Current. (1/2 mark)
IV. Calculate cell potential (E) for the cell represented in the setup above (1 mark)
(b) The table gives the standard redox potentials for a number of half reactions. Use it to answer
the questions that follow:- (E/Volts)
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -0.76
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- Fe(s) -0.44
I2+ (l) + 2e- 2I- (aq) +0.54
Fe3+ (aq) + e- Fe2+(aq) +0.77
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.88
(e) Relative to which half-cell reaction are the above electrode potentials expressed? (1/2 mark)
(ii) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell made up by combining the I2(l) /2I-(aq) electrode and
Zn2+(aq)/Zn(s) electrode (1marks)
(ii) Which of the substances listed in the above table is :- ( 1marks)
I. The strongest oxidising agent
II.The strongest reducing agent

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(iv) Which substances could be used to convert iodide ions to iodine? Write balanced equations
for any possible conversions (1mark)
(v) Draw a cell diagram formed between zinc and lead. (2marks)
c) A steady current of 2.5A was passed for 15 minutes through a cell containing divalent ions
M2+. During this process 0.74g of metal M was deposited (IF = 96500C)
Calculate the quantity of electricity passed in this cell (1mark)
ii) Determine the relative atomic mass of M (2marks)
4. In an experiment, a student measured the amount of gas produced with time when excess 1.0
M hydrochloric acid was reacted with 0.42 g of a carbonate, XCO3 and obtained the following
results. (Note: The reaction was carried out at room temperature)
Time (minutes) Volume of carbon (IV) oxide,
cm3
0.0 0
0.5 20
1.0 32
2.0 52
5.0 86
7.5 103
10.0 112
12.0 118
14.0 120
16.0 120
18.0 120
a)On the graph paper provided, draw a graph of volume of carbon (IV) oxide against time.{3 mks}
b) From the graph,
i) Determine the time at which half the original mass of marble chips will have reacted. (1 mrk)
i) Determine the reaction rate between the 5th and 6th minutes. (2 marks)
c) i)Write the equation for the reaction that takes place. (1 mark)
ii) Calculate the total number of moles of carbon (IV) oxide produced in this reaction.
(Molar gas volume at r.t.p = 24 dm3) (2 marks)
iii) Determine the relative molecular mass of XCO3. (2 marks)
iv) Determine the relative atomic mass of X. (1 mark)

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d) On the same graph paper, draw a sketch of the curve that would be obtained if 0.5 M
hydrochloric acid was used. Label the curve A. (1 mark)
5. Sodium metal tarnishes when exposed to air to form a white powder on its surface. A small piece
of sodium metal was dropped into 30 g of propanol and 2400cm3 of hydrogen gas produced at
room temperature and pressure .The unreacted propanol was evaporated and white solid
remained .( molar Gas Volume at room temperature and pressure =24dm3 Na=23 , C=12 , O=
16)
a) (i)Give the name of the white powder formed on the original piece of sodium metal. (1mark)
(ii)Explain how the white solid was formed. (2marks)
b) (i)White down the chemical equation for the reaction between propanol and sodium metal.
(1mark)
(ii)Determine the mass of sodium that reacted with propanol. (2marks)
(iii) What mass of propanol was evaporated? (2 marks)
(iv) The propanol was evaporated at 970c and the white solid remained unaffected at this
temperature .what is the difference in structure of propanol and white solid. (1 mark)
c) (i)Name the inorganic liquid which liberates hydrogen gas with sodium metal. (1 mark)
(ii)State two differences you would observe if similar pieces of sodium metal were dropped
separately into beakers containing equal amount of propanol and liquid named in (i)
above respectively. (2marks)
6. The figure below is a section of periodic table. Study and answer the questions that follow. The
letters do not represent the actual symbol of elements.

D I E

F G H

(i) Select the elements which belongs to the same chemical family. (1/2 mark)
(ii)Identify the strongest reducing element. (1/2 mark)
b) (i) The chloride of H vaporizes easily while the oxide of H has a high melting point. Explain
the observation in terms of structure and bonding. (2marks)

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(ii)Blue and red litmus papers were dropped into solution of chloride of H, state and explain the
observations made. (1mark)
c) K- has ionic configuration of 2:8:8
(i) Give the chemical family name to which element K belong. (1mark)
(ii) Place element K on the above periodic table. ( 1mark)
d) The first and second ionization energies of element G at random are 665kjmol- and 560 kjmol-
(i) Define the term the ionization energy. (1mark)
(ii) Write equations for the first and second ionization energies for element G indicating their
energies. (1 mark)
(iii) Explain your answer in (ii) above. (1mark)
e) Explain the difference in the atomic radii of D and I. (1mark)
7. The diagram below illustrates the Hall’s cell for the extraction of Aluminium. Study it and
answer the questions that follow.

G
Electrolyte
Molten
Aluminium

(a) (i) Name the electrode labeled G (1 mark)

(b) Electrolysis is carried at 800 – 9000C and newly formed Aluminium is tapped off as a
liquid. What does this indicate about the melting point of Aluminium? (1 mark)
(c) (i) Give the ionic equations for the reaction that takes place at the cathode. (1 mark)
(ii) The anode has to be replaced frequently. Explain. (1 mark)
d) Cryolite is used in the extraction of aluminium from bauxite. State its function. (1mark)
d) A piece of unpolished aluminium foil is not attacked by water steam and dilute hydrochloric
acid. Explain. (1mark)
e) (i) The basic raw material for extraction of aluminium is bauxite. Name two major impurities in
bauxite. (1 mark)
(ii) State one property of duralium that make it more suitable than pure aluminium in aeroplane
construction. (1 mark)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 10
233/1

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
2. Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
3. All working must be clearly shown.
4. Non-programmable silent electronic calculators and KNEC mathematical tables may be used.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATES SCORE

1 – 28 80

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QUESTIONS
1. State two reasons why we use the non-luminous flame for heating in a laboratory instead of using
the luminous flame. (1mk)
2. Chlorine has two isotopes with atomic mass 35 and X occurring in the ratio 3:1 respectively. The
relative atomic (R.M.A) of chlorine is 35.5. Determine the value of X. (3mks)
3. During an experiment sulphur (IV) oxide gas was formed to diffuse through a certain pore at a
rate of 25cm3 per minute. When the experiment was repeated under the same conditions with
another gas G, gas G was found to diffuse through the same pore at a rate of 26.26cm3 per
minute. Work out the molecular mass of Gas G. (0=16, S=32) (3mks)
4. Calculate the volume of 0.6M sulphuric (VI) acid solution needed to neutralize 30cm3 of 0.2M
potassium hydroxide. (2mks)
5. A state of equilibrium between dichromate (vi) and chromate ions is established as shown below
Cr2 O72-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 2CrO42- (aq) + H2O(l)
Orange (Yellow)
a. What is meant by dynamic equilibrium? (1 mk)
b. State and explain observation made, when a few pellets of Potassium Hydroxide are added to
equilibrium mixture (2 mks)
6. Study the standard reduction potentials below and answer the questions that follow;The letters
are not actual symbols of the elements
Half cell E volts
P2+(aq) + 2e → P(s) - 0.76
R2+(aq) + 2e → R(s) - 2.37
S+(aq) + 1e → S(s) + 0.80
T2+(aq) + 2e → T(s) - 0.14
i) Select the element which is the strongest reducing agent. Give a reason. (1mk)
ii) Select two half cells when combined would produce the largest e.m.f (1mk)
iii) Calculate the e.m.f of the electrochemical cell formed when the two half cells in (ii) above are
combined. (1mk)

7. The structure below represents two cleansing agents A and B.

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a) Name the cleansing agents

A …………………………………………………..(1mk)
B …………………………………………………..(1 mk)
b) State a cleansing agent that would be suitable for washing in water containing calcium chloride.
Give a reason. (1mk)

8. Study the reaction scheme below and answer the questions that follow.
Sodium propanoate

Soda lime
Heat

A Process II Process I
H2(g)/Ni B C
Al2O3 Heat
a) Identify substances (1mk)
A………………………………………………………………
C………………………………………………………………
b) Another substance D combines with one mole of hydrogen gas to form substance B. Give the
structural formula of D . (1mk)
c) Explain how you would distinguish between C2H6O and C2H4O2 (1mk)
9. Name the following processes;
a) When anhydrous calcium chloride is left in an open beaker overnight a solution was
formed.(1mk)
b) When sodium carbonate decahydrate crystals are left in an open beaker for some days it turned
into a powder. (1mk)

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10. The standard enthalpies of combustion of ethyne (C2H2), carbon (C) and hydrogen (H2) are -
1300 kJ/mol,-394 kJ/mol and -286 kJ/mol respectively. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of
ethyne. (3mks)
11. The following data gives the PH values of solutions A, B, C.
SOLUTION PH
A 13.9
B 7.0
C 1.5
a) i)Which solution gives a pink colour after adding a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator?
(1mk)
ii) Give the possible identity of that solution. (1mk)
b) Which solution would produce Carbon(IV)Oxide when reacted with Copper(II) Carbonate.(1mk)
12. Explain the following;
a) Oxide ion (O2-) has a larger radius than oxygen atom (O). (1mk)
b) Calcium is a weaker conductor of electricity compared to aluminium. (1mk)
13. A student prepared ammonia gas and bubbled it into a solution of Copper (II) Sulphate as
shown below.
Mixture of Ammonium
Chloride + Soda lime

Copper (II) Sulphate

a) State one observation made in the beaker and one made in the round bottomed flask.
i) A short while (1mk)
ii) A long while (1mk)
b) Write the formula of the ion formed in the beaker for (ii) above. (1mk)
14. a) Define the term half life (1mk)

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b) The graph below represents a radio active decay series for Isotope A. Study it and answer the
questions that follow;

232 A

Mass 228 B C D
Number
224
E
220 F

85 86 87 88 89 90 91
Atomic Number

a) Name the type of radiation involved when;

(i) A changes to B (1mk)
(ii) B changes to C (1mk)
15. a) One of the uses of sulphur is in vulcanization of rubber. Define vulcanization. (1mk)
b. State one properties that vulcanized rubber possesses. (1mk)
16. The table below shows the standard electrode potential of four elements.
Element V W X Y

Eᶱ -0.55 0.00 +0.20 +0.35

a) Arrange the elements in order of reactivity starting with the most reactive. (1mk)
b) Identify element W. Give a reason for your answer. (2mks)
17. The set – up below was used by a student to try to prevent the rusting of an Iron rod.

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(a) Did the student succeed in preventing the rusting of Iron using the set – up above? (1mk)
b) Which method of rust prevention was the student investigating. (1mk)

18. Ink from a signature that forged a cheque was compared with ink from pens of three suspects
A, B, C using paper chromatography. The results were as follows;

Ink from forged cheque

A B C

a) Describe how the ink was taken from the forged cheque. (2mks)
b) Which suspect was not guilty? (1mk)

19. The diagram below shows the structure of the molecules of water.
y H
H-------------------O
O H

x H

a) Name the types of bonds labelled x and y. (1mk)

b) Explain why water has a higher melting point than Hydrogen Sulphide. (1mk)

20. The curves below represents the changes in the concentrations of substances E and F with time
in the reaction.

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E(g) F(g)

Curve 1

Concentration

(moles/dm) Curve 2

t Time in minutes
a) Which curve represents the changes in the concentration of substance F? Give a reason. (2mks)
b) Give a reason for the shapes of the curves after time (t) minutes. (1mk)
22. Potassium salt gave white precipitate with Barium Nitrate solution. An addition of dilute
Hydrochloric Acid, the white precipitate disappear and a colourless gas that turns acidified
potassium dichromate (VI) green was evolved.
a) Write the formula of the compound which formed the white precipitate. (1mk)
b) Write the equation for the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and the compound whose
formula is written in(a) above. (1mk)
23. NO2 and N2O4 gases exists in equilibrium as shown below.

(Brown) (Pale yellow)

a) State Le Chatelier’s principle (1mk)
b) State and explain the effect of increased pressure on the equilibrium . (1mk)
24. A student set up the experiment below to collect gas Q.

a) Name the gas Q. (1mk)

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b) Write the equation for the reaction in the boiling tube if magnesium was replaced with iron .
(1mk)
c) State two uses of gas Q (1mk)
25. The Schematic diagram is part of the Solvay process used for the manufacture of sodium
carbonate.

Gas X
NH4Cl

Ammonia Saturated Process K

Nacl

Process
W Sodium
NaHCO3
Carbonate

i) Name gas x (1mk)

ii) Identify process K (1mk)
iii) Write the equation for the reaction in process W. (1mk)
26. The solubility of potassium nitrate is 85g/100g of water at 50 oc and 32g/100g of
water at 25oc.
a) Define the term solubility. (1 mark)
b) Calculate the mass of the crystals formed if a saturated solution of potassium
nitrate in 50g of water at 50oc is cooled to 25oc. (2 marks)
27. Chlorine gas was bubbled through water and observation made after 24 hours
a) Draw a diagram to show the observation made after 24 hours. (2 marks)
b) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when chlorine gas is bubbled into hot concentrated
sodium hydroxide (1mk)
c) One of the products in (b) above is used as an antiseptic. State its other use (1mk)
28. Aluminiumm is extracted from its ore by the process of electrolysis . (1mk)
(i) Name the ore of aluminium that is normally used.
(ii) Aluminium ore in (i) above has very high melting point ( 2015°C) though it is electrolysed at a
lower temperature of a bout 900°C. Explain how the low temperature is achieved. (1mk)

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(iii)In the above process graphite electrodes are used. What is the disadvantage of using this kind of
electrode. (1mk)
29. Study the reaction below and answer the questions that follow
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
(a) Give the Bronstad-Lowry definition of acid (1mk)
(b) Identify an acid in the backward reaction (1 mark)
30. When 34. 8g of hydrated sodium carbonate Na2 Co3.nH2O were heated to a constant mass.
15.9g of anhydrous sodium carbonate were obtained. Find the value of “n” in hydrated
carbonate (Na= 23), (O = 16), (C= 12), (H = 1.0) (3 mks)
31. The diagram below represents an experiment which was carried out by a student, to investigate
the effect of passing an electric current on molten sodium chloride.

Graphite electrode

Beaker

Molten Sodium Chloride

a. Molten sodium chloride is a binary electrolyte. State the meaning of the term binary electrolyte.
(1mk)
b. State two observations made at the anode (1 mk)
c. Write an equation to show what happens at the cathode. (1 mk)
32. Starting with Copper metal, describe how a solid sample of Copper (II) nitrate can be prepared.
(3mks)

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KCSE 2025 TOP SCHOOLS’ PREDICTIONS

EXPECTED EXAM 10
233/2

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………

INDEX NO…………………………………………. ADM NO………………….

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name, admission number, date and school in the spaces provided.
 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
 All working must be clearly shown where necessary.
 Scientific calculators may be used.

FOR EXAMINERS’ USE ONLY

Questions Maximum Score Candidate’s Score

1 14
2 12
3 07
4 12
5 14
6 11
7 13
80

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1.Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follow. The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element Atomic number Melting point 0C
R 11 97.8
S 12 650.0
T 15 44.0
U 17 -102.0
V 18 -189.0
W 19 64.0
(a) Give a reason why the melting point of
(i) S is higher than that of R. (2 marks)
(ii) V is lower than that of U. (2 marks)
(b) How does the reactivity of W with chlorine compare with that of R with chlorine?(2 marks)
(c) When 0.30g or R was reacted with water 1600cm3 of gas was produced. Determine the relative
atomic mass of R. (Molar gas volume = 24000cm3 r.t.p) (3 marks)
(d) Give one use of element V. (1 mark)
(e) Draw a structure of the compound formed when S reacts with U. (1 mark)
(f) Compare the atomic radius of element S and V. Give a reason. (2 marks)
2.(a) Give the name of the following processes.
(i)A hot saturated solution of copper (II) sulphate is cooled to form crystals of copper (II) sulphate.

(ii)A white powder is formed when concentrated sulphuric (V) acid is added to blue hydrated
copper (II) sulphate. (1 mark)
(b)Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

𝐻2 𝑂 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) Blue precipitate

𝑁𝑎(𝑠) Step I A Step II B

Step V 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3(𝑠)

Step III Heat

Solution C
D

Process X Solution E
Solid E

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(i) Name substances: (4 marks)

B …………………………………………………………….
C …………………………………………………………….
D …………………………………………………………….
Solid E …………………………………………………………….
(ii) Write equations for the reactions in steps; (2 marks)
III
V
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in step II. (1 mark)
(iv) State any two observations made in step I. (2 marks)
(c)Write an equation to show how addition of ammonia solution is used to remove temporary water
hardness. (1 mark)
3.4g zinc powder was added to 200cm3 of 1M 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) . During the experiment there was a
temperature rise of 10K. If the density of the solution was 1g/cm3 and specific heat of the
solution was 4.2kJ/kg/K;
(a) determine the energy change of the reaction. (Zn = 65) (2 marks)
(b) What would be the enthalpy change of the above reaction? (3 marks)
(c) Write a thermochemical equation to represent the above reaction. (1 mark)
(d)State two observations made when zinc powder is added to copper II sulphate solution. 1 mark)

4.(a)The diagram below shows electrochemical cell. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

Aluminium rod Iron rod

Aluminium nitrate
Lead (II) nitrate
solution
solution

Given the following:

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𝐹𝑒 2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 𝐹𝑒(𝑠) ; 𝐸 𝜃 = −0.44𝑉

𝐴𝑙 3+ (𝑎𝑞) + 3𝑒 𝐴𝑙(𝑠) ; 𝐸 𝜃 = −1.66𝑉
(i) On the diagram, show the direction of flow of;
(I) Electrons ( ½ mark)
(II) Current ( ½ mark)
(ii) Name a substance that is used to fill part K. Give a reason. (2 marks)
(iii) State the two observations made in the half cell containing iron (II) ions. (2 marks)
(iv) Write the half ionic equation for the reaction that results into oxidation. (1 mark)
(v) Write the cell diagram for this electrochemical cell. (1 mark)
(vi) Give any one use of the part K. (1 mark)
(b)In an experiment to electroplate iron with silver, current of 1 Ampere was passed through a
silver solution of ions for 60 minutes.
(i) Give a reason why it is necessary to electroplate iron. (1 mark)
(ii) Calculate the mass of silver deposited on iron during the electroplating process. (3 marks)
(Ag = 108, IF = 96500c)
5.(a) Give the systematic names of the following compounds.
(i) 𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻3
𝐶𝐻3 ………………………………………………………….. (1 mark)

(ii) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶 ≡ 𝐶𝐻 …………………………………………………………. (1 mark)

(b) State the observations made when Propan-l-ol reacts with:

(i) Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution. (1 mark)
(c)Ethanol obtained from glucose can be converted to ethane as shown below.

Step I Step II
𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝐻2 ≡ 𝐶𝐻2
Name and describe the process that takes place I steps I and II.
Step I (1 mark)
Step II (1 mark)

(d)Compounds A and B have the same molecular formula 𝐶3 𝐻6 𝑂2 . Compound A

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liberates carbon (IV) oxide on addition of aqueous sodium carbonate while compound B does not.
Compound B has a sweet smell. Draw the possible structures of;
(i) Compound A (1 mark)
(ii) Compound B (1 mark)
(e)Give two reasons why the disposal of polymers such as polychloroethane by burning pollutes
the environment. (2 marks)
(f)Some animal and vegetable oils are used to make margarine and soap. Give the reagents and
conditions necessary for converting the oils into:
(i) Margarine (1 mark)
(ii) Soap (1 mark)
(g) (i) The use of CFCs has been linked to depletion of ozone layer. What does
CFC stand for? (1 mark)
(ii)Explain the problem associated with the depletion of the ozone layer. (1 mark)
(iii) State another environment problem caused by CFCs. (1 mark)
6.Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.

Gas R
Molten sodium S
chloride

Molten
sodium

K
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(a) Identify the substances labelled. (2 marks)

R …………………………………………………………………………
S …………………………………………………………………………
K …………………………………………………………………………
P …………………………………………………………………………
(b) What is the function of the part labelled P? (1 mark)
(c) Write half equations at the electrodes. (2 marks)
(d) Why is molten sodium chloride used instead of sodium chloride solution? (1 mark)
(e) Why is calcium chloride added in the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride? (1 mark)
(f) How is the calcium eventually separated from the sodium? (2 marks)

(g) When sodium is left exposed in the air a white solid is formed but when sodium is burnt in
oxygen, a yellow solid is formed. Explain this difference using equations. (2 marks)
7.(a)The diagram below was used to obtain gas P in the laboratory. Study it and
answer the questions that follow.

Gas P

A B

(i) State the role of aspirator A. (1 mark)

(ii) Write an equation in wash bottle B. (1 mark)
(iv) Give the name of apparatus U. (1 mark)
(v) State and explain the observation made in apparatus U. (1 mark)
(vi) Gas P was found to be denser than the form obtained when heating ammonium nitrate.
I. Write an equation for decomposition of ammonium nitrate. (1 mark)
II. Explain the difference in densities of two gases. (1 mark)

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(b) The chart below is used in industrial preparation of Nitric (V) acid.

𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔)
Ammonia gas

Air (Oxygen) 𝑁𝐻3(𝑔)

Compressor Heat Exchanger Catalytic
chamber
Hot water
𝑁𝑂(𝑔)

Cooling 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔)

Air (Oxygen)
chamber

Nitric (V) acid

(i) State the role of heat exchange. (1 mark)

(ii) Write the equation in the catalytic chamber. (1 mark)
(iii) State three conditions in the catalytic chamber. (1 ½ marks)
(iv) State observations made in cooling chamber. ( ½ mark)
(v) Name one method of concentrating Nitric (VI) acid obtained. (1 mark)
(vi) State uses of Nitric (VI) acid. (2 marks)

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